Military
Observations
FOR
THE
EXERCISE
OF
THE
FOOT
.
CHAP.
I.
By
way
of
Introduction
.
HAving
passed
some
few
Collectives
to
the
service
of
the
Horse
,
I
was
desired
to
do
the
like
for
the
foot
;
figuring
out
each
Command
,
or
platforme
after
the
proportion
of
Six
in
File
,
which
is
according
to
our
late
Mode
of
discipline
.
There
have
been
many
Books
writ
of
this
Military
Art
,
in
the
Exercise
of
the
Foot
,
both
ancient
and
Moderne
;
but
of
our
later
writers
,
I
referr
our
new
commission'd
Gentlemen
to
the
perusal
of
Bingham
,
Hexham
,
Barrife
and
Ward
;
I
would
not
have
Elton
(
although
a
Parliament
Officer
)
wholly
to
be
laid
aside
;
for
I
have
received
informations
of
the
great
Worth
and
parts
of
the
Gentleman
.
To
them
whose
experience
have
been
their
masterpiece
,
I
am
silent
;
desiring
with
all
submission
rather
to
learn
from
such
,
than
presume
to
direct
.
Those
Gentlemen
are
to
be
commended
that
will
bestow
time
in
reading
of
this
Art
,
but
especially
such
as
put
in
practice
what
they
read
;
which
is
the
readiest
way
to
make
men
fit
for
the
service
of
their
King
and
Country
:
For
what
maketh
a
man
more
confidently
Couragious
,
than
knowledge
?
There
are
many
Gentlemen
that
are
greater
Readers
of
the
Wars
,
than
Practitioners
of
the
same
;
who
have
had
some
cavelling
disputes
,
about
the
discipline
thereof
;
not
considering
the
great
change
that
time
hath
made
,
and
experience
hath
found
out
in
Martial
affaires
.
In
the
reading
of
the
Roman
and
Grecian
Orders
,
Discipline
,
and
Government
of
their
Armies
,
I
had
thought
to
have
given
you
a
tast
thereof
,
but
deserving
a
better
Pen
than
mine
to
set
forth
the
Gallantry
of
them
,
I
shall
be
silent
:
And
yet
if
it
were
possible
to
renew
them
,
it
would
never
work
the
like
effect
,
as
it
did
against
their
Enemies
;
One
great
cause
thereof
is
supposed
,
that
they
made
better
pay-men
in
those
dayes
;
Vice
was
severely
punished
,
Vertue
most
bountifully
rewarded
:
and
when
the
Wars
were
ended
,
such
as
deserved
well
,
were
both
regarded
and
rewarded
;
or
else
remained
inrolled
in
pensionary
pay
;
so
by
that
meanes
the
Exercise
of
Armes
continued
.
It
is
to
be
observed
that
where
Payment
and
Reward
cease
,
there
Discipline
and
good
Order
ceaseth
also
.
As
for
the
Exercise
of
Armes
belonging
to
the
Infantry
,
it
is
the
part
of
the
young
Souldier
to
learn
and
practise
,
in
the
first
place
,
the
Postures
,
and
well
handling
of
Armes
:
Which
I
may
term
to
be
the
single
Accidence
of
this
Art
,
before
he
enters
his
Syntaxis
:
and
it
must
be
done
by
endeavouring
to
set
some
time
apart
for
the
exercise
thereof
.
There
have
been
many
that
have
not
only
disputed
,
but
have
writ
against
the
many
Postures
now
used
;
but
being
shamefully
confuted
by
our
Moderne
Writers
I
shall
be
silent
;
and
proceede
to
those
Postures
belonging
to
such
Armes
that
are
now
in
use
in
the
Country
,
which
are
far
short
of
what
is
compleat
in
Exercise
in
the
Cities
of
London
and
Westminster
,
and
therein
of
those
Honourable
Societies
of
the
Artillery
and
Military
Gardens
,
and
also
now
of
late
(
The
Criple
)
with
out
Criplegate
.
CHAP.
II.
Of
the
postures
of
the
Pike
and
Musquet
.
BEfore
I
give
you
the
postures
of
them
both
,
I
shall
give
you
a
brief
definition
of
a
Posture
.
A
Posture
is
a
mode
or
Garb
that
we
are
fixed
unto
,
in
the
well
handling
of
our
Armes
:
In
which
there
are
motions
attendant
unto
the
same
for
the
better
grace
.
Presupposing
your
company
to
be
in
the
Field
and
drawn
up
in
a
ready
way
for
Exercise
,
then
the
best
way
,
is
to
Exercise
them
apart
,
by
drawing
of
the
body
of
Pikes
from
their
Musquets
;
that
each
may
be
Exercised
in
their
particular
Postures
by
themselves
.
Only
there
are
some
Postures
of
the
Pike
and
Musquet
which
are
answerable
to
each
other
by
conformity
;
which
ought
to
be
performed
in
a
Body
,
or
upon
a
March
,
as
occasion
serveth
:
as
for
Example
.
In
Marching
,
All
are
to
be
shouldred
;
In
Trooping
,
or
in
any
other
Motion
,
the
Pikes
are
to
be
advanced
,
and
the
Musquets
poysed
:
In
Porting
of
the
Pike
,
the
Musquet
to
be
rested
;
In
Trailing
of
the
Pike
,
the
Musquet
to
be
reversed
;
which
is
the
Funeral
Posture
:
When
the
Pike
is
Cheek'd
,
the
Musquet
is
to
be
rested
at
the
Sentinel
Posture
;
when
the
Musquet
is
presented
to
fire
,
the
Pike
is
to
be
charged
;
And
when
the
Pike
is
Ordered
,
most
commonly
;
(
especially
in
a
stand
or
for
Exercise
)
the
butt
end
of
the
Musquet
is
to
be
set
to
the
Ground
&c.
〈◊〉
is
most
proper
for
the
Captain
to
Exercise
the
Pikes
himself
:
I
do
not
deny
but
he
may
Exercise
both
;
as
he
ought
sometimes
to
do
:
and
the
Ensign
and
Lieutenant
are
not
to
be
negligent
herein
when
they
are
commanded
,
or
in
the
absence
of
their
superior
Officer
.
The
next
for
the
Exercise
of
the
Pike
,
in
point
of
Antiquity
and
Honour
,
the
Gentleman
of
the
Pikes
craveth
the
precedency
.
I
have
declared
in
the
Exercise
of
the
Horse
,
what
an
excellent
Vertue
,
Silence
is
;
which
ought
in
the
first
place
to
be
commanded
;
and
most
diligently
observed
.
The
Body
of
Pikes
from
their
March
,
and
standing
all
shouldered
,
Command
as
followeth
.
1.
Order
your
Pikes
,
to
your
-
1.
open
-
2.
close
order
.
This
ought
to
be
made
use
of
always
upon
a
stand
:
And
in
the
daytime
it
may
serve
for
a
Sentinel
Posture
:
And
for
the
abatement
of
the
fury
of
the
Horse
,
having
the
butt
end
of
the
Pike
on
the
inside
of
the
right
foot
,
Charge
then
to
the
Horse
,
drawing
your
swords
over
your
left
arm
,
having
your
Pike
in
your
left
hand
,
you
may
then
receive
them
by
Commanding
;
either
to
Charge
to
the
-
Front
,
-
Right
,
-
Left
,
-
Reere
,
-
1.
Order
your
Pikes
.
-
2.
Put
up
your
swords
.
This
is
only
useful
upon
a
stand
of
Pikes
;
and
by
some
able
Souldiers
it
is
not
thought
to
be
the
securest
charging
against
the
Horse
,
or
of
strength
to
make
the
greatest
resistance
in
their
full
Career
.
Therefore
it
hath
been
thought
fit
to
be
most
convenient
,
to
close
your
files
to
your
close
Order
,
and
Ranks
closing
forward
,
and
being
thus
semented
(
as
it
were
)
will
be
the
better
able
to
ward
any
resistance
.
From
your
Order
,
-
Advance
-
Shoulder
-
Port
-
Comport
-
Cheeke
-
Traile
your
Pikes
.
Order
as
you
were
.
From
your
Order
charge
to
the
-
Front
,
-
Right
,
-
Left
,
-
Reere
.
Order
as
you
were
.
2.
Advance
your
Pikes
.
This
is
useful
upon
all
occasions
when
the
Drum
shall
beat
a
Troop
.
It
is
also
useful
in
all
motions
of
Doublings
,
&c.
Only
remember
when
they
are
reduced
they
put
themselves
,
or
be
commanded
into
the
same
Posture
the
standing
Party
was
in
.
From
your
Advance
,
-
Shoulder
-
Port
-
Comport
-
Cheeke
-
Trail
your
Pikes
.
Advance
as
you
were
:
From
your
Advance
,
charge
to
the
-
Front
,
-
Right
,
-
Left
,
-
Reer
.
Advance
as
you
were
.
3.
Shoulder
your
Pike
.
This
is
useful
and
most
proper
upon
a
March
:
It
is
useful
in
time
of
fight
,
provided
the
Pikes
be
upon
a
stand
,
for
it
doth
not
only
preserve
the
Pikes
from
shattering
,
but
the
Souldier
also
.
From
your
shoulder
,
-
Port
-
Comport
-
Cheeke
-
Trail
.
your
Pikes
.
Shoulder
as
you
were
.
From
your
shoulder
,
charge
to
the
-
Front
,
-
Right
,
-
Left
,
-
Reer
.
Shoulder
as
you
were
.
4.
Port
your
Pikes
.
This
is
useful
when
the
Souldiers
are
to
enter
either
Gate
or
Sally-port
;
and
it
is
an
ease
for
the
Reer
half
Files
to
Port
their
Pikes
when
the
Front
is
at
their
Charge
.
From
your
Port
,
-
Comport
-
Cheeke
-
Trail
your
Pikes
.
Port
as
you
were
.
From
your
Port
,
charge
to
the
-
Front
,
-
Right
,
-
Left
,
-
Reer
.
Port
as
you
were
.
5.
Comport
your
Pikes
.
This
is
necessary
for
a
Souldier
upon
his
March
up
a
Hill
,
to
have
his
Pike
Comported
.
From
your
Comport
,
-
Cheek
-
Trail
your
Pike
.
From
your
Comport
,
charge
to
the
-
Front
,
-
Right
,
-
Left
,
-
Reer
.
Comport
as
you
were
.
6.
Cheeke
your
Pikes
.
This
is
useful
for
the
Sentinel
Posture
.
From
your
Cheeke
,
Trail
your
Pikes
.
Cheeke
as
you
were
.
From
your
Cheeke
,
charge
to
the
-
Front
,
-
Right
,
-
Left
,
-
Reer
.
Cheeke
as
you
were
.
7.
Trail
your
Pikes
.
This
is
useful
in
a
Trench
to
move
for
security
of
any
breach
undiscovered
;
and
is
seldom
used
else
,
but
marching
through
a
Wood
,
&c.
From
your
Trail
,
charge
to
the
-
Front
,
-
Right
,
-
Left
,
-
Reer
.
Trail
as
you
were
.
From
your
Trail
,
Order
your
Pikes
.
8
Lay
down
your
Pikes
.
Oberve
that
if
your
Pikes
be
laid
down
when
you
begin
your
exercise
,
then
your
Command
must
be
—
-
1.
Handle
-
2.
Raise
your
Pike
to
your
-
Open
order
,
-
Order
,
-
Close
order
,
&c.
You
may
observe
that
the
Postures
of
the
Pike
,
some
are
for
conveniency
,
and
ease
to
the
Souldier
,
as
to
expedition
either
in
Marchings
,
or
other
services
commanded
;
and
the
several
charges
serve
either
for
defence
or
offence
;
none
ought
to
slight
any
of
these
Commands
,
but
to
put
them
into
practice
;
for
at
some
one
time
or
other
they
may
be
useful
.
Here
followeth
the
Postures
of
the
Musquet
,
or
Calliver
.
In
which
,
I
do
affirm
,
that
the
word
of
Command
generally
used
(
Make
ready
)
is
no
Posture
,
but
a
word
for
brevity
presupposing
the
Souldier
to
be
expert
in
all
,
and
doth
include
those
postures
precedent
to
that
(
Present
your
Musquet
)
and
so
from
the
Presenting
of
your
Musquets
the
other
postures
following
unto
that
(
Give
fire
)
which
is
the
completement
of
all
the
rest
of
the
Commands
given
.
Therefore
for
the
better
handling
of
Arms
no
Judicious
Practitioner
in
this
Art
but
will
confess
,
it
is
better
to
be
Instructed
from
Posture
to
Posture
for
more
comely
,
and
swifter
execution
thereof
.
The
Musquetteer
being
shouldered
Command
-
Snap-haunce
.
-
Sloop
your
Musquets
.
-
Let
slip
your
Musquets
.
-
1.
Vnshoulder
your
Musquet
,
and
Poyse
.
-
2.
Palm
or
rest
your
Musquet
.
-
3.
Set
the
Butt
end
of
your
Musquet
to
the
ground
.
-
4.
Lay
down
your
Musquet
.
-
5.
Take
off
your
Bandeliers
.
-
6.
Lay
down
your
Bandeliers
.
-
7.
Face
about
to
the
left
&
march
.
-
8.
Face
about
to
the
right
and
march
to
your
Arms
,
(
or
stand
to
your
Arms.
)
-
9.
Take
up
your
Bandeliers
.
-
10.
Put
on
your
Bandeliers
.
-
11.
Take
up
your
Musquet
.
-
12.
Rest
(
or
Palm
)
your
musquet
.
-
13.
Secure
(
or
Guard
)
your
cock
.
-
14.
Draw
back
your
hammer
,
(
or
steel
.
)
-
15.
Clear
your
pan
.
-
16.
Prime
your
pan
.
-
17.
Put
down
your
steel
,
(
or
hammer
.
)
-
18.
Blow
,
or
cast
off
your
loose
corn
.
-
19.
Bring
or
cast
your
musquet
about
to
your
left
side
.
-
Handle
your
Charger
.
-
Open
your
Charger
.
-
20.
Charge
with
Powder
.
-
21.
Draw
forth
your
scowring
stick
.
-
22.
Shorten
your
scowring
stick
.
-
23.
Charge
with
Bullet
.
-
24.
Put
your
scouring
stick
into
your
Musquet
.
-
25.
Rain
home
your
charge
.
-
26.
Withdraw
your
scouring
stick
.
-
27.
Shorten
your
scouring
stick
.
-
28.
Return
your
scouring
stick
.
-
29.
Bring
forward
your
Musquet
and
poise
.
-
30.
Palm
(
or
rest
)
your
Musquet
.
-
31.
Fit
your
hammer
,
or
steel
.
-
32.
Free
your
cock
.
-
33.
bend
your
cock
.
-
34.
Present
your
Musquet
.
-
35.
Give
fire
.
-
36.
Palm
(
or
rest
)
your
Musquet
.
-
37.
Clear
your
Pan.
-
38.
Shut
your
Pan.
-
39.
Poyse
your
Musquet
.
-
40.
Shoulder
your
Musquet
.
Match-lock
.
I
need
not
here
insert
every
Command
,
but
only
add
such
as
are
used
for
the
Match-lock
,
wholly
laying
aside
the
rest
.
Take
your
Match
from
between
the
fingers
of
your
left
hand
.
Lay
down
your
Match
.
Take
up
your
Match
with
your
right
hand
.
Return
(
or
place
)
your
Match
into
your
left
hand
.
-
Open
your
Pan.
-
Clear
your
Pan.
-
Prime
your
Pan.
-
Shut
your
Pan.
Draw
forth
your
Match
.
Blow
your
Coal
.
-
Cock
your
Match
.
-
Fit
your
Match
.
Guard
your
Pan.
Blow
the
ash
from
your
Coal
.
Open
your
Pan.
Uncock
,
and
return
your
Match
.
So
you
are
ready
for
a
March
;
or
in
the
Posture
upon
the
first
motion
.
That
which
is
called
the
Saluting
Posture
,
is
to
be
performed
from
the
resting
(
or
palming
)
of
the
Musquet
;
when
he
shall
have
an
occasion
:
as
a
Souldier
to
salute
his
Friend
,
or
to
the
honouring
of
any
other
person
deserving
.
And
the
Sentinel
Posture
,
is
for
the
Musquet
to
be
in
the
Palm
of
the
left
hand
,
at
his
Resting
posture
:
But
his
Musquet
to
be
charged
with
Powder
and
Bullet
,
his
Cock
freed
,
and
to
be
secured
with
his
Thumb
,
so
to
be
ready
to
execute
his
charge
,
and
commands
given
,
&c.
There
is
indeed
a
word
of
Command
sometimes
used
,
Reverse
your
Musquet
;
which
is
the
marching
Funeral
Posture
;
That
is
to
put
the
butt
end
of
your
Musquet
upwards
,
under
your
left
arm
,
holding
it
in
your
left
hand
,
about
the
lock
of
your
Musquet
.
Thus
I
have
finished
the
Postures
of
the
Musquet
or
Caliver
with
a
Snap-hance
,
and
with
a
Match-lock
without
a
Rest
;
for
your
further
inquiry
,
if
there
need
be
,
I
refer
you
to
Lieutenant
Barriffe
or
Captain
Ward
.
If
I
should
forget
to
say
something
of
the
excellency
as
to
the
use
of
the
Half-Pike
and
Musquet
,
that
is
now
of
use
in
the
Artillery
Garden
;
Half-Pike
.
first
invented
by
Lieutenant
Barriffe
and
Mr
John
Davis
of
London
;
whatsoever
is
performed
in
the
exercise
thereof
,
it
is
with
greater
ease
than
the
Rest
and
Musquet
is
.
And
knowing
how
far
it
hath
been
the
care
of
many
Souldiers
,
by
invention
to
make
the
Musquetteers
,
as
well
defensive
as
offensive
,
but
none
amongst
many
of
their
Projects
was
received
like
this
,
all
falling
to
the
ground
,
and
this
standing
as
the
best
,
being
of
most
excellent
service
;
for
it
serveth
as
a
Rest
;
as
a
Pallisado
to
defend
the
Musquetteer
from
the
Horse
:
When
the
shot
is
all
spent
they
may
with
that
Weapon
,
fall
in
among
the
Enemy
,
and
in
the
pursuit
of
an
Enemy
,
by
reason
of
the
lightness
thereof
,
and
their
nimbleness
in
Action
,
may
do
great
execution
;
and
in
Trenches
they
are
good
seconds
for
the
Souldiers
preservation
.
Those
Souldiers
that
are
thus
Armed
are
the
best
to
be
commanded
out
upon
any
Party
,
because
they
are
the
best
able
to
defend
themselves
and
offend
their
Enemies
:
And
when
any
hedges
are
to
be
lin'd
with
shot
,
West
Country
.
that
the
Musquetteers
by
their
forced
service
become
silent
,
and
the
ways
deep
and
narrow
;
then
the
Half-Pike
will
be
of
singular
service
.
And
last
of
all
the
Sould●er
so
marching
with
his
Half-Pike
and
Musquet
;
It
is
not
only
a
Grace
to
the
Souldier
but
a
Terrour
to
the
Enemy
:
Besides
this
hath
been
apapproved
of
by
some
of
the
ablest
Souldiers
in
this
Kingdom
.
Vic.
Wimbaldon
,
Sir
Tho.
Genham
.
If
once
the
Countrey
saw
the
practice
of
it
,
and
what
a
strong
preservation
it
is
against
the
incursion
of
the
Horse
,
and
in
all
other
respects
rather
an
advantage
to
the
Souldier
than
disadvantageous
to
him
;
it
would
be
not
only
esteemed
good
but
carefully
put
into
practice
.
As
the
Musquetteer
is
secured
by
the
gallant
invention
of
the
Half-Pike
;
Bow
and
Pike
.
any
strange
eye
would
think
it
very
unjust
that
such
Numbers
of
the
Pike-men
should
be
slain
by
the
shot
,
and
not
able
to
resist
and
offend
again
;
I
could
therefore
say
much
for
the
Long
Bow
to
be
joyned
with
the
Pike
,
how
their
showers
of
Arrows
will
gaul
and
terrifie
the
Horse
,
wound
and
hurt
the
Souldiers
both
on
Horse
and
Foot
;
So
if
this
should
be
duly
performed
all
hands
would
be
fighting
,
and
all
in
a
readiness
for
self
preservation
.
History
is
full
of
the
great
slaughters
and
Atchievements
in
those
days
,
when
the
Bow
was
most
in
use
;
but
because
it
is
laid
aside
I
shall
be
silent
,
hoping
the
practice
will
never
be
forgotten
.
CHAP.
III.
The
Places
of
Dignities
both
of
Files
and
Ranks
.
IN
this
Military
Age
,
who
would
have
thought
that
few
or
any
could
be
so
ignorant
of
the
difference
between
a
File
and
a
Rank
;
but
finding
in
our
Annual
Exercises
many
(
Farmor
like
)
Souldiers
to
be
much
guilty
thereof
,
I
shall
speak
a
a
little
thereunto
;
shewing
what
is
required
to
the
making
up
of
a
File
,
and
also
of
a
Rank
,
with
the
dignity
of
each
as
they
stand
both
in
File
and
Rank
.
A
File
.
First
,
Know
that
a
File
is
a
sequent
Number
of
men
,
standing
one
behind
an
other
Front
to
the
Reer
.
Or
from
the
first
which
is
termed
a
File-Leader
,
unto
the
last
which
is
termed
a
bringer
up
,
which
shall
be
demonstrated
according
to
our
mode
of
Discipline
.
A
Ranke
.
Secondly
,
A
Rank
is
a
Row
of
men
be
they
more
or
less
,
standing
or
marching
,
shoulder
to
shoulder
in
a
direct
Line
from
the
right
hand
to
the
left
,
(
and
from
the
left
to
the
right
)
even
a
breast
.
And
by
the
way
observe
that
in
all
preparations
to
exercise
,
Files
must
be
made
up
first
,
and
being
then
drawn
forth
,
and
the
Files
joyned
together
,
Ranks
are
made
.
ranks and files
Both
which
are
according
to
Barriffe
,
Ward
,
and
others
;
but
in
giving
their
Dignities
to
a
file
of
eight
deep
there
are
various
opinions
,
yet
all
endeavouring
after
a
Geometrical
proportion
;
and
it
is
that
which
Commanders
should
chiefly
follow
as
near
as
possibly
they
can
.
And
because
the
Sages
of
our
Times
do
differ
in
their
Judgments
,
more
in
this
particular
than
in
any
one
thing
that
I
know
of
;
I
shall
set
down
what
Rules
I
have
know
or
heard
,
leaving
it
to
the
more
experienced
that
can
command
better
.
Here
followeth
the
Rule
of
Barriffe
,
Ward
,
and
others
in
placing
the
Dignities
,
for
six
,
eight
,
and
ten
,
both
in
File
and
Rank
.
ranks and files
I
shall
here
insert
those
various
Opinions
of
the
Dignities
of
Souldiers
eight
in
File
,
and
so
for
eight
Companies
in
a
Regiment
;
by
all
which
you
may
dignifie
each
Officer
in
his
due
place
of
Honour
;
either
in
March
,
or
in
a
Body
:
The
consideration
that
there
is
,
or
ought
to
be
an
answerableness
in
the
Reer
to
the
Front
,
in
the
left
flank
to
the
right
,
by
an
equitable
right
in
their
true
Dignity
,
is
that
which
giveth
life
and
being
to
orderly
Discipline
;
for
the
worth
of
one
must
be
answerable
to
the
other
in
Skill
,
Valour
,
and
in
Number
.
ranks and files
ranks and files
The
equality
in
this
opposition
is
thus
;
As
(1)
and
(4)
makes
five
in
the
Colonels
Division
,
so
(3)
and
(2)
in
the
Lieutenant
Colonels
Division
makes
five
also
:
Then
as
in
the
first
(5)
and
(8)
makes
thirteen
;
so
the
second
(7)
and
(6)
is
thirteen
,
which
is
an
equal
opposition
.
As
inform'd
Mr.
Elton's
Rule
.
A
Second
Opinion
for
the
Dignity
of
eight
Companies
,
is
as
followeth
.
ranks and files
These
oppose
as
the
first
,
and
somewhat
more
in
the
equality
of
their
Number
;
as
one
and
six
is
seven
in
the
right
Wing
of
the
Colonels
Division
,
so
two
and
five
is
equal
to
that
in
the
right
Wing
of
the
Lieutenant
Colonels
Division
;
and
six
and
seven
is
equally
thirteen
,
in
the
first
,
as
five
and
eight
in
the
second
.
But
according
to
the
Rules
for
the
Dignity
of
a
File
,
the
second
Captain
hath
lost
his
place
of
Honour
.
For
those
of
that
Opinion
who
place
the
second
Captain
in
the
Lieutenant
Colonels
Division
,
affirm
that
there
may
be
a
Geometrical
equality
(
in
length
and
breadth
)
in
File
and
Rank
;
yet
in
point
of
Honour
according
to
first
Rule
in
the
Colonels
Division
,
the
second
Captain
being
placed
loseth
his
Dignity
;
for
if
the
eldest
Captain
in
priority
is
placed
upon
the
Head
or
first
Division
,
Body
or
stand
of
Pikes
,
leading
the
Colonels
Colours
,
then
by
the
self
same
Rule
of
Equity
,
the
second
Captain
Numb
.
(5)
may
and
ought
to
be
in
the
head
of
the
Lieutenant
Colonels
Division
,
Body
or
stand
of
Pikes
.
To
which
I
conclude
that
the
second
Captain
hath
as
much
Honour
to
bring
up
the
Reer
of
the
Colonels
own
Division
of
Pikes
when
so
marched
;
but
if
marched
(
intire
)
Regimentally
,
there
to
bring
up
the
Reer
of
the
whole
Body
or
stand
of
Pikes
is
a
greater
Honour
,
and
the
second
Captains
Dignity
.
A
third
Opinion
for
the
Dignity
of
eight
Companies
.
ranks and files
This
is
the
most
received
Opinion
of
the
other
two
of
late
years
,
and
the
Reasons
may
be
as
followeth
:
First
,
their
opposement
is
more
upon
a
direct
equality
than
the
former
,
as
for
example
,
1
and
8
stands
upon
the
right
Wing
of
the
Colonels
Division
which
maketh
9
;
now
equally
to
oppose
this
there
is
3
and
6
on
the
left
Wing
of
the
Lieutenant
Colonels
Division
,
that
maketh
9
also
;
then
upon
the
Right
Wing
of
the
Colonels
Division
there
is
4
and
5
that
maketh
9
;
and
to
oppose
that
there
is
2
and
7
which
is
9
also
;
all
this
makes
out
the
justness
of
this
opposement
,
and
in
that
particular
exceeds
both
the
former
,
for
what
can
be
said
for
the
second
may
be
alleadg'd
for
this
third
also
.
The
differences
in
them
as
to
their
opposements
may
hereby
be
discerned
,
and
how
that
all
three
make
equal
in
numbers
,
as
in
half
Files
and
half
Ranks
,
18
is
equal
to
18
,
and
in
Rank
and
File
making
(
36.
)
Indeed
when
the
Seignior
Officers
of
a
Regiment
had
more
Souldiers
in
their
respective
Companies
,
there
was
then
great
reason
to
stand
upon
an
equal
opposement
;
or
else
one
Wing
might
be
too
strong
for
the
other
.
All
this
being
now
laid
aside
and
there
being
of
Souldiers
an
equality
of
number
in
each
company
,
why
then
should
our
first
rule
for
the
dignity
of
a
File
be
laid
aside
for
the
marching
of
a
Regiment
either
intire
or
divisional
?
In
the
second
Opinion
the
second
Captain
is
placed
in
the
Lt.
Colonel's
divisions
in
the
third
he
is
placed
in
the
Collonels
;
although
I
conceive
he
ought
to
be
in
that
Division
yet
he
is
there
misplaced
:
for
by
the
same
rule
in
the
second
and
third
Opinion
,
as
you
place
the
Collonel
in
the
Dignity
of
a
file
leader
,
the
Lieutenant
Collonel
hath
his
Dignity
in
the
place
of
a
Bringer
up
,
the
Major
in
the
place
of
the
half
File
leader
,
the
first
Captain
in
the
place
of
the
Bringer
up
to
the
Front
half-files
:
Thus
far
all
three
joyntly
go
together
,
and
because
there
is
no
difference
in
number
of
men
,
but
equal
in
both
parties
,
they
need
not
stand
so
much
upon
an
equal
opposement
,
but
that
the
second
Captain
Numb.
5.
may
have
his
just
place
of
honour
immediately
next
unto
his
Collonel
.
If
it
were
not
for
this
mode
of
Dignity
according
unto
a
File
in
the
marching
of
a
Regiment
,
and
so
unto
a
Rank
in
a
Body
,
I
might
as
well
and
better
require
satisfaction
(
the
number
of
each
Company
being
equal
in
Souldiers
)
why
there
may
not
be
two
field
officers
in
the
Collonels
Division
as
well
as
in
the
Lieutenant
Collonels
;
which
I
leave
to
better
judgments
.
For
the
proof
of
my
assertion
,
as
joyning
with
Barrife
,
Ward
and
others
in
apointing
the
second
Captain
,
whose
is
the
fift
place
of
Honour
next
to
the
File
leader
,
or
next
to
the
Collonels
own
company
both
in
Rank
and
File
.
Bar.
pa.
17.
1.
The
File
leader
ought
to
be
the
worthiest
because
he
hath
the
Command
of
his
File
,
and
marcheth
first
against
the
Enemie
.
2.
The
Bringer
up
ought
to
be
the
second
place
of
Honour
,
because
his
place
of
March
is
in
the
reer
;
and
is
in
most
danger
,
should
the
Enemie
charge
on
that
part
.
3.
The
half
file
leader
is
the
third
place
of
Honour
,
because
when
the
Front
half
files
are
taken
off
upon
any
occasion
,
he
is
the
leader
unless
he
be
commanded
to
face
about
.
4.
The
last
man
(
or
Bringer
up
)
of
the
Front
half
files
is
the
fourth
man
in
dignity
,
for
so
he
is
when
the
Reer
Division
is
taken
of
.
5.
The
next
man
to
the
File
leader
hath
the
fift
place
of
honour
,
for
one
doubling
brings
him
into
the
Front
.
6.
The
sixt
place
of
Honour
is
before
the
Bringer
up
,
for
if
the
Body
be
faced
about
,
one
doubling
brings
him
into
that
accidental
Front
,
or
keeping
of
his
proper
Front
by
once
doubling
he
becomes
bringer
up
to
the
File
leader
.
7.
The
seventh
Dignity
of
place
is
his
who
marcheth
next
after
the
half
file
leader
,
for
when
the
half
files
double
the
Front
,
or
march
forth
,
then
one
doubling
ranks
him
even
with
the
Front
.
8.
The
eight
place
of
Honour
(
the
File
being
but
eight
in
depth
)
is
the
third
from
the
front
,
for
he
may
be
made
a
File
leader
also
,
although
it
may
be
with
more
trouble
,
for
by
countermarching
of
the
Front
and
Reere
into
the
midst
,
and
then
facing
to
the
first
Front
,
and
after
doubling
of
Ranks
makes
him
a
File
leader
also
.
I
desire
to
speak
nothing
here
to
tye
up
the
Ingenious
to
any
particular
fancy
,
when
his
own
reason
shall
guide
him
in
this
Military
Discipline
,
as
may
not
be
irregular
and
contrary
to
the
rules
of
Art
.
Now
each
Souldier
being
well
exercised
in
the
Postures
of
the
Pike
and
Musquet
,
and
knowing
their
Dignity
both
in
File
and
Rank
,
will
not
stand
still
here
,
but
must
be
labouring
to
march
farther
in
this
field
of
Military
Discipline
,
that
by
the
knowledge
thereof
his
undaunted
courage
might
conduct
him
to
some
higher
worth
or
place
of
Dignity
.
CHAP.
IV.
Of
the
Drum
.
I
Come
in
the
next
place
to
advise
every
Souldier
to
be
careful
and
endeavour
to
know
the
several
Beates
thereof
,
or
else
he
may
often
fall
short
of
his
Captains
Commands
.
There
are
these
several
Beates
to
be
taken
notice
of
as
Military
signs
,
for
the
Souldier
to
walk
or
guide
his
actions
by
;
and
are
termed
Semivocall
signes
,
as
you
may
see
in
the
Horse
service
,
pa.
9.
The
several
Beates
or
poynts
of
War
,
are
-
1.
A
Call
.
-
2.
A
Troope
.
-
3.
A
March
.
-
4.
A
Preparative
.
-
5.
A
Battalia
.
-
6.
A
Retreit
.
Besides
these
six
there
are
two
other
Beats
of
the
Drum
.
-
7.
A
Ta-to
.
-
8.
A
Revally
.
The
Ta-to
is
beaten
when
the
Watch
is
set
at
the
discretion
of
the
Governour
;
after
which
in
most
places
or
Garrisons
of
note
,
there
is
a
Warning
piece
discharged
,
so
that
none
are
to
be
out
of
their
houses
,
without
the
word
is
given
them
,
&c.
A
Revally
is
beaten
in
the
morning
by
day
light
,
at
which
time
the
subofficers
are
to
take
off
their
out
Sentinels
.
It
is
,
when
by
reason
of
the
great
noyse
of
Guns
,
men
,
armes
,
and
Horses
,
the
Commanders
voyce
for
it
can
neither
be
heard
or
obeyed
without
the
beat
of
the
Drum
:
And
the
action
of
the
Souldier
whether
valiant
or
otherwise
is
to
be
guided
by
it
.
And
For
the
better
performance
hereof
it
is
the
Captains
duty
to
teach
his
Souldiers
distinctly
the
several
beats
of
the
Drum
,
that
they
may
be
the
better
able
to
perform
their
respective
duties
,
when
ever
they
shall
be
so
commanded
by
the
Drum
.
CHAP.
V.
Of
Distances
.
HErein
I
shall
shew
you
what
distance
is
,
and
the
several
sorts
of
distances
:
Without
distance
no
motion
can
be
performed
:
Although
distance
in
it self
is
not
motion
;
yet
there
is
a
motion
in
that
action
,
that
produceth
our
several
distances
of
place
,
between
man
and
man
,
or
that
space
or
intervall
of
ground
,
either
in
File
,
or
Rank
.
And
I
may
truly
assert
that
the
Discipline
of
a
Foot
Company
,
&c.
consisteth
so
much
in
distance
,
and
motion
,
that
there
is
great
necessitie
of
learning
this
very
principle
;
for
they
are
not
fixed
in
one
station
,
but
are
mutually
interchanged
one
with
another
,
as
occasion
is
offered
by
command
,
and
so
are
all
brought
into
Order
by
their
distances
;
for
if
a
perfect
form
of
order
be
not
observed
,
disorder
must
necessarily
follow
;
the
effect
of
which
produceth
confusion
▪
In
our
Modern
discipline
there
are
these
four
distances
in
use
.
-
1.
Close
Order
.
-
2.
Order
.
-
3.
Open
Order
.
-
4.
&
Double
distance
.
-
1.
Close
Order
which
is
both
in
File
&
rank
one
foot
and
half
.
-
2.
Order
which
is
both
in
File
&
rank
three
foot
.
-
3.
Open
Order
which
is
both
in
File
&
rank
six
foot
.
-
4.
Double
distance
which
is
both
in
File
&
rank
twelve
foot
.
There
are
several
distances
to
be
performed
in
-
1.
March
.
-
2.
Motion
.
-
3.
Skirmish
.
-
1.
The
distance
of
marching
-
between
File
and
File
is
three
foot
.
-
between
Rank
and
Rank
is
six
foot
.
-
2.
The
distance
for
motion
as
for
doubling
of
Files
,
and
Ranks
,
for
facings
and
Countermarches
between
File
and
Rank
is
six
foot
.
-
3.
Distances
for
intire
doublings
and
skirmishes
between
Rank
and
File
is
three
Foot
.
-
4.
Distances
for
prevention
of
Cannon
shott
is
-
12
Foot
,
or
-
24.
Foot
,
the
double
double
distance
.
Note
that
the
close
Order
is
useful
-
1.
To
the
Files
of
Pikes
to
the
charge
of
Horse
.
-
2.
Before
you
Command
any
Wheelings
.
-
3.
When
the
Commander
is
to
deliver
somewhat
to
the
Souldier
that
all
may
hear
.
Observe
.
Before
you
open
or
close
your
body
by
command
to
Distance
to
action
;
let
every
Captain
or
chief
Officer
Command
his
Souldiers
to
streighten
their
Files
,
and
to
even
their
Ranks
:
In
the
next
place
to
be
silent
that
thereby
they
may
be
attentive
to
the
words
of
Command
,
Which
for
the
several
distances
are
as
followeth
.
Commands
.
-
1.
Files
.
to
your
close
Order
.
-
2.
Ranks
.
to
your
close
Order
.
-
there
might
be
abreviated
into
a
shorter
method
but
my
intents
is
for
plain
capacities
.
1.
Files
open
to
the
right
.
-
1.
To
your
Order
.
-
2.
To
your
open
Order
.
-
3.
To
your
double
distance
.
-
2.
Ranks
open
forward
.
-
1.
To
your
Order
.
-
2.
To
your
open
Order
.
-
3.
To
your
close
Order
.
-
3.
Files
open
to
the
Left
.
-
1.
To
your
Order
.
-
2.
To
your
open
Order
.
-
3.
To
your
double
distance
.
-
4.
Ranks
open
to
the
reer
,
(
or
)
backwards
.
-
1.
To
your
Order
.
-
2.
To
your
open
Order
.
-
3.
To
your
double
distance
-
5.
Files
open
to
the
right
and
left
.
-
1.
To
your
Order
.
-
2.
To
your
open
Order
.
-
3.
To
your
double
distance
.
-
6.
Ranks
open
to
the
right
and
left
.
-
1.
To
your
Order
.
-
2.
To
your
open
Order
.
-
3.
To
your
double
distance
.
Reducements
.
-
1.
Files
close
to
the
right
.
-
1.
To
your
open
Order
.
-
2.
To
your
Order
.
-
3.
To
your
close
Order
.
-
2.
Ranks
open
forward
.
-
1.
To
your
open
Order
.
-
2.
To
your
Order
.
-
3.
To
your
close
Order
.
-
3.
Files
close
to
the
left
.
-
1.
To
your
open
Order
.
-
2.
To
your
Order
.
-
3.
To
your
close
Order
.
-
4.
Ranks
close
to
the
reer
.
&c.
-
1.
To
your
open
Order
.
-
2.
To
your
Order
.
-
3.
To
your
close
Order
.
-
5.
Files
close
to
the
right
and
left
inward
,
(
or
)
to
the
midst
.
-
1.
To
your
open
Order
.
-
2.
To
your
Order
.
-
3.
To
your
close
Order
.
-
6.
Ranks
close
to
the
right
and
left
inward
.
-
1.
To
your
open
Order
.
-
2.
To
your
Order
.
-
3.
To
your
close
Order
.
These
are
useful
and
may
be
used
at
the
discretion
of
the
Commander
.
And
for
your
better
performance
in
the
closing
and
opening
of
Files
and
Ranks
,
take
these
following
Observations
.
1.
When
Files
open
to
the
right
,
the
left
,
hand
File
must
stand
fast
;
every
File
taking
his
distance
from
the
File
next
his
left
hand
.
2.
When
they
open
to
the
left
the
right
hand
File
stands
fast
,
&c.
3.
When
Ranks
open
forward
,
the
last
rank
stands
;
every
rank
taking
his
distance
from
the
rank
next
behind
him
.
4.
When
they
open
backward
,
(
or
to
the
reer
)
the
first
rank
stands
;
&c.
5.
When
Files
close
to
the
right
,
the
right
hand
file
stands
,
the
rest
close
to
the
right
,
taking
their
distance
from
the
right
hand
file
.
6.
And
if
Files
close
to
the
left
,
the
left
hand
file
stands
;
the
rest
of
the
Files
close
to
the
left
,
and
take
their
distance
,
&c.
7.
When
Files
close
to
the
right
and
left
,
then
they
close
inward
,
taking
their
distance
from
those
Files
within
them
,
nearest
to
the
midst
of
the
Body
.
8.
When
files
close
to
the
right
and
left
by
Division
,
it
must
be
outwards
,
according
to
the
fift
and
sixt
observation
.
9.
When
Ranks
close
to
the
front
and
reer
,
then
the
first
and
last
Ranks
stand
;
the
other
taking
their
distance
.
10.
If
Ranks
close
to
the
midst
then
they
close
towards
their
two
midlemost
Ranks
.
I
have
not
used
the
word
[
Center
]
in
any
of
these
Commands
,
because
it
is
conceived
that
the
word
is
more
proper
to
a
circle
,
and
not
to
a
square
,
(
or
a
broader
fronted
body
.
)
It
is
not
of
absolute
necessity
that
a
Commander
in
the
exercise
of
a
private
Company
shall
use
all
these
openings
,
and
closings
to
those
several
distances
mentioned
;
but
so
many
of
them
,
as
may
be
thought
fit
for
his
present
Exercise
intended
;
although
it
cannot
be
denied
but
that
they
may
be
useful
at
some
time
or
other
.
CHAP.
VI.
Of
Marching
and
Drawing
up
of
a
Company
.
THe
Souldier
being
informed
of
the
Dignity
of
Place
,
together
with
the
several
Beats
of
the
Drum
;
and
their
respective
distances
:
I
shall
march
a
Company
of
Foot
,
and
draw
them
up
:
which
Company
shall
consist
of
twelve
Files
;
four
Files
of
Pikes
,
and
eight
Files
of
Musqueteers
.
But
the
Deputy
Lieutenants
for
the
County
of
Sommerset
have
allotted
some
files
more
to
each
Company
,
and
it
is
a
rare
thing
to
have
them
compleat
in
the
Field
,
so
that
it
hath
been
too
apparent
,
because
there
hath
not
been
an
equality
in
Files
,
their
Companies
have
been
wholly
unfit
for
Exercise
;
but
I
hope
these
errors
will
be
better
looked
into
and
amended
hereafter
.
ranks and files
A
Company
marching
.
A
Company
drawing
up
.
Files
are
to
be
at
their
Order
,
and
Ranks
at
their
open
Order
.
When
the
Company
is
drawing
up
,
the
Drum
is
to
beat
a
Troop
,
the
Pikes
to
be
advanced
,
the
Musquets
to
be
poised
;
and
being
in
a
Body
are
ready
for
Command
.
ranks and files
A
Company
drawn
up
.
A
number
of
Men
being
thus
drawn
up
,
and
completed
(
consisting
of
Pikes
and
Musquets
)
there
is
in
them
according
to
the
rules
of
Art
;
a
Front
,
a
Reer
,
a
right
and
left
Flank
;
Front
half
files
;
Reer
half
files
;
Right
half
ranks
,
and
left
half
ranks
;
there
is
the
length
and
depth
of
the
Battel
,
and
these
are
extended
in
their
number
of
men
.
ranks and files
The
front
in
this
Figure
is
first
of
all
to
be
taken
notice
of
:
There
are
in
all
exercises
a
proper
Front
and
an
accidental
Front
:
the
Company
being
drawn
up
and
standing
in
a
body
,
with
faces
to
their
leader
,
maketh
a
proper
Front
.
Vide
Chap.
of
facings
.
And
the
accidental
front
is
as
the
Cheifetains
shall
command
the
face
of
the
whole
body
:
In
short
the
front
is
where
the
faces
of
the
Company
are
directed
one
way
.
The
first
Rank
,
or
row
of
men
,
they
are
termed
File
leaders
;
who
have
the
command
of
their
respective
Files
,
and
are
to
Exercise
them
severally
.
Observe
,
that
from
,
and
with
the
right
hand
file
leader
,
to
and
with
the
left
hand
file
leader
,
is
the
extent
of
the
Front
,
and
is
termed
the
length
of
the
Battel
.
And
the
Souldiers
standing
severally
from
and
with
their
File
leaders
in
a
sequence
to
and
with
their
Bringers
up
are
termed
Files
,
or
the
depth
of
the
Battel
.
The
Reer
of
the
body
is
so
termed
,
where
ever
the
back
of
the
Company
are
turned
.
Every
File
leader
hath
his
bringer
up
,
that
by
death
or
other
absence
,
next
in
point
of
honour
is
to
succeed
them
,
both
in
Place
and
power
:
The
extent
and
length
of
the
Reer
(
last
rank
or
bringers
up
)
is
the
same
with
the
Frontiers
.
The
right
and
left
Flanks
,
are
the
outmost
Files
upon
either
hand
of
the
body
from
the
Front
to
the
bringers
up
.
There
is
in
a
body
drawn
up
front
half
files
and
Reer
half
files
;
the
Front
half
files
extend
themselves
(
three
in
depth
)
to
and
with
the
third
Rank
;
and
the
Reer
half
files
is
the
fourth
Rank
to
and
with
the
last
,
both
which
have
their
extents
divided
in
the
whole
length
,
and
depth
of
the
body
.
Half
Ranks
are
from
the
midst
of
the
Files
so
taking
their
length
,
or
bounds
to
the
outmost
man
or
file
leader
,
either
upon
the
right
or
left
hand
.
CHAP.
VI.
Of
Facings
.
SOme
have
thought
that
Facings
are
but
of
little
use
,
so
that
a
commander
might
dispence
with
the
Exercise
thereof
.
There
being
a
mistake
in
such
,
I
must
declare
,
That
facings
are
very
necessary
,
and
of
such
excellent
use
,
as
in
no
wise
to
be
neglected
;
for
in
service
,
their
executions
are
quicker
than
other
motions
,
and
may
be
performed
when
other
commands
cannot
be
used
both
for
time
and
place
.
The
Body
being
faced
(
or
the
faces
of
the
Body
)
is
termed
an
aspect
,
and
being
particularly
turned
by
command
maketh
an
accidental
front
,
which
is
called
a
facing
.
So
that
in
short
,
facing
is
the
turning
and
altering
of
the
aspect
to
either
hand
,
Front
or
Reer
,
as
may
appear
in
the
several
commands
following
.
In
which
we
must
understand
that
facings
are
either
-
Intire
-
or
Divisional
.
There
are
Angular
facings
also
.
1.
Intire
Facing
is
when
the
aspect
of
the
company
is
directed
one
way
.
There
are
four
intire
facings
,
besides
Angular
.
Command
.
Face
to
the
-
1.
Right
.
Each
man
is
to
turn
upon
that
foot
to
which
hand
the
facing
is
commanded
,
wheeling
the
Body
to
that
Aspect
.
When
you
face
to
any
hand
,
you
may
reduce
them
to
the
contrary
.
-
2.
Left
.
-
3.
Right
about
.
-
4.
Left
about
.
To
reduce
them
,
Command
:
As
you
were
:
or
,
To
your
Leader
.
Angular
,
facings
are
when
directed
to
make
their
Aspects
to
the
right
or
left
corner
men
;
(
that
is
,
to
the
right
or
left
Angle
.
)
And
so
if
you
command
to
the
four
corners
,
it
is
to
face
them
to
their
four
Angles
,
which
is
Divisional
.
Command
:
Face
to
the
-
Right
-
Left
Angle
.
To
reduce
them
,
Command
:
As
you
were
:
or
,
To
your
leader
.
These
Angular
facings
are
not
so
much
in
use
as
formerly
.
Divisional
facings
are
contrary
to
the
Intire
,
for
they
look
divers
wayes
.
Which
are
Command
:
Face
to
the
-
1.
Right
and
left
.
-
2.
Right
and
left
inward
.
-
3.
Four
Angles
.
To
reduce
them
:
As
you
were
:
or
,
To
your
leader
.
It
is
necessary
that
the
half
files
doe
many
of
these
commands
by
themselves
,
that
they
may
the
better
understand
it
,
when
the
body
shall
come
to
be
subdivided
.
For
Angular
facings
,
they
are
out
of
use
,
or
not
so
much
in
use
as
formerly
.
By
most
Authors
facings
are
to
be
performed
at
open
order
both
in
Rank
and
File
:
But
it
is
also
necessary
to
exercise
the
Souldier
in
these
facings
at
close
Order
:
for
if
a
Souldier
should
be
assaulted
in
a
straight
or
narrow
passage
that
he
hath
neither
time
,
nor
ground
to
receive
it
,
either
by
doublings
,
Counter-marches
or
wheelings
,
they
stand
at
their
Order
,
or
close
Order
;
may
then
by
their
particular
facings
defend
themselves
against
any
such
assault
and
with
wore
ease
so
charge
their
Enemy
by
some
of
these
facings
,
than
by
any
other
motion
.
Facings
are
not
to
be
slighted
,
but
carefully
to
be
observed
and
practised
;
they
are
the
ground-work
of
Military
discipline
,
for
all
motions
have
relation
in
one
respect
or
another
to
them
.
There
are
two
facings
,
square
as
followeth
,
set
down
in
their
platformes
,
See
Barrife
&
Ward
,
&c.
because
they
are
not
only
useful
but
may
serve
as
demonstrations
of
the
former
.
Command
:
The
two
first
Ranks
stand
;
the
two
last
Ranks
face
about
;
the
rest
of
the
body
face
to
the
right
and
left
,
and
march
all
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
them
;
Command
.
-
1.
Face
about
to
the
right
,
march
and
close
your
Divisions
.
-
2.
Face
to
your
leader
,
who
standeth
at
his
proper
front
.
Figure
2.
Command
.
-
1.
Musquetteers
face
to
the
right
and
left
.
-
2.
Half
Files
of
Pikes
face
about
to
the
right
.
-
3.
March
all
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
them
.
Command
.
-
1.
Face
all
about
to
the
right
,
march
and
close
your
divisions
.
-
2.
Face
all
to
your
Leader
.
By
this
little
you
may
perceive
much
of
the
Nature
of
Facings
,
and
how
useful
they
are
towards
the
making
of
the
Souldier
apt
and
perfect
in
other
motions
.
I
shall
proceed
to
the
Nature
of
doublings
with
the
several
branches
,
or
parts
of
them
.
CHAP.
VII
.
Of
Doublings
.
IT
is
allowed
by
the
Judicious
that
they
are
most
necessary
and
completely
useful
for
the
strengthening
any
part
of
the
Battle
as
occasion
and
discretion
shall
command
.
All
which
consist
in
these
two
Generals
.
-
1.
Doublings
of
Length
,
-
2.
Doublings
of
Depth
,
All
times
in
quantity
of
Number
;
sometimes
in
Number
and
place
.
The
several
sorts
of
doublings
are
as
followeth
,
-
1.
Of
ranks
.
-
2.
Of
half
files
.
-
3.
Of
bringers
up
.
-
4.
Of
the
reer
.
-
5.
Of
files
.
-
6.
Of
half
ranks
.
-
1.
The
doubling
of
Ranks
is
when
every
Rank
double
the
odd
.
-
2.
Half
Files
are
said
to
be
doubled
,
when
they
shall
double
their
Ranks
into
the
Front
.
-
3.
Bringers
up
are
said
to
be
doubled
,
when
they
shall
double
their
Ranks
into
the
Front
.
-
4.
The
doubling
of
the
Reer
is
when
the
Front
half
file
doubles
the
Reer
.
-
5.
The
doubling
of
files
is
when
even
files
double
the
odd
.
-
6.
The
doubling
of
half
ranks
is
when
one
rank
shall
double
the
other
.
And
that
is
performed
by
-
Passing
through
.
-
Countermarches
.
-
Intire
,
or
divisional
doublings
.
The
doubling
of
Ranks
,
half
files
or
bringers
up
into
the
Front
is
a
doubling
of
quantity
,
or
number
,
and
not
of
place
.
But
the
doubling
of
ranks
intire
,
or
for
to
double
the
front
by
half
files
intire
,
either
to
the
right
or
left
,
or
by
Division
;
It
makes
not
only
a
doubling
in
quantity
and
of
place
,
but
lengthens
the
battle
also
.
The
doubling
of
files
and
half
files
,
or
half
ranks
,
or
doubling
to
either
flank
,
is
a
doubling
in
quantity
,
and
not
of
place
.
But
the
doubling
of
files
,
and
right
half
ranks
intire
,
and
the
depth
of
the
left
flank
intire
,
is
not
only
a
doubling
of
number
,
but
of
place
and
depth
of
the
battle
.
Observe
,
that
all
divisional
doublings
are
to
be
at
open
Order
both
in
Rank
and
File
.
Observe
,
that
in
all
motions
they
must
be
performed
in
three
steps
;
and
first
by
stepping
forth
of
that
foot
,
which
is
next
to
the
place
named
:
And
for
reducement
to
return
by
the
contrary
hand
.
Observe
,
that
in
doubling
of
Ranks
,
the
doubling
of
Files
reduceth
them
;
so
in
the
doubling
of
Files
to
any
hand
,
the
doubling
of
Ranks
to
the
contrary
hand
reduceth
them
also
.
Observe
,
that
in
all
motions
of
doublings
,
that
they
who
are
to
double
,
before
they
move
from
their
places
,
are
to
Advance
and
Poyse
their
Arms
;
and
when
they
have
performed
their
Commands
they
are
immediately
to
conform
to
the
same
posture
that
those
whom
they
double
are
in
;
whether
it
be
at
shoulder
or
advance
.
Observe
,
that
all
intire
doublings
are
to
be
performed
at
Order
both
in
Rank
and
File
:
And
in
all
motions
observe
your
right
hand
man
.
I
shall
not
only
give
you
the
words
of
command
for
most
particular
doublings
that
may
be
useful
for
service
with
directions
for
the
performance
of
the
same
;
with
their
reducements
:
And
as
I
have
been
importuned
by
some
of
the
Deputy
Lieutenants
to
add
to
them
their
several
platforms
(
or
Figures
)
it
is
accordingly
performed
.
But
my
chief
aim
is
to
demonstrate
how
a
Battalia
may
be
strengthned
by
doublings
.
And
that
is
either
in
the
-
1.
Front
,
-
2.
Reer
,
or
-
3.
Both
Flanks
.
The
Front
may
be
strengthned
by
-
Intire
Doublings
,
-
Divisional
Doublings
,
-
Intire
Wheelings
,
&
-
Divisional
Wheelings
.
Of
these
I
shall
proceed
in
their
several
Orders
,
shewing
how
intire
Doublings
do
strengthen
the
Front
.
And
that
is
by
-
1.
Ranks
,
-
2.
Bringers
up
,
-
3.
Half
Files
.
1.
The
Front
is
strengthned
by
intire
Doublings
of
Ranks
.
1.
Command
.
Ranks
to
the
-
1.
Right
-
or
2.
Left
Doubles
.
Directions
for
doubling
to
the
Right
,
from
the
left
,
the
even
Ranks
from
the
Front
move
forward
to
the
Right
into
the
odd
Ranks
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
them
Command
Files
to
the
left
double
,
(
or
)
Ranks
as
you
were
.
The
doubling
of
this
Figure
to
the
right
doth
easily
make
appear
what
is
meant
by
doubling
to
the
left
,
that
I
need
not
demonstrate
it
.
2.
Command
.
Ranks
to
the
right
and
left
double
-
1.
Outward
,
-
or
2.
Inward
.
1.
Directions
Outward
.
Even
Ranks
move
outward
from
the
Flanks
with
three
steps
forward
into
the
odd
Ranks
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
them
:
Ranks
as
you
were
:
Or
,
Files
to
the
right
and
left
double
inward
.
2.
Directions
inward
.
The
even
Ranks
move
inward
from
the
Flanks
with
three
steps
forward
into
the
odd
Ranks
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
them
:
Ranks
as
you
were
;
Or
,
Files
to
the
right
and
left
double
outward
.
3.
Command
.
Double
your
Ranks
to
the
-
1.
Right
-
2.
Left
Intire
.
Directions
to
the
right
.
Even
Ranks
from
the
Front
,
face
to
the
right
,
and
march
forth
until
they
be
clear
of
the
standing
Ranks
;
then
face
them
to
their
Leader
,
and
double
the
odd
Ranks
that
are
standing
,
ranks and files
If
you
command
them
to
close
their
Ranks
forward
it
will
be
the
same
Figure
as
may
be
produced
by
commanding
half
files
to
double
the
front
to
the
right
,
the
difference
being
only
in
quality
,
not
in
quantity
,
vide
Fig.
3.
To
reduce
them
Command
.
Ranks
that
doubled
,
face
to
the
left
and
march
forth
into
your
places
.
Or
,
Half
Ranks
of
the
right
,
face
to
the
left
and
double
your
left
Flank
.
Or
,
Ranks
as
you
were
.
4.
Command
:
Double
your
Ranks
inward
intire
.
Directions
.
Every
even
Rank
from
the
Reer
,
face
to
the
right
and
left
out
wards
,
and
march
until
they
be
clear
of
the
standing
part
;
then
let
every
even
Rank
from
the
Front
(
which
is
the
standing
part
)
move
forwards
into
the
Front
.
ranks and files
5.
Command
Double
your
Ranks
to
the
-
1.
Right
-
2.
Left
Intire
.
Every
man
placing
himself
on
the
outside
of
his
right
hand
man
.
This
doubling
,
is
the
same
in
Figure
with
the
third
,
they
differ
only
in
place
,
the
quantity
being
the
same
.
Directions
.
Every
even
Rank
from
the
Front
,
face
to
the
right
and
march
,
placing
your selves
on
the
outside
of
your
right
hand
men
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
them
Command
.
Right
half
ranks
double
your
left
flank
each
placing
your selves
on
the
inside
of
his
left
hand
man
.
2.
Intire
doublings
for
the
strengthening
of
the
Front
by
Bringers-up
.
6.
Command
.
Bringers-up
double
your
Front
to
the
-
1.
Right
.
-
2.
Left
.
Directions
for
doubling
to
the
right
:
Bringers
up
move
forwards
with
your
right
legs
,
and
pass
through
ranking
themselves
even
with
the
Front
,
the
rest
following
successively
and
placing
themselves
even
with
the
standing
ranks
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
them
Command
.
Bringers
up
,
or
Reer
half
files
face
about
to
the
left
,
and
march
into
your
places
.
OR
,
Even
files
from
the
left
double
your
depth
to
the
left
,
each
fall
behind
his
accidental
bringer-up
(
or
half
file-leader
.
)
When
they
march
into
their
places
,
the
half
file-leaders
who
were
the
last
that
took
their
places
,
now
in
this
reducement
must
be
the
first
to
take
their
places
.
7.
Command
.
Bringers-up
double
your
Front
to
the
right
and
left
-
1.
Outward
.
-
2.
Inward
.
This
I
never
saw
but
once
in
a
private
Exercise
,
but
I
conceive
it
more
out
of
curiosity
than
of
necessity
.
And
because
it
is
suitable
to
the
second
Command
of
Ranks
,
I
need
not
demonstrate
them
in
Figures
;
as
the
even
ranks
move
and
take
their
respective
places
in
the
second
Figure
,
in
this
the
bringers-up
are
to
be
the
first
movers
to
the
right
and
left
either
outwards
or
inwards
.
If
outwards
;
then
it
is
to
be
performed
from
the
midst
of
the
Reer
from
the
right
and
left
into
the
Front
.
To
reduce
them
Command
.
The
odd
files
from
the
right
and
left
flank
double
your
depth
to
the
right
and
left
inwards
,
every
man
falling
behind
his
accidental
bringer-up
.
If
inwards
;
then
it
ought
to
be
performed
from
the
flanks
to
the
right
and
left
inwards
even
into
the
Front
.
To
reduce
them
Command
.
The
even
files
from
each
flank
double
your
depth
to
the
right
and
left
inwards
,
all
falling
behind
his
accidental
bringer-up
.
3.
Intire
doublings
for
the
strengthening
of
the
Front
by
half-files
.
8.
Command
.
Half
files
double
your
Front
to
the
-
1.
Right
.
-
2.
Left
.
Directions
.
If
to
the
right
,
the
half
file-leaders
must
pass
through
(
or
move
forwards
)
to
the
right
into
the
Front
,
and
the
succeeding
ranks
are
to
follow
them
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
them
Command
.
Even
files
from
the
left
,
double
your
depth
to
the
left
.
Or
,
Half
files
face
about
to
the
left
and
march
forth
into
your
places
.
Or
,
Half
files
as
you
were
.
9.
Command
.
Half
files
double
your
Front
to
the
right
and
left
-
1.
Outwards
.
-
2.
Inwards
.
What
I
have
declared
in
the
seventh
Command
,
I
do
the
same
here
:
However
I
shall
demonstrate
the
Command
by
doubling
outwards
.
1.
Directions
.
It
is
to
be
performed
from
the
midst
of
the
half
files
to
the
right
and
left
into
the
Front
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
Command
.
The
odd
files
from
the
right
and
left
flank
double
your
depth
to
the
right
and
left
inward
.
OR
,
Halfe
files
face
about
to
the
right
,
and
march
forth
into
your
places
.
2.
Directions
.
If
the
command
be
inward
,
then
it
is
to
be
performed
from
the
flanks
of
the
half
files
,
marching
even
into
the
Front
.
To
reduce
them
Command
.
Even
files
from
each
flank
,
double
your
depth
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
.
OR
,
Half
files
as
you
were
.
10.
Command
.
Half
files
double
your
Front
to
the
-
1.
Right
-
2.
Left
Intire
.
Directions
to
the
right
.
Half
files
face
to
the
right
and
march
,
until
they
be
clear
of
the
front
half
files
,
then
face
them
to
their
Leader
,
and
march
them
up
even
with
the
Front
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
Command
.
Half
files
face
about
to
the
right
and
march
forth
into
your
places
.
OR
,
Half
ranks
of
the
right
double
the
depth
of
your
left
flank
intire
.
11.
Command
.
Half
files
double
your
Front
inward
intire
.
Directions
.
Front
half
files
face
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
,
and
march
until
they
be
clear
of
the
Reer
half
files
;
then
face
them
to
their
Leader
and
stand
.
Then
let
the
reer
half
files
march
up
even
into
the
Front
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
them
.
Half
files
upon
the
intire
motion
face
about
and
march
;
Front
half
files
face
to
the
right
and
left
inward
and
close
your
Divisions
.
OR
,
Reer
half
files
,
double
the
depth
of
your
Front
half
files
intire
,
face
all
to
the
right
and
left
inward
,
and
close
your
Divisions
.
I
have
shewed
you
how
the
Front
may
be
strengthened
by
intire
doublings
;
I
shal
briefly
shew
how
it
may
be
by
divisional
.
The
Front
is
strengthened
by
divisional
Doublings
as
followeth
.
12.
Command
.
Double
your
Ranks
to
the
right
and
left
by
Division
.
To
perform
this
,
Command
.
Even
Ranks
from
the
Front
face
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
;
march
forth
and
double
the
odd
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
;
half
ranks
that
doubled
,
face
to
the
right
and
left
inwards
,
and
march
into
your
places
.
13.
Command
.
Half
files
double
your
Front
by
Division
.
To
performe
this
:
Half
files
face
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
,
and
march
until
they
be
clear
of
the
Front
half
files
,
then
face
them
to
their
Leader
;
then
move
forward
and
double
the
Front
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
Command
.
Half
files
face
about
to
the
Reer
,
and
march
until
they
be
clear
of
the
Front
half
files
;
then
,
face
to
the
right
and
left
inward
,
close
your
Divisions
and
face
to
your
Leader
.
OR
,
The
half
files
that
moved
double
the
depth
of
the
Front
half
files
.
14.
Command
.
Double
your
Ranks
to
the
right
and
left
by
Division
,
every
man
placing
himself
on
the
outside
of
his
right
and
left
hand
man
.
To
perform
this
Command
.
Every
even
Rank
from
the
Front
move
forth
to
the
right
and
left
outward
,
each
man
placing
himself
according
as
is
commanded
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
Command
.
The
half
Ranks
that
moved
double
your
Files
to
the
right
and
left
inward
;
every
man
placing
himself
on
the
inside
of
his
right
and
left
hand
man
.
I
have
hitherto
shewed
how
the
Front
may
be
strengthened
by
divisional
Doublings
.
Now
followeth
how
The
Front
may
be
strengthened
by
intire
and
Divisional
Wheelings
.
15.
Command
.
Wheel
off
your
reer
half
files
to
the
-
1.
Right
-
2.
Left
Intire
into
the
Front
.
To
perform
this
to
the
right
,
Command
.
Half
files
face
about
to
the
right
,
and
wheel
them
to
the
left
about
,
until
they
be
even
with
the
Front
.
ranks and files wheeling
To
reduce
this
;
Wheel
off
your
half
ranks
,
and
double
your
left
flank
intire
to
the
left
.
To
perform
this
reducement
,
let
them
face
to
the
right
;
then
Command
:
Right
half
ranks
,
wheel
about
to
the
right
until
they
be
even
a
breast
with
the
front
half
files
:
To
your
Leader
.
16.
Command
.
Wheel
your
Flanks
into
the
Front
.
There
are
diversities
of
Commands
for
the
production
of
this
Figure
,
and
much
according
to
the
opinion
of
the
Commander
.
I
shall
insert
them
,
and
leave
the
choice
thereof
to
the
judicious
in
this
Art
.
ranks and files wheeling
Wheel
your
-
Flanks
into
the
front
.
-
Wings
into
the
front
.
-
Front
into
the
battle
.
-
Front
into
the
midst
.
-
Reer
into
the
flanks
.
To
reduce
any
one
of
them
Command
.
Wheel
your
flanks
into
the
Reer
.
17.
Command
.
Reer
half
files
wheel
and
double
your
Front
by
Division
.
To
perform
this
Command
.
Half
files
face
about
to
the
right
,
and
so
wheel
off
to
the
right
and
left
about
;
moving
forwards
until
they
be
even
with
the
Front
.
ranks and files wheeling
To
reduce
this
Command
.
Half
files
that
doubled
,
wheel
about
to
the
right
and
left
inward
,
and
march
into
your
places
.
OR
,
Half
ranks
face
to
the
right
and
left
outward
;
then
wheel
to
the
right
and
left
inward
,
and
double
the
depth
of
your
Front
half
files
,
and
face
them
to
their
Leader
.
There
is
some
other
Wheelings
,
but
I
shall
not
trouble
you
with
them
,
because
they
are
more
for
curiosity
than
for
service
,
&c.
CHAP.
VIII
.
I
Shall
here
insert
the
several
preceding
Commands
for
the
strengthening
of
the
Front
,
wherein
,
in
the
closing
of
some
of
the
Ranks
,
as
may
be
seen
by
them
severally
,
the
Figures
are
one
and
the
same
Battalia
,
in
quantity
but
not
in
quality
;
in
number
but
not
in
place
.
Ranks
to
the
right
Double
.
|
Command
1.
|
Produceth
one
and
the
same
Figure
.
|
1.
Bringers
up
double
your
Front
to
the
right
.
|
Comm.
6.
|
Half
files
double
your
Ranks
forward
to
the
right
.
|
Comm.
8.
|
Ranks
to
the
right
and
left
double
first
outward
and
then
inward
|
Comm.
2.
|
Produceth
one
and
the
same
Figure
.
|
Bringes
up
double
your
Front
to
the
right
and
left
-
1.
Outward
.
-
2.
Inward
.
|
Comm.
7.
|
Half
Files
double
your
Front
to
the
right
and
left
-
1.
Outward
.
-
2.
Inward
.
|
Comm.
9.
|
2.
Double
your
Ranks
to
the
right
intire
|
Comm.
3.
|
Produceth
one
and
the
same
Figure
.
|
Double
your
Ranks
to
the
right
intire
,
every
man
placing
himself
on
the
outside
of
his
right
hand
man
|
Comm.
5.
|
Half
Files
double
the
front
to
the
right
intire
|
Com.
10.
|
Wheel
off
your
Reer
half
files
intire
into
the
Front
|
Com.
15.
|
3.
Double
your
Ranks
inward
intire
|
Comm.
4.
|
Produceth
one
and
the
same
Figure
.
|
Half
files
double
your
Front
inward
intire
|
Com.
11.
|
Double
your
Ranks
to
the
right
and
left
by
division
|
Com.
12.
|
Half
files
double
your
Front
by
division
|
Com.
13.
|
Double
your
Ranks
to
the
right
and
left
by
division
,
every
man
placing
himself
on
the
outside
of
his
right
hand
man
|
Com.
14.
|
Produceth
one
and
the
same
Figure
.
|
Reer
half
files
wheel
and
double
your
Front
by
division
|
Com.
17.
|
Vide
Chap.
11.
Chap.
14.
CHAP.
IX
.
How
Battalias
may
ve
strengthened
in
the
Reer
.
HAving
ended
with
most
of
those
doublings
that
do
strengthen
the
Front
,
I
proceed
to
some
few
that
may
strengthen
the
Reer
:
I
might
be
as
large
in
them
as
the
former
;
but
the
labour
and
pains
would
be
of
no
great
necessity
,
because
all
what
hath
been
commanded
in
the
Front
may
by
counterchange
of
them
be
performed
in
the
Reer
.
Therefore
I
shall
only
for
example
sake
set
down
four
Commands
,
and
demonstrate
them
by
their
respective
figures
,
and
they
only
shall
be
performed
by
the
doubling
of
half
Files
,
leaving
the
rest
for
the
delightful
Artist
in
this
pleasing
exercise
.
1.
Command
.
Front
half
files
double
your
Reer
to
the
-
1.
Right
.
-
2.
Left
.
To
perform
this
:
(
to
the
right
)
Command
.
Front
half
files
face
about
to
the
left
and
march
directly
forwards
to
the
left
of
the
standing
part
in
opposition
even
in
each
rank
according
to
their
several
places
.
ranks and files
If
this
be
commanded
for
service
then
face
the
Reer
half
files
also
about
to
the
left
.
Then
To
reduce
them
.
Face
them
all
to
their
proper
Front
,
and
Command
:
Double
your
files
to
the
right
intire
advancing
.
If
it
be
for
a
private
exercise
,
Command
.
Half
files
face
about
to
the
left
and
march
forth
into
your
places
.
2
Command
.
Front
half
files
double
your
Reer
to
the
-
1.
Right
-
2.
Left
intire
.
To
perform
this
to
the
right
intire
,
Command
.
Front
half
files
face
to
the
right
;
march
until
they
be
clear
of
the
Reer
half
files
;
then
face
them
all
to
the
Reer
,
and
march
them
even
in
breast
with
the
Reer
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
Front
half
files
,
face
about
to
the
right
and
march
into
your
places
.
OR
,
Face
all
to
your
leader
,
then
right
half
ranks
double
your
left
flank
intire
advancing
.
3.
Command
.
Front
half
files
double
your
Reer
by
Division
.
To
perform
this
,
Command
.
Front
half
files
face
to
the
right
and
left
,
and
march
until
they
be
clear
of
the
Body
,
then
face
them
to
the
Reer
,
and
move
down
to
the
Reer
even
in
breast
with
the
last
Rank
.
ranks and files
If
this
be
for
service
you
may
face
them
all
to
the
Reer
.
If
only
for
Exercise
you
may
reduce
them
,
as
they
now
stand
;
by
Commanding
,
Front
half
files
face
about
to
the
right
and
advance
forwards
,
until
they
are
clear
of
the
standing
part
,
then
face
them
to
the
right
and
left
inwards
;
and
close
your
Divisions
.
4.
Command
.
Front
half
files
double
your
Reer
to
the
-
1.
Right
-
2.
Left
by
Countermarch
.
To
performe
this
;
If
the
Command
given
for
the
left
;
face
the
standing
half
files
to
the
Reer
,
and
the
rest
Countermarch
to
the
left
and
lose
ground
.
But
if
it
be
only
for
Exercise
you
need
not
face
the
standing
part
to
the
Reer
at
all
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
(
as
being
only
for
Exercise
)
Command
.
Front
half
files
face
about
to
the
left
and
march
forth
into
your
places
.
But
if
it
be
upon
service
that
they
are
all
faced
to
the
Reer
,
then
all
upon
the
Reducement
,
are
to
face
about
to
the
left
;
and
the
front
half
files
to
march
into
their
places
.
Object
.
But
Some
may
object
here
,
and
say
;
that
this
is
a
countermarch
,
and
no
doubling
,
and
so
ought
not
to
be
demonstrated
in
this
place
.
Answ.
To
which
I
answer
;
that
what
is
done
by
the
Front
half
files
,
in
short
is
a
Lacedemonian
Countermarch
,
(
of
losing
ground
;
)
but
if
it
were
a
direct
countermarch
,
they
ought
not
to
stand
mixed
with
any
other
part
of
the
body
,
by
passing
through
to
the
Reer
,
but
only
to
Countermarch
into
the
midst
and
there
remain
;
so
that
now
passing
through
into
the
Reer
makes
it
an
absolute
doubling
.
What
I
have
mentioned
in
the
beginning
of
this
Chapter
may
be
sufficient
to
the
ingenious
Artist
,
having
concluded
what
I
intended
for
the
strengthening
of
the
Reer
.
I
thought
to
have
inserted
here
a
strengthening
of
the
Front
and
Reer
,
but
being
in
the
Chapter
of
Wheelings
,
Command
the
tenth
,
the
inquisitive
may
be
better
satisfied
.
CHAP.
VI.
Which
is
the
last
in
order
to
shew
,
how
a
Battalia
may
be
strengthened
in
both
Flanks
.
THe
Flanks
are
doubled
by
-
1.
Files
.
-
2.
Half
ranks
.
-
3.
Division
.
-
4.
Wheelings
.
1.
First
by
Files
.
1.
Command
.
Files
to
the
-
Right
-
or
Left
double
.
If
to
the
left
to
perform
this
,
Command
.
Every
even
ranks
from
the
left
,
move
with
three
steps
into
the
odd
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
Ranks
to
the
right
double
.
OR
,
Files
as
you
were
.
In
all
motions
observe
to
move
that
leg
first
,
to
which
the
Command
guideth
.
2.
Command
.
Files
to
the
-
1.
Right
.
-
or
2.
Left
.
double
advancing
.
To
perform
this
,
if
to
the
right
,
Command
.
Every
even
file
from
the
right
advance
three
steps
forward
and
double
the
odd
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
Command
.
Ranks
to
the
left
double
.
OR
,
Files
as
you
were
.
3.
Command
.
Files
to
the
right
and
left
double
outward
.
In
doubling
outward
,
the
outmost
File
of
each
Flank
stands
,
and
the
even
File
each
flank
doubles
the
odd
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
Command
.
Double
your
Ranks
to
the
right
and
left
inwards
.
OR
,
Ranks
as
you
were
.
4.
Command
.
Files
to
the
right
and
left
double
Inward
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
Command
.
Double
your
Ranks
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
.
OR
,
Ranks
as
you
were
.
5.
Command
.
Double
your
Ranks
to
the
-
1.
Right
-
&
2.
Left
-
1.
Outwards
advancing
.
-
2.
Inwards
.
This
will
be
performed
as
in
the
third
and
fourth
Command
,
only
instead
of
falling
behind
their
right
or
left
hand
men
,
here
they
are
to
advance
before
them
as
in
the
second
Command
.
6.
Command
.
Double
your
Files
to
the
-
1.
Right
-
or
2.
Left
intire
advancing
.
To
performe
this
,
to
the
right
.
The
even
files
from
the
right
advance
so
far
until
they
be
clear
and
double
the
odd
files
to
the
right
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
Files
that
doubled
face
about
to
the
left
and
march
forth
into
your
places
.
OR
,
Front
half
Files
double
your
Reer
to
the
left
.
OR
,
Half
Files
double
your
Front
to
the
right
.
7.
Command
.
Double
your
files
to
the
-
1.
Right
-
or
2.
Left
Intire
advancing
,
every
man
placing
himself
before
his
leader
.
To
perfom
this
,
to
the
right
.
ranks and files wheeling
The
reducement
.
Command
.
Front
half
Files
face
about
to
the
left
and
march
forth
into
your
places
.
OR
,
Front
half
files
,
turn
off
by
countermarch
,
and
double
your
Re
ex
to
the
right
:
Face
all
to
your
leader
.
8.
Command
.
Files
double
your
depth
to
the
right
intire
.
To
perform
this
,
Command
.
Even
files
from
the
right
face
about
to
the
right
,
and
march
until
they
are
clear
of
the
Reer
,
placing
themselves
after
their
bringers
up
;
then
face
them
to
their
leader
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
Half
files
double
your
Front
to
the
left
.
OR
,
Front
half
files
double
your
Reer
to
the
right
.
9.
Command
.
Files
double
your
depth
to
the
right
placing
your selves
behind
your
bringers
up
.
To
perform
this
Command
.
Every
even
File
from
the
right
,
face
about
to
the
right
and
double
the
remaining
files
behind
their
bringers
up
.
ranks and files wheeling
To
reduce
this
Command
.
Bringers
up
double
your
Front
to
the
left
.
OR
,
Half
files
double
your
Front
to
the
left
,
each
placing
themselves
before
their
half
file
Leaders
.
There
is
but
a
small
difference
between
the
Figures
of
some
of
the
precedent
Commands
,
as
some
may
at
first
sight
guess
them
to
be
:
yet
if
you
would
but
well
observe
them
the
words
of
Command
are
several
,
and
in
the
Battalia
there
is
difference
in
the
Dignity
of
place
;
but
not
in
quantity
(
or
number
.
)
Secondly
.
How
the
flanks
are
doubled
by
half
ranks
.
10.
Comand
.
Half
ranks
of
the
left
,
double
your
right
flank
to
the
-
1.
Right
,
-
or
2.
Left
.
To
perform
this
to
the
right
.
Left
half
ranks
face
to
the
right
and
move
to
the
right
forward
and
double
your
right
flank
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
Command
.
Face
to
the
left
and
march
forth
into
your
places
.
OR
,
Double
your
Ranks
to
the
left
intire
.
You
may
face
them
at
discretion
.
I
shall
demonstrate
another
Figure
to
the
left
,
shewing
how
it
may
be
performed
without
mixture
of
Arms
,
&c.
11.
Command
.
Half
Ranks
of
the
right
,
double
your
left
flank
to
the
right
.
To
perform
this
Command
.
Half
ranks
of
the
right
face
to
the
right
,
turn
off
to
the
right
and
double
your
left
flank
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
the
11.
Command
.
Ranks
double
to
the
right
intire
,
every
man
placing
himself
on
the
outside
of
his
right
hand
man
.
12.
Command
.
Half
ranks
double
your
right
flank
to
the
right
and
left
-
1.
Outward
.
-
2.
Inward
.
1.
To
perform
this
Outward
.
Face
all
to
the
right
,
then
the
left
half
ranks
move
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
,
doubling
your
right
flank
;
face
to
your
Leader
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
Command
.
1.
Front
and
Reer
half
files
double
your
ranks
intire
to
the
left
flank
.
OR
,
Half
ranks
that
doubled
face
about
to
the
right
,
and
march
forth
into
your
places
.
OR
,
Half
ranks
face
about
to
the
right
,
and
the
even
ranks
from
the
midst
move
forth
and
double
your
left
ranks
intire
to
the
left
flank
;
face
to
your
Leader
.
2.
To
perform
the
12.
Command
inward
.
Face
all
to
the
right
,
then
the
left
half
ranks
move
forwards
to
the
right
and
left
inwards
,
and
double
the
right
flank
;
face
all
to
your
Leader
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
the
12.
Command
inward
.
Front
and
reer
half
files
,
double
your
Ranks
intire
to
the
left
.
By
direction
,
you
may
Command
.
Half
files
face
about
,
and
every
even
rank
from
the
front
and
reer
move
forth
,
and
double
your
ranks
intire
to
the
left
flank
;
then
face
to
your
Leader
.
13.
Command
.
Half
ranks
double
your
right
flank
to
the
-
1.
Right
-
or
2.
Left
by
Countermarch
.
OR
,
Half
ranks
to
the
right
by
Countermarch
double
your
left
flank
.
To
perform
this
.
Half
ranks
of
the
right
,
T
is
produceth
the
same
Figure
as
the
11.
Command
.
face
to
the
right
and
Countermarch
into
the
left
flank
losing
ground
.
To
reduce
this
.
Double
your
Ranks
to
the
left
intire
,
every
man
placing
himself
on
the
outside
of
your
right
hand
men
,
and
face
to
your
Leader
.
OR
,
Ranks
that
doubled
,
face
to
the
right
and
march
forth
into
your
places
.
In
like
manner
if
you
would
double
the
right
flank
by
countermarch
,
the
right
flank
is
then
to
stand
,
and
you
are
to
insert
the
left
into
the
right
flank
,
as
before
,
the
right
will
be
by
this
Command
inserted
into
the
left
.
And
by
the
reducement
of
the
one
by
the
contrary
hand
,
you
may
reduce
the
other
also
.
14.
Command
.
Left
half
ranks
double
your
right
flank
to
the
right
and
left
-
1.
Outwards
-
2.
Inwards
by
countermarch
.
These
insertions
I
shall
not
demonstrate
by
Figure
,
because
the
three
last
being
but
well
observed
,
will
give
you
a
light
to
the
execution
of
these
;
only
I
shall
briefly
give
you
the
performances
and
reducements
thereof
.
If
Outward
,
Command
.
Half
ranks
of
the
right
face
to
the
right
,
and
left
half
ranks
face
to
the
left
,
then
move
forward
and
double
your
right
and
left
flank
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
;
face
to
your
Leader
.
To
reduce
this
Command
.
Front
and
Reer
half
files
double
your
Ranks
intire
to
the
left
flank
,
every
man
placing
himself
,
on
the
outside
of
his
right
and
left
hand
man
.
By
direction
you
may
Command
.
The
Front
half
files
to
face
about
,
and
the
even
ranks
from
the
midst
,
move
forth
to
the
left
flank
and
double
the
odd
,
placing
your selves
on
the
outside
of
your
right
hand
men
.
And
every
even
rank
from
the
reer
half
files
,
move
forth
and
double
the
odd
,
placing
yourself
on
the
outside
of
your
left
hand
men
;
face
to
your
Leader
.
If
Inwards
,
Command
.
Ranks
face
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
,
and
the
left
half
ranks
turn
off
to
the
right
and
left
inward
,
moving
forward
,
until
you
have
doubled
the
right
flank
;
face
to
your
Leader
.
To
reduce
this
Command
.
Front
and
reer
half
files
double
your
ranks
intire
to
the
left
flank
,
every
man
placing
himself
on
the
outside
of
his
right
and
left
hand
man
.
For
direction
you
may
Command
.
Half
files
face
about
,
and
every
even
rank
from
the
reer
,
move
forward
,
and
place
your selves
on
the
outside
of
your
right
hand
men
,
and
every
even
rank
from
the
front
,
move
forth
and
double
the
odd
,
placing
your selves
on
the
outside
of
your
left
hand
men
;
face
to
your
Leader
.
15.
Command
.
Left
half
ranks
double
your
right
flank
intire
advancing
.
To
perform
this
Command
.
The
left
flank
(
or
the
left
half
ranks
)
march
forth
until
they
be
clear
of
the
remaining
party
;
then
face
them
to
the
right
and
double
the
right
flank
,
and
face
them
to
their
Leader
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
.
The
left
flank
that
doubled
,
face
to
the
left
,
and
march
into
your
places
.
OR
,
Front
half
files
double
your
Reer
to
the
right
.
16.
Command
.
Left
half
Ranks
double
intire
the
depth
of
your
right
Flank
.
To
perform
this
Command
.
The
left
half
ranks
to
face
about
to
the
right
,
until
they
are
clear
of
the
standing
part
;
then
face
to
the
left
and
double
the
right
flank
;
face
to
your
Leader
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
Command
.
Half
files
double
your
Front
to
the
left
intire
.
OR
,
Half
files
that
doubled
face
about
to
the
left
and
march
forth
into
your
places
.
3.
How
the
Flanks
may
be
strengthened
by
divisional
Doublings
.
17.
Command
.
Double
your
Files
to
the
right
and
left
by
Division
.
To
perform
this
Command
.
Half
files
of
the
even
files
from
the
right
,
face
to
the
Reer
;
then
,
even
files
march
clear
of
the
standing
part
;
then
move
to
the
right
and
left
,
and
double
the
odd
files
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
them
Command
.
Face
to
the
right
and
left
inward
,
march
forth
and
take
your
places
,
and
face
to
your
Leader
.
18.
Command
.
Half
Ranks
of
the
left
double
your
right
flank
by
Division
.
To
perform
this
Command
.
Half
files
of
the
left
half
ranks
face
about
to
the
right
;
then
,
Front
and
Reer
half
ranks
of
the
left
flank
move
clear
of
the
standing
body
,
face
all
to
the
right
flank
,
and
move
even
in
breast
with
the
right
flank
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
them
.
Front
and
Reer
half
files
that
doubled
,
face
about
inwards
and
march
into
your
places
.
OR
,
The
half
files
that
doubled
may
double
the
depth
of
their
right
flank
.
Obs.
You
may
in
the
Command
,
when
they
are
marched
clear
of
the
standing
party
,
Countermarch
them
with
this
Command
.
Vide
Com.
13.
Front
and
Reer
half
files
of
the
left
flank
countermarch
to
the
right
and
left
,
losing
of
ground
into
the
right
flank
,
which
will
produce
the
same
Figure
,
Com.
18.
only
in
place
.
4.
The
Flanks
are
strengthened
by
Wheelings
.
18.
Command
.
Left
half
ranks
wheel
off
,
and
double
your
right
flank
to
the
-
Right
-
or
Left
Intire
.
To
perform
this
,
Command
.
Right
half
ranks
face
outwards
;
left
half
ranks
wheel
about
to
the
left
,
and
keep
wheeling
until
you
have
doubled
the
right
flank
;
face
the
moveants
to
their
Leader
.
ranks and files wheeling
To
reduce
them
.
Face
them
to
their
proper
Front
;
then
Command
,
Reer
half
files
double
your
Front
to
the
left
intire
.
But
if
you
countermarch
them
,
then
the
reducement
of
the
13.
Command
will
give
you
light
to
it
also
.
19.
Command
:
Wheel
Front
and
Reer
into
the
-
1.
Right
-
or
2.
Left
Flank
.
OR
,
Front
and
reer
half
files
wheel
off
into
the
right
Flank
by
Division
.
To
perform
this
,
Command
.
Face
all
to
the
right
.
Wheel
off
to
the
right
and
lest
,
and
so
keep
moving
until
the
Bringer
up
of
the
right
hand
file
,
meet
with
the
right
hand
file
leader
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
them
if
faced
to
the
right
Flank
.
Wheel
both
Flanks
into
the
Reer
,
and
face
them
to
their
Leader
,
But
if
faced
to
their
proper
Front
,
then
Command
.
Wheel
Front
and
Reer
into
their
left
Flank
,
and
face
them
to
their
Leader
.
20.
Command
.
Left
half
Ranks
wheel
off
to
the
right
and
left
,
and
double
your
right
Flank
by
Division
.
To
perform
this
,
Command
.
Half
ranks
of
the
right
face
to
the
right
,
then
the
half
files
of
the
left
half
rank
face
to
the
Reer
.
Front
and
Reer
half
files
wheel
off
to
the
right
and
left
about
;
and
more
forwards
until
you
are
even
a
breast
,
then
double
your
right
flank
and
face
them
to
their
accidental
Front
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
them
,
Command
.
Files
that
doubled
,
double
the
depth
of
the
standing
files
intire
to
the
right
and
left
inwards
.
2.
If
you
face
them
to
their
proper
Front
,
then
to
reduce
them
Command
.
The
three
first
and
the
three
last
Ranks
double
your
left
flank
intire
.
That
is
,
The
three
last
Ranks
face
about
and
wheel
to
the
right
,
and
the
three
first
Ranks
wheel
about
to
the
left
,
all
moving
and
meet
in
opposition
in
the
midst
of
the
left
flank
;
then
face
them
to
their
Leader
.
I
have
ended
those
Doublings
whose
Battalia's
are
strengthened
in
the
Front
,
Reer
,
and
both
Flanks
.
Although
they
may
not
be
useful
at
all
times
in
the
field
service
,
yet
it
is
not
amiss
for
every
Commander
to
be
well
grounded
in
the
knowledge
of
them
,
that
by
his
experience
therein
he
may
not
be
silent
,
when
occasion
serveth
,
nor
the
Souldier
seeking
what
to
do
,
when
he
may
be
commanded
:
They
are
so
necessary
,
that
some
are
delightful
in
private
Exercises
,
and
most
of
them
profitable
in
Field
(
or
Garrison
.
)
I
am
sure
the
Ingenious
if
once
experienced
herein
will
confess
them
to
be
of
such
absolute
necessity
as
not
in
the
least
to
be
slighted
by
any
.
And
further
,
it
is
adjudged
to
be
most
convenient
for
all
the
Chief
Officers
to
bend
their
thoughts
before
the
time
of
Service
,
to
make
their
Commands
as
short
as
possible
may
be
,
in
order
to
which
see
Chapt.
8.
and
11.
I
do
declare
that
I
have
heard
some
of
our
late
young
Eltonists
to
be
too
tedious
in
their
Commands
and
Reducements
;
I
shall
advise
the
young
Souldier
to
follow
the
Rules
of
Barriffe
,
Ward
,
Bingham
and
Hexham
,
for
there
is
in
them
enough
to
direct
for
most
Services
,
and
then
they
may
peruse
Elton
at
last
,
whose
worth
(
as
I
have
been
informed
)
is
not
to
be
laid
in
the
dust
without
the
due
respects
belonging
to
a
Souldier
,
and
I
hope
now
a
Loyal
Subject
.
CHAP.
XI
.
YOu
may
perceive
in
those
several
Commands
for
the
strengthening
of
the
Flanks
,
and
their
Figures
being
produced
,
and
have
closed
some
of
their
Files
,
as
occasion
may
offer
it self
,
they
are
one
and
the
same
in
Number
but
not
in
Place
.
As
in
the
8.
Chapter
,
I
have
also
in
this
set
down
the
several
Commands
that
produce
one
and
the
same
Figure
,
yet
the
Commands
are
distinct
and
several
;
all
which
if
the
Officer
please
to
endeavour
the
remembring
of
:
How
that
such
and
such
Commands
will
produce
such
a
Figure
,
he
may
in
the
hottest
disputes
take
the
shortest
Commands
to
expedite
his
motions
,
having
respect
to
his
Ground
for
the
execution
of
them
.
1.
Files
to
the
right
double
.
|
Command
1.
|
Produceth
one
and
the
same
Figure
.
|
Files
to
the
right
double
,
advancing
|
Comm.
2.
|
Files
to
the
right
and
left
double
-
1.
Outward
.
-
2.
Inward
.
|
Comm.
3.
and
4.
|
Double
your
Ranks
to
the
right
and
left
-
1.
Outward
advancing
-
2.
Inward
advancing
|
Comm.
5.
|
Double
your
Files
to
the
right
intire
advancing
.
|
Comm.
6.
|
Double
your
Files
to
the
right
intire
advancing
,
every
man
placing
himself
before
his
Leader
|
Comm.
7.
|
Files
double
your
depth
to
the
right
intire
|
Comm.
8.
|
Files
double
your
depth
to
the
right
,
placing
your selves
behind
your
Bringers-up
|
Comm.
9.
|
Double
your
Files
to
the
right
and
left
by
Division
.
|
Com.
17.
|
2.
Half
Ranks
of
the
left
,
double
your
right
flank
to
the
right
|
Com.
11.
|
Produceth
one
and
the
same
Figure
.
|
Half
Ranks
double
your
right
flank
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
|
|
3.
Half
Ranks
double
your
right
flank
by
turning
off
to
the
right
|
Com.
11.
|
Produceth
one
and
the
same
Figure
.
Pag.
Command
16.
|
Half
Ranks
to
the
right
by
countermarch
double
your
left
flank
|
Com.
13.
|
Left
half
flanks
double
your
right
flank
to
the
right
and
left
by
countermarch
-
1.
Outward
.
-
2.
Inward
.
|
Com.
14.
|
Left
half
Ranks
wheel
and
double
your
right
flank
to
the
right
intire
|
Com.
18.
|
Left
half
Ranks
wheel
off
to
the
right
and
left
,
and
double
your
right
flank
by
Division
.
|
Com.
20.
|
Left
half
Ranks
double
your
right
flank
intire
advancing
|
Com.
15.
|
These
Figures
are
much
alike
,
only
the
change
of
Ground
.
|
Left
half
Ranks
double
intire
the
depth
of
your
right
flank
|
Com.
16.
|
A
very
good
Figure
is
produced
by
the.
|
Com.
17.
|
|
Wheeling
Front
and
Reer
into
the
right
flank
|
Com.
19.
|
This
being
an
accidental
Front
is
the
same
Figure
with
the
5.10
.
and
15.
Command
,
for
the
strengthening
of
the
proper
Front
by
the
doubling
of
Ranks
.
|
CHAP.
XII
.
I
Shall
now
treat
of
that
which
is
called
in
a
more
particular
manner
Inversion
and
Conversion
,
shewing
you
what
is
meant
by
them
;
And
the
nature
and
use
of
those
several
Commands
,
most
in
practice
belonging
to
each
of
them
.
1.
Inversion
produceth
a
File
,
or
Files
;
That
is
either
by
-
Files
filing
;
-
or
Ranks
filing
.
2.
Conversion
produceth
a
Rank
,
or
Ranks
.
That
is
either
-
By
increase
of
File
ranking
by
-
Even
,
-
or
Vneven
Parts
.
-
Of
Ranks
ranking
to
the
-
Right
,
-
or
Left
.
-
Of
Ranks
wheeling
to
the
-
Right
,
-
or
Left
Flank
.
Observe
,
That
in
the
performance
of
most
of
these
Works
,
there
must
be
either
a
double
or
twice
double
distance
of
Ground
.
But
it
must
be
the
Commanders
care
so
to
open
his
Ranks
or
Files
at
such
distances
as
the
quantity
of
Ground
will
give
leave
.
I
shall
not
demonstrate
the
Commands
in
the
same
method
,
as
I
have
the
Doublings
for
the
strengthening
of
the
Front
,
but
shall
insist
in
that
method
already
set
down
;
because
I
find
the
reception
hereof
to
be
somewhat
of
difficulty
with
some
of
our
Rural
Officers
.
First
,
Inversion
of
files
,
or
tiles
filing
in
sequence
.
Secondly
,
Files
filing
by
countermarch
.
1.
Command
.
Files
,
file
to
the
-
1.
Right
.
-
2.
Left
.
ranks and files
To
perform
this
,
to
the
right
,
Command
.
The
right
hand
file
to
march
away
single
,
clear
of
the
body
,
then
the
File
leader
of
the
next
File
is
to
fall
in
after
the
bringer
up
of
the
first
File
,
and
so
all
the
rest
,
until
the
whole
Body
become
one
single
file
.
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
File
leaders
lead
up
you
Files
to
to
the
left
.
OR
,
Files
,
file
six
to
the
left
.
2.
Command
.
Files
file
to
the
-
Right
.
-
or
Left
.
intire
advancing
.
ranks and files
To
perform
this
to
the
right
.
The
right
hand
file
stand
,
the
second
from
the
right
advanceth
into
the
Front
of
the
first
,
the
third
into
the
Front
of
the
second
,
and
the
rest
successively
into
the
Front
of
each
other
,
until
they
may
be
made
one
direct
file
.
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
Face
all
about
to
the
right
,
Files
,
file
six
to
the
right
into
the
Reer
.
OR
,
As
they
stand
without
facing
,
Command
.
File
six
to
the
right
gathering
towards
the
Front
.
3.
Command
.
Files
,
file
inward
into
the
right
Flank
.
ranks and files
To
perform
this
Command
.
Half
files
face
about
,
then
file
leader
and
bringer
up
of
the
left
flank
advance
forward
,
and
each
file
of
the
half
files
from
the
left
,
are
to
fall
successively
into
the
Reer
of
each
file
until
they
have
made
one
intire
,
then
face
them
to
their
leader
.
To
reduce
them
Command
.
Reer
half
files
face
about
to
the
left
.
Front
half
files
,
file
three
to
the
left
:
and
the
Reer
half
files
file
three
to
the
right
;
Face
all
to
your
leader
,
and
close
your
divisions
.
4.
Command
.
Files
file
to
the
right
and
left
by
Division
.
ranks and files
To
perform
this
,
Command
.
The
file
leaders
of
each
flank
march
away
with
your
files
until
they
are
clear
of
the
Body
,
then
the
next
file
leaders
from
the
right
and
left
are
to
fall
in
after
the
bringers
up
of
the
first
moveants
,
until
the
Body
become
two
files
upon
each
wing
.
To
reduce
them
,
Command
:
File
leaders
lead
up
your
files
to
the
right
and
left
.
OR
,
Files
file
six
to
the
right
and
left
.
5.
Command
.
Files
,
file
inward
into
the
right
and
left
flank
by
Division
.
ranks and files
Figure
.
5.
You
may
the
better
understand
this
by
the
directions
for
the
third
Command
:
But
To
perform
this
,
Command
.
Half
files
face
about
,
then
file
leaders
and
bringers
up
of
each
file
,
both
from
the
right
and
left
,
and
fall
successively
into
the
reer
of
each
other
,
until
they
have
made
two
intire
files
on
each
flank
;
Face
to
your
leader
.
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
Reer
half
files
face
about
to
the
right
:
Front
and
Reer
half
files
file
three
to
the
right
and
left
inwards
;
Face
to
your
leader
and
close
your
Divisions
.
6.
Command
.
Files
,
by
countermarch
file
to
the
right
,
every
man
placing
himself
in
the
reer
of
the
right
hand
file
.
ranks and files
Figure
.
6.
To
perform
this
,
Command
.
The
right
hand
file
stand
,
the
rest
of
the
Body
face
about
to
the
left
,
then
every
particular
file
march
forward
to
the
left
,
and
place
themselves
behind
the
bringers
up
of
the
right
hand
file
.
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
Files
file
fix
to
the
left
,
each
placeing
themselves
before
their
leader
.
7.
Command
.
Files
by
countermarch
file
to
the
right
by
division
,
each
placing
himself
before
his
leader
and
bringer
up
.
ranks and files
To
perform
this
;
Command
.
Reer
half
files
face
about
,
the
right
hand
file
is
to
keep
his
ground
,
the
rest
moving
forwards
to
the
right
,
placing
themselves
before
their
File
leaders
and
Bringers
up
.
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
Front
half
file
●●ce
about
,
and
file
three
to
the
right
,
every
man
placing
himself
before
his
bringer
up
:
And
the
Reer
half
files
,
file
three
to
the
left
,
placing
your selves
before
your
leaders
.
I
have
with
as
much
brevity
,
as
conveniently
I
could
,
set
forth
by
demonstration
the
first
part
of
Inversion
which
is
of
Files
filing
.
I
proceed
to
the
second
part
of
Inversion
which
is
of
Ranks
siling
.
For
the
performance
of
which
,
observe
that
in
all
these
motions
,
your
files
are
to
be
at
their
Order
,
or
otherwise
as
may
be
thought
most
convenient
,
and
their
Ranks
to
be
opened
either
forwards
or
backwards
at
the
discretion
of
the
Commander
,
but
at
twice
double
distance
(
or
more
)
as
may
be
required
to
his
number
of
men
.
The
distances
being
set
,
let
every
rank
move
according
to
Command
.
8.
Command
.
Ranks
file
to
the
right
,
placing
your selves
before
your
right
hand
man
.
To
perform
this
,
Command
.
The
right
hand
man
of
each
rank
is
to
stand
,
the
rest
are
to
move
forwards
with
their
right
leg
,
and
so
place
themselves
before
their
right
hand
men
.
ranks and files
8.
Figure
.
Te
reduce
them
,
Command
.
Files
rank
twelve
to
the
left
:
OR
,
Ranks
as
you
were
.
Observe
,
Ranks
filing
are
sooner
executed
in
the
commands
and
reducements
,
than
files
filing
:
For
they
will
sooner
be
in
readiness
to
receive
any
opposition
with
a
suteable
resistance
in
the
Front
:
for
in
files
filing
it
will
be
some
long
time
before
the
file
leaders
will
be
able
to
do
it
.
9.
Command
.
Ranks
file
to
the
right
,
placing
your selves
behind
your
right
hand
men
.
ranks and files wheeling
To
perform
this
,
Direct
.
If
they
be
upon
a
stand
,
they
may
open
backwards
to
their
distance
for
the
work
as
by
example
.
But
if
they
be
upon
a
march
,
then
the
right
hand
man
marcheth
first
,
and
all
his
rank
so
facing
as
to
march
to
the
right
,
file-wise
after
their
leader
:
The
right
hand
man
of
the
second
rank
is
so
to
do
,
and
fall
in
the
reer
of
the
left
hand
man
of
the
first
Rank
.
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
Files
rank
twelve
to
the
left
:
OR
,
Ranks
as
you
were
.
Aelian
Tact.
Ch.
30.
p.
6.
10.
Command
.
Ranks
file
to
the
right
and
left
by
Division
.
ranks and files wheeling
The
two
former
are
directions
enough
for
this
.
And
may
also
be
performed
with
the
two
former
,
either
before
their
right
hand
men
or
otherwise
.
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
Files
convert
into
Ranks
as
you
were
.
OR
,
Files
Rank
to
the
right
and
left
inward
as
you
were
.
OR
,
Files
rank
twelve
to
the
right
and
left
inward
.
This
Figure
as
by
the
Notes
of
Captain
Bingham
hath
been
of
great
use
amongst
the
Graecians
,
and
judged
by
our
ingenious
Artists
not
to
be
slighted
by
us
for
the
avoydance
of
the
great
Ordinance
or
showers
of
small
shot
:
In
Cities
I
have
seen
it
often
used
for
lodging
of
the
Colours
:
It
is
also
a
large
Interval
for
the
reception
of
any
Honourable
Person
.
Some
may
dislike
,
in
this
last
Inversion
of
Ranks
filing
,
because
there
is
a
promiscuous
mixture
of
Arms
:
This
may
be
easily
prevented
by
bringing
both
Divisions
of
Musquetteers
into
the
Front
of
Pikes
,
or
otherwise
upon
a
march
at
the
discretion
of
the
Commander
.
There
yet
remain
divers
words
of
Command
of
Ranks
filing
;
Vide
Conversion
.
By
wheeling
your
Ranks
into
the
right
Flank
,
or
into
both
Flanks
,
&c.
But
the
prolixity
of
them
have
made
me
to
abbreviate
,
and
being
more
out
of
curiosity
than
of
necessity
.
I
have
shewed
what
is
meant
by
Inversion
both
in
Files
and
Ranks
,
and
have
demonstrated
them
by
their
Figures
,
so
many
as
I
conceive
may
be
sufficient
for
the
knowledge
thereof
.
Many
I
have
heard
to
use
the
word
Inversion
to
some
of
the
precedent
Commands
;
but
I
think
it
very
convenient
to
be
left
out
in
the
Exercisings
of
our
Rural
Militia's
;
It
is
a
word
not
suitable
to
a
Rustick
capacity
,
and
a
word
that
may
be
spared
.
CHAP.
XIII
.
Of
Conversion
,
and
the
several
Parts
thereof
.
COnversion
,
I
have
declared
to
consist
of
a
Rank
or
Ranks
.
And
that
is
performed
either
by
-
1.
Increase
of
Files
ranking
by
-
Even
,
-
or
Vneven
Parts
.
-
2.
Increase
or
decrease
of
Files
ranking
by
uneven
Parts
.
-
3.
Files
ranking
intire
into
the
Front
,
and
wheeling
into
the
same
.
-
4.
Ranks
ranking
to
the
right
or
left
.
-
5.
Wheeling
into
both
Flanks
.
And
of
these
I
shall
declare
unto
you
,
as
briefly
as
I
may
,
that
your
delight
in
the
true
understanding
of
them
may
not
be
neglected
,
by
the
least
obscurity
.
Now
the
reason
that
I
have
demonstrated
most
with
Figures
,
is
that
the
young
Souldier
may
see
how
many
Commands
produce
one
and
the
same
Figure
,
their
difference
being
only
in
quality
,
and
not
in
quantity
.
1.
I
shall
begin
with
Files
ranking
by
even
parts
,
that
is
when
they
rank
two
,
three
,
or
four
,
keeping
the
same
number
in
Rank
,
all
being
in
an
equal
proportion
;
and
if
more
,
what
is
wanting
to
make
up
the
Ranks
in
the
Command
,
must
be
made
good
by
the
next
Rank
.
1.
Command
.
Files
rank
three
to
the
right
.
ranks and files
Observe
,
in
this
motion
,
the
File
leader
is
first
to
move
unto
that
hand
the
Command
is
given
:
And
if
six
deep
,
the
half
file
leader
is
to
advance
the
same
way
.
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
Ranks
file
(
or
invert
)
to
the
right
:
Then
every
File-leader
,
lead
up
his
File
,
and
rank
to
the
right
:
OR
,
As
you
were
.
2.
The
uneven
parts
of
Files
ranking
,
is
when
there
is
such
an
increase
either
of
two
,
three
,
or
more
in
each
Rank
so
exceeding
the
Rank
before
it
:
(
and
these
exceedings
are
termed
in
Arithmetick
,
A
Progressional
Increase
)
Or
else
by
the
decrease
of
each
Rank
following
after
.
2.
Command
.
Files
rank
three
first
,
then
by
increase
to
the
right
two
,
in
each
Division
of
Musquetteers
and
Pikes
.
ranks and files
These
are
termed
half
Rombes
,
or
Wedges
.
For
Exercise
sake
you
may
make
a
Wedge
,
or
half
Rombe
of
all
twelve
by
3.
Command
.
Files
rank
first
two
,
and
by
increase
two
,
from
the
whole
Body
.
ranks and files
You
may
alter
the
mixture
of
Armes
at
your
discretion
.
4.
Command
[
is
in
the
nature
of
a
Rombe
.
]
Files
rank
first
two
,
and
by
increase
,
and
decrease
two
in
each
Rank
,
Divisionally
both
of
Musquetteers
and
Pikes
.
ranks and files
The
reducement
of
these
three
last
Commands
is
,
Ranks
file
as
you
were
.
These
Rombes
,
and
half
Rombes
or
Wedges
were
much
of
use
in
the
Graecian
Wars
;
Read
the
Tact.
of
Aelian
,
pag.
108.
But
being
not
now
so
much
in
use
,
I
shall
not
spend
much
time
in
them
,
but
leave
the
desirous
to
the
view
of
Captain
Ward
.
5.
Command
.
Files
rank
to
the
Right
,
or
Left
into
the
Front
.
&
6.
Command
.
Files
rank
to
the
Right
,
or
Left
by
wheeling
into
the
Front
.
I
shall
demonstrate
both
in
this
by
Wheeling
;
only
observe
there
must
be
so
much
distance
between
each
file
,
as
will
contain
each
in
rank
.
To
perform
them
Command
.
Files
open
to
the
left
to
your
double
distance
;
Ranks
close
forward
to
your
close
Order
,
face
to
the
right
,
wheel
all
to
the
left
until
the
whole
Body
be
brought
into
one
intire
Rank
.
ranks and files wheeling
5.
&
6.
Figure
.
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
Face
to
the
Reer
;
then
the
first
six
to
the
right
wheel
to
the
right
:
(
When
all
have
wheeled
by
sixes
to
the
right
)
then
face
them
to
their
Leader
,
and
close
their
Files
at
discretion
.
7.
Command
.
Files
rank
into
the
Front
and
Reer
by
Division
.
To
perform
this
,
Command
.
Files
open
to
the
left
to
your
order
;
Ranks
close
forward
to
your
close
order
;
Half
files
face
about
to
the
right
,
and
face
to
the
left
,
then
move
all
into
the
Front
and
Reer
,
and
make
two
intire
Ranks
.
When
the
distance
is
set
,
Observe
that
those
in
motion
are
to
face
to
the
right
flank
.
ranks and files in motion
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
Front
half
files
face
about
to
the
left
,
reer
half
files
face
about
to
the
right
,
then
wheel
all
into
their
respective
Files
,
then
face
them
to
their
Leader
,
and
close
their
files
at
discretion
.
Here
might
be
inserted
for
variety
and
curiosity
some
more
words
of
Command
of
Conversion
,
of
files
ranking
into
the
midst
;
by
Countermarches
,
and
by
Wheelings
.
But
by
what
is
demonstrated
already
you
'l
find
enough
in
them
,
and
I
must
look
to
be
censured
by
some
for
what
is
done
:
and
conceiving
the
remainder
to
be
useless
,
I
shall
omit
them
to
avoid
a
further
censure
,
and
proceed
to
the
Conversion
of
Ranks
ranking
in
equal
Parts
.
1.
Conversion
of
Ranks
ranking
in
equal
Parts
.
Observe
,
that
in
Ranks
ranking
,
you
may
perform
it
with
any
number
,
more
or
less
,
as
place
and
occasion
may
serve
;
containing
in
every
Rank
an
equality
in
Number
.
And
it
is
to
be
understood
after
this
manner
:
When
there
is
twelve
more
or
less
marching
a
breast
,
and
by
reason
of
some
narrowness
of
passage
,
or
some
other
intent
,
the
Commander
causeth
his
Souldiers
to
rank
either
two
,
three
,
five
or
seven
,
&c.
according
to
the
place
or
occasion
.
8.
Command
.
Ranks
,
rank
two
to
the
right
.
To
perform
this
,
Command
.
The
two
first
in
Rank
,
to
the
right
advance
forwards
,
the
next
two
of
the
same
Rank
in
the
Reer
of
them
,
until
the
first
Rank
have
made
six
Ranks
,
and
in
all
36
Ranks
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
Ranks
,
rank
twelve
to
the
left
.
Observe
,
that
the
first
rank
stands
,
the
rest
are
to
advance
,
two
and
two
,
until
the
whole
rank
of
twelve
be
complete
in
one
rank
.
9.
Command
.
Rank
two
to
the
right
and
left
-
1.
Outward
,
-
then
2.
Inward
.
ranks and files
To
perform
this
outward
,
Command
.
The
two
outmost
men
,
upon
the
right
and
left
hand
,
advance
forwards
,
the
next
in
the
same
Rank
are
to
follow
,
dividing
themselves
two
to
the
right
hand
,
and
two
to
the
left
hand
;
so
when
the
Work
is
finished
there
will
be
eighteen
Ranks
in
each
Division
.
To
reduce
this
:
Ranks
as
you
were
.
OR
,
Rank
twelve
to
the
right
and
left
inward
.
2.
To
perform
it
Inward
.
Ranks
rank
two
to
the
right
and
left
inwards
.
Command
.
The
two
inmost
men
of
the
right
and
left
hand
in
the
midst
of
the
Battail
,
advance
forwards
,
the
next
in
the
same
Rank
are
to
follow
,
two
from
the
right
hand
,
and
two
from
the
left
,
until
the
Work
be
finished
,
making
eighteen
Ranks
.
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
Ranks
as
you
were
.
OR
,
Ranks
twelve
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
.
I
shall
demonstrate
one
Figure
of
Ranks
ranking
in
unequal
parts
which
is
rather
to
satisfie
the
curious
than
of
any
absolute
necessity
.
Vnequal
Parts
.
10.
Command
.
Ranks
,
rank
1
,
3
,
5
,
7
,
9
,
11.
by
increase
and
decrease
as
they
stand
in
a
Body
.
ranks and files
To
perform
this
.
The
right
hand
man
of
the
first
rank
march
forth
,
then
the
three
next
of
the
same
rank
follow
in
the
reer
of
him
,
then
five
more
out
of
the
same
rank
to
make
the
third
,
and
what
is
wanting
in
the
first
rank
of
the
Body
to
make
good
the
fourth
in
Figure
,
must
be
taken
out
of
the
second
in
body
,
and
so
to
proceed
in
the
remainder
both
for
its
increase
and
decrease
,
until
your
Command
be
produced
.
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
Right
hand
men
rank
,
twelve
as
you
were
.
11.
Command
.
Ranks
rank
intire
to
the
-
Right
,
-
or
Left
into
the
Front
.
To
perform
this
,
Let
the
first
rank
stand
,
every
rank
else
face
to
the
right
,
and
move
away
to
the
right
successively
placing
themselves
on
the
right
hand
of
each
rank
,
until
they
all
stand
in
one
intire
rank
in
the
Front
.
ranks and files
Figure
11.
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
Ranks
rank
as
you
were
.
OR
,
Ranks
rank
twelve
to
the
left
;
the
second
falls
into
the
reer
of
the
first
,
the
third
into
the
reer
of
the
second
,
and
so
all
successively
until
they
be
reduced
.
12.
Command
.
Ranks
,
rank
intire
into
the
Front
,
every
man
placing
himself
on
the
outside
of
his
-
Right
,
-
or
Left
hand
man
by
Countermarch
.
ranks and files
To
perform
this
,
to
the
right
hand
man
.
The
first
rank
stands
,
the
rest
moves
away
to
the
right
on
the
outside
of
the
right
hand
man
.
The
precedent
reducement
will
reduce
this
.
OR
,
Ranks
,
rank
twelve
to
the
left
,
each
placing
himself
on
the
outside
of
his
left
hand
man
.
13.
Command
.
Ranks
,
rank
-
1.
Outward
-
2.
Inward
into
the
Front
.
1.
To
perform
it
outwards
,
Command
.
The
first
rank
to
stand
,
the
rest
to
face
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
,
the
second
rank
to
advance
clear
of
the
first
,
and
then
to
move
forth
even
with
the
Front
in
breast
,
and
all
the
rest
successively
do
the
same
,
until
they
be
all
even
with
the
Front
in
one
intire
rank
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
;
Ranks
as
you
were
.
OR
,
The
first
12
,
or
12
middlemost
stand
,
the
rest
face
to
the
right
and
left
inwards
;
the
second
to
move
into
the
reer
of
the
first
rank
,
the
third
into
the
reer
of
the
second
,
and
successively
the
rest
into
the
reer
of
the
remainder
,
and
being
faced
to
their
Leader
,
and
even
in
their
ranks
,
they
are
reduced
.
2.
To
perform
it
Inwards
.
Command
.
Ranks
,
rank
inward
into
the
Front
.
To
produce
it
,
the
first
rank
to
move
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
,
and
so
to
keep
moving
,
(
or
opening
)
then
the
second
rank
is
to
advance
into
the
ground
of
the
first
,
and
the
second
is
then
to
move
with
the
first
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
;
then
the
third
is
to
advance
into
the
place
of
the
second
rank
,
so
all
are
to
do
until
the
last
rank
is
advanced
intire
into
the
Front
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
;
The
first
six
upon
the
right
,
and
left
hand
stand
;
then
Command
,
Ranks
,
rank
six
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
;
And
close
your
Divisions
.
Lastly
,
the
Conversion
of
Ranks
by
wheeling
into
the
Flanks
.
14.
Command
.
Ranks
wheel
to
the
-
Right
,
-
or
Left
into
the
right
Flank
.
ranks and files
To
perform
this
,
Command
.
Every
particular
rank
to
be
at
double
Distance
in
rank
;
and
at
close
Order
in
file
:
Then
Wheel
them
to
their
right
hand
,
until
they
have
brought
their
Faces
(
or
Aspects
)
unto
the
right
Flank
.
After
you
may
face
them
to
the
Front
.
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
Files
rank
twelve
to
the
right
.
The
first
man
is
to
stand
,
the
rest
is
to
move
forward
to
the
right
successively
twelve
in
rank
.
But
if
you
wheel
them
to
the
left
hand
into
the
right
flank
,
you
must
command
them
to
face
about
and
wheel
your
ranks
to
the
left
hand
,
until
their
Faces
(
or
Aspects
)
be
brought
to
the
right
Flank
.
15.
Command
.
Ranks
of
your
Front
and
Reer
half
files
,
wheel
outwards
to
your
right
Flank
.
I
shall
put
in
execution
but
two
Ranks
,
one
in
the
Front
half
files
,
and
the
other
of
the
Reer
half
files
,
which
is
sufficient
for
Demonstration
.
To
perform
this
,
Command
.
Ranks
open
all
to
your
twice
double
distance
;
then
Front
half
files
wheel
to
the
right
;
and
Reer
half
files
wheel
to
the
left
.
And
face
to
your
Leader
.
ranks and files wheeling
To
reduce
them
,
Command
.
Front
half
files
,
rank
twelve
to
the
right
;
Reer
half
files
,
rank
twelve
to
the
left
:
Face
to
your
Leader
;
march
up
and
close
forwards
to
your
due
distance
.
16.
Command
.
Ranks
of
your
Front
and
Reer
half
Files
,
wheel
inwards
into
your
right
Flank
.
To
perform
this
,
Command
.
Front
and
Reer
half
files
march
clear
to
your
twice
double
distance
;
Front
and
Reer
half
files
face
about
.
Front
half
files
wheel
your
Ranks
to
the
left
,
and
Reer
half
files
;
wheel
your
Ranks
to
the
right
;
Face
to
your
Leader
.
ranks and files wheeling
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
Front
half
files
,
rank
twelve
to
the
left
:
Reer
half
files
face
about
and
rank
twelve
to
the
right
:
Face
to
your
Leader
,
and
close
your
Divisions
.
17.
Command
.
Ranks
,
rank
to
each
Flank
,
by
wheeling
to
the
right
and
left
into
the
same
by
Division
.
OR
,
Ranks
wheel
to
the
right
and
left
by
Division
into
both
Flanks
;
advancing
(
or
placing
)
themselves
before
their
right
and
left
hand
men
.
Observe
,
they
are
to
be
at
double
distance
in
Rank
,
and
at
Order
in
File
.
ranks and files wheeling
Figure
17.
To
reduce
them
,
Command
them
to
face
to
the
Reer
,
and
wheel
into
their
places
.
OR
,
Files
,
rank
twelve
to
the
right
and
left
inward
into
the
Reer
,
and
close
them
to
their
order
;
then
face
them
to
their
Leader
.
But
if
you
would
avoid
mixture
of
Arms
,
you
may
place
all
your
Musquetteers
either
in
Front
and
Reer
.
Or
else
,
wheel
only
the
Musquetteers
first
,
and
leave
the
Pikes
standing
.
Or
else
it
may
be
performed
in
marching
;
and
then
the
Reducement
is
;
Ranks
as
you
were
.
18.
Command
.
Ranks
of
your
Front
and
Reer
half
files
,
wheel
outwards
to
your
right
and
left
Flank
by
Division
.
They
are
to
observe
the
same
distance
as
in
the
former
.
To
perform
this
,
Command
.
Half
files
face
about
.
Ranks
open
to
your
double
distance
,
then
Front
and
Reer
half
files
wheel
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
into
both
Flanks
.
ranks and files wheeling
Figure
18.
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
Who
being
faced
to
their
Leader
.
Front
half
files
face
to
the
Reer
,
rank
twelve
to
the
right
and
left
inwards
.
And
Reer
half
files
face
about
and
rank
twelve
to
the
right
and
left
inward
,
Files
close
to
the
midst
to
your
order
:
Face
to
your
Leader
.
CHAP.
XIV
.
Of
making
File-Leaders
successively
both
of
Number
and
Place
in
a
File
,
and
so
for
a
whole
Body
.
The
Sweedish
Mode
also
.
AS
I
have
stinted
my self
to
a
set
Number
of
Files
,
so
I
have
also
to
a
set
Number
in
a
File
,
not
exceeding
six
,
being
according
to
our
present
Mode
of
Discipline
;
for
if
I
had
gone
to
a
various
Number
in
Files
,
and
added
two
to
each
File
,
my
Figures
had
been
more
delightful
to
some
Spectators
;
others
I
hope
will
find
enough
in
this
to
qualifie
,
or
make
them
fit
to
do
their
King
and
Country
service
,
&c.
And
now
the
Souldery
having
marched
sometimes
together
,
and
so
loving
(
being
Souldiers
indeed
)
by
reason
of
such
experiences
as
they
have
attained
unto
in
the
exercise
of
this
Military
Art
,
that
each
Leader
is
willing
his
follower
should
take
his
place
;
which
is
a
great
incouragement
to
an
ingenious
Souldier
.
This
ought
not
to
be
slighted
,
because
it
is
profitable
to
a
Commander
to
bring
what
Ranks
he
pleaseth
to
lead
in
the
Front
,
and
to
exchange
them
again
,
and
at
last
to
bring
the
proper
File-Leaders
into
their
places
;
Besides
the
incouragement
it
hath
in
private
exercises
,
it
makes
men
studious
,
whereby
they
may
be
able
to
Command
in
their
respective
Files
,
when
they
are
become
Leaders
.
In
the
first
place
take
these
short
Commands
to
produce
them
,
as
followeth
.
Command
-
1.
A
File-Leader
.
-
2.
Rank
two
to
the
left
,
and
Files
to
the
left
double
.
-
3.
Countermarch
Front
and
Reer
into
the
midst
,
and
face
to
that
part
which
was
the
Reer
.
-
4.
Face
about
to
the
right
.
-
5.
Countermarch
from
the
Reer
into
the
midst
,
and
face
to
that
which
was
the
Reer
.
-
6.
Files
rank
two
to
the
right
,
and
Files
to
the
right
double
.
-
This
being
performed
they
are
reduc'd
.
I
shall
demonstrate
by
Tables
the
succession
of
each
man's
Leading
,
and
give
you
some
,
or
several
Words
of
Command
according
to
my
own
and
others
,
severally
,
that
shall
produce
such
Leader
into
his
place
,
as
they
shall
stand
in
sequence
,
and
as
they
shall
also
stand
in
their
respective
Dignities
.
The
Front
and
standings
of
each
File
as
they
come
to
be
Leaders
according
to
various
Commands
.
A
File
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-
1
-
2
-
3
-
4
-
5
-
6.
|
6
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
|
6
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
6
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
To
make
the
If
upon
a
single
File
,
Command
.
|
5
|
6
|
5
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
|
5
|
6
|
1
|
6
|
1
|
2
|
5
|
6
|
1
|
6
|
1
|
2
|
4
|
3
|
1
|
6
|
4
|
3
|
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
3
|
4
|
6
|
1
|
3
|
4
|
|
3
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
5
|
6
|
5
|
|
2
|
1
|
6
|
1
|
6
|
5
|
2
|
1
|
6
|
1
|
6
|
5
|
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
|
1
|
2
|
5
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
|
|
6
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
|
1
|
6
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
6
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
This
I
saw
July
,
1671.
|
Reducement
.
File
Leaders
stand
,
the
rest
pass
through
,
and
place
your selves
before
your
Leaders
.
|
Ranks
to
the
right
double
,
and
Files
to
the
right
double
.
|
Ranks
to
the
left
double
,
and
Files
double
your
depth
to
the
left
.
|
File-Leaders
stand
,
the
rest
pass
through
to
the
right
,
and
place
themselves
before
their
Leaders
.
|
Half
double
your
Front
to
the
right
,
and
Files
to
the
right
double
.
|
Ranks
to
the
left
double
,
and
Files
to
the
left
double
.
|
If
more
Files
than
one
Command
.
|
Reducement
.
File
rank
to
the
left
into
the
Front
;
Rank
file
fix
to
the
left
.
|
File
rank
two
to
the
right
,
and
Files
to
the
right
double
.
|
Bringers-up
double
your
Front
to
the
left
,
and
double
your
Files
to
the
right
intire
advancing
.
|
Bringers-up
double
your
Front
to
the
right
,
and
double
your
Files
to
the
left
intire
advancing
.
|
Half
double
your
Front
to
the
right
;
Files
double
your
depth
to
the
left
.
|
File
rank
two
to
the
left
;
Files
to
the
left
double
.
|
Reducement
.
Bringer-up
stand
,
the
rest
pass
through
to
the
left
,
and
place
your selves
behind
your
Bringer-up
.
|
Rank
two
to
the
left
,
and
Files
to
the
left
double
.
|
Half
file
double
your
Front
to
the
right
;
and
Files
double
your
depth
to
the
right
.
|
File
rank
six
to
the
left
,
then
,
Rank
file
six
to
the
left
.
|
Front
half
file
double
your
depth
to
the
left
.
|
File-Leader
with
the
odd
men
from
the
Front
,
face
about
to
the
right
,
and
interchange
Ground
.
|
|
|
6
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
|
|
6
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
|
6
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
The
front
and
standing
of
each
file
as
they
come
to
be
leaders
in
their
respective
dignities
Dignity
.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The
dignity
of
a
file
.
|
|
-
1
-
6
-
4
-
3
-
5
-
2
|
6
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
6
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
|
6
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
-
1.
a
-
5.
e
-
4.
d
-
3.
c
-
6.
f
-
2.
b
|
1
|
2
|
6
|
5
|
5
|
6
|
2
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
6
|
5
|
|
2
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
6
|
5
|
3
|
4
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
1
|
3
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
|
1
|
3
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
3
|
3
|
1
|
3
|
4
|
1
|
3
|
|
3
|
1
|
3
|
4
|
1
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
5
|
6
|
6
|
5
|
4
|
2
|
6
|
5
|
5
|
6
|
|
4
|
2
|
6
|
5
|
5
|
6
|
|
|
5
|
6
|
3
|
4
|
4
|
2
|
5
|
6
|
2
|
1
|
4
|
2
|
|
5
|
6
|
2
|
1
|
4
|
2
|
Dignity
.
|
|
I
much
quastion
the
dignity
of
this
;
how
ever
I
have
incerted
it
,
|
6
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
Dignity
|
6
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
|
f
|
e
|
d
|
c
|
b
|
a
|
f
|
e
|
d
|
c
|
b
|
a
|
|
Reducement
.
Files
rank
two
to
the
left
;
files
to
the
left
double
.
|
Bringer
up
double
your
Front
to
the
left
.
Files
double
your
depth
to
the
left
,
every
man
falling
behind
his
bringer
up
.
|
Half
files
double
your
Front
to
the
right
.
Files
double
to
the
left
intire
advancing
.
Files
rank
two
to
the
right
.
Files
to
the
left
double
.
|
Bringer
up
double
your
Front
to
the
right
,
and
files
double
your
depth
to
the
right
,
every
man
placing
himself
before
his
leader
.
|
Front
half
files
double
the
Reer
to
the
left
.
Files
double
to
the
left
in
tire
advancing
,
every
man
placing
himself
before
his
leader
.
|
Half
files
double
your
Front
to
the
left
.
Files
double
to
the
right
intire
advancing
,
every
man
placing
himself
before
his
leader
.
|
Reducement
.
Ranks
to
the
left
double
,
files
to
the
left
double
:
then
,
half
files
double
your
Front
to
the
right
,
then
,
Bringers
up
face
about
to
the
right
and
march
forth
into
your
places
.
|
File
leaders
stand
,
the
rest
pass
through
to
the
left
and
place
your selves
before
your
leaders
.
|
Ranks
to
the
right
double
;
Files
to
the
right
double
.
|
Front
and
Reer
half
files
interchange
ground
.
|
File
leaders
&
half
file
leaders
stand
,
the
rest
pass
through
to
the
left
,
&
place
your selves
before
your
leaders
.
|
Bringers
up
double
your
front
to
the
right
,
and
files
double
your
depth
to
the
right
.
|
|
Reducement
.
Rank
two
to
the
left
and
files
to
the
left
double
,
then
Front
half
files
double
your
Reer
to
the
left
intire
advancing
,
every
one
placing
himself
behind
his
leader
.
|
Face
about
into
the
right
and
Countermarch
your
Reer
into
the
Front
.
|
Ranks
to
the
right
double
,
and
Files
to
the
right
double
.
|
Front
half
files
double
your
Reer
to
the
right
intire
advancing
.
|
Bringers
up
double
your
Front
to
the
right
,
&
files
to
the
right
double
advancing
,
&
placing
your selves
before
your
leaders
.
|
Countermarch
front
and
Reer
into
the
midst
.
Front
and
Reer
half
files
interchange
ground
.
|
|
|
|
N.
6.
|
N.
5.
|
N.
4.
|
N.
3.
|
N.
2.
|
|
N.
6.
|
N.
5.
|
N
4.
|
N.
3.
|
N.
2.
|
|
|
N.
6.
|
N.
5.
|
N.
4.
|
N.
3.
|
N.
2.
|
|
CHAP.
XV.
Of
Countermarches
.
WE
read
in
the
Tacticks
of
Aelian
of
three
kinds
of
Countermarches
used
amongst
the
Graecians
and
Persians
;
And
are
termed
,
the
-
1.
Chorean
-
2.
Lacedemonian
-
3.
Macedonian
Countermarches
,
There
is
another
Countermarch
that
is
of
use
in
our
modern
exercises
and
is
termed
the
Bastard
Countermarch
,
and
so
called
because
it
participates
some
times
of
one
,
and
some
times
of
another
,
but
always
,
of
two
,
and
may
in
many
respects
be
more
useful
than
the
former
.
Most
Authors
place
this
amongst
the
other
Countermarches
,
therefore
I
shall
not
now
alter
it
;
although
in
my
opinion
,
it
may
be
very
well
ranked
amongst
the
doublings
.
I
thought
to
have
been
large
in
demonstrating
the
several
natures
of
Countermarches
;
but
being
conceived
of
all
motions
in
this
art
the
least
beneficial
to
our
latest
mode
of
discipline
,
I
shall
not
be
tedious
to
your
Patience
:
But
if
the
skilful
Souldier
will
put
them
into
practice
(
especially
the
Bastard
Countermarch
)
he
will
not
only
find
some
of
them
serviceable
but
all
delightful
in
private
Exercises
.
Observe
the
-
Chorean
-
Lacedemonian
-
Macedonian
is
-
1.
Maintaining
-
2.
Losing
-
3.
Gaining
Ground
.
First
,
The
maintaining
of
Ground
is
a
Countermarch
commanded
without
any
addition
to
it
;
and
is
termed
the
Chorean
,
or
Cretan
.
Countermarch
.
Secondly
,
The
losing
ground
is
a
Countermarch
commanded
when
the
Souldier
is
to
take
his
ground
from
the
Reer
,
and
this
is
termed
the
Lacedemonian
Countermarch
.
Thirdly
,
The
gaining
of
ground
,
that
is
a
Countermarch
taking
of
ground
next
before
the
front
,
and
forsaking
the
ground
it
first
stood
upon
,
and
this
is
termed
a
Macedonian
Countermarch
.
In
all
which
there
is
Countermarchings
of
-
Files
.
-
Ranks
-
The
Front
.
-
The
Reer
half
files
.
-
Half
Ranks
.
And
these
may
all
be
performed
by
intire
or
divisional
Countermarches
.
1.
The
Countermarchings
of
Files
is
when
every
Souldier
followeth
his
leader
.
2.
The
Countermarchings
of
Ranks
is
when
every
Souldier
followeth
his
side
man
.
3.
The
Front
and
Reer
half
Files
Countermarchings
is
when
the
Souldier
shall
follow
their
File
leaders
or
Bringers
up
.
4.
The
Countermarchings
of
half
Ranks
is
when
the
Souldier
shall
follow
their
outside
men
.
I
shall
in
the
first
place
shew
how
Intire
and
Divisional
Countermarches
are
performed
by
files
,
and
Ranks
.
1.
Observe
,
That
in
the
execution
hereof
your
distance
is
to
be
at
six
foot
in
rank
and
file
.
2.
When
you
are
to
Countermarch
to
the
right
,
the
file
leaders
are
to
step
forward
with
their
right
legs
,
and
face
about
to
the
right
,
passing
down
to
the
Reer
with
their
respective
File
following
them
,
keeping
even
a
breast
with
their
right
handmen
,
and
to
be
sure
not
to
turn
before
they
be
advanced
to
the
ground
of
their
File
leaders
.
3.
All
Intire
Countermarches
of
Files
or
ranks
may
be
reduced
by
contrary
Countermarches
:
If
the
Command
be
to
the
right
,
reduce
them
to
the
left
:
And
so
for
Contermarchings
of
the
Front
,
Reer
or
flanks
into
the
midst
,
reduce
them
back
from
the
midst
.
It
shall
be
my
endeavour
to
demonstrate
how
all
Intire
and
divisional
Countermarches
shall
lye
under
these
three
heads
.
Of
-
Mantaining
,
-
Losing
,
and
-
Gaining
of
ground
.
First
,
of
Countermarches
maintaining
Ground
.
In
the
second
precedent
rule
it
will
not
be
amiss
to
cast
your
eye
back
,
for
your
better
direction
,
by
which
you
'l
be
able
to
pass
these
Countermarches
with
greater
delight
and
Order
.
1.
Command
.
Files
to
the
-
1.
Right
,
-
or
2.
Left
hand
Countermarch
.
To
perform
this
,
Let
the
file
leaders
step
forward
with
their
right
legs
,
and
march
even
in
Rank
to
the
Reer
,
and
none
to
turn
off
until
he
come
to
his
File
leaders
Ground
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
Files
to
the
left
hand
Countermarch
.
2.
Command
.
Ranks
to
the
-
1.
Right
-
or
2.
Left
hand
Countermarch
.
To
perform
this
,
Face
them
to
the
Right
;
and
the
right
hand
file
is
to
turn
off
to
the
right
,
and
to
march
even
to
the
Ground
of
the
left
hand
file
.
ranks and files
You
may
reduce
this
,
by
Ranks
Countermarching
to
the
left
.
3.
Command
.
Countermarch
your
Front
and
Reer
into
the
midst
.
To
perform
this
,
Command
.
Half
files
,
face
about
and
turn
to
off
the
left
.
Front
half
files
turn
off
to
the
right
;
and
face
to
your
leader
.
ranks and files
You
may
reduce
this
figure
by
doing
the
same
over
again
.
Or
else
,
by
any
other
divisional
Countermarch
.
4.
Command
.
Front
and
Reer
half
files
countermarch
to
the
-
1.
Right
-
or
2.
Left
.
ranks and files
You
may
reduce
this
Figure
by
doing
the
same
over
again
,
OR
,
By
Countermarching
Front
and
Reer
into
the
midst
.
5.
Command
.
Countermarch
your
Front
and
Reer
half
files
to
right
and
left
from
the
midst
.
To
perform
this
,
Command
.
Front
half
files
face
about
and
turn
off
to
the
right
,
and
Reer
half
files
turn
off
to
your
left
:
then
,
face
to
your
leader
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
,
Command
:
To
Countermarch
from
the
midst
into
the
Front
and
Reer
.
The
three
last
figures
by
command
are
several
,
but
the
figures
are
still
one
and
the
same
in
quantity
,
but
not
in
quality
,
or
motion
,
as
you
may
perceive
,
&c.
6.
Command
.
Countermarch
your
flanks
into
the
midst
.
To
perform
this
,
Command
,
them
to
face
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
,
the
right
flank
turn
off
to
the
right
,
and
left
flank
turn
off
to
the
left
until
they
meet
in
the
midst
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
them
,
Command
.
Countermarch
from
the
midst
to
the
right
and
left
into
both
flanks
.
7.
Command
,
Right
and
left
half
Ranks
interchange
your
ground
.
To
perform
this
,
Face
to
the
right
and
left
inward
(
and
march
all
)
and
interchange
your
ground
.
ranks and files
This
is
of
no
great
use
except
it
be
when
the
right
(
or
left
)
flank
hath
fought
,
that
then
the
reserved
flank
may
come
into
service
also
.
You
may
reduce
them
by
interchanging
of
them
back
again
.
OR
,
Divisionally
to
Countermarch
their
flanks
into
the
midst
of
the
Battel
.
Secondly
,
Countermarches
lofing
ground
.
1.
Command
.
Files
to
the
-
Right
,
or
-
Left
,
hand
Countermarch
placing
your selves
before
your
bringers
up
.
To
performe
this
,
Command
.
The
bringers
up
to
face
about
to
the
right
,
then
the
file
leaders
with
the
rest
successively
to
turn
off
upon
the
same
ground
he
stands
;
And
on
the
same
hand
the
Command
is
given
,
so
to
place
themselves
accordingly
.
ranks and files
You
may
easily
reduce
them
by
any
other
Countermarch
of
files
.
2.
Command
.
The
last
Rank
stand
the
rest
pass
through
to
the
-
1.
Right
or
-
2.
Left
placing
your selves
behind
your
bringers
up
.
To
perform
this
:
As
the
last
Rank
is
to
stand
and
keep
their
first
aspect
;
let
all
the
rest
face
about
to
the
right
,
and
march
all
turning
successively
behind
their
bringers
up
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
them
,
you
may
pass
them
through
,
or
else
Countermarch
by
file
into
their
places
.
3.
Command
.
Front
and
Reer
half
files
Countermarch
to
the
-
1.
Right
,
-
or
2.
Left
,
From
the
midst
,
every
man
placing
himself
before
his
leader
and
bringer
up
.
To
perform
this
,
Command
.
The
first
rank
of
the
front
half
files
to
stand
,
the
rest
to
face
about
and
turn
off
to
the
right
;
half
file
leaders
face
about
and
turn
off
to
the
left
,
and
both
to
march
clear
of
the
Front
and
Reer
,
following
their
half
file
leaders
,
and
bringers
up
of
the
front
half
files
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
by
an
other
Countermarch
.
4.
Command
.
Ranks
to
the
-
1.
Right
-
or
2.
Left
hand
Countermarch
,
losing
ground
.
To
perform
this
to
the
right
.
As
in
maintaining
ground
,
upon
their
turning
off
,
the
rest
march
into
the
same
place
(
or
ground
)
and
turn
off
also
;
as
in
figure
2.
Now
this
of
losing
ground
,
altereth
only
in
this
,
the
outmost
file
is
to
face
to
the
right
about
,
until
he
hath
directly
faced
the
left
flank
,
and
so
to
gain
so
much
ground
upon
the
left
flank
as
they
have
lost
upon
the
right
;
OR
,
That
they
have
placed
themselves
on
the
outside
(
or
before
)
of
their
left
hand
men
.
ranks and files
5.
Command
.
Ranks
to
the
right
hand
Countermarch
,
each
following
his
right
hand
man
;
and
place
himself
on
the
outside
of
his
left
hand
man
.
ranks and files
To
perform
this
,
Command
.
The
left
hand
file
to
stand
;
the
out
most
file
to
the
right
turn
about
to
the
right
as
to
make
his
aspect
(
or
face
)
to
the
left
,
then
move
forward
until
he
be
clear
of
the
second
file
,
losing
the
ground
he
stood
upon
,
and
gain
it
again
on
the
outside
of
the
left
flank
.
To
reduce
this
figure
;
may
be
done
by
a
contrary
Countermarch
.
6.
Command
.
The
right
and
left
hand
file
upon
each
flank
face
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
,
the
rest
pass
through
,
placing
your selves
before
your
outmost
files
.
Observe
,
files
become
ranks
by
their
faceing
.
To
performe
this
,
Command
.
The
right
hand
file
to
face
to
the
right
,
and
the
left
hand
file
to
the
left
,
and
then
the
rest
of
the
body
to
turn
their
aspects
,
accordingly
,
&
place
themseves
before
their
right
&
left
hand
men
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
them
,
Command
,
them
to
Countermarch
to
the
right
and
left
into
the
midst
of
the
Battel
.
OR
,
Command
.
If
they
be
faced
to
the
proper
Front
,
The
two
inmost
files
to
stand
,
the
rest
pass
through
to
the
right
and
left
inward
,
and
close
their
divisions
.
8.
Command
.
The
two
outmost
files
of
each
flank
face
to
the
right
and
left
inward
,
the
rest
pass
through
to
the
right
and
left
,
and
place
yourselves
behind
your
outside
men
.
To
perform
this
,
Command
.
The
right
and
left
hand
file
of
each
flank
face
inward
,
and
the
rest
of
the
Body
are
to
face
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
,
then
all
are
to
move
forwards
,
and
to
place
themselves
behind
their
right
and
left
hand
men
.
(
Else
the
motion
is
the
same
as
the
former
.
)
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
The
two
innermost
files
face
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
,
and
the
rest
pass
through
to
the
right
and
left
inwards
,
placing
themselves
behind
their
right
and
left
hand
men
,
Then
,
face
them
to
their
leaders
.
Now
if
it
be
the
Commanders
pleasure
to
reduce
them
by
any
other
word
of
Command
,
it
may
be
done
by
the
precedent
words
of
Command
,
or
of
the
next
following
,
or
of
any
other
divisional
Countermarch
(
except
interchanging
of
ground
.
)
8.
Command
.
The
outmost
file
of
each
flank
stand
,
the
rest
pass
through
to
the
right
and
left
,
and
place
your selves
on
the
outside
of
your
right
and
left
hand
men
.
The
ninth
figure
is
the
same
as
this
,
if
faced
to
their
leader
.
To
perform
this
.
The
outmost
files
of
each
flank
stands
;
the
rest
of
the
body
faceth
to
the
right
and
left
outward
,
and
so
passing
forwards
through
the
intervalls
into
each
flank
,
place
themselves
on
the
outside
of
their
right
and
left
hand
men
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
,
may
be
performed
by
any
of
the
foregoing
Countermarches
of
ranks
:
Or
else
,
being
faced
to
any
of
the
flanks
,
then
the
Ranks
,
become
files
,
and
by
divisional
Countermarches
of
files
,
you
may
reduce
divisional
Countermarches
of
Ranks
.
OR
,
By
Ranks
files
only
some
facings
must
be
observed
.
For
the
proper
Reducement
Command
:
The
two
inmost
Ranks
to
stand
,
the
rest
to
face
to
the
right
and
left
inward
,
and
so
march
into
their
places
.
9.
Command
.
The
right
and
lelft
hand
files
upon
each
flank
stand
,
the
rest
pass
through
to
the
right
and
left
,
and
place
your selves
on
the
outside
of
your
right
and
left
hand
men
,
following
your
inmost
files
.
Observe
in
the
performance
of
this
the
two
inmost-files
are
to
be
first
in
motion
▪
But
first
,
Command
,
The
two
outmost
files
of
each
flank
to
stand
,
and
the
rest
of
the
Body
to
face
to
their
right
and
left
outwards
,
so
moving
away
first
from
the
midst
until
they
have
successively
placed
themselves
on
the
outside
of
their
right
and
left
hand
men
:
(
you
may
close
their
files
into
the
midst
to
open
Order
.
ranks and files
The
reducement
of
the
eight
figure
will
reduce
this
also
.
10.
Command
.
Front
and
Reer
half
files
Countermarch
to
the
-
1.
Right
-
or
2.
Left
hand
interchanging
ground
.
To
perform
this
,
Command
.
Half
files
to
face
about
and
turn
off
to
the
right
,
front
half
files
doing
the
like
move
forwards
until
they
be
clear
one
of
an
other
,
six
foot
;
then
face
to
their
leader
if
you
please
and
close
their
divisions
.
ranks and files
A
Countermarch
interchanging
of
ground
will
reduce
them
and
then
close
&c.
11.
Command
.
Front
and
Reer
half
files
to
the
right
hand
interchange
ground
.
ranks and files
You
may
reduce
this
,
interchanging
of
ground
as
they
were
,
or
by
some
other
word
of
Command
.
Thirdly
,
Countermarches
to
gain
ground
.
1.
Command
.
The
file
leaders
stand
,
the
rest
pass
through
to
the
-
1.
Right
-
or
2.
Left
,
and
place
your selves
before
your
leaders
.
ranks and files
The
Command
is
so
plain
that
there
needeth
no
directions
.
Only
if
your
command
be
to
place
your selves
behind
your
leaders
,
then
the
file
leaders
are
to
face
about
,
and
the
rest
are
to
execute
it
as
the
former
,
only
in
placing
themselves
they
are
to
turn
their
aspect
behind
their
leaders
.
And
then
Commanding
them
to
place
themselves
before
their
leaders
will
reduce
them
.
2.
Command
.
File
leaders
face
about
to
the
right
and
stand
.
Bringers
up
with
the
rest
following
them
,
pass
through
to
the
right
,
and
place
your selves
behind
your
leaders
.
Face
to
your
leaders
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
you
may
do
it
by
the
same
Command
,
or
by
the
first
Command
.
3.
Command
.
File
leaders
stand
and
the
rest
pass
through
to
the
-
1.
Right
,
-
or
2.
Left
,
placing
your selves
before
your
file
leaders
,
following
your
Bringers
up
.
This
is
the
same
with
the
second
figure
,
only
in
their
work
they
are
to
keep
their
aspect
to
the
Front
:
And
the
reducement
the
same
also
.
4.
Command
.
File
leaders
and
half
file
leaders
stand
,
the
rest
pass
through
to
the
right
and
place
your selves
before
your
file
leaders
and
half
file
leaders
.
ranks and files
You
may
reduce
this
by
the
same
Countermarch
,
or
any
other
Divisional
Countermarch
.
5.
Command
.
File-leaders
and
half
file-leaders
stand
,
the
rest
pass
through
to
the
right
,
and
place
your selves
behind
your
Leaders
and
half
file-leaders
,
following
your
Bringers-up
.
The
file-leaders
and
half
file-leaders
are
only
to
face
about
to
the
right
and
to
stand
,
the
motion
is
the
same
with
the
fourth
Figure
,
but
in
taking
their
places
they
are
to
face
to
the
Reer
.
The
Reducement
as
the
former
.
6.
Command
.
File-leaders
and
half
file-leaders
stand
,
the
rest
pass
through
to
the
right
and
left
,
and
place
your selves
behind
your
Leaders
and
half
file-leaders
,
&c.
I
need
not
demonstrate
this
,
it
being
the
same
with
the
fifth
and
sixth
,
only
in
the
motion
they
are
to
pass
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
.
And
is
reduced
as
the
former
.
7.
Command
.
File-leaders
to
face
about
,
the
rest
pass
through
to
the
right
,
and
place
your selves
behind
your
Leaders
and
Bringers
up
.
To
perform
this
,
Command
.
The
first
Rank
is
to
face
about
and
stand
;
then
the
two
last
Ranks
from
the
Reer
,
(
i.
e.
the
fourth
and
fifth
Ranks
)
are
to
face
to
the
Reer
and
move
all
,
&c.
ranks and files
The
former
Directions
upon
any
Divisional
Countermarch
will
reduce
this
.
8.
Command
.
The
outmost
File
of
the
right
face
to
the
right
,
the
rest
pass
through
to
the
-
Right
,
-
or
Left
,
and
place
your selves
-
Before
,
-
or
Behind
your
right
hand
men
.
ranks and files
If
your
Command
be
behind
your
right
hand
men
,
then
the
right
hand
file
is
but
to
face
to
the
left
.
I
shall
not
trouble
you
with
them
,
conceiving
them
of
no
great
use
.
You
may
reduce
these
by
a
contrary
Countermarch
.
9.
Command
.
The
outmost
File
of
the
right
hand
stand
,
and
the
right
hand
File
of
the
left
half
Rank
stand
,
and
the
rest
pass
through
,
and
place
your selves
on
the
outside
of
your
right
hand
men
.
Face
to
your
Leader
.
The
same
is
done
on
the
left
hand
.
And
if
you
place
them
before
their
left
hand
men
,
then
face
them
all
to
the
right
,
and
so
let
them
pass
through
observing
the
motion
:
And
if
you
place
them
behind
their
right
hand
men
;
then
let
the
right
hand
men
face
about
to
the
left
,
and
the
rest
pass
through
and
fall
behind
them
.
ranks and files
Figure
9.
A
Counter
word
of
Command
will
reduce
them
,
&c.
There
are
many
Countermarches
that
produce
one
and
the
same
Figure
:
provided
you
close
your
Divisions
,
and
face
them
to
their
proper
Front
;
only
they
differ
in
place
.
First
,
therefore
you
may
briefly
observe
that
in
those
Countermarches
that
Maintain
their
Ground
,
the
first
,
second
,
third
,
fourth
,
and
fifth
Commands
;
then
in
losing
of
ground
,
the
first
,
second
,
third
,
fourth
,
fifth
,
tenth
,
and
eleventh
Commands
;
and
in
gaining
of
Ground
,
the
first
,
second
,
third
,
fourth
,
fifth
,
sixth
,
and
seventh
do
and
will
produce
one
and
the
same
Figure
.
Secondly
,
Also
for
maintaining
of
Ground
,
the
sixth
and
seventh
;
and
in
losing
of
Ground
the
sixth
,
seventh
and
eighth
;
and
also
in
gaining
of
Ground
the
ninth
Commands
produce
one
and
the
same
Figures
.
Oserve
,
For
the
Countermarchings
of
half
Ranks
,
see
in
the
doublings
of
the
Flanks
,
thirteenth
and
fourteenth
Commands
,
they
producing
the
same
Figures
as
the
eleventh
and
twelfth
Figures
;
by
all
which
you
will
the
better
understand
the
one
for
the
other
.
Although
Countermarches
are
of
great
Antiquity
,
and
used
amongst
the
Graecians
;
yet
it
is
not
much
of
use
in
our
present
Mode
of
Discipline
:
Therefore
to
conclude
,
though
knowledge
of
them
be
no
burthen
,
yet
to
be
exercised
in
the
face
of
an
Enemy
may
prove
prejudicial
;
and
the
best
expert
in
this
Art
,
allow
that
they
may
be
best
spared
of
any
motions
whatever
.
CHAP.
XVI
.
Of
Wheelings
.
I
Am
to
treat
of
Wheelings
,
and
the
several
uses
of
them
,
as
to
the
strengthening
of
the
Front
,
Reer
,
and
both
Flanks
.
Before
you
enter
upon
them
,
take
these
four
Observations
.
1.
That
you
close
your
Ranks
and
Files
to
your
Order
.
3.
Foot
.
2.
That
in
all
your
Wheelings
,
you
keep
a
due
distance
to
your
Leader
.
3.
That
in
all
Commands
for
Wheelings
,
such
moderation
is
to
be
used
in
their
motions
,
that
they
on
the
contrary
flank
be
not
forced
by
running
to
disorder
themselves
.
4.
That
your
Arms
be
at
such
Postures
as
may
be
equivalent
to
each
other
;
(
This
is
)
If
the
Musquets
be
poysed
,
the
Pikes
are
to
be
advanced
(
which
are
the
Postures
best
to
be
used
in
these
Motions
.
)
There
are
two
sorts
of
Wheelings
.
First
,
Angular
Wheelings
.
Secondly
,
Wheelings
on
the
midst
(
or
Center
:
)
I
shall
not
use
the
word
Center
,
for
it
is
more
proper
to
a
Circular
body
than
to
a
square
.
These
in
their
Motions
(
or
Actions
)
are
termed
either
Intire
or
Divisional
.
1.
Intire
Wheelings
,
are
for
the
gaining
of
ground
upon
the
Enemy
,
or
to
fight
him
with
your
best
men
,
as
occasion
serveth
,
turning
the
first
Aspect
wholly
to
the
Command
given
.
2.
Divisional
Wheelings
,
being
performed
,
extend
the
Battle
either
in
length
or
depth
:
And
may
for
the
most
part
of
them
be
called
Doublings
.
I
have
in
the
exercise
of
Doublings
demonstrated
some
of
them
by
Figures
,
and
shall
not
recite
them
here
again
,
but
quote
them
by
their
several
numbers
of
Commands
.
First
,
I
shall
begin
with
Angular
Wheelings
.
And
they
so
called
,
because
the
corner
man
to
which
the
Aspect
is
commanded
,
is
the
main
hinge
of
the
motion
.
Observe
,
the
Wheelings
to
the
right
and
to
the
left
;
To
the
right
and
left
about
are
termed
Angular
.
And
for
the
Wheelings
to
the
right
and
left
,
and
to
the
right
and
left
about
on
the
same
Ground
are
Wheelings
on
the
midst
of
the
Front
,
all
which
are
Intire
,
the
other
Divisional
.
Center
.
1.
Command
.
Wheel
your
Body
—
all
,
or
your
Battle
to
the
1.
Right
,
Intire
Angular
Wheelings
.
or
2.
Left
.
This
Wheeling
moves
the
main
Body
from
the
Ground
whereon
it
first
stood
,
and
placeth
it
on
the
right
Flank
,
causing
the
Aspects
of
the
proper
Front
to
be
upon
the
same
.
Observe
,
that
the
right
hand
man
is
to
move
to
the
right
hand
with
a
very
small
Motion
,
and
every
man
else
to
remember
that
the
farther
off
he
is
from
the
Right
Angle
,
the
swifter
must
his
motion
be
.
ranks and files wheeling
To
reduce
them
.
Wheel
to
the
left
.
But
this
will
not
transfer
them
to
the
same
Ground
:
But
to
reduce
them
to
their
first
Aspect
on
the
same
Ground
;
you
must
face
them
all
to
the
right
,
then
wheel
them
to
the
left
,
and
facing
them
to
the
left
,
it
is
comple●ted
.
2.
Command
.
Wheel
your
Body
—
all
,
or
your
Battle
to
the
1.
Right
,
or
2.
Left
about
.
This
turneth
the
Aspect
towards
the
Reer
:
Now
by
reason
the
motion
is
twice
as
much
as
the
former
,
there
ought
to
be
the
greater
care
had
in
the
performance
of
it
;
observing
so
much
the
motion
of
the
right
hand
man
,
that
they
fail
not
of
being
even
in
Rank
with
him
.
ranks and files wheeling
To
reduce
them
to
their
first
Ground
,
face
to
the
right
,
wheel
to
the
left
about
,
then
face
them
to
the
left
:
Although
to
the
left
about
may
reduce
them
,
but
not
on
the
same
Ground
.
You
may
observe
that
Wheelings
are
the
most
facil
for
their
Reducements
;
as
for
Example
,
Wheel
your
Flanks
into
the
Front
,
is
reduced
by
wheeling
your
Flanks
into
the
Reer
.
OR
,
To
wheel
your
Front
and
Reer
into
both
Flanks
,
is
reduced
by
Wheeling
both
Flanks
into
your
Front
and
Reer
,
&c.
Secondly
,
I
proceed
to
Wheelings
on
the
midst
(
or
Center
)
of
the
Front
,
which
are
Intire
and
Divisional
,
and
are
quicker
in
their
motions
,
and
performed
on
less
Ground
.
1.
Command
.
Wheel
your
battle
to
the
-
1.
Right
-
2.
Left
on
the
same
ground
.
Intire
.
This
is
termed
Grove
Van
Nawsaw's
Wheeling
.
But
it
is
a
wonder
to
me
why
our
Antient
and
Modern
Writers
call
these
Commands
Wheelings
on
the
same
Ground
,
when
I
am
sure
there
will
be
ground
lost
(
in
the
motion
)
from
the
first
they
stood
upon
:
In
a
direct
square
this
may
be
better
performed
and
less
loss
of
Ground
.
To
perform
this
,
Command
.
ranks and files wheeling
The
left
Flank
advance
forward
still
wheeling
to
the
right
,
and
the
right
flank
contrarywise
facing
to
the
left
,
and
keep
falling
backwards
even
in
Reer
with
the
left
half
ranks
,
and
so
still
moving
unto
the
place
commanded
,
face
all
to
the
right
flank
.
You
may
wheel
to
the
left
also
.
To
reduce
this
,
Wheel
your
Battle
to
the
left
on
the
same
Ground
.
2.
Command
.
Wheel
your
Body
to
the
-
1.
Right
,
-
or
2.
Left
about
on
the
same
Ground
.
The
direction
to
the
former
will
serve
for
the
performance
of
this
,
only
the
motion
is
double
as
much
,
and
their
faces
are
turned
from
the
first
Front
toward
the
Reer
.
ranks and files in motion
To
reduce
this
,
wheel
your
Battle
to
the
left
about
on
the
same
Ground
.
Divisional
Wheelings
.
Bingham
2.
part
Tactic
.
pag.
92.
3.
Command
.
Wheel
to
the
right
and
left
from
the
Front
,
OR
,
Wheel
off
your
Front
by
Division
.
Or
if
you
will
not
go
so
far
,
then
wheel
your
Front
into
the
Flanks
by
Division
.
This
wheeling
your
Front
into
the
Flanks
by
Division
produceth
the
same
Figure
with
Figure
●
.
If
upon
occasion
Musquetteers
be
on
the
Front
of
the
Pikes
,
by
this
motion
they
will
flank
their
Pikes
:
But
otherwise
being
to
be
performed
in
a
standing
Body
,
the
Pikes
will
flank
the
Musquetteers
,
and
may
easily
he
performed
.
The
File-leaders
of
the
right
flank
with
their
respective
Files
are
to
wheel
about
to
the
right
,
and
the
File-leaders
of
the
left
flank
are
to
wheel
about
to
the
left
and
close
their
Divisions
.
ranks and files in motion
ranks and files in motion
Figure
performed
.
To
reduce
them
,
wheel
them
off
by
Division
again
from
the
Reer
,
of
by
the
fourth
Command
.
4.
Command
.
Wheel
your
Body
inward
to
the
Reer
.
If
this
be
to
reduce
the
former
,
it
is
presupposed
the
Commander
is
in
the
head
of
the
first
proper
Front
,
then
the
Pikes
will
be
in
the
midst
of
the
Battle
,
as
at
first
again
:
But
if
reduced
without
this
Command
,
the
Pikes
will
be
in
the
Flanks
ready
to
defend
the
Musquetteers
from
the
fury
of
the
Horse
.
To
perform
this
,
Command
,
the
Body
to
open
from
the
midst
to
the
right
and
left
,
to
such
a
distance
,
as
they
may
turn
off
to
the
right
and
left
.
This
I
shall
not
demonstrate
to
you
in
Figure
,
because
the
precedent
Figure
performed
will
give
light
to
the
execution
of
this
,
and
so
for
the
next
Command
.
5.
Command
.
Wheel
off
your
Body
from
the
Reer
into
the
Front
.
To
perform
this
,
face
them
to
the
Reer
,
then
to
the
right
and
left
,
and
wheel
them
inward
to
the
Front
.
To
reduce
the
fourth
Command
,
and
this
also
:
Wheel
them
off
again
to
the
right
and
left
by
Division
.
6.
Command
.
Wheel
off
your
Front
and
Reer
into
the
right
Flank
.
These
Commands
following
will
produce
the
same
Figure
.
-
Wheel
of
your
Body
by
Division
from
the
left
Flank
.
OR
,
-
Wheel
your
left
Flank
into
the
Front
and
Reer
.
OR
,
-
Wheel
your
right
Flank
into
the
midst
.
To
perform
this
sixth
Command
.
Command
them
to
face
to
the
right
;
this
done
they
must
wheel
together
about
the
third
and
fourth
men
in
the
right
hand
File
,
the
Front
Division
wheeling
to
the
right
,
and
the
Reer
Division
to
the
left
,
until
the
Bringers-up
meet
with
the
File-leader
.
ranks and files
Figure
6.
To
reduce
this
,
it
may
be
performed
several
ways
,
as
the
Body
may
be
faced
.
If
they
stand
faced
to
the
right
,
then
wheel
your
Flanks
into
the
Reer
;
and
being
faced
to
their
proper
Front
they
are
reduced
.
But
if
faced
to
the
Front
,
then
wheel
the
Front
and
Reer
into
the
left
Flank
.
But
for
the
performance
of
the
same
Command
into
another
Figure
;
It
is
but
to
pass
through
your
Musquetteers
from
the
left
Flank
to
the
right
,
then
the
same
Command
will
bring
all
the
Pikes
into
the
Front
.
7.
Command
.
Wheel
your
Body
inward
to
the
right
Flank
from
the
left
.
To
perform
this
,
Command
,
To
face
to
the
right
;
then
open
to
the
right
and
left
to
a
convenient
distance
,
&c.
ranks and files wheeling
Figure
7.
To
reduce
this
,
it
may
be
done
several
ways
as
the
former
at
the
discretion
of
the
Commander
.
This
produceth
the
same
Figure
as
the
sixth
,
only
it
is
altered
in
motion
,
therefore
I
thought
good
to
demonstrate
it
;
although
Wheelings
in
this
nature
is
difficult
.
8.
Command
.
Wheel
off
to
the
right
and
left
inward
to
the
Front
:
ranks and files wheeling
To
perform
this
,
let
them
open
to
the
right
and
left
from
the
midst
,
and
then
wheel
,
&c.
ranks and files
This
Figure
when
performed
is
serviceable
against
the
Horse
,
because
all
the
Pikes
are
in
the
Front
,
and
stand
according
to
this
Figure
.
To
reduce
them
,
is
by
wheeling
them
off
to
the
Reer
.
9.
Command
.
Wheel
your
Flanks
into
the
Front
.
This
is
perform'd
folio
62.
Command
16.
where
you
may
see
the
diversity
of
words
of
Command
for
the
producement
of
it
.
10.
Command
.
Wheel
your
Flanks
into
the
Reer
.
The
former
Command
folio
60.
being
reversed
will
serve
for
your
better
intelligence
herein
.
11.
Command
.
Wheel
Front
and
Reer
into
the
right
Flank
.
This
is
performed
folio
78.
Command
19.
12.
Command
.
Wheel
both
Flanks
into
the
Front
and
Reer
.
OR
,
Front
and
Reer
half
files
wheel
off
by
Division
inwards
into
the
midst
of
Ranks
.
To
reduce
it
,
by
another
word
of
Command
.
Right
and
left
half
Ranks
wheel
from
the
midst
inward
to
the
Front
and
Reer
.
ranks and files wheeling
To
perform
this
Command
.
Half
files
face
to
the
Reer
.
Front
half
files
and
Reer
half
files
move
all
together
,
and
wheel
off
your
Divisions
to
the
right
and
left
.
Then
face
them
to
their
proper
Front
and
close
their
Divisions
.
To
reduce
them
.
The
reducement
of
the
next
Figure
will
serve
for
both
.
13.
Command
.
Wheel
Front
and
Reer
into
both
Flanks
.
To
perform
this
from
the
precedent
Figure
,
Face
to
the
right
and
left
outward
,
observing
the
former
direction
,
and
giving
due
distance
for
the
motion
.
ranks and files wheeling
There
are
several
Commands
that
will
produce
this
Figure
.
Wheel
off
your
Body
by
Division
from
the
midst
of
the
Battle
into
the
right
and
left
Flank
.
OR
,
Wheel
the
midst
of
your
Body
by
Division
into
the
Front
and
Reer
.
OR
,
Wheel
your
right
and
left
Flank
into
the
midst
.
OR
,
Right
and
left
Ranks
wheel
off
by
Division
to
the
midst
of
Files
.
To
reduce
this
,
Wheel
Front
and
Reer
into
the
midst
of
the
Battle
.
OR
,
By
Wheeling
the
Flanks
into
the
midst
of
the
Battle
,
if
faced
.
OR
,
If
you
please
to
face
the
Body
to
one
of
the
Flanks
;
then
wheel
Front
and
Reer
into
both
flanks
,
and
face
them
to
their
proper
Front
,
and
close
their
Divisions
.
14.
Command
.
Left
half
Ranks
,
wheel
off
to
the
right
and
left
,
and
double
your
right
Flank
by
Division
.
Folio
79.
Command
20.
15.
Command
.
Front
and
Reer
half
Files
,
wheel
off
by
Division
.
Folio
78.
and
Command
19.
16.
Command
.
Right
and
left
half
Ranks
,
wheel
off
by
Division
from
the
midst
of
Files
.
ranks and files
To
perform
this
,
Command
them
to
face
to
the
right
and
left
inwards
,
and
then
let
them
move
backwards
to
such
a
convenient
distance
as
to
wheel
off
from
the
midst
of
Files
.
To
reduce
them
,
wheel
off
to
the
right
and
left
inwards
.
I
need
not
trouble
you
with
more
Angular
Wheelings
,
either
wheeling
them
outwards
to
the
right
and
left
about
from
the
midst
of
the
Battle
;
Part
of
Aelian's
Tacticks
:
chap.
36.
34.
46.
or
inwards
to
the
midst
,
because
the
demonstration
of
the
former
may
give
light
unto
all
such
,
&c.
and
I
conceive
them
not
of
such
absolute
necessity
.
But
I
must
advise
that
those
Intire
and
Divisional
Wheelings
may
be
diligently
learnt
and
practised
,
as
being
of
great
use
in
this
Military
Art
.
I
have
in
all
my
method
demonstrated
the
Commands
by
their
Figures
to
the
right
hand
,
you
may
easily
command
the
same
to
the
left
hand
,
and
the
Reducements
accordingly
.
You
will
find
to
several
Countermarches
and
Wheelings
no
Reducements
directed
for
them
,
because
they
may
be
reduced
the
same
way
back
as
was
commanded
,
or
by
some
other
Command
as
directed
.
I
know
but
little
more
to
be
invented
for
the
secure
Exercise
of
a
Foot
Company
,
(
and
because
I
would
not
be
singular
)
I
have
demonstrated
some
that
may
be
better
spared
than
practised
in
service
;
however
here
is
for
all
:
Some
may
make
use
of
what
is
necessary
to
the
fitting
of
the
Souldier
for
field
services
;
and
others
at
their
pleasure
what
their
fancy
may
guide
them
unto
.
And
thus
I
have
passed
over
the
Grounds
of
Discipline
for
the
Foot
,
I
expect
Censures
;
by
the
Ingenuous
I
submit
to
a
correction
;
but
for
the
Carper
,
let
him
remain
in
his
own
mud
,
he
shall
never
be
complemented
to
a
cleared
fountain
by
me
.
CHAP.
XVII
.
Of
making
file
leaders
successively
both
in
number
and
place
in
a
file
,
six
in
depth
,
and
so
for
a
whole
body
.
THe
Souldiers
having
passed
thus
many
dayes
exercise
in
these
principles
of
Art
Military
;
and
now
each
Souldier
is
loving
to
his
Comrade
;
every
file
leader
to
the
rest
of
his
file
;
being
willing
that
their
files
should
successively
demonstrate
some
experiences
as
they
have
attained
unto
,
in
the
exercise
thereof
:
which
will
prove
a
great
incouragement
to
the
Ingenious
:
Also
it
is
profitable
to
a
Commander
to
bring
what
Ranks
he
pleaseth
into
the
Front
,
and
to
exchange
them
,
and
to
reduce
them
to
their
proper
file
leaders
.
A
File
to
be
made
file
leaders
successively
according
to
Number
;
or
by
commanding
as
followeth
.
Commanding
by
the
file
leader
.
|
1
|
File
leaders
.
|
—
|
|
Rank
two
to
the
left
,
and
file
to
the
left
double
.
|
2
|
2
|
Ranks
to
the
left
double
,
and
Files
to
the
left
double
.
|
|
—
|
Countermarch
Front
and
reer
into
the
midst
,
and
face
to
that
part
which
was
the
Reer
.
|
3
|
1
|
3
|
Half
files
double
your
front
to
the
right
,
and
files
to
the
right
double
.
|
|
|
—
|
Face
about
to
the
right
.
|
4
|
4
|
2
|
4
|
File
leaders
stand
,
the
rest
pass
through
to
the
right
,
and
place
themselves
before
their
leaders
.
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
Countermarch
from
the
Reer
into
the
midst
,
and
and
face
to
that
which
was
the
Reer
.
|
5
|
3
|
6
|
5
|
5
|
Ranks
to
the
left
double
,
and
Files
double
your
depth
to
the
left
.
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
Files
Rank
two
to
the
right
,
and
file
to
the
right
double
:
face
them
about
and
it
will
reduce
them
.
|
6
|
6
|
1
|
1
|
6
|
6
|
Ranks
to
the
right
double
and
Files
to
the
right
double
.
|
|
To
Reduce
|
—
|
|
5
|
5
|
6
|
3
|
5
|
1.
File
leaders
stand
,
the
rest
pass
through
and
place
your selves
before
your
Leader
.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4
|
2
|
4
|
4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
1
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
A
File
to
be
made
file
leaders
successively
according
to
their
Dignity
.
1.
File
leader
.
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The
second
man
from
the
Front
.
|
5
|
2
|
Bringers
up
double
your
Front
to
the
right
,
and
files
double
your
depth
to
the
right
.
|
Bringer
up
to
the
Front
half
file
.
|
4
|
6
|
3
|
File
leaders
and
half
file
leaders
stand
,
the
rest
pass
through
to
the
left
and
place
your selves
before
your
leaders
.
|
3.
Half
file
leader
.
|
3
|
3
|
6
|
4
|
Front
and
Reer
half
files
interchange
your
ground
.
|
The
second
man
from
the
Reer
.
|
6
|
1
|
2
|
5
|
5
|
Ranks
to
the
right
double
,
files
to
the
right
double
.
|
2.
Bringer
up
.
|
2
|
5
|
4
|
1
|
4
|
6
|
File
leaders
stand
,
the
rest
pass
through
to
the
left
and
place
your selves
before
your
leader
.
|
|
|
4
|
5
|
3
|
3
|
2
|
To
reduce
them
.
|
|
|
|
1
|
6
|
1
|
1
|
1.
Ranks
to
the
left
double
and
files
to
the
left
double
.
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
2
|
3
|
2.
Half
files
double
your
front
to
the
right
.
|
|
|
|
|
|
6
|
4
|
3.
Bringers
up
face
about
to
the
right
and
march
forth
into
your
places
.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5
|
|
CHAP.
XVIII
.
Of
certain
firings
in
the
Front
.
HAving
passed
over
the
grounds
of
this
Art
Military
,
I
am
now
come
to
the
executive
part
of
the
Tacticks
;
and
shall
not
here
exceed
the
exercise
of
a
single
Company
,
shewing
the
Souldier
the
use
of
some
few
Firings
,
that
they
may
the
better
perform
their
respective
duties
when
they
shall
be
commanded
thereunto
.
None
can
positively
say
,
this
or
that
figure
shall
be
,
or
serve
this
day
,
time
or
place
&c.
because
of
the
diversity
of
formes
occasioned
by
situation
of
ground
,
he
number
of
men
,
the
order
of
the
Enemy
;
with
many
other
observable
Stratagems
,
for
the
obtaining
both
of
Wind
and
Sun
.
I
shall
therefore
according
to
my
allotment
of
twelve
files
demonstrate
by
figure
some
Firings
,
which
being
well
understood
may
enable
such
for
higher
preferment
as
time
and
place
may
fortune
them
unto
.
By
way
of
digression
;
I
am
sure
it
is
a
trouble
to
most
ingenious
spirits
to
see
some
Gentlemen
chosen
Captains
in
the
Militia
,
that
are
but
prisoners
to
their
own
reasons
;
and
instead
of
being
experienced
in
this
Art
have
been
wholly
Ignorant
of
the
least
part
thereof
.
It
is
no
wonder
then
if
his
Majesty
may
lose
his
expectation
of
a
well
disciplined
Militia
;
and
the
Souldier
in
hazzard
of
his
life
and
Country
too
.
How
easily
might
this
be
remedied
,
if
our
Commanding
power
would
but
authorize
the
Commission
officers
to
meet
once
in
a
moneth
to
exercise
each
other
,
by
their
respective
turns
,
&c.
where
they
may
also
discourse
and
consult
about
Military
affairs
;
and
then
for
these
private
Commanders
by
their
affable
and
heroick
perswasions
to
get
some
of
their
souldiers
as
may
be
for
their
conveniencie
to
meet
with
their
armes
,
and
to
exercise
them
;
this
would
not
only
be
delightful
but
profitable
both
for
King
and
Country
.
And
on
the
contrary
,
the
neglect
hereof
,
and
also
of
the
full
number
of
men
and
Armes
in
the
Militia
,
hath
made
it
to
be
ill
spoken
of
,
and
so
little
feared
;
especially
by
those
of
our
own
inbred
Enemies
to
the
Royal
Government
.
these
things
will
be
better
looked
into
hereafter
.
If
they
will
not
be
drawn
to
love
and
to
be
obedient
to
Royal
Prerogatives
,
they
must
be
made
to
dread
it
;
And
I
humbly
conceive
there
is
no
better
way
to
effect
the
former
than
by
having
a
choice
Militia
,
of
such
whose
spirits
should
account
it
a
baseness
to
abuse
the
Country
;
and
make
not
their
Musters
,
pass
times
for
debauchery
;
and
that
their
Companies
be
not
only
well
disciplined
,
but
well
Armed
also
.
I
proceed
to
the
drawing
up
of
files
again
into
a
body
,
and
preparing
them
for
skirmish
.
ranks and files
A
Company
of
Foot
being
thus
drawn
up
for
service
and
the
Colours
flying
in
the
head
of
the
Company
,
and
there
they
are
to
remain
,
until
all
forlorne
firings
are
ended
:
But
so
soon
as
the
Drumm
shall
beat
his
further
preparatives
for
a
close
skirmish
,
the
Ensign
is
to
furle
his
Colours
and
retreit
to
the
half
files
of
Pikes
.
Observe
,
That
all
firings
are
either
direct
,
or
oblique
;
and
the
manner
how
they
are
to
be
performed
,
are
either
Advancing
,
Receiving
,
or
Retreiting
:
otherwhiles
there
may
be
firing
in
the
Reer
,
marching
from
the
Enemy
;
or
in
the
flank
marching
by
an
Enemy
:
and
also
at
several
places
,
for
an
Enemy
may
at
one
and
the
same
time
charge
,
either
in
the
Front
or
Reer
,
in
Front
and
Reer
,
also
in
Front
,
Reer
and
Flank
:
and
of
these
I
shall
demonstrate
some
that
I
at
first
learnt
,
and
some
amongst
others
that
are
most
convenient
to
be
learnt
.
Now
that
the
Souldier
might
be
expert
in
his
firings
against
the
Enemy
,
let
him
be
often
exercised
with
firings
only
,
in
the
pan
,
falling
off
and
on
as
shall
be
Commanded
.
All
which
being
well
performed
by
the
Musquetteers
is
a
full
accomplishment
of
what
hath
been
before
taught
him
,
by
which
the
Commander
shall
be
credited
,
and
the
Souldier
preferred
to
his
merit
.
Of
firing
by
forlorne
files
.
1.
That
which
is
to
be
used
in
our
modern
exercise
is
two
manner
of
wayes
;
the
two
outmost
files
of
each
flank
of
Musquetteers
to
march
with
two
Serjeants
so
far
as
shall
be
commanded
,
and
there
to
stand
:
and
the
foremost
ranks
are
to
give
fire
and
to
fall
into
the
Reer
of
themselves
,
either
by
wheeling
off
to
the
right
,
or
to
the
right
and
left
:
Then
let
the
remaining
do
the
like
and
fall
into
their
places
.
ranks and files
Those
that
have
fired
are
to
fall
off
on
the
inside
of
the
Musquetteers
between
them
and
the
Pikes
;
and
as
they
are
thus
trooping
back
(
after
firing
)
to
their
places
,
the
rest
are
in
like
manner
to
move
away
,
and
fire
,
and
fall
in
next
the
Pikes
.
2.
Accordingly
as
you
draw
out
two
files
,
so
you
may
draw
out
more
files
to
the
number
of
Musquetteers
;
and
so
to
fire
and
fall
into
the
Reer
of
themselves
,
and
places
&c.
3.
You
may
move
them
all
clear
of
the
Pikes
,
and
let
them
open
from
the
midst
,
leaving
sufficient
Intervals
for
their
wheelings
in
the
Reer
of
themselves
,
and
then
to
place
themselves
even
with
their
Pikes
,
the
second
having
fired
as
before
place
themselves
in
the
Reer
of
the
first
division
&c.
ranks and files
4.
Advance
the
two
outmost
files
by
the
Serjeants
,
who
are
to
lead
them
to
the
place
for
execution
as
by
order
received
;
Commanding
1.
Files
to
rank
inward
;
to
present
and
give
fire
all
together
.
2.
You
may
rank
inward
two
Files
,
or
more
,
and
fire
as
before
.
And
having
fired
are
to
wheel
off
to
the
right
and
left
by
their
respective
file
leaders
,
placing
themselves
next
the
Pikes
.
I
proceed
to
a
second
way
of
firing
and
that
is
by
Ranks
.
First
,
By
advancing
before
the
Front
.
Secondly
,
firing
even
with
the
Front
.
Thirdly
,
firing
even
with
the
half
files
.
Advancing
before
the
Front
may
be
performed
by
advancing
of
single
ranks
,
and
so
firing
in
the
Front
;
or
by
advancing
of
both
flanks
into
the
Front
before
the
Pikes
,
and
so
to
fire
by
single
ranks
.
Which
is
performed
by
Commanding
Demyhearse
.
ranks and files
5.
Pikes
stand
,
Musquetteers
move
forward
and
place
your selves
before
in
the
Front
of
your
Pikes
,
and
close
your
Divisions
.
I
mention
nothing
to
tye
up
the
hand
of
the
ingenious
to
any
stinted
form
,
whose
ablities
may
command
his
figures
at
pleasure
.
Observe
,
that
when
the
forlorn
files
or
Ranks
march
out
,
they
are
to
give
fire
as
upon
a
retreit
(
that
is
)
to
stand
and
fire
,
and
wheel
off
that
their
followers
may
do
the
like
,
unless
the
Enemy
give
ground
.
And
when
the
two
last
ranks
were
presented
,
the
next
two
ranks
must
be
ready
to
march
forward
being
fixed
to
present
and
give
fire
also
:
Thus
having
fired
in
the
Front
by
one
single
Rank
,
or
more
,
they
are
by
wheeling
off
to
place
themselves
in
the
Reer
of
their
own
divisions
before
the
Pikes
;
the
rest
doing
the
like
until
they
have
all
fired
round
.
A
second
way
of
firing
by
this
figure
shall
be
a
reducement
to
it
.
First
,
The
Frontiers
having
performed
their
firing
are
to
wheel
off
by
division
until
they
come
down
so
low
as
to
be
even
to
the
first
ranks
of
Pikes
,
and
so
to
rank
even
a
breast
:
All
the
Musquetteers
are
so
to
do
successively
and
flank
themselves
even
with
the
Pikes
.
ranks and files
6.
Ranks
advancing
from
the
Front
of
a
standing
Battalia
.
A
Serjeant
from
each
Flank
leading
up
the
two
formost
Ranks
(
according
to
order
)
the
first
Rank
is
to
give
fire
,
wheel
off
,
and
place
themselves
in
the
Reer
of
their
own
divisions
:
the
second
in
order
is
to
execute
the
same
with
speed
,
being
not
above
three
foot
distance
from
the
first
,
being
ready
with
his
Musquett
palm'd
,
his
Cock
bent
,
and
Muzzel
mounted
;
so
to
Present
and
give
fire
;
and
so
to
wheel
off
and
place
themselves
as
their
Leaders
had
done
before
them
.
ranks and files
7.
Ranks
firing
even
with
the
Front
.
The
first
Rank
having
fired
and
wheeled
off
placing
themselves
in
the
Reer
of
their
Divisions
,
the
next
ranks
are
to
move
forwards
at
three
motions
into
their
places
(
making
good
their
leaders
ground
)
and
there
to
present
and
give
fire
;
wheeling
off
and
placing
themselves
as
by
the
former
directions
.
By
the
way
you
must
observe
,
if
the
body
be
upon
a
march
the
Pikes
must
be
shouldered
;
and
when
they
come
to
charge
,
they
are
to
close
forward
at
their
close
order
.
ranks and files
It
is
presupposed
ere
one
firing
or
two
be
performed
(
or
past
)
over
,
the
bodies
are
almost
close
;
Then
the
Pikes
are
to
be
at
their
Port
;
and
at
length
to
be
at
their
absolute
Charge
and
push
home
:
and
being
so
near
they
may
do
great
execution
with
their
Musquets
,
firing
upon
the
half
files
of
Pikes
as
if
they
were
even
with
the
Front
.
Which
brings
me
to
8.
Ranks
firing
even
with
the
half
files
.
When
the
Pikes
are
charging
then
the
musquetteers
may
perform
this
who
are
to
advance
no
further
than
the
half
files
of
Pikes
,
and
there
you
may
either
fire
one
Rank
or
more
at
the
discretion
of
the
Commander
;
and
as
soon
as
every
Rank
hath
fired
successively
they
are
to
wheel
off
and
place
themselves
in
the
Reer
of
their
own
leaders
.
ranks and files
When
the
firing
is
ended
,
and
each
Souldier
in
his
proper
place
,
the
Musquetteers
marching
up
even
in
breast
with
the
Front
of
Pikes
they
are
reduced
.
But
in
this
firing
the
Musquetteers
are
to
make
good
their
leaders
ground
,
except
it
be
upon
a
retreit
,
then
they
are
to
fire
upon
the
same
ground
and
to
wheel
off
,
that
their
followers
may
doe
the
like
,
unless
the
Enemy
give
ground
.
Horn.
Bat.
9.
Command
.
Pikes
stand
;
Musquetteers
march
until
the
bringers
up
rank
even
with
the
Front
.
ranks and files
You
may
in
this
as
with
some
of
the
former
fire
two
Ranks
ten
paces
advanced
before
the
Front
,
and
so
whel
off
and
place
themselves
in
the
Reer
of
their
own
files
.
OR
,
Secondly
,
let
the
first
Rank
of
Musquetteers
present
and
give
fire
and
wheel
off
to
the
right
and
left
,
placing
themselves
in
the
Reer
of
their
own
files
:
then
the
second
Rank
firing
are
to
advance
into
their
leaders
place
,
firing
and
wheeling
off
in
the
same
manner
,
and
so
they
are
all
successively
to
do
the
like
.
Then
Thirdly
,
when
they
have
all
given
fire
,
let
them
begin
again
,
and
the
file
leaders
having
fired
they
are
to
wheel
off
to
the
right
and
left
&
flank
themselves
even
with
the
Pikes
;
the
second
Rank
now
is
to
fire
upon
the
same
ground
he
stands
and
must
not
at
all
advance
into
his
leaders
ground
as
before
,
and
having
once
fired
all
over
they
are
reduced
.
OR
,
You
may
reduce
themby
Commanding
the
Musquetteers
to
face
about
to
the
right
and
march
down
into
their
respective
places
,
OR
,
Command
the
Pikes
to
march
up
and
even
the
Front
with
the
file
leaders
of
Musquetteers
.
A
triple
firing
.
10.
Front
half
files
of
Musquetteers
double
your
Front
of
Pikes
by
division
:
2.
Reer
half
files
of
Musquetteers
open
to
the
right
and
left
and
Rank
even
with
the
Pikes
.
To
perform
this
,
direct
the
Front
half
files
to
advance
clear
of
the
body
of
Pikes
,
then
face
them
to
the
right
and
left
inwards
,
and
so
close
their
divisions
before
the
Pikes
.
ranks and files
You
are
to
observe
in
this
firing
that
the
Musquetteers
of
the
Front
and
both
flanks
are
to
present
and
give
fire
together
;
the
Musquetteers
of
the
Front
division
after
firing
are
to
wheel
off
to
the
right
and
left
between
their
intervals
,
and
place
themselves
even
in
Rank
in
the
Reer
of
the
Reer
divisions
of
Musquetteers
.
Then
the
Musquetteers
that
fired
in
the
flanks
march
directly
down
and
place
themselves
even
in
breast
with
the
Reer
of
Pikes
.
Thus
they
are
reduced
:
Or
else
you
may
continue
firing
at
your
pleasure
;
and
arging
of
your
Pikes
.
11.
Wheel
your
flanks
by
division
into
the
Front
.
When
they
have
fired
let
them
march
(
or
pass
)
down
through
the
intervals
,
and
place
them
in
the
Reer
of
their
own
divisions
;
And
then
upon
an
other
firing
they
may
place
themselves
in
the
Reer
of
the
Pikes
.
The
Pikes
here
may
charge
either
at
hand
or
foot
,
the
Musquetteers
may
also
fire
over
them
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
them
:
if
it
be
upon
the
first
Command
firing
and
falling
off
in
the
Reer
of
their
own
divisions
,
let
the
Body
close
their
Divisions
,
and
wheel
their
flanks
into
the
Reer
,
and
face
to
their
Leader
.
But
if
you
fire
a
second
time
,
and
wheel
off
your
Musquetteers
into
the
Reer
of
the
Pikes
,
Command
the
masquetteers
by
division
to
double
their
Front
intire
,
and
then
wheel
both
flanks
into
the
Reer
,
and
face
them
to
their
Leader
as
before
.
12.
Command
.
Musquetteers
,
Poyze
your
Musquetts
,
and
march
until
til
they
be
clear
of
the
Body
of
Pikes
:
Then
,
Front
half
files
face
to
the
right
and
left
inward
,
close
your
divisions
,
and
face
to
your
leader
;
Reer
half
files
open
to
the
right
and
:
left
;
Front
half
files
of
Pikes
face
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
,
and
march
even
to
flank
the
Having
fired
let
them
wheel
off
to
the
right
and
left
,
the
Front
Divisions
falling
in
the
Reer
of
themselves
;
and
the
flanks
either
in
the
Reer
of
themselves
,
or
else
in
the
Reer
of
their
Pikes
,
the
Pikes
moving
forward
and
maintaining
the
Musquetteers
ground
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
Front
half
files
of
Musquetteers
face
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
,
and
march
even
in
flank
with
the
Reer
half
files
of
Pikes
:
Then
wheel
your
flanks
into
the
Reer
.
Front
half
files
of
Pikes
face
in
opposiition
,
and
march
into
your
places
.
Musquetteers
face
about
to
the
right
and
march
closing
of
your
divisions
:
face
all
to
your
leader
.
13.
Command
.
Musquetteers
march
all
until
your
half
files
be
even
with
the
Front
of
Pikes
;
Front
half
files
march
three
paces
forward
and
stand
:
Reer
half
files
of
Musquetteers
face
to
the
right
and
left
outward
and
march
clear
of
the
Front
half
files
.
Reer
half
files
of
Pikes
open
to
the
right
and
left
outward
,
and
march
clear
of
the
Front
Division
of
Pikes
.
ranks and files
The
first
Ranks
of
all
divisions
having
fired
they
may
in
the
first
place
fall
in
the
Reer
of
their
own
divisions
.
And
for
a
second
firing
so
soon
as
the
first
ranks
have
fired
in
the
Front
,
they
are
to
wheel
off
to
the
right
and
left
,
and
flank
the
Pikes
as
they
were
:
then
the
Reer
division
of
Musquetteers
after
firing
fall
off
to
the
right
and
left
,
and
place
themselves
even
abreast
with
the
Reer
division
of
Pikes
:
Then
Reer
half
files
of
Pikes
face
to
the
right
and
left
inwards
and
march
into
your
places
:
By
this
they
are
Reduced
.
14.
Command
.
Musquetteers
march
until
your
two
last
Ranks
are
equal
with
the
two
first
Ranks
of
Pikes
.
The
two
second
Ranks
of
Pikes
,
face
to
the
right
and
march
into
the
Reer
of
the
right
flank
of
Musquetteers
.
The
two
last
Ranks
of
Pikes
face
to
the
left
and
march
into
the
Reer
of
the
left
flank
of
Musquetteers
.
Having
fired
let
them
whel
off
to
the
right
and
left
falling
in
the
Reer
of
themselves
;
and
so
having
fired
once
or
twice
over
,
they
may
fall
in
the
Reer
of
their
own
Pikes
,
every
Musqueteer
as
he
fireth
to
advance
unto
his
leaders
place
,
and
the
Pikes
to
advance
also
,
who
are
to
be
ported
,
and
when
the
two
last
Ranks
are
firing
they
are
to
charge
at
the
discretion
of
the
Commander
;
which
Figure
I
have
here
set
down
,
because
from
it
the
fourteenth
shall
be
reduced
.
ranks and files
The
Reducement
.
The
two
ranks
of
Pikes
upon
the
right
flank
face
to
the
left
and
march
&c.
then
march
the
four
ranks
direct
;
The
two
Ranks
on
the
left
flank
face
to
the
right
,
and
place
your selves
as
you
were
facing
them
to
their
Leader
,
the
Musquetteers
to
advance
and
flank
the
Pikes
;
they
are
reduced
.
15
Command
.
Front
half
files
of
Musquetteers
,
and
the
two
first
Ranks
of
Pikes
march
three
foot
:
The
four
Ranks
of
Pikes
wheel
your
flanks
into
the
front
by
division
,
and
face
to
the
right
and
left
,
and
march
even
in
the
Reer
of
the
Front
Division
of
Musquetteers
;
Then
the
Reer
half
files
of
Musquetteers
face
to
the
right
and
left
,
and
march
them
clear
of
the
division
of
Pikes
,
facing
them
to
their
Leader
,
and
march
up
even
with
the
flanks
of
Pikes
.
ranks and files
Having
fired
and
wheeled
off
in
the
Reer
of
their
own
divisions
of
Musquetteers
,
then
for
a
second
firing
let
the
Front
divisions
of
Musquetteers
fire
and
wheel
into
the
Reer
of
Pikes
,
the
pikes
porting
,
and
charge
as
in
the
figure
and
retreit
;
and
upon
the
retreit
the
Pikes
to
fall
all
even
in
breast
;
And
the
front
division
of
Musquetteers
to
sleeve
up
even
in
breast
with
the
Reer
division
of
Musquetteers
;
Then
the
Pikes
to
charge
on
again
,
and
the
reer
division
of
Musquetteers
to
fire
,
wheeling
off
to
the
right
and
left
,
and
fall
into
the
Reer
of
the
front
division
of
Musquetteers
:
who
will
then
stand
after
this
form
.
To
reduce
them
,
Command
.
The
Pikes
to
advance
and
march
all
to
a
convenient
distance
,
then
march
the
middle
division
of
Pikes
six
foot
;
then
the
two
divisions
of
pikes
upon
the
flanks
to
face
in
opposition
and
close
their
divisions
;
Then
Wheel
their
flanks
into
the
Reer
and
face
them
to
their
leader
,
which
being
done
the
Pikes
are
reduced
.
The
Musquetteers
are
to
march
up
and
flank
the
Pikes
.
ranks and files
Many
firings
the
ingenious
might
invent
to
the
Front
more
than
what
I
have
demonstrated
:
I
shall
only
mention
the
Introductive
,
and
Extraductive
firings
.
I
must
give
my
judgement
with
those
who
do
not
allow
the
firings
by
way
of
Introduction
to
be
useful
in
our
modern
Wars
;
nor
are
they
secure
to
the
Souldier
unless
when
the
Commander
shall
find
his
Souldiers
to
be
well
exercised
,
then
amongst
other
various
curiosities
these
may
be
performed
.
By
the
word
Introduction
is
meant
a
passing
through
,
or
between
,
and
by
its
motion
doth
advance
and
gain
ground
upon
an
Enemy
.
16.
Command
.
Make
ready
to
give
fire
by
Introduction
:
Then
Command
the
files
of
Musquetteers
to
open
by
division
to
their
open
order
,
and
to
pass
through
to
the
right
,
&c.
ranks and files
The
first
rank
of
each
flank
presents
and
gives
fire
,
so
done
they
stand
and
make
ready
again
.
The
second
rank
so
soon
as
the
first
have
fired
,
passeth
through
,
and
placeth
it self
before
the
first
,
and
do
their
fire
,
and
stand
also
and
make
ready
again
.
The
third
is
to
pass
forward
and
stand
in
rank
even
with
the
first
,
and
when
the
second
rank
hath
fired
,
they
must
step
before
the
second
,
and
having
fired
are
to
stand
and
make
ready
again
;
and
thus
every
rank
is
to
follow
his
Leader
successively
,
until
the
Bringers
up
of
each
Division
are
to
give
fire
,
and
stand
in
the
Front
of
all
.
Observe
,
in
this
firing
you
may
keep
your
Pikes
shouldered
,
still
moving
slowly
forwards
(
if
there
be
no
danger
of
Horse
)
and
so
keep
even
with
the
Front
of
Musquetteers
:
This
done
twice
over
will
reduce
them
.
A
Second
way
of
Introductive
firing
.
The
first
Rank
is
to
fire
and
stand
,
as
in
the
forementioned
Figure
;
then
the
Bringers-up
(
or
last
Rank
)
whilst
the
File-leaders
are
firing
shall
,
march
up
and
place
themselves
even
with
the
second
Rank
,
and
when
they
have
fired
,
the
Bringers-up
are
to
step
before
them
,
and
immediatly
to
present
and
give
fire
;
and
when
the
rest
have
followed
their
Bringers-up
,
and
fired
once
over
,
be
sure
that
the
File-leaders
fire
twice
;
Both
produce
the
horn
battle
.
who
ought
to
be
the
first
and
the
last
,
and
so
stand
:
the
Pikes
are
to
march
up
even
with
the
Front
of
Musquetteers
as
in
the
former
direction
and
they
are
reduced
.
Extraductive
.
17.
Firing
.
There
have
been
in
use
two
Extraductive
firings
,
I
shall
speak
but
of
one
which
is
allowed
somewhat
useful
,
especially
in
narrow
passages
,
and
in
case
your
Enemy
be
too
powerful
,
either
in
Horse
or
Foot
;
that
then
the
passage
might
be
filled
up
with
the
Pikes
:
but
if
your
Pikes
be
not
sufficient
to
do
it
(
as
you
will
perceive
by
my
Figure
)
then
double
your
Ranks
,
let
your
Pikes
be
in
such
posture
and
motion
accordingly
as
occasion
shall
offer
it self
.
Command
.
Musquetteers
face
about
to
the
right
,
and
march
until
you
are
clear
of
the
Body
of
Pikes
;
then
face
inward
and
close
your
Divisions
:
for
the
Pikes
command
them
to
double
their
Ranks
to
the
right
;
Or
,
half
Files
double
their
Front
to
the
right
.
To
perform
this
Command
.
The
first
rank
of
Musquetteers
next
after
the
Pikes
,
face
to
the
right
;
then
to
march
forth
file-wise
,
close
up
by
the
right
flank
of
Pikes
;
and
when
the
Leader
is
advanced
into
the
Front
of
Pikes
,
he
is
to
lead
them
athwart
the
whole
Front
of
Pikes
;
after
which
they
are
all
to
stand
,
present
and
give
fire
,
and
having
fired
they
are
to
wheel
off
to
the
left
,
and
fall
into
the
Reer
of
Musquetteers
;
and
whilst
the
first
Rank
is
firing
,
the
second
is
to
be
marching
so
as
to
be
ready
to
fall
into
their
Places
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
them
,
Command
the
Pikes
to
advance
six
foot
(
if
they
be
doubled
their
Ranks
to
the
right
)
let
them
now
double
their
Files
to
the
left
;
then
Command
:
I
could
have
mentioned
a
great
many
more
firings
to
the
Front
:
but
through
my
confinement
to
such
a
small
number
of
men
,
and
not
an
equality
in
arms
,
Art
compleated
cannot
be
expected
from
me
.
Must
of
these
firings
are
solid
and
serviceable
;
yet
it
cannot
be
conceived
that
three
Ranks
can
make
any
abidement
of
Battle
for
continuance
against
any
Enemy
:
although
sometimes
they
may
be
forced
to
be
reduced
into
less
Numbers
,
yet
by
shewing
the
nature
hereof
you
will
be
the
better
able
to
manage
a
greater
,
&c.
CHAP.
XIX
.
Of
firing
in
the
Front
and
Reer
;
And
Reer
alone
.
BEfore
I
demonstrate
the
firings
in
the
Reer
,
I
thought
it
fit
to
give
one
Figure
of
firing
to
the
Front
and
Reer
,
which
may
serve
also
for
a
firing
to
each
Flank
,
when
the
Commander
pleaseth
.
1.
Command
.
Front
half
Files
of
Musquetteers
march
until
your
Bringers-up
be
even
in
breast
with
the
Front
of
Pikes
:
Reer
half
Files
of
Pikes
face
about
to
the
right
.
Reer
half
Files
of
Musquetteers
face
about
to
the
right
,
and
march
,
until
the
half
File-leaders
are
even
in
breast
with
the
Bringers
up
of
Pikes
.
ranks and files
For
the
first
firing
by
this
Figure
,
so
soon
as
the
Ranks
upon
each
Division
have
fired
,
they
are
to
wheel
off
to
the
right
and
left
,
and
fall
into
the
Reer
of
their
own
Divisions
:
And
having
so
fired
all
over
they
are
to
wheel
off
and
place
themselves
even
in
breast
with
the
Pikes
,
as
now
they
stand
faced
;
then
being
faced
to
their
Leader
they
are
reduc'd
.
This
is
not
our
drift
of
firing
in
the
Reer
;
but
if
in
a
March
an
Enemy
eagerly
pursues
and
assaults
,
then
by
facing
about
and
firing
in
the
Reer
,
or
by
Countermarching
,
or
Wheeling
about
,
and
so
firing
;
these
repulses
orderly
performed
may
cause
a
disorder
in
the
pursuants
:
And
it
is
good
sometimes
as
occasion
may
offer
to
keep
an
Enemy
in
play
,
whilst
he
may
advantage
himself
in
his
Ground
,
either
for
his
Embattlement
,
or
Ambushes
,
or
for
the
conveyances
of
Gunns
or
other
Carriages
,
&c.
2.
Firing
.
Upon
a
March
the
last
Rank
is
to
face
about
,
and
so
to
give
fire
,
wheeling
off
in
File
by
Division
,
and
marching
up
towards
the
Front
,
and
placing
themselves
before
their
File-leaders
.
ranks and files
1.
Observing
,
that
they
rank
even
with
the
second
rank
of
Pikes
.
2.
In
the
performance
of
this
,
you
will
lose
one
rank
in
the
Front
.
3.
Observe
,
that
whilst
the
rank
of
Musquetteers
are
firing
in
the
Reer
,
the
next
rank
although
he
be
marching
,
he
ought
to
be
preparing
with
his
cock
bent
and
garded
,
that
with
his
three
motions
,
he
may
next
fire
so
soon
as
his
precedent
rank
is
wheeled
off
.
4.
Although
you
are
upon
a
march
,
yet
you
are
to
fall
one
rank
nearer
to
the
Reer
,
that
the
Body
may
be
preserved
intire
.
5.
Observe
further
in
the
performance
of
all
this
,
your
preparations
and
firings
ought
to
be
at
three
motions
:
Cock
your
match
,
Blow
your
coal
,
Present
,
&c.
Let
the
first
be
with
the
right
leg
advancing
,
the
second
with
the
left
leg
advancing
,
bending
your
cock
;
then
a
little
advancing
forward
with
the
right
foot
,
to
present
and
give
fire
.
Now
I
give
these
Reasons
for
the
Observations
of
some
motions
in
these
firings
to
the
Reer
;
because
so
soon
as
the
Souldier
hath
fired
,
if
the
last
rank
should
immediatly
face
about
and
present
,
&c.
there
would
be
a
present
incumbrance
;
This
experience
hath
discovered
,
and
that
firing
upon
motion
to
be
the
most
speediest
and
safest
way
for
firing
in
the
Reer
.
Now
for
a
Publick
Exercise
,
when
you
have
fired
over
once
,
you
may
then
face
them
to
their
Leader
,
and
fire
in
the
Front
.
But
if
you
be
upon
a
march
,
and
should
be
pursued
by
an
Enemies
Horse
,
then
Wheel
your
Flanks
into
the
Front
,
and
face
to
the
Reer
;
your
Pikes
will
defend
your
Body
,
so
your
Musquetteers
may
fire
over
them
as
in
the
17.
Figure
by
extraduction
,
and
reduced
accordingly
.
Secondly
,
In
firing
to
the
Reer
,
the
Musquetteers
may
be
in
the
Reer
of
the
Pikes
.
And
first
having
fired
they
are
to
wheel
off
and
place
themselves
between
the
Front
of
Musquetteers
and
Reer
of
Pikes
.
And
secondly
,
having
fired
in
the
Reer
they
may
wheel
off
by
Division
and
march
into
the
Front
of
Pikes
,
the
Body
still
marching
.
Or
,
if
both
flanks
be
in
the
Reer
,
they
may
fire
&
wheel
off
by
Division
,
and
double
both
flanks
.
This
last
hath
reduced
it self
;
and
for
the
second
you
may
for
exercise
,
fire
them
in
the
Front
,
and
in
their
wheeling
off
to
flank
their
Pikes
;
or
for
expedition
,
for
the
Musquetteers
to
open
to
the
right
and
left
,
and
march
the
Pikes
up
in
the
interval
,
and
they
are
reduced
as
at
first
.
You
may
perceive
the
use
of
firings
in
the
Reer
,
and
that
the
Souldier
ought
to
be
very
well
exercised
in
them
:
For
a
true
experience
herein
doth
not
only
add
to
the
perfection
of
the
Souldier
,
but
his
safety
also
.
Before
I
conclude
this
Chapter
,
I
shall
add
two
Figures
of
firing
in
Front
and
Reer
marching
.
3.
Command
.
Front
half
Files
of
Musquetteers
,
march
until
you
be
clear
of
the
Front
of
Pikes
;
Face
in
opposition
and
close
your
Divisions
.
So
for
the
reer
half
files
,
face
about
to
the
right
,
and
march
until
you
be
clear
of
the
Reer
of
Pikes
;
face
them
in
opposition
,
and
close
their
Divisions
.
ranks and files
Having
fired
their
first
and
last
Ranks
,
they
wheel
off
to
the
right
and
left
by
Division
,
the
Front
Division
are
to
place
themselves
even
in
Rank
with
the
Front
of
Pikes
,
and
the
Reer
Division
of
Musquetteers
are
to
place
themselves
even
in
Rank
with
the
Bringers-up
,
and
so
each
Rank
successively
after
each
other
,
will
reduce
this
Figure
.
4.
Command
.
Half
Files
of
Musquetteers
,
fire
to
your
Front
and
Reer
placing
your selves
between
your
Divisions
.
ranks and files
This
firing
is
plain
without
direction
,
and
the
firing
being
ended
they
are
reduced
.
CHAP.
XX.
Of
Firings
in
the
Flanks
.
THere
are
reasons
to
be
given
,
and
Experience
hath
found
it
necessary
,
for
firing
in
the
Flanks
:
When
you
are
upon
a
March
,
an
Enemy
may
endeavour
an
assault
to
molest
you
in
your
passages
,
that
your
disadvantages
may
be
the
greater
,
either
by
ambushments
laid
against
you
,
or
to
frustrate
your
designs
.
Now
in
the
performance
hereof
there
are
several
circumstances
that
are
to
be
taken
notice
of
,
as
the
strength
of
your
Enemy
,
the
time
,
number
and
place
;
all
for
your
own
security
,
or
advantages
against
him
.
I
shall
begin
with
some
Exercises
upon
the
right
flank
,
and
what
is
performed
there
by
Figure
,
may
also
be
performed
upon
the
left
hand
.
In
order
hereunto
pass
all
your
Musquetteers
into
your
right
flank
by
Commanding
:
Musquetteers
of
the
right
Flank
open
to
the
right
,
and
being
opened
to
a
convenient
distance
,
stand
;
then
Musquetteers
of
the
left
Flank
,
pass
through
your
Ranks
of
Pikes
to
the
interval
of
the
right
Flank
,
then
stand
,
and
face
to
your
Leader
.
Your
facings
to
the
right
or
left
,
is
that
,
by
which
the
flanks
become
accidental
fronts
,
and
then
for
the
firings
thereupon
,
you
may
to
your
discretion
use
such
as
are
most
convenient
;
being
already
shewn
Chapter
18.
I
shall
not
here
take
up
any
room
with
the
demonstrations
thereof
,
and
shall
shew
but
some
few
firings
in
the
right
flank
,
as
the
Body
shall
be
marching
,
in
all
which
you
are
to
observe
the
Pikes
are
to
be
shouldered
.
1.
Command
.
Musquetteers
give
fire
to
the
right
,
and
wheel
after
your
Bringers-up
,
between
your
Divisions
.
ranks and files
And
this
at
the
discretion
of
the
Commander
is
done
two
wayes
,
either
by
commanding
to
be
lead
into
their
places
by
their
File-leader
,
or
by
their
Bringers-up
,
and
to
place
themselves
before
them
,
&c.
Here
by
this
Figure
,
they
in
the
first
place
,
as
the
Body
is
marching
,
face
to
the
right
(
the
outmost
File
)
presents
and
gives
fire
:
after
their
firing
,
they
face
to
the
right
,
and
after
their
Bringer-up
,
who
leads
them
off
in
the
Reer
of
the
Musquetteers
,
and
up
into
the
Interval
between
the
Pikes
and
Musquets
,
until
the
Bringer-up
of
the
File
hath
placed
himself
even
in
breast
with
the
Frontiers
;
and
so
the
marching
Party
,
as
Command
shall
be
given
,
are
to
open
,
that
the
Files
of
Musquetteers
after
they
have
fired
may
march
up
between
the
Divisions
,
and
so
every
File
is
successively
to
fire
,
and
wheel
off
and
place
it self
.
This
firing
being
performed
twice
over
they
are
Reduced
:
If
but
once
,
you
must
countermarch
your
files
of
Musquetteers
to
reduce
them
.
2.
You
may
secondly
after
they
have
fired
,
Command
them
to
face
to
the
right
,
and
to
wheel
off
,
every
man
placing
himself
before
his
Bringer
up
(
or
present
Leader
)
hereby
the
Bringer
up
will
be
in
his
due
place
and
the
file-leader
in
his
proper
place
,
also
.
3.
A
Third
way
of
firing
upon
this
Figure
,
is
to
fire
in
the
right
flank
,
and
to
be
lead
off
into
their
places
by
their
respective
File-leaders
.
The
Body
marching
,
the
outmost
File
faceth
to
the
right
and
fires
,
and
when
the
body
is
marched
clear
of
the
standing
file
,
then
the
next
file
presents
to
the
right
and
fires
,
and
whilest
he
is
firing
,
the
first
file
that
is
fired
faceth
to
the
left
,
and
marcheth
up
between
the
Musquetteers
and
Pikes
.
Observing
the
former
directions
in
their
march
,
that
there
may
be
space
enough
in
the
Interval
for
the
several
Files
successively
to
march
into
these
places
.
ranks and files
4.
There
is
a
fourth
way
of
firing
,
that
is
,
to
give
fire
to
the
right
and
gather
up
your
Files
.
The
Body
marching
the
outmost
file
faceth
to
the
right
,
fires
,
then
stands
,
and
faceth
to
their
Leader
:
Then
when
the
Body
is
clear
of
the
standing
file
,
the
second
file
faceth
to
the
right
,
and
fires
and
stands
also
,
facing
to
their
Leader
;
then
the
first
file
is
to
advance
up
to
the
second
,
and
so
when
the
first
and
second
have
fired
they
are
to
be
lead
up
to
the
third
.
Thus
having
fired
,
they
are
to
be
lead
up
even
in
breast
to
the
file
that
last
fired
,
and
having
all
fired
,
they
are
to
be
marcht
up
even
with
the
Front
Pikes
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
,
Command
:
Left
half
Ranks
of
Musquetteers
,
face
to
the
left
;
Pikes
face
to
the
right
,
pass
through
interchanging
of
Ground
;
Face
to
your
Leader
.
How
beneficial
this
may
be
to
the
security
of
the
Souldier
,
they
that
will
make
use
of
it
that
are
ingenious
will
better
judge
:
but
I
am
of
opinion
it
is
more
fit
for
a
private
Exercise
,
than
for
publick
Service
.
5.
Command
.
Give
fire
to
the
right
,
and
place
your selves
even
in
Front
with
the
Pikes
,
marching
up
between
the
midst
of
the
Pikes
.
Observe
,
in
the
performance
hereof
,
the
Pikes
as
they
march
are
to
open
to
the
right
and
left
,
and
the
fired
Musquetteers
are
to
be
lead
up
according
to
Command
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
1.
Pikes
to
face
inwards
.
2.
Musquetteers
face
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
.
3.
Pass
all
through
and
interchange
Ground
.
4.
Face
to
your
Leader
.
6.
Command
.
Musquetteers
give
fire
to
the
right
,
placing
your selves
on
the
outside
of
the
left
Flank
of
Pikes
.
ranks and files
If
you
will
reduce
this
without
any
firing
,
you
may
Command
the
right
half
Ranks
to
pass
through
your
Ranks
of
Pikes
.
(
The
Ingenious
may
find
many
ways
for
the
Reducement
.
)
Or
,
when
all
the
Musquetteers
are
on
the
left
flank
,
you
may
fire
them
over
again
,
and
they
are
reduced
.
7.
Command
.
Musquetteers
give
fire
to
the
right
and
to
the
Reer
;
placing
your selves
between
the
Pikes
and
your
own
Divisions
.
Having
placed
your
left
flank
of
Musquetteers
in
the
Reer
,
A
useful
firing
.
then
Command
,
ranks and files
The
outmost
file
upon
the
right
flank
,
are
to
face
to
the
right
,
and
the
last
rank
of
Musquetteers
in
the
Reer
are
to
face
about
,
and
both
are
to
present
and
give
fire
together
;
and
having
fired
the
outermost
file
upon
the
right
hand
faceth
to
the
left
,
and
marcheth
after
their
Leader
in
the
interval
between
the
Musquets
and
the
Pikes
;
They
are
to
march
a
reasonable
pace
.
and
the
rank
fired
in
the
Reer
is
to
wheel
to
the
right
,
placing
it self
in
the
Reer
of
Pikes
,
&c.
This
is
easily
reduced
,
by
commanding
the
Musquetteers
to
draw
off
into
the
left
flank
again
.
Observe
,
that
flank
that
is
farthest
from
the
Enemy
ought
to
be
drawn
into
the
Reer
.
8.
Command
.
Musquetteers
give
fire
to
both
Flanks
(
marching
)
and
place
your selves
between
the
Pikes
and
your
own
Divisions
.
ranks and files
To
perform
this
,
the
outermost
file
of
each
flank
presents
outward
.
9.
Command
.
The
Body
standing
,
Advance
your
Pikes
;
Musquetteers
and
Pikes
face
to
the
right
and
left
;
Musquetteers
present
and
give
fire
to
both
flanks
,
and
flank
your
Pikes
.
The
outermost
file
upon
the
right
and
left
flank
presents
and
fires
,
wheeling
off
by
Division
,
ranking
or
flanking
the
Pikes
,
as
they
stand
faced
,
leaving
such
a
distance
as
the
rest
may
securely
follow
them
,
every
rank
is
to
fire
upon
the
same
Ground
,
and
wheel
off
by
Division
after
the
same
manner
.
ranks and files
From
this
Figure
as
they
will
stand
after
firing
,
there
may
be
produced
a
great
many
brave
Figures
;
but
now
I
must
leave
them
to
the
skilful
Artist
.
To
reduce
this
Command
.
The
Musquetteers
to
march
all
until
they
are
clear
of
the
Pikes
;
then
face
them
to
the
right
and
left
inwards
,
and
close
their
Divisions
,
and
face
them
to
their
Leader
.
10.
Command
.
Because
it
may
easily
be
produced
from
the
precedent
Figure
;
it
shall
be
from
the
first
Figure
of
firing
in
the
Front
and
Reer
,
Chap.
19.
the
Body
being
faced
to
the
right
and
left
will
be
a
firing
to
both
Flanks
.
11.
Command
.
Shall
be
a
firing
to
right
Flank
and
to
the
Front
and
Reer
.
Left
half
Ranks
double
your
right
Flank
by
Division
.
ranks and files
You
may
face
the
Divisions
any
way
,
which
you
intend
for
their
firing
.
After
firing
they
are
to
wheel
off
into
their
own
Divisions
,
every
Rank
moving
into
his
Leaders
Ground
.
To
reduce
them
,
face
them
to
their
proper
Front
,
then
Command
half
Ranks
that
doubled
face
to
the
left
,
and
so
march
into
your
places
.
See
the
doubling
of
Flanks
Figure
17.
CHAP.
XXI
.
Of
several
Divisional
Firings
.
I
Might
here
make
mention
of
a
great
many
Figures
for
firings
,
some
serviceable
,
and
others
not
,
but
all
left
to
the
judicious
for
censure
,
and
to
make
use
of
the
best
;
yet
none
useless
for
delight
or
Garden
Exercises
:
The
Figures
cannot
be
perfect
because
I
am
tied
to
the
exercise
but
of
twelve
Files
,
four
of
them
Pikes
and
eight
Musquetteers
;
it
being
a
Number
that
our
Western
Commanders
can
make
use
of
,
and
no
more
;
yet
any
who
may
be
capable
to
perform
them
,
will
be
able
to
invent
others
;
and
command
the
production
of
such
like
in
geater
Numbers
,
and
with
better
delight
.
1.
Command
.
The
two
outmost
Files
upon
each
Flank
stand
;
the
two
inmost
half
Ranks
of
the
Reer
face
about
to
the
right
:
the
two
inmost
half
Ranks
both
of
Front
and
Reer
,
march
until
you
are
clear
of
the
Body
of
Pikes
;
then
half
Files
rank
to
the
right
and
left
inwards
by
wheeling
into
the
Front
.
For
the
Pikes
,
open
them
to
the
right
and
left
from
the
midst
;
then
Command
the
right
and
left
hand
File
of
Pikes
to
stand
;
the
Reer
half
Files
of
the
remainder
face
about
to
the
right
,
then
both
half
Files
rank
to
the
right
and
left
inward
into
the
Front
and
Reer
.
This
Figure
in
great
Bodies
must
be
performed
otherways
,
and
may
be
very
serviceable
against
the
Horse
;
the
Pikes
may
advance
into
the
Front
of
Musquetteers
to
secure
them
against
the
Horses
fury
if
occasion
shall
serve
.
ranks and files
After
their
first
firing
and
wheeling
off
to
the
right
and
left
in
the
Reer
of
their
own
Divisions
,
then
when
the
Pikes
are
defending
them
from
the
Horse
,
let
them
fire
over
the
Pikes
.
This
being
done
pass
through
the
Musquetteers
before
the
several
Fronts
of
Pikes
,
as
they
were
before
any
firing
.
To
reduce
them
,
Command
.
Face
the
Front
and
Reer
to
the
right
and
left
inwards
:
The
Front
and
Reer
Ranks
of
Pikes
file
to
the
right
and
left
inwards
;
the
right
and
left
hand
files
of
Pikes
close
to
the
right
and
left
inwards
;
and
close
all
to
the
midst
:
Then
Command
the
Front
and
Reer
Ranks
of
Musquetteers
,
file
to
the
right
and
left
inward
,
face
in
opposition
and
march
into
your
places
;
closing
the
whole
Body
to
their
close
Order
;
and
open
them
again
to
their
Order
:
Evening
of
their
Ranks
and
streightning
of
their
Files
they
are
reduced
.
2.
Command
and
Direction
.
Musquetteers
open
six
foot
to
the
right
and
left
:
Front
half
Files
of
the
right
Flank
of
Musquetteers
,
Advance
intire
into
the
Front
of
Pikes
:
The
Reer
Division
of
the
left
Flank
of
Musquetteers
face
about
to
the
right
,
and
double
intire
the
Reer
of
the
Pikes
:
The
Front
Division
of
Musquetteers
of
the
left
,
face
about
to
the
right
,
and
march
even
in
breast
with
the
Reer
half
Files
of
Pikes
:
The
Front
half
Files
of
Pikes
face
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
,
and
march
until
you
are
clear
,
&c.
Face
them
to
their
Leader
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
them
.
The
Front
Division
of
Musquetteers
face
to
the
right
,
and
march
into
your
places
:
Reer
Division
of
Musquetteers
face
to
the
left
,
and
march
forth
into
your
places
:
Front
half
Files
of
Pikes
face
in
opposition
and
close
your
Divisions
:
The
left
flank
of
Musquetteers
advance
even
with
the
Front
of
Pikes
:
Musquetteers
close
to
the
right
and
left
inward
,
and
face
them
to
their
Leader
.
And
they
are
reduced
.
3.
Command
.
Front
half
Files
face
to
the
right
and
left
,
and
march
clear
of
your
Reer
half
Files
:
Face
them
to
their
Leader
,
and
march
them
until
their
Reer
be
even
in
Front
with
their
Pikes
:
The
two
first
Ranks
of
each
Division
face
to
the
right
and
left
and
march
them
clear
of
their
own
Divisions
;
face
them
to
their
Leader
:
The
four
first
Ranks
of
Pikes
open
to
your
open
Order
,
and
double
your
Ranks
to
the
right
,
the
two
last
Ranks
of
Pikes
face
about
to
the
right
and
march
clear
of
the
Reer
of
Musquetteers
:
Face
to
your
Leader
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
them
,
Command
.
The
first
Body
of
Pikes
to
double
their
Files
to
the
left
,
the
two
last
Ranks
of
Pikes
march
and
close
your
Divisions
.
The
two
first
Ranks
of
Musquetteers
face
in
opposition
,
and
close
your
Divisions
.
Then
the
Front
Divisions
of
Musquetteers
face
to
the
right
and
left
inwards
,
and
march
even
to
the
Front
of
Pikes
,
then
face
them
to
their
right
and
left
,
and
close
their
Divisions
:
Face
them
to
their
Leader
:
evening
their
Ranks
and
streightning
of
their
Files
,
they
are
reduced
.
4.
Command
.
Front
half
files
march
clear
from
your
Musquetteers
:
The
Reer
half
files
of
Musquetteers
face
about
to
the
right
and
march
clear
of
your
Pikes
;
and
face
to
your
leader
.
ranks and files
The
Reducement
.
The
Front
Division
of
Pikes
,
face
about
to
the
right
,
and
march
into
your
places
;
the
Reer
Division
of
Musquetteers
march
up
into
your
places
.
5.
Command
.
Wheel
both
your
Flanks
of
Musquetteers
into
the
Front
,
both
flanks
of
Musquetteers
open
to
the
right
and
left
:
Front
division
of
Pikes
march
clear
of
the
Front
of
Musquetteers
,
and
open
to
the
right
and
left
,
until
you
are
clear
of
the
Angles
of
the
Reer
half
files
:
The
two
inmost
files
of
Musquetteers
march
until
you
are
clear
of
the
Front
of
Pikes
:
The
next
two
inmost
files
of
Musquetteers
face
in
opposition
,
march
and
close
your
divisions
in
the
Front
of
the
Reer
division
of
Pikes
;
face
all
to
your
leader
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
;
The
four
middle
files
of
Musquetteers
face
to
the
right
and
left
and
march
into
your
places
.
The
files
of
Musquetteers
in
the
Front
face
about
to
the
right
&
march
into
your
places
.
Face
them
to
their
leader
.
The
Front
half
files
of
Pikes
face
in
opposition
,
and
close
your
divisions
facing
them
to
the
Reer
and
march
them
into
their
places
;
then
close
the
Front
of
Musquetteers
as
at
first
,
and
wheel
the
Front
into
your
flanks
&c.
they
are
reduced
.
The
two
next
figures
are
almost
one
and
the
same
,
and
with
but
a
little
alteration
in
their
Commands
they
may
be
either
produced
,
or
reduced
.
6.
Command
.
Pikes
stand
;
The
Reer
half
files
of
Musquetteers
face
about
to
the
right
:
Musquetteers
march
all
until
you
are
clear
both
of
your
Front
and
Reer
of
Pikes
,
face
in
opposition
and
close
your
divisions
:
The
four
inmost
Ranks
of
Musquetteers
march
clear
of
the
remainder
both
in
Front
and
Reer
.
The
two
last
Ranks
of
Pikes
stand
,
the
rest
to
the
right
and
left
by
division
march
clear
of
the
Musquetteers
,
and
wheel
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
.
ranks and files
Directions
for
firing
upon
this
or
others
I
must
leave
to
the
ingenious
;
wishing
the
unskilful
to
fire
only
as
the
Figure
lyeth
,
lest
it
may
prove
trouble
to
them
to
reduce
.
The
Reducement
.
The
two
ranks
upon
the
flanks
wheel
to
the
right
and
left
inwards
and
march
into
your
places
:
Front
and
Reer
Musquetteers
face
about
to
the
right
and
march
forth
into
your
places
(
provided
they
are
faced
to
the
Reer
)
only
then
the
Front
Musquetteers
are
to
face
about
.
Then
Musquetteers
face
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
,
and
march
clear
of
the
Pikes
;
face
in
opposition
and
close
your
divisions
,
and
face
all
to
their
leader
they
are
reduced
.
It
is
but
marching
up
of
the
two
last
ranks
of
Pikes
into
the
Reer
of
the
Front
division
of
Musquetteers
,
and
the
Musquetteers
even
to
the
Reer
of
the
Pikes
,
which
produceth
this
next
figure
.
ranks and files
7.
Command
.
Half
files
double
your
Front
to
the
right
,
the
two
outmost
files
of
Musquetteers
of
each
flank
march
ten
paces
direct
and
stand
.
The
two
next
files
of
Musquetteers
of
each
flank
march
to
the
Reer
of
the
first
,
and
the
two
next
Ranks
in
the
Reer
of
the
second
,
until
they
are
clear
of
the
Front
of
the
battel
:
And
thus
is
this
figure
produced
.
Or
by
Commanding
.
The
two
outmost
in
each
flank
to
stand
,
the
rest
of
the
Body
face
about
to
the
right
and
march
,
and
so
leaving
the
two
outmost
files
in
the
Reer
of
the
first
,
and
the
third
in
the
Reer
of
the
second
,
and
the
remainder
of
the
Body
in
the
Reer
of
the
third
;
facing
all
to
their
proper
Front
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
them
,
Command
.
Musquetteers
face
about
to
the
right
and
march
into
your
places
;
Then
half
files
that
doubled
face
about
to
the
right
and
march
forth
into
your
places
.
Or
,
Even
files
from
the
left
,
double
your
files
to
the
left
.
8.
Command
.
Half
files
double
your
Front
to
the
right
intire
,
then
command
the
two
outmost
files
of
Musquetteers
of
each
Flank
to
march
until
they
are
clear
of
the
Front
and
stand
;
the
four
inmost
files
march
until
they
are
clear
of
the
Battels
also
and
stand
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
them
.
Musquetteers
face
about
to
the
right
,
and
march
forth
into
your
places
.
Then
half
ranks
of
the
right
double
the
depth
of
your
left
flank
intire
.
9.
Command
.
Pikes
march
clear
of
your
body
;
Pikes
wheel
your
flanks
into
the
Reer
;
Musquetteers
close
to
the
right
and
left
inward
:
Half
files
of
Musquetteers
double
your
Front
to
the
right
:
The
four
innermost
files
of
Musquetteers
face
about
to
the
right
&
march
clear
of
the
Reer
:
even
your
Ranks
and
streighten
your
files
both
of
Pikes
and
Musquetts
:
Then
the
four
innermost
files
both
of
Pikes
and
Musquetteers
march
ten
paces
direct
.
Then
Pikes
and
Musquetteers
of
each
Flank
face
to
the
right
and
left
,
and
march
ten
paces
;
facing
them
to
their
leader
.
ranks and files
To
reduce
this
,
Command
.
The
front
division
of
Pikes
and
Musquetteers
face
about
to
the
right
and
march
even
in
breast
with
the
Reer
of
Musquetteers
of
each
flank
.
Then
face
the
division
to
the
right
and
left
inwards
,
and
close
your
divisions
,
then
Command
the
Musquetteers
to
open
to
the
right
and
left
from
the
midst
,
and
the
Reer
divisions
of
Musquetteers
march
into
the
intervails
(
or
into
your
places
as
you
were
.
Then
Command
the
Pikes
to
wheel
their
flanks
into
the
Front
,
then
open
the
divisions
of
Musquetteers
to
the
right
and
left
,
facing
the
Pikes
about
to
the
right
,
and
march
into
their
places
:
so
facing
of
them
to
their
Leader
they
are
reduced
.
I
might
have
added
more
,
as
the
Plinthium
Battel
.
For
which
and
more
read
Captain
Bingham
Chap.
42.
pa.
55.
as
also
Barrif
,
Ward
.
And
Elton
as
I
am
informed
has
written
at
large
,
but
I
never
saw
his
works
.
CHAP.
XXII
.
IT
may
be
expected
I
should
treat
also
of
large
Battalias
,
or
great
numbers
of
men
;
demonstrating
of
them
likewise
by
their
several
Plat-forms
:
But
having
my
Number
proportioned
,
as
you
see
by
my
several
exercises
,
I
have
stretched
them
as
far
as
is
convenient
,
that
by
their
figures
they
may
be
so
well
understood
,
that
when
larger
numbers
are
before
you
,
your
Commands
may
be
performed
with
more
delight
and
security
.
But
before
the
Drum
beates
a
march
to
depart
the
field
,
I
shall
briefly
declare
,
That
in
grand
Battalias
(
or
field
services
)
the
Souldier
fires
by
vollies
,
or
(
as
termed
by
some
)
Salves
of
shott
;
that
is
,
when
they
are
to
fire
intirely
by
two
or
three
Ranks
,
or
more
,
as
your
number
will
permit
,
and
occasion
require
;
thereby
powring
showers
of
lead
upon
your
Enemy
:
Now
this
way
of
firing
,
and
those
also
of
gaining
ground
I
could
wish
the
Souldier
should
be
often
experienced
in
:
The
Commander
in
taking
pains
with
his
Souldier
cannot
be
the
worse
for
it
,
and
I
am
sure
the
Souldier
much
the
better
;
being
fitted
thereby
to
meet
his
Enemy
in
any
field
service
,
when
his
Majesty
shall
have
occasion
to
Command
him
.
For
that
Commander
that
is
experienced
in
this
Art
Military
finds
that
those
who
know
but
little
more
than
the
Theory
part
,
are
oftimes
pusled
(
or
at
a
stand
.
)
What
can
such
who
are
but
meer
Bookleidgers
do
?
when
their
Number
of
men
is
wanting
;
or
nature
in
place
sparing
to
their
advantage
or
intentions
;
such
when
they
are
forced
to
action
,
they
will
fail
of
their
expectation
,
and
at
last
must
be
beholding
to
others
that
are
better
Artists
,
or
else
it
may
prove
a
fatal
ruin
to
both
.
Some
of
my
friends
might
think
that
I
should
treat
also
somewhat
concerning
the
dignities
of
Officers
in
marching
&
in
placing
of
them
in
field
services
:
but
that
belonging
to
Commanders
of
an
higher
degree
,
it
would
be
presumption
in
me
to
lay
down
rules
for
them
to
follow
;
for
any
Minor
Officer
that
for
his
satisfaction
will
be
pleased
to
view
the
third
Chapter
of
these
Obsevations
,
he
may
understand
the
method
and
mode
thereof
;
and
I
hold
it
in
my
judgment
,
that
all
dignitie
in
marching
of
a
Regiment
is
from
a
file
;
and
the
drawing
up
of
Companies
for
a
Battalia
,
is
from
a
Rank
.
In
the
next
place
I
come
to
shew
the
necessity
of
the
exercise
of
Armes
,
&c.
CHAP.
XXIII
.
Shewing
the
necessity
of
the
Exercise
of
Armes
with
their
Antiquity
.
BEcause
I
have
heard
it
sounding
in
my
ears
;
what
needeth
all
this
trouble
and
expences
,
in
the
exercise
of
Armes
?
We
are
now
in
times
of
Peace
what
need
we
to
make
provision
,
&
c
?
I
shall
lay
down
some
examples
shewing
.
First
,
How
Antient
the
use
of
Armes
have
been
.
Secondly
,
A
complaint
for
want
of
Arms.
And
Thirdly
,
The
end
and
use
of
them
.
For
the
first
,
Abraham
had
three
hundred
and
eighteen
men
in
his
House
fitted
for
War
,
upon
short
warning
.
Moses
shewed
the
people
how
to
encamp
by
their
Standards
,
under
the
Ensigns
of
their
fathers
Houses
.
Joshua
and
the
Judges
,
under
whom
of
Reuben
and
Gad
and
the
half
Tribe
of
Manasseh
were
four
hundred
and
forty
thousand
,
seven
hundred
and
sixty
men
exercised
in
Wars
.
You
may
read
of
David
,
of
Solomon
,
of
Jehosaphat
,
of
Asa
,
of
Vzziah
,
whose
care
in
this
particular
is
most
plentifully
declared
.
Secondly
,
Of
the
complaint
for
want
of
Arms.
We
read
in
the
History
of
the
Judges
,
Was
there
a
shield
or
a
Spear
seen
among
forty
thousand
in
Israel
?
This
question
is
a
plain
negative
,
there
was
not
;
here
is
that
Defectus
Remedii
,
the
want
of
help
:
Great
was
their
misery
,
but
no
remedy
;
not
a
Spear
to
offend
,
nor
not
so
much
as
a
Shield
to
defend
;
War
was
at
their
Gates
,
yet
neither
offensive
nor
defensive
weapon
to
assist
:
Such
an
extremity
as
this
was
will
cause
all
to
be
lost
;
either
present
possessions
,
or
in
future
possibilities
,
so
that
hope
and
help
in
such
extremities
must
be
laid
aside
.
There
was
likewise
a
great
distress
in
the
time
of
Saul
;
when
the
spoilers
were
come
out
from
the
Philistins
,
there
was
neither
Sword
nor
Spear
found
in
any
of
the
hands
of
the
people
that
were
with
Saul
and
Jonathan
(
but
with
Saul
and
Jonathan
only
)
yet
although
here
was
a
great
want
they
had
victory
.
It
is
well
known
that
God
can
give
victory
by
small
means
,
(
and
as
the
Apostle
said
to
Christ
,
Master
,
here
are
two
Swords
;
he
answered
it
is
enough
.
He
can
give
your
Enemies
into
your
hands
with
two
Swords
,
with
one
Sword
,
with
no
Sword
.
)
All
this
was
to
convince
the
Children
of
Israel
,
that
God
fought
for
them
,
to
move
them
to
bless
the
Lord
,
Fifth
monarchy
men
.
Although
some
have
been
such
audacious
Rebels
to
think
their
zeal
should
even
beck
God
Almighty
,
or
to
command
power
and
aid
from
him
to
fight
for
them
;
therefore
boldly
attempted
of
late
,
saying
that
ten
should
chase
an
hundred
and
an
hundred
a
thousand
:
But
through
the
unjustness
of
their
undertakings
(
and
fewness
in
Number
)
they
must
sink
;
to
convince
them
and
all
others
upon
any
pretence
of
Religion
that
will
be
such
Rebellious
dissenters
,
God
Almighty
will
not
only
fight
against
them
,
but
will
deliver
them
into
the
hands
of
Justice
,
to
magnifie
his
own
power
in
bringing
such
to
condign
punishment
.
Thirdly
,
For
the
end
and
use
of
Armes
;
It
is
for
the
recovery
of
our
just
rights
which
wrongfully
have
been
detained
;
or
for
the
preservation
of
them
,
against
any
opposer
either
forraign
or
domestick
:
For
these
ends
Armes
may
be
used
,
and
War
proclaimed
;
yet
not
by
any
other
way
or
pretence
,
but
by
and
with
his
Majesties
consideration
thereof
whether
just
or
unjust
;
by
which
we
are
to
be
either
incouraged
or
discouraged
.
A
just
cause
may
be
farther
considered
in
the
Peace
of
the
People
,
the
safety
of
the
Countrey
,
and
the
Glory
of
the
Kingdom
:
As
to
the
first
,
there
was
never
any
War
intended
but
to
make
way
for
Peace
,
(
it
is
a
base
end
to
desire
Peace
,
by
which
to
leavy
a
force
against
an
unjust
War
)
but
so
to
desire
a
just
War
that
thereby
may
be
settled
a
well
grounded
peace
.
A
second
thing
that
may
be
considered
is
the
health
and
safety
of
the
Countrey
:
some
must
be
endangered
that
all
may
not
be
destroyed
:
I
could
wish
that
our
Chiefetains
and
Gentlemen
with
those
dull
,
leaded
spirits
of
our
rotten
Country
—
and
miserable
worldlings
would
consider
for
whose
sakes
the
worthy
Souldier
spares
neither
time
nor
purse
in
this
Noble
Exercise
;
but
even
for
them
and
theirs
,
theirs
and
their
Children
;
yet
they
must
be
judged
most
contemptible
;
rather
than
to
countenance
them
,
some
will
burden
them
in
their
rates
and
taxes
,
and
keep
their
just
dues
and
payes
from
them
:
yet
consider
who
it
is
that
must
preserve
your
Cities
and
Countries
,
Temples
and
Pallaces
,
Trafficks
and
Marketts
,
Ships
and
Shops
,
from
ruine
,
desolation
and
destruction
;
but
the
Souldier
under
God
.
Thirdly
,
The
Glory
of
a
Kingdom
lyeth
much
in
a
people
well
disciplin'd
in
the
Art
of
War
.
That
Prince
that
maketh
it
his
designes
to
have
his
people
instructed
and
trained
up
in
Military
exercises
,
will
make
his
Enemies
to
fear
him
both
at
home
and
abroad
:
And
that
people
that
shall
justly
be
called
forth
upon
these
principles
,
need
not
fear
of
being
conquerours
.
A
just
cause
may
be
spoiled
through
the
ill
management
thereof
,
or
through
perfidious
dealings
.
A
Rebellious
Conquerour
may
make
lawes
even
to
death
it self
,
to
maintain
his
Victory
;
as
our
late
Usurpation
hath
experienced
:
But
at
last
the
whole
world
beheld
with
an
eye
of
admiration
,
to
see
how
miraculously
God
restored
his
Majesty
to
his
Crown
and
Dignities
;
the
Church
and
People
to
their
just
rights
and
liberties
.
I
do
affirme
and
truly
say
of
Soveraign
Power
,
Kingdomes
,
Lawes
and
Armies
,
as
was
said
of
Hippocrates's
Twins
,
they
laugh
and
weep
together
,
they
live
and
die
together
;
for
as
without
Lawes
the
Soveraign
power
and
the
Common-wealth
cannot
subsist
by
reason
of
disorders
within
;
so
without
Armes
,
and
the
exercise
of
them
th●
cannot
be
safe
by
reason
of
dangers
without
.
I
shall
further
and
briefly
prove
that
the
safety
both
of
King
and
people
is
much
advanced
by
the
exercise
of
Armes
:
although
Solomon
saith
In
the
multitude
of
people
is
the
honour
of
a
King
,
and
for
want
of
people
cometh
destruction
.
Notwithstanding
I
may
affirm
that
safety
is
not
in
a
multitude
of
men
without
weapons
,
and
skill
to
manage
them
.
It
is
asserted
That
Counsel
and
strength
are
for
War
;
Then
,
how
shall
Counsell
and
strength
be
established
,
Isa.
36.
without
education
and
instruction
to
service
?
and
how
shall
a
man
be
instructed
without
Military
Exercises
?
There
are
some
disadvantages
that
happen
in
Wars
,
partly
by
reason
of
the
suddainness
of
the
War
,
and
partly
in
respect
of
the
inequality
and
odds
betwixt
party
and
party
;
Now
Souldiers
without
dexterity
and
skill
,
can
never
be
able
to
extricate
themselves
out
of
such
difficulties
as
may
befall
them
:
All
which
proves
that
the
exercise
of
Armes
is
to
be
allowed
and
Commanded
.
And
as
I
told
you
at
first
I
have
heard
some
say
,
that
we
live
in
Gospel
times
,
which
are
to
be
times
of
Peace
,
and
not
of
war
,
therefore
there
needeth
not
those
Exercises
of
Armes
as
you
reason
for
&c.
This
is
argued
by
some
out
of
covetousness
to
save
their
expences
;
but
are
ready
to
declare
when
there
is
occasion
,
then
they
will
be
in
a
readiness
to
do
their
best
:
There
are
others
of
a
Fanatick
humour
,
He
speaketh
not
against
the
use
of
weapons
or
lawfull
War
.
Whereas
before
Christ
they
were
enemies
,
but
now
there
shall
be
love
&c.
unwilling
to
set
forward
any
thing
that
may
be
commanded
them
,
&
argue
from
that
in
Isaiah
,
They
shall
heat
their
swords
into
plough
shares
and
their
Spears
into
pruning
hooks
.
Nation
shall
not
lift
up
a
Sword
against
Nation
,
neither
shall
they
learn
War
any
more
.
Now
in
answer
hereunto
we
must
oppose
it
by
another
saying
in
Joel
,
where
the
people
were
called
upon
to
beat
their
plough
shares
into
swords
,
and
their
pruning
hooks
into
Spears
.
For
the
reconciling
hereof
the
learned
say
that
Isaiah
was
to
distinguish
between
the
purpose
and
intent
of
Christs
coming
into
the
world
,
and
the
other
sheweth
the
success
and
event
which
was
accidental
in
respect
of
mans
malice
:
Again
to
the
first
of
these
they
argue
what
Christ
said
to
Saint
Peter
,
Put
up
thy
Sword
,
for
he
that
strikes
with
the
Sword
,
shall
perish
by
the
Sword
.
But
I
pray
you
observe
what
he
saith
to
his
Disciples
,
That
he
that
hath
no
Sword
,
let
him
sell
his
coat
and
buy
a
Sword
.
Although
the
end
of
Christs
coming
was
to
reconcile
things
in
Heaven
and
things
on
earth
;
I
have
been
further
taught
by
the
Learned
that
this
is
attained
unto
between
God
and
us
in
our
Justification
;
and
will
be
accomplished
between
man
and
man
in
the
day
of
Redemption
:
Yet
as
long
as
there
is
a
Sathanical
Spirit
in
the
children
of
disobedience
,
and
so
long
as
there
is
a
remnant
of
sin
in
the
heart
of
any
,
there
will
be
Divisions
,
Familists
,
Quakers
,
Anabaptists
,
Independents
,
and
Presbyterians
;
All
being
refractory
to
the
present
commands
&c.
Which
sheweth
a
necessity
to
have
a
care
and
prepare
for
the
exercise
of
Armes
;
That
none
of
these
by
their
Usurpation
may
for
ever
hereafter
snatch
the
Trumpets
out
of
Moses's
hands
;
nor
the
Trumpet
only
,
but
the
Sword
also
,
nor
the
Sword
alone
but
the
Crown
and
Scepter
also
:
Now
by
this
mutual
exercise
of
Armes
I
doubt
not
but
in
a
litttle
time
God
Almighty
will
unite
the
affections
of
most
against
such
as
shall
exalt
themseves
above
all
that
is
called
God
.
Let
me
excite
all
to
be
diligent
,
in
the
use
of
the
meanes
,
to
make
themselves
able
and
fit
Souldiers
and
Commanders
,
by
often
Exercising
,
and
willing
to
get
compleat
Armes
,
to
be
exercised
in
Martial
dispipline
;
considering
how
ill
it
was
with
Israel
when
there
was
not
a
shield
to
be
found
amongst
40000
men
;
And
consider
again
how
worthy
of
praise
it
was
to
Martial
Discipline
in
Israel
,
when
they
had
170000
every
one
able
to
lead
an
Army
,
&c.
I
must
tell
you
we
have
not
our
peace
by
Patent
,
we
know
not
how
long
it
may
continue
,
Let
war
therefore
be
provided
for
,
as
to
train
up
some
to
military
practises
:
If
War
should
come
,
it
is
labour
well
spent
;
If
not
,
it
is
a
labour
well
lost
.
Long
preparations
make
a
short
and
quick
victory
.
Some
are
apt
to
say
we
have
Souldiers
enough
,
we
will
all
fight
when
occasion
shall
serve
;
Let
me
tell
such
that
they
that
never
tried
it
,
think
it
a
pleasure
to
fight
,
and
they
will
fight
strangely
,
if
they
have
no
weapons
,
and
use
their
weapons
more
strangely
if
they
have
no
skill
:
Re
Milita
.
lib.
1.
c.
20.
It
is
a
saying
of
Vegetius
,
Non
de
pugna
,
sed
de
fuga
cogitant
,
qui
nudi
in
acie
exponuntur
ad
Vulnera
.
Their
minds
are
not
so
much
on
fighting
as
fleeing
,
that
are
exposed
to
War
without
weapons
;
and
a
Souldier
may
be
almost
as
well
without
them
as
not
to
know
how
to
use
them
.
Now
that
the
Souldier
may
not
be
failing
herein
,
and
that
his
Majestie
may
never
want
able
Souldiers
in
the
Country
as
well
as
in
the
City
;
I
most
humbly
beg
,
and
crave
pardon
in
presuming
to
present
it
,
That
the
Muster
master
in
every
Countrey
should
be
a
careful
unbyassed
person
,
an
able
Souldier
,
and
one
whom
the
Commanders
and
Gentlemen
love
and
affect
,
who
should
be
alwayes
by
authority
to
attend
at
such
times
and
places
,
as
shall
be
thought
convenient
to
exercise
and
teach
the
Art
of
Military
discipline
to
all
that
shall
willingly
imbrace
it
;
And
if
his
pay
be
too
little
for
him
,
to
make
it
his
business
and
to
attend
upon
it
:
It
may
be
then
augmented
without
any
trouble
;
and
the
Souldier
will
be
found
much
more
capable
for
service
when
commanded
.
There
must
be
exercise
or
else
mens
spirits
will
grow
restie
:
what
turnes
to
putrefaction
sooner
than
standing
water
?
what
is
Vertue
without
Action
?
Idleness
doth
neither
get
,
nor
save
;
but
lose
:
If
exercise
be
good
then
those
are
best
that
tend
to
the
most
good
:
The
exercises
of
War
step
in
to
challenge
their
deserved
praise
,
which
I
leave
to
the
most
Judicious
to
give
them
their
due
in
time
and
place
.
The
ancient
Gaules
were
said
to
be
the
most
Warlike
and
Valiant
men
of
all
Nations
:
But
how
became
they
such
?
It
was
by
the
continual
exercise
and
use
of
Armes
;
Caesars
Com.
l.
5.
&
7.
for
it
was
their
Custome
,
to
come
Armed
to
their
Councils
.
Their
applause
of
any
Oration
was
signified
by
clattering
of
their
Armes
,
and
their
Oathes
taken
were
upon
their
Armes
.
The
Germaines
were
wont
to
go
Armed
about
their
negotiations
,
and
to
their
Banquets
.
The
most
Warlike
Nations
in
the
world
have
accounted
it
a
piece
of
policy
,
to
be
frequent
in
the
use
of
Armes
:
Why
should
not
the
laudableness
of
such
martial
exercises
perswade
men
to
love
and
imbrace
the
use
of
them
?
We
read
some
presidents
for
it
;
of
Jonathans
shooting
for
sport
that
he
might
be
thereby
fitted
to
War
.
And
without
doubt
the
Benjamites
attained
that
dexterity
in
casting
stones
out
of
a
sling
at
an
haires
breadth
by
frequent
exercise
for
recreation
.
And
may
I
not
affirm
,
by
the
Exercise
of
Arms
that
Empires
,
Kingdoms
and
Common-wealths
have
come
to
their
heigth
and
Soveraignty
,
and
have
so
maintained
their
State
in
happiness
and
prosperity
?
and
by
neglecting
of
the
same
,
they
have
declined
and
decayed
,
and
at
last
have
been
made
Preys
to
their
Enemies
:
How
were
those
Empires
and
Monarchies
of
the
Egyptians
,
Medians
,
Parthians
,
Persians
and
Romans
,
established
and
greatly
augmented
by
this
Military
Art
;
And
how
was
the
Dominion
of
the
Graecian
Empire
preserved
and
wonderfully
inlarged
by
the
Art
and
Discipline
of
great
Alexander
with
small
Armies
of
well
ordered
and
exercised
Souldiers
?
How
did
he
vanquish
most
great
and
huge
Armies
of
his
Enemies
?
Nay
a
great
part
of
the
World
even
contrary
then
to
expectation
?
Even
so
on
the
other
side
,
the
forgetting
and
neglecting
of
this
Art
Military
,
hath
not
been
only
the
decay
but
the
ruine
of
many
Empires
and
Kingdoms
.
Now
that
people
that
is
not
incouraged
,
or
rather
compelled
by
good
Laws
to
practise
and
exercise
Arms
,
or
any
thing
else
belonging
to
this
Military
Art
;
they
will
in
a
short
time
for
want
of
such
Manlike
,
Martial
Orders
and
Exercises
,
grow
into
Sloth
,
to
Covetousness
,
to
Drunkenness
,
and
Vicious
Effeminacies
,
and
to
all
other
Evils
as
Nature
shall
incline
them
unto
;
by
the
which
they
in
a
short
time
do
become
unfit
to
be
imployed
in
any
War
offensive
,
and
unable
to
defend
themselves
if
they
should
be
invaded
.
Did
not
God
for
the
sins
of
the
Jews
deprive
them
of
understanding
of
this
Military
Art
?
Among
other
Priviledges
he
deprived
them
of
,
he
tool
from
them
the
valiant
men
of
War
,
the
Prudent
and
the
Captains
of
fifty
,
&c.
When
he
made
them
thus
uncapable
,
then
they
were
first
of
all
conquered
and
utterly
subdued
and
●●●ed
by
the
Romans
,
under
their
Emperours
Vespasian
and
Titus
his
Son
:
I
might
tell
you
of
many
Nations
and
Kingdoms
that
have
been
ruined
for
want
of
Order
and
Exercise
:
Spain
by
the
Moors
:
King
Don
Roderigo
,
and
many
thousands
of
his
Nobility
and
people
were
slain
by
the
Arabians
and
Moors
.
And
about
the
Year
1353.
we
read
that
the
Princes
of
Greece
,
aided
by
the
Despote
or
Duke
of
Bulgaria
did
revolt
against
John
Paleologus
at
that
time
Emperour
of
Constantinople
;
who
for
his
safety
against
those
Revolters
entered
into
a
League
with
Amurat
the
first
,
and
third
King
of
the
House
of
Ottoman
,
and
had
his
Assistance
with
ten
thousand
of
his
Horse-men
;
who
by
their
good
order
and
well
disciplined
Souldiers
did
prevail
against
his
Revolters
,
and
brought
them
to
obedience
:
But
what
followed
?
Amurat
being
informed
of
the
great
riches
those
Graecians
had
,
together
with
their
weakness
,
by
reason
of
their
disorder
in
Military
Affairs
,
transported
an
Army
over
the
Asian
Seas
into
Greece
,
and
by
that
Invasion
took
many
Cities
and
Towns
,
and
did
afterwards
by
battle
slay
the
Duke
of
Bulgaria
and
Servia
,
with
many
others
,
&c.
and
there
placed
himself
over
a
great
part
of
their
Dominion
:
So
about
fourscore
years
after
,
Mahomet
the
second
Emperour
of
the
Turks
seeing
Constantine
Paleologus
then
Emperour
of
Constantinople
without
any
settled
Militia
,
and
his
people
grown
luxurious
and
not
able
to
resist
him
by
Battle
,
did
in
the
Year
1453.
besiege
the
Emperial
City
of
Constantinople
,
who
within
two
Months
by
assault
won
the
said
City
,
and
put
the
Emperour
,
Empress
,
and
their
young
Princes
,
with
an
infinite
number
of
Men
,
Women
and
Children
to
the
sword
.
I
might
give
a
great
many
more
Instances
as
to
our
own
Country
from
the
Saxons
to
the
Normans
;
and
what
History
speaks
later
of
our selves
,
I
must
leave
that
to
our
Reformers
to
consider
how
useful
and
necessary
the
exercise
of
Arms
is
to
the
wellfare
of
a
Nation
and
people
.
The
Emperour
Alexander
Severus
that
Excellent
Prince
being
very
skilful
in
Government
,
both
in
War
and
Peace
,
speaking
to
his
Men
of
War
said
;
The
Military
Discipline
of
our
Ancestours
doth
maintain
and
preserve
out
State
and
Common-wealth
;
but
if
we
do
neglect
the
same
,
and
make
no
account
of
the
Orders
and
Exercises
of
it
,
We
,
our
name
and
Reputation
of
Romans
,
and
therewith
all
the
Roman
Empire
,
are
lost
and
forgotten
.
Though
the
frequent
use
of
Arms
in
Exercise
is
most
commendable
,
because
of
the
special
helps
it
hath
in
making
us
fit
and
serviceable
Instruments
of
the
Publick
wellfare
:
Yet
I
advise
it
with
these
Cautions
.
First
,
have
a
respect
to
your
particular
Calling
.
God
Almighty
feeds
us
,
as
well
as
defends
us
;
so
if
any
man
under
pretence
of
his
Exercise
shall
waste
his
time
and
means
,
to
the
dammage
or
undoing
of
his
Family
;
I
say
,
such
will
bring
a
scandal
,
and
an
ill
report
upon
this
worthy
design
:
He
that
would
manage
his
Country
Affairs
with
delight
and
profit
,
to
his
preservation
and
not
to
his
ruine
and
destruction
,
must
imitate
those
Builders
under
Nehemiah
,
who
held
their
Swords
in
one
hand
,
and
their
Trowel
in
the
other
;
so
mind
your
Military
Exercises
,
as
not
to
forget
your
necessary
Affairs
at
home
;
without
your
dependances
be
wholly
upon
it
,
then
to
mind
nothing
more
.
Yet
Secondly
,
To
have
such
an
intent
upon
their
private
and
particular
concernments
,
making
them
unfit
for
Imployments
,
as
to
impede
them
in
the
seeking
the
Publick
Good
,
or
make
themselves
the
main
end
of
their
Enterprise
in
what
they
undertake
,
doth
degenerate
so
much
from
being
true
Souldiers
,
as
to
dishonour
themselves
in
all
their
Services
,
and
will
be
the
sole
jet
to
hinder
preferment
when
it
shall
fall
.
And
lastly
,
Sparta's
Souldiers
(
I
have
read
)
were
Sparta's
Walls
,
by
reason
of
their
Concord
and
Unity
amongst
themselves
;
therefore
let
every
Souldier
respectively
preserve
Unity
in
the
Bond
of
Peace
,
and
in
so
doing
we
shall
be
the
better
able
to
pray
with
our
Church
,
To
give
peace
in
our
time
,
O
Lord
,
for
there
is
none
that
fighteth
for
us
,
but
only
thou
,
O
God
.
CHAP.
XXIV
.
Conclusion
.
I
Humbly
crave
pardon
for
what
is
here
undertaken
,
knowing
my
own
inabilities
for
so
great
a
Work
;
If
I
had
seen
any
part
of
Elton's
Pieces
,
before
I
had
concluded
these
my
minor
Lines
;
they
should
have
been
turned
into
oblivious
dust
:
But
being
commanded
by
some
of
our
Chieftains
,
and
desired
by
others
of
my
Friends
to
proceed
thus
far
(
and
no
farther
)
accordingly
I
have
both
granted
and
obeyed
:
It
is
not
in
the
least
to
condemn
any
Person
that
hath
gone
before
me
,
or
to
boast
in
the
least
for
what
is
done
,
or
what
I
know
:
I
have
observed
that
some
are
most
excellent
for
their
Pen
;
some
in
their
Lingue
,
and
others
for
execution
;
now
what
I
do
want
in
either
of
the
two
first
,
the
last
with
my
blood
shall
witness
to
all
the
true
zeal
I
bear
to
my
Sacred
King
,
and
Countries
good
,
when
Commands
and
Occasions
present
themselves
:
In
the
mean
time
,
to
him
who
is
the
great
King
of
Kings
,
Lord
of
Lords
,
preserve
to
his
Honour
,
good
of
his
People
,
and
confusion
of
his
Enemies
.
CHAP.
I.
The
Original
and
beginning
of
Ensigns
and
Colours
.
OF
this
Subject
I
never
thought
to
have
spoken
any
thing
,
1670.
but
this
last
Summer
perceiving
most
Ensigns
(
having
that
Honour
assigned
them
by
Commission
)
knew
but
little
what
belonged
to
their
Office
;
and
think
it
a
thing
of
little
or
no
difficulty
,
but
only
a
Rag
or
Mark
,
which
any
man
may
carry
,
so
it
be
born
up
,
or
swung
about
mens
cars
,
and
sometimes
in
the
teeth
of
such
which
are
next
unto
them
.
And
for
the
Election
of
these
Officers
by
some
new
Commissionated
Captains
;
It
is
not
by
the
greatness
of
his
skill
,
but
the
largeness
of
his
body
;
not
how
able
he
is
in
his
mind
,
but
how
strong
he
is
in
his
Arms
;
not
what
is
his
Spirit
,
Activity
,
Dexterity
,
but
what
is
his
wealth
,
and
how
near
he
is
allyed
to
the
Captain
in
blood
,
friendship
,
or
service
;
or
some
other
beholdingness
to
him
,
for
this
piece
of
Honour
:
As
if
this
Place
deserved
nothing
else
,
but
a
meer
Man
,
or
some
Friend
:
For
when
shall
you
see
an
Ensign
almost
in
any
Imployment
,
more
than
in
ordinary
Marches
,
or
standing
still
,
and
observing
other
mens
Actions
?
When
shall
you
see
either
Captain
or
Lieutenant
,
teach
the
Ensign
his
Postures
,
or
the
Dignity
of
his
Place
,
his
demeanour
before
Kings
,
Princes
and
Potentates
;
and
other
his
subjection
to
his
Superiours
;
his
State
and
Gard
to
his
Equals
,
and
his
Humanity
and
Courtesie
to
his
Inferiours
.
I
am
sure
that
some
are
so
far
from
making
inquiry
after
these
discoveries
that
you
shall
see
some
Ensigns
let
fly
their
Colours
,
when
they
should
sink
them
;
and
some
to
stoop
them
to
Pesants
or
Comrades
,
when
Superiours
have
gone
unsaluted
:
There
are
a
great
many
other
absurdities
,
but
I
shall
hereby
endeavour
a
Reformation
;
although
it
may
not
be
to
the
satisfaction
of
all
,
yet
I
will
lay
open
and
plain
what
I
know
of
these
Concerns
,
as
not
to
puzzle
him
who
is
desirous
to
learn
,
nor
lull
asleep
with
amazement
the
weakest
capacity
.
Therefore
in
the
first
place
I
shall
endeavour
to
declare
the
Original
and
first
beginnings
of
Ensigns
(
or
Colours
)
in
the
Wars
,
and
how
they
have
grown
up
by
succession
,
and
continue
as
now
they
are
.
It
's
true
,
that
the
Antient
Historians
and
Heathen
Writers
,
hold
divers
Opinions
,
touching
the
first
beginning
of
Ensigns
:
Some
deriving
of
them
(
especially
the
old
Poets
)
from
Hercules
;
in
imitation
of
his
Lyons
skin
:
Others
take
the
beginning
from
Perithou●
,
Persius
.
the
Companion
of
Hercules
in
Imitation
of
his
inchanted
shield
;
whereon
was
painted
the
head
of
the
Monster
Gorgon
;
on
which
whosoever
gazed
was
instantly
transformed
into
a
stone
:
But
these
fictions
are
more
moral
than
true
.
There
be
others
which
suppose
,
that
the
first
Ensign
was
born
or
carried
before
Theseus
,
when
he
went
to
combate
with
Hippolyta
,
Queen
of
the
Amazons
,
whom
he
bravely
conquered
and
afterward
married
.
Now
as
these
,
so
many
other
Writers
suppose
divers
other
beginners
of
this
Mystery
:
Some
lay
it
upon
Mercury
,
because
of
his
Caduceus
:
Some
upon
Vulcan
,
when
he
forged
Mars
a
Shield
,
and
an
Armour
;
and
some
upon
Jupiter
,
whose
Ensign
was
Thunder
and
Lightning
.
But
those
which
go
much
nearer
the
Truth
ascribe
the
beginning
of
this
Dignity
unto
Tuhalca●n
the
Son
of
Lamech
,
who
painted
in
an
Ensign
the
whole
History
of
his
Fathers
Actions
and
Conquests
,
when
he
conquered
(
or
rather
tyrannized
over
)
his
weaker
Neighbours
:
And
that
after
him
Japhet
the
Son
of
Noah
,
did
the
like
,
and
caused
his
Actions
to
be
painted
out
,
and
born
before
him
in
an
Ensign
.
But
upon
the
credit
of
these
old
Poets
,
Historians
and
Rabbins
,
we
may
not
rely
,
but
must
fly
to
the
truth
it self
;
which
is
ever
a
faithful
and
a
constant
Warrant
.
We
find
in
holy
Writ
that
the
greatest
Chieftain
that
ever
led
Army
upon
the
Earth
was
Moses
,
the
great
servant
of
the
great
God
;
He
was
truly
Dux
a
Duke
,
a
Leader
,
such
a
Duke
and
such
a
Leader
,
as
after
him
(
Christ
excepted
)
was
never
the
like
seen
in
the
World
;
and
the
Army
which
he
lead
,
was
the
greatest
,
strongest
,
and
most
fortunate
in
Number
,
Power
,
and
in
all
manner
of
hazardous
Actions
,
that
ever
the
World
saw
,
or
the
Sun
shined
upon
.
Now
we
find
this
Duke
,
this
Prince
over
Israel
,
by
the
holy
appointment
of
God
himself
was
the
first
that
began
true
Martial
Discipline
;
for
as
himself
was
General
over
that
huge
Body
;
so
for
the
well
disposing
and
governing
of
every
particular
member
,
he
constituted
and
appointed
several
Colonels
over
the
several
Tribes
,
and
under
every
Colonel
several
Captains
,
as
Commanders
in
Chief
over
particular
Companies
,
who
as
Inferiours
did
execute
the
Commands
of
their
Superiours
,
and
had
also
executed
under
them
,
by
others
,
whatsoever
they
lawfully
commanded
,
that
was
for
the
good
and
benefit
of
the
Army
.
As
thus
he
divided
the
twelve
Tribes
into
twelve
war-like
Bodies
;
so
also
he
ordained
them
several
Ensigns
or
Banners
,
charged
with
twelve
several
Marks
or
Divisions
,
under
which
they
marched
;
which
by
solemn
oath
and
protestation
they
were
bound
to
guard
and
follow
in
all
places
and
all
dangers
.
By
these
Ensigns
and
tokens
of
Honour
,
the
Tribes
were
first
of
all
distinguished
and
known
one
from
another
;
and
by
the
carriage
of
them
in
the
field
,
and
their
waving
and
prospects
in
their
several
places
,
was
the
dignity
of
place
and
precedency
of
greatness
first
known
;
the
Elder
being
distinguished
by
his
Ensign
or
Mark
from
the
younger
,
the
greater
from
the
less
,
and
the
eminent
and
more
superiour
from
those
of
lower
rank
and
inferiour
.
Although
we
have
a
large
Basis
to
superstruct
our
imitations
upon
,
yet
there
was
not
the
general
use
of
Ensigns
then
,
as
now
there
is
;
for
these
Ensigns
were
due
only
to
the
great
Colonel
,
or
chief
head
of
the
Tribes
,
not
to
every
particular
Company
,
but
to
one
Tribe
was
allowed
but
one
Ensign
,
and
after
one
manner
and
form
;
so
as
Simeon
may
not
carry
that
of
Levi
,
nor
Levi
that
of
Judah
;
but
were
tied
to
their
own
Colours
:
Also
if
that
one
Tribe
were
divided
into
many
Bodies
,
yet
did
they
not
carry
several
Ensigns
,
but
every
Body
the
Ensign
of
his
own
Tribe
;
so
that
Companies
were
not
distinguished
by
their
Captains
or
Chiefs
,
but
by
their
Tribes
;
nor
could
they
say
there
goes
such
a
particular
Commander
,
but
there
is
such
a
Tribe
;
not
there
marches
Aaron
,
but
there
marches
the
Tribe
of
Levi
;
and
thus
of
the
rest
.
Hence
,
and
from
this
ground
was
taken
up
the
use
of
the
Ensigns
,
or
Banners
of
Kingdoms
,
by
which
several
Armies
display
to
the
World
their
several
Nations
;
as
with
us
in
England
,
we
have
the
Ensign
of
St.
George
,
(
as
we
term
it
)
which
is
a
bloody
Cross
in
a
white
field
,
which
shews
to
the
world
not
what
private
Company
I
follow
,
but
what
King
I
serve
,
and
what
Country
I
acknowledge
;
for
howsoever
private
Captains
are
allowed
their
Ensigns
for
private
respects
or
distinctions
;
yet
they
are
not
allowed
(
or
to
be
born
on
foot
)
without
this
general
Ensign
of
this
Kingdom
:
for
thus
it
holdeth
in
all
Christian
Kingdoms
,
and
amongst
the
Turks
also
,
as
appeareth
by
their
Cressant
or
Half
Moon
in
all
their
Armies
,
as
the
Ensign
of
their
Universal
Monarchy
.
Thus
you
see
Moses
first
(
and
that
by
the
Commandment
of
God
himself
)
began
Ensigns
,
which
by
succession
of
time
,
descended
and
came
down
with
a
more
general
use
,
unto
the
days
of
Maccabees
;
for
the
Tribes
then
being
dispersed
far
and
wide
,
and
made
Kings
of
many
spatious
and
fruitful
Countries
;
they
took
liberty
to
alter
their
Ensigns
,
according
to
their
own
fancies
:
The
glory
thereof
when
it
came
to
the
cares
of
the
Graecians
and
Macedonians
(
for
Alexander
is
supposed
to
reign
in
the
time
of
the
Maccabees
)
they
took
to
themselves
a
lawful
imitation
thereof
,
and
so
commanded
their
Captains
,
&c.
to
carry
in
their
Ensigns
,
Devices
in
honour
of
their
Renown
and
Conquests
.
Then
from
the
imitations
of
the
Graecians
,
the
Romans
took
to
themselves
the
carriage
of
Ensigns
;
and
because
they
found
it
the
chiefest
beauty
and
ornament
of
Armies
,
they
made
it
therefore
the
noblest
and
richest
spoil
which
could
possibly
be
taken
away
from
the
Enemy
;
and
so
made
it
an
hereditary
right
for
any
man
that
should
take
(
in
honourable
fashion
)
such
spoyls
,
ever
after
to
bear
them
,
as
his
own
,
to
him
and
his
Posterity
for
ever
.
The
Romans
first
brought
this
custom
into
the
Monarchy
of
Great
Britain
,
when
Caesar
first
invaded
and
got
footing
into
the
same
:
Howsoever
there
is
an
opinion
taken
that
Brute
,
when
he
first
conquered
this
Island
,
brought
in
the
Trojan
Ensigns
,
and
other
Ornaments
of
their
Wars
;
yet
it
is
certain
that
through
Civil
Dissentions
,
and
other
Forreign
Combustions
,
all
these
Honourable
Marks
were
lost
and
forgotten
,
and
only
the
Romans
renewed
and
brought
them
back
unto
memory
,
partly
by
their
glory
and
example
,
and
partly
by
their
loss
when
they
were
repulsed
back
;
who
left
behind
them
many
of
these
spoyls
to
adorn
the
Britains
:
From
these
times
hath
the
use
of
Ensigns
remained
amongst
us
;
and
as
the
Ages
have
succeeded
,
and
proved
wiser
and
wiser
,
and
one
time
more
than
another
,
so
hath
the
alteration
of
these
Emblems
(
or
Ensigns
)
changed
and
brought
themselves
into
the
form
wherein
they
are
at
this
instant
carried
;
as
the
Romans
varyed
from
the
old
Britains
,
so
the
Saxons
from
the
Romans
,
and
the
Danes
from
the
Saxons
:
But
the
French
then
being
the
most
refined
Nation
of
all
other
,
altering
from
them
all
;
and
now
the
English
having
altered
all
into
this
present
mode
of
Uniformity
,
they
may
display
them
to
the
World
for
their
Gallantry
.
CHAP.
II.
The
Definition
of
Ensigns
.
AFter
the
Original
,
Antiquity
,
and
first
beginning
hath
been
endeavoured
to
be
made
to
appear
;
I
shall
now
descend
to
the
definition
and
distinction
of
them
;
and
by
what
proper
names
they
were
called
in
the
best
and
most
renowned
Wars
of
Christendom
,
and
for
what
reason
they
have
held
and
retained
them
.
To
begin
with
the
first
and
most
antient
name
belonging
to
Ensigns
,
I
think
it
not
amiss
to
borrow
it
from
the
Romans
;
for
although
the
Hebrews
,
Chaldeans
and
Graecians
,
were
the
first
Inventers
,
yet
the
Names
and
Attributes
they
gave
them
,
were
much
incertain
and
unconstant
,
and
as
the
experience
of
Wars
grew
great
,
and
as
the
Invention
dilated
and
spread
further
,
so
did
the
signification
alter
;
for
what
was
proper
and
substantial
in
this
Age
,
in
the
next
was
utterly
lost
and
forgotten
,
so
as
I
shall
not
rest
upon
these
Titles
or
significations
.
The
first
then
that
retained
a
constant
and
firm
settled
name
for
those
Trophies
of
Honour
,
is
taken
to
be
the
Romans
,
who
indeed
being
the
greatest
Schoolmasters
in
the
Art
of
War
,
are
the
most
worthy
to
be
held
for
Imitation
or
Authority
.
The
name
which
the
Romans
first
gave
to
the
Ensign
,
or
him
that
carried
the
Ensign
(
for
to
the
man
was
ever
attributed
the
Contents
of
the
thing
he
carried
)
was
Insigne
,
or
Sign
bearing
,
(
and
so
Ensign-bearer
)
because
they
carried
in
those
Ensigns
,
Marks
,
Empressaes
or
Emblems
,
best
agreeing
with
their
natures
and
condition
,
according
to
their
own
Inventions
;
or
else
the
Pourtraictures
of
their
former
Battles
and
Conquests
;
either
of
which
was
so
honourable
,
that
indeed
they
were
made
Hereditary
;
descending
down
to
their
Children
▪
from
Generation
to
Generation
:
And
no
more
were
called
Signs
,
&c.
but
Coat-Armour
,
or
the
Honour
of
the
Families
;
nor
were
they
of
slight
or
ordinary
esteem
,
as
at
first
;
neither
had
men
liberty
any
longer
to
make
election
of
them
at
their
own
Wills
,
but
this
power
was
incabinated
within
the
breast
of
Emperours
,
Kings
and
Generals
,
who
indeed
(
under
God
)
are
the
unbounded
Oceans
of
Honour
,
they
only
have
the
liberty
of
bestowing
and
confirming
Honour
at
their
own
pleasures
.
Hence
it
came
that
Ensigns
thus
carrying
of
Coat-Armours
,
were
of
such
reverend
esteem
,
that
men
took
it
for
the
honourablest
place
that
might
be
,
to
fall
near
or
about
the
Ensign
;
and
for
the
defence
of
it
,
no
hazzard
could
be
too
great
,
nor
any
torment
insupportable
:
So
that
many
times
the
Zeal
of
those
that
did
defend
these
Ensigns
,
&c.
and
the
inflamed
desire
or
greediness
of
those
which
sought
to
conquer
and
atchieve
them
,
was
so
immeasurable
and
unbounded
,
that
an
infinite
of
blood
hath
been
shed
,
and
many
powerful
Armies
overthrown
,
only
for
the
purchase
of
one
of
these
honourable
Trophies
.
This
when
the
wisdom
of
the
Romans
perceived
,
and
that
those
Insignias
were
not
Bugbears
to
affright
,
but
rather
fires
,
which
did
inflame
their
Enemies
courage
beyond
their
proper
natures
;
they
forthwith
forbad
the
carrying
of
any
Coat-Armour
or
Device
in
their
Ensigns
;
but
only
such
slight
inventions
,
as
might
not
make
the
Enemy
much
the
richer
by
the
enjoyment
thereof
,
nor
themselves
much
the
poorer
by
the
loss
.
And
hence
it
followed
that
the
word
Insignia
was
put
out
of
use
,
and
they
then
called
the
Ensign
Antesignia
,
and
made
other
Devices
contrary
to
all
Coat-Armour
;
intimating
to
the
Enemy
that
whatsoever
they
got
by
those
purchases
,
was
dishonourable
rather
than
any
way
worthy
of
Triumph
:
And
from
this
word
Antesignia
,
or
Antesigne
,
(
for
it
hath
been
so
written
in
antient
Records
)
it
hath
been
judged
that
this
word
Antient
in
many
places
used
amongst
us
,
and
given
to
our
Ensigns
,
hath
been
corruptly
retained
by
us
;
for
it
hath
no
coherence
in
signification
,
nor
can
any
way
be
alluded
unto
this
Officer
,
more
than
to
his
Antiquity
and
long
standing
in
the
Wars
.
But
this
did
not
quench
any
flame
in
the
Enemy
,
for
the
Romans
found
them
every
way
as
eager
in
pursuit
of
these
weak
and
fained
Devices
,
as
the
greatest
hereditary
Coat-Armour
they
could
carry
;
for
when
in
any
skirmish
Fortune
made
them
Masters
thereof
,
they
took
as
great
Pride
,
as
if
they
had
subdued
whole
Armies
,
and
bare
them
with
as
much
Pomp
and
Triumph
,
as
if
they
had
got
all
Rome
in
subjection
:
which
the
wisdom
of
the
Romans
,
and
other
Nations
looking
into
,
it
presently
became
a
custom
among
all
their
Armies
,
that
thence
forth
,
no
Foot
Company
or
Chieftain
of
the
Infantry
should
carry
in
his
Ensign
any
Coat-Armour
or
other
Device
what
ever
,
more
than
the
mixture
,
or
true
composition
of
two
colours
,
together
with
the
general
Ensign
of
the
Kingdom
in
the
most
eminent
corner
thereof
.
And
after
this
time
the
Romans
called
their
Ensign-bearers
no
more
Antesignia
,
Read
Markham's
Souldiers
Accidence
.
or
Antesigne
;
but
of
late
only
Signifier
,
from
Significo
,
to
to
signifie
a
thing
,
as
being
men
of
special
note
and
regard
;
and
that
the
thing
signifying
was
only
a
Mark
of
much
Honour
,
&c.
The
Spaniards
and
Italians
that
took
all
their
imitation
from
the
Romans
,
who
were
their
great
Lords
and
masters
,
do
at
this
day
call
this
Officer
Alferes
,
and
make
account
of
him
next
unto
their
Captains
,
not
suffering
any
second
to
step
in
between
them
.
The
Dutch
call
this
Officer
Vandragon
,
or
Vandragar
,
which
holdeth
with
the
same
significations
.
And
we
of
England
properly
call
him
Ensign
,
and
in
some
Countries
Antient
:
The
first
from
the
thing
he
carrieth
,
and
the
latter
from
the
Honour
and
Antiquity
of
the
Institution
:
And
both
may
well
be
agreeing
with
the
first
Titles
,
conceiving
better
cannot
be
invented
.
CHAP.
III.
The
Original
of
Horse
and
Horse
Colours
.
HAving
treated
of
the
definition
and
signification
of
the
several
names
which
belong
to
the
Ensignes
of
Foot
,
I
will
now
take
leave
to
speak
a
little
to
the
Colours
or
marks
of
Honour
that
are
born
on
Horseback
;
which
I
find
by
experienced
Souldiers
to
be
full
as
ancient
or
rather
more
than
those
which
belong
to
the
Foot
Companies
.
But
omitting
all
prophane
Opinions
and
vain
circumstances
,
I
find
when
the
children
of
Israel
passed
through
the
Red
Sea
,
how
they
were
pursued
by
Pharaoh
,
and
all
his
Host
,
which
did
consist
most
of
Charriots
(
which
in
those
dayes
were
accounted
Horsemen
)
and
very
properly
too
)
because
being
drawn
by
the
violent
force
of
Horse
,
and
laden
with
the
strongest
and
best
experienced
Souldiers
,
they
had
a
double
power
to
enter
into
Battalias
to
disrank
and
break
their
array
,
and
to
make
their
Enemies
to
run
into
a
rout
and
confusion
;
and
though
they
had
not
the
use
of
our
Discipline
,
nor
the
true
managing
of
the
Horse
as
we
have
,
yet
all
their
purposes
and
intents
in
the
use
of
their
Charriots
,
were
to
the
same
ends
,
to
which
at
this
day
our
Horse
are
applyed
.
To
these
Chariots
belonged
Colours
,
or
Ensignes
of
Martial
Honour
;
which
were
called
Standards
or
Standarts
,
or
the
Kings
Emperial
Trophie
:
Indeed
these
were
nothing
so
general
,
as
those
on
Foot
,
but
more
precious
and
reserved
,
as
an
Attribute
only
belonging
to
the
King
and
not
to
any
other
.
These
Standards
were
charged
with
the
Kings
Emperial
Coat-Armour
,
and
usually
born
by
a
Prince
or
some
man
of
high
place
and
dignity
,
the
imitation
whereof
we
still
pursue
and
follow
at
this
day
,
giving
it
a
superiority
above
all
other
Ensignes
.
After
the
use
of
Chariots
was
found
out
,
the
use
of
Elephants
a
warlike
beast
and
of
all
other
the
strongest
;
for
these
cerried
cartain
little
artificial
Houses
(
in
the
form
of
Castles
)
on
their
backs
in
which
were
some
few
experienced
Souldiers
〈◊〉
with
warlike
Ensignes
,
and
weapons
by
which
they
overthrew
the
Foot
Comp●●●
and
made
passage
through
them
in
despight
of
all
opposition
;
as
you
shall
read
in
the
History
of
Porus
King
of
India
.
Not
long
after
the
Exercise
of
Elephants
,
was
found
out
the
use
of
the
single
Horse
,
in
those
Countries
where
Horses
were
most
frequent
,
as
in
Arabia
,
Parthia
,
Persia
,
and
Scythia
,
for
the
Asian
parts
;
in
Barbary
,
Egypt
and
Carthage
,
for
the
parts
of
Africa
;
and
with
us
in
Europe
,
in
Russia
,
Muscovia
,
Poland
,
Hungary
,
Italie
,
but
principally
and
above
all
the
rest
in
France
,
who
were
accounted
in
antient
time
the
flower
of
warlike
Horsemen
,
both
in
number
and
discipline
;
therefore
from
them
hath
been
taken
our
Authority
and
examples
:
But
now
I
conceive
we
may
not
go
so
far
for
either
,
referring
for
satisfaction
to
the
present
mode
of
Discipline
in
England
,
for
his
Majesties
Horse
now
in
Command
it
is
thought
none
can
exceed
them
.
I
have
read
of
a
Guydon
used
with
the
light
Horse
in
former
times
:
Antiquity
tells
us
of
Gentlemen
at
Armes
,
Launciers
and
light
Horsemen
.
In
the
old
Wars
the
Gentlemen
at
Armes
belonged
to
the
Kings
own
person
,
or
in
his
absence
to
his
General
only
;
And
the
Empresa
of
honour
that
they
followed
was
the
Kings
Standard
Royall
,
being
Damask
and
charged
with
his
Coat-Armour
.
The
Launciers
they
had
their
Cornet
to
follow
,
which
had
Devices
in
them
according
to
their
commanders
pleasures
.
And
then
the
Light-hors-men
had
their
Guydon
which
was
somewhat
long
and
sharp
at
the
end
but
with
a
slit
which
made
it
double
pointed
much
like
to
our
late
Dragooners
;
but
for
these
Guydons
I
need
not
stand
upon
,
only
to
shew
all
along
there
were
Horse
Colours
,
as
Ensignes
of
honour
used
.
And
now
the
Cornets
being
most
in
use
with
us
in
England
,
for
the
Horse
service
I
need
not
decypher
the
length
or
breadth
of
them
.
CHAP.
IV.
Of
the
Dignitie
of
Ensigns
.
1.
THe
Dignitie
and
estimation
of
Ensignes
in
all
ages
hath
been
held
most
Venerable
,
and
worthy
;
they
have
been
esteemed
the
glory
of
the
Captain
,
and
his
company
;
and
indeed
they
are
no
less
,
for
where
they
perish
with
disgrace
there
the
Captains
honour
faileth
,
and
the
Souldier's
in
hazzard
of
Ruine
;
for
if
the
loss
proceed
either
from
their
Cowardice
(
or
misgovernment
)
it
hath
been
death
by
the
law
of
Armes
to
all
that
survive
;
and
the
best
mercy
that
can
be
expected
is
that
every
Souldier
shall
draw
a
lot
for
his
life
(
file
by
file
)
so
that
one
out
of
every
file
perisheth
for
it
.
2.
The
next
Dignitie
of
the
Ensign
is
,
that
every
Souldier
as
soon
as
he
is
inrolled
and
hath
received
either
pay
or
impress
,
they
antiently
took
a
solemne
Oath
to
be
faithful
to
their
Colours
,
to
attend
them
carefully
,
and
to
defend
them
valiantly
;
And
that
upon
all
summons
,
of
the
Trumpet
or
Drum
,
or
Command
of
their
Officers
,
to
repair
to
them
,
wheresoever
they
shall
be
lodged
,
stand
,
or
be
;
and
not
to
depart
or
stragle
from
them
until
they
have
received
orders
.
3.
The
Ensign
hath
another
dignity
,
that
whensoever
he
shall
enter
into
City
,
Town
,
Garrison
,
Campe
,
or
other
Randesvouze
of
aboad
,
he
is
to
be
first
lodged
,
before
any
other
Officer
or
Souldier
;
And
not
in
any
mean
place
,
but
the
best
and
most
spacious
for
the
drawng
up
of
the
Souldiers
upon
any
Alarme
;
and
his
Quarter
ought
to
be
the
most
secure
from
danger
.
4.
The
Ensign
hath
Dignity
of
place
according
to
the
Antiquity
of
his
〈◊〉
But
in
one
particular
case
,
it
hath
been
judged
to
be
greater
than
his
Captain
,
〈◊〉
lendeth
place
to
him
;
as
thus
,
no
Captain
can
receive
his
antiquity
from
his
inrollment
,
but
from
the
first
hour
in
which
his
Colours
flew
;
for
if
two
be
inrolled
upon
one
day
,
and
the
latter
marcheth
before
the
face
of
his
Enemy
with
his
Colours
flying
,
in
this
case
the
first
hath
lost
his
priority
,
and
the
latter
for
ever
after
shall
preceed
him
.
I
have
read
of
another
resolve
;
Three
Captains
(
or
more
as
occasion
happeneth
)
were
all
inrolled
upon
a
day
,
and
all
their
Colours
flying
;
presently
upon
a
Truce
,
Composition
or
other
occasion
there
is
some
small
cessation
of
Armes
,
and
these
new
inrolled
Captains
are
Casheer'd
(
or
dismist
)
for
the
present
service
:
Now
the
two
first
that
had
priority
of
place
not
only
by
inrollment
but
by
flying
of
their
Ensignes
,
because
they
would
not
be
out
of
action
(
to
a
Souldier
the
tast
of
gain
is
pleasant
)
took
upon
them
the
Commands
as
Lieutenants
of
two
Colonels
Companies
&c.
which
are
Captains
places
in
courtesie
,
retaining
those
titles
,
and
in
some
Courts
of
War
have
had
their
Voyces
;
Now
the
third
all
this
time
taketh
upon
him
no
place
,
but
remaineth
in
Statu
quo
prius
;
And
in
revolution
of
time
all
these
three
Captains
aforesaid
are
again
Commissionated
for
three
new
Companies
of
their
own
,
the
Question
was
whose
Ensigne
should
fly
first
,
and
which
of
these
three
shall
have
the
priority
of
place
?
It
was
thus
answered
and
adjudged
by
the
old
Earle
of
Essex
and
Sir
Francis
Vere
,
&c.
that
the
two
first
who
had
taken
upon
them
Lieutenancies
had
utterly
lost
their
Superiorities
,
and
the
third
whose
Honour
slept
,
but
diminished
not
,
had
precedencie
of
place
,
and
his
Ensign
flew
before
the
other
ever
after
.
5.
The
Ensigne
hath
this
Dignity
to
have
a
Guard
ever
about
it
,
which
no
other
Officer
hath
;
neither
is
it
to
be
disimbogued
,
or
unlodged
,
without
a
special
Guard
,
attending
upon
it
both
of
Musquetteers
and
Pikes
;
(
And
so
for
a
Cornet
with
his
own
Squadron
of
Horse
.
)
Also
in
the
field
if
it
be
in
particular
Discipline
or
otherwise
upon
an
Alt
,
or
stand
,
at
such
time
as
the
Army
or
Company
are
to
refresh
themselves
with
victuals
or
other
rest
,
in
this
case
the
Ensigne
shall
by
no
means
lay
his
Colours
upon
the
ground
,
or
put
them
in
unworthy
or
base
hands
,
but
he
shall
first
furle
and
fold
them
up
and
set
the
butt
end
on
the
ground
supported
with
the
Serjeants
Holbearts
,
and
the
Ensign
himself
shall
not
go
from
the
view
thereof
,
unless
he
shall
leave
a
sufficient
guard
for
them
.
6.
An
other
dignity
of
an
Ensign
is
,
If
a
Noblemen
or
an
Esquire
will
take
upon
him
the
Command
of
a
private
Company
and
have
no
other
superiour
place
in
an
Army
,
and
a
mean
Gentleman
hath
the
like
equal
Command
but
a
great
deal
more
antient
,
although
there
ought
to
be
a
respect
if
they
should
happen
in
company
unto
the
worth
and
quality
of
the
person
;
yet
the
meaner
Gentlemans
Colours
shall
fly
before
the
other
.
As
this
hath
been
the
antient
practise
in
the
Wars
,
how
then
do
those
Captains
debase
themselves
,
and
their
Ensigns
,
to
suffer
young
Captains
to
step
in
,
(
either
by
greatness
in
quality
or
favour
)
to
fly
their
Colours
before
them
,
&c.
7.
Every
Ensign
hath
his
Dignity
,
although
he
is
wholly
to
be
at
the
Captains
Command
,
yet
in
justice
no
Captain
,
nor
other
Officer
can
command
the
Ensign-bearer
from
his
Colours
,
for
they
are
as
man
and
wife
,
and
ought
not
to
indure
a
separation
;
nor
can
he
be
commanded
with
his
Ensign
to
any
base
(
dishonourable
)
place
or
Action
:
And
hence
it
is
that
to
this
day
this
place
,
and
mark
of
Honour
is
held
in
such
a
venerable
&
worthy
estimation
amongst
the
Spaniards
and
Italians
that
they
will
not
allow
of
any
second
between
him
and
the
Captain
,
as
the
name
of
a
Lieutenant
to
be
amongst
them
,
thinking
it
to
be
a
superfluous
charge
and
command
,
because
it
is
in
their
judgments
a
lessening
and
a
bateing
of
the
Ensignes
Honour
.
But
in
this
although
we
esteem
an
Ensign
very
honourable
,
we
in
England
differ
from
them
,
owning
the
place
of
a
Lieutenant
to
be
honourable
and
necessary
,
who
ought
to
be
a
man
of
most
approved
experience
;
for
he
takes
from
the
Captain
those
heavy
burdens
,
which
otherwise
would
make
the
Captains
trouble
insupportable
,
nor
can
the
Ensign
discharge
them
unless
he
neglects
his
care
and
duty
to
his
Colours
.
8.
As
for
the
dignity
of
the
Ensign
in
England
(
not
medling
with
the
Standard
Royal
)
to
a
Regimental
dignity
;
The
Colonels
Colours
in
the
first
place
is
of
a
pure
and
clean
colour
,
without
any
mixture
The
Lieutenant
Colonels
only
with
Saint
Georges
Armes
in
the
upper
corner
next
the
staff
;
The
Majors
the
same
,
but
in
the
lower
and
outmost
corner
with
a
little
stream
Blazant
,
And
every
Captain
with
Saint
Georges
Armes
alone
,
but
with
so
many
spots
or
several
Devices
as
pertain
to
the
dignity
of
their
respective
places
.
But
with
us
in
England
,
placing
and
displacing
is
left
to
the
Generalissimo
,
&c.
and
so
to
his
substitutes
,
or
deputies
:
It
is
to
me
a
ridle
that
any
person
who
cannot
be
stained
with
the
least
blemish
should
lose
his
advancing
honour
;
But
kissing
goes
by
favour
.
CHAP.
V.
Of
Disgraces
to
the
Ensign
.
THere
are
as
many
disgraces
that
belong
to
the
Ensign
as
dignities
;
I
shall
for
brevity
sake
mention
but
some
few
:
all
which
must
proceed
from
mistakes
in
one
of
these
three
,
Vnskilful
composure
,
Negligent
government
,
or
Rash
actions
.
1.
Touching
Vnskilful
composure
,
either
in
false
making
,
or
bearing
of
Ensignes
;
and
that
you
may
be
informed
for
the
composures
thereof
,
I
cannot
better
it
than
to
declare
to
you
Markhams
own
words
out
of
his
Souldiers
Accidence
pag.
31.
He
saith
,
There
must
be
in
Military
honour
nine
several
faces
,
or
complexions
,
that
is
to
say
,
two
which
be
called
Mettals
,
as
Yellow
and
White
,
figuring
gold
and
Silver
;
and
seven
which
are
called
proper
colours
,
as
Black
,
Blew
,
Red
,
Green
,
Purple
,
Tunnis
and
Ermine
.
And
here
it
is
to
be
noted
that
no
mettal
is
to
be
carried
upon
mettal
:
And
for
the
signification
of
those
colours
you
shall
understand
that
1.
Yellow
betokeneth
honour
,
or
height
of
Spirit
,
which
being
never
separated
from
Vertue
,
of
all
things
is
most
jealous
of
disgrace
,
and
may
not
indure
the
least
shaddow
of
imputation
.
2.
White
signifieth
Innocencie
,
or
purity
of
conscience
,
Truth
,
and
upright
integrity
without
blemish
.
3.
Black
signifieth
Wisdome
,
and
sobriety
,
together
with
a
severe
correction
of
too
much
Ambition
,
being
mixed
with
Yellow
,
or
with
too
much
belief
or
lenity
being
mixed
with
White
.
4.
Blew
signifieth
Faith
,
Constancy
,
or
Truth
in
affection
.
5.
Red
signifieth
Justice
,
or
Noble
worthy
Anger
in
defence
of
Religion
,
or
the
oppressed
.
6.
Green
signifieth
good
hope
,
or
the
accomplishment
of
holy
and
honourable
actions
.
7.
Purple
signifieth
fortitude
with
discretion
,
or
a
most
true
discharge
of
any
Trust
reposed
.
8.
Tunnis
or
Tu●●y
,
signifieth
merit
,
or
desert
,
and
a
foe
to
Ingratitude
.
9.
Ermine
,
which
is
only
a
rich
Furr
,
with
curious
spots
,
signifieth
Religion
,
or
holiness
,
and
that
all
aimes
are
not
divine
objects
.
Now
from
these
colours
and
their
mixtures
are
derived
many
bastard
and
dishonourable
colours
,
as
Carnation
,
Orenge
tawny
,
Popengie
,
&c.
which
signifie
Craft
,
Pride
and
wantonness
.
So
that
all
Commanders
are
left
at
their
own
pleasure
for
their
mixtures
,
but
with
these
considerations
;
As
,
1.
Not
to
put
in
his
Ensign
his
full
Coat-Armour
.
2.
Not
to
bear
one
black
spot
and
no
more
in
his
Ensign
,
for
it
sheweth
some
blemish
in
the
owner
,
if
the
spot
be
round
,
square
,
or
of
equal
proportion
.
3.
If
the
spot
be
unequal
,
it
signifieth
a
Funeral
or
deadly
revenge
.
4.
Not
to
carry
words
in
his
Colours
without
a
Device
;
nor
a
Device
without
words
;
but
Device
with
words
,
and
the
words
not
to
exceed
four
in
number
,
for
if
there
be
more
it
sheweth
imperfection
.
5.
Not
to
carry
more
Colours
than
two
;
except
it
be
for
some
special
note
,
or
the
Ensign
of
several
Kingdoms
,
it
is
a
Surcharge
and
esteemed
folly
.
2.
Having
shewed
the
true
Colours
,
and
the
disgraces
that
may
arise
in
the
composure
of
them
,
as
mentioned
by
Mr.
Markham
,
I
come
to
the
next
disgraces
which
proceed
from
Negligence
in
Government
;
as
in
carrying
his
Colours
furl'd
(
or
folded
)
up
when
they
should
be
flying
,
or
to
let
his
Colours
fly
,
when
they
should
be
folded
up
;
or
to
display
(
or
flourish
them
)
when
they
should
be
carried
without
any
hand
motion
;
or
to
carry
them
without
motion
when
they
should
be
displayed
;
or
to
vaile
them
when
they
should
be
advanced
,
or
to
advance
them
when
they
should
be
vailed
.
To
lodge
or
dislodge
Colours
without
a
Guard
;
or
to
suffer
any
man
to
handle
them
that
hath
not
a
lawful
authority
.
Now
the
avoydance
hereof
is
sufficient
to
keep
any
man
from
gross
errors
.
3.
The
last
disgrace
as
to
the
dignity
of
the
Ensign
is
1.
From
the
rashness
and
unadvisedness
of
Actions
;
when
he
is
in
safety
out
of
a
phantastical
bravado
to
thrust
himself
into
danger
;
as
to
charge
the
Enemy
when
he
should
stand
still
:
It
is
not
only
a
disgrace
;
but
the
offence
hath
been
adjudged
worthy
of
death
,
although
he
may
obtain
victory
by
that
forward
action
.
2.
If
in
a
March
,
Battalia
,
or
setting
of
the
Parade
,
or
upon
any
other
Military
imployments
,
he
shall
misplace
himself
,
it
is
a
disgrace
.
3.
If
in
a
battel
,
skirmish
,
or
fight
where
the
Ensign
is
put
to
retreit
,
his
Colours
shall
be
surled
(
or
folded
)
up
,
or
shouldred
and
not
flying
and
held
forth
and
extended
with
the
left
arm
,
and
his
Sword
advanced
in
his
right
hand
,
his
Colours
are
disgraced
and
such
retreit
is
base
and
unworthy
.
4.
If
the
Ensign-Bearer
shall
happen
either
in
battel
or
skirmish
to
be
slain
,
and
so
the
Colours
fall
to
the
ground
,
if
those
,
or
some
of
them
next
adjoyning
threreunto
do
not
recover
and
advance
them
up
,
it
is
not
only
a
disgrace
to
the
Ensign
,
but
an
utter
dishonour
to
the
whole
Company
;
as
I
have
declared
,
that
if
the
Colours
be
lost
,
there
must
be
a
severe
accompt
given
for
them
:
And
indeed
a
greater
act
of
Cowardice
cannot
be
found
,
than
to
suffer
the
Colours
to
be
lost
.
There
is
an
antient
president
,
but
fresh
in
memory
,
that
in
great
defeats
when
Armies
have
been
overthrown
,
scattered
and
dispersed
so
that
particular
safety
hath
made
men
forget
general
observations
;
even
then
,
the
Ensign
being
wounded
to
death
,
and
desperate
of
all
relief
,
hath
stript
his
Ensign
from
the
staff
and
wrapt
or
folded
it
about
his
body
,
and
so
perished
with
it
:
This
Ensign
cannot
be
said
to
be
lost
,
because
the
honour
thereof
was
carried
with
his
freed
Soul
into
Heaven
,
to
the
possession
of
the
eternal
fort
for
ever
:
Now
in
this
particular
the
Enemy
cannot
boast
of
any
Triumph
if
then
purchased
,
more
than
every
Sexton
may
do
when
he
robs
the
dead
of
his
winding
sheet
.
Thus
it
hath
been
reported
that
Sebastian
King
of
Portugal
dyed
at
the
battel
of
Alcazar
:
And
I
have
read
of
many
of
our
brave
English
that
thus
dyed
at
the
renowned
Battel
at
Newport
,
and
have
heard
that
many
have
so
done
in
the
Army
of
our
late
Soveraign
of
ever
blessed
memory
.
5.
And
lastly
,
If
any
man
shall
recover
the
lost
Ensign
and
bring
it
away
flying
,
&c.
no
matter
how
low
in
condition
the
man
is
,
if
the
Captain
upon
any
after
considerations
bestow
those
Colours
upon
some
other
man
;
it
is
a
disgrace
both
to
the
Captain
and
his
Ensign
,
for
he
doth
injury
to
Vertue
and
discourage
Valour
.
Obj.
But
some
may
object
that
upon
composition
with
the
party
deserving
,
the
Captain
may
dispose
of
his
Colours
where
he
pleaseth
:
I
confess
it
true
,
but
if
this
composition
be
forced
it
is
injurious
;
And
if
it
come
by
a
voluntary
consent
of
the
party
,
it
is
base
and
most
unworthy
in
him
also
.
CHAP.
VI.
Of
the
right
use
and
ordering
of
the
Ensign
or
Colours
;
with
the
Postures
and
Flourishes
thereunto
belonging
.
AS
to
my
best
Remembrance
,
I
have
given
you
a
Catalogue
of
the
Disgraces
,
so
I
shall
here
insert
as
to
my
knowledge
the
true
use
of
the
Ensign
,
whereby
those
injuries
may
be
avoyded
.
1.
And
first
,
you
shall
understand
that
in
all
extended
Marches
(
and
not
drawn
into
a
Body
)
as
when
they
march
either
into
a
Friends
or
Enemies
Country
;
or
otherwise
are
conducted
to
some
remote
Randesvouz
;
here
the
Ensign
(
or
Colours
)
ought
to
be
half
furl'd
(
or
folded
)
up
,
and
half
flying
,
shall
be
shouldred
and
born
a
little
cross
the
Ensign-bearers
neck
,
with
his
hand
extended
a
good
distance
from
his
body
,
and
his
left
hand
upon
his
side
or
hilt
of
his
sword
;
this
is
termed
a
marching
in
State
.
2.
If
he
shall
enter
into
any
City
or
great
Town
;
then
he
shall
unfold
or
open
his
Colours
,
and
let
them
fly
at
full
length
,
and
carry
them
in
his
right
hand
close
under
the
hose
,
with
a
lofty
hand
and
extended
arm
:
This
is
a
marching
in
Triumph
;
but
if
the
wind
blow
stiff
,
or
there
is
a
weakness
or
wearisomness
in
the
Ensign-bearer
,
then
he
may
set
the
butt
end
against
his
waste
and
not
otherwise
;
and
is
to
have
but
one
hand
upon
his
staff
in
any
march
whatever
.
3.
In
all
Troopings
the
Ensign
shall
ever
be
furl'd
and
carried
in
the
same
Postures
as
the
Pikes
ought
to
be
.
4.
When
the
Company
is
drawn
up
into
a
Body
,
the
Colours
must
be
flying
;
and
by
the
Way
,
in
case
the
General
or
supreme
of
the
Wars
,
or
any
Noble
Stranger
worthy
of
respect
,
do
come
,
immediately
upon
his
or
their
approach
,
the
Ensign-bearer
in
all
humility
is
to
bow
the
head
of
his
Colours
,
waving
them
with
the
bow
of
his
body
,
and
to
raise
both
it
and
himself
up
again
:
And
as
the
said
person
shall
pass
away
,
the
Drum
shall
beat
,
and
the
Colours
shall
be
displayed
:
This
also
the
Ensign
shall
do
in
all
Marchings
,
or
other
motions
of
Civil
Exercises
,
where
your
Superiours
pass
by
you
,
or
you
by
them
:
Nay
it
is
expedient
and
fit
so
to
be
done
to
any
Gentleman
,
that
is
your
familiar
;
for
it
is
no
more
but
as
the
vailing
of
your
hat
,
or
giving
your
friend
a
courtesie
.
5.
Now
when
the
Body
is
drawn
up
into
Battalia
and
the
Enemy
within
view
thereof
,
then
every
man
being
in
his
place
is
to
express
all
the
Gallantry
he
can
,
and
especially
the
Ensign-bearer
either
in
displaying
his
Colours
standing
,
marching
,
charging
and
retreiting
(
or
retiring
;
)
and
all
these
ought
not
to
be
done
at
one
time
,
but
when
the
bodies
are
joyning
,
and
they
must
be
done
with
great
respect
,
for
to
use
the
Postures
directly
to
the
motion
or
standing
of
the
Body
;
and
not
to
do
as
I
have
seen
some
in
ordinary
Militia
Discipline
,
that
have
but
one
or
two
motions
of
their
Colours
,
upon
and
for
all
occasions
;
as
if
true
Honour
had
such
weak
inventions
;
this
without
doubt
is
most
base
and
unworthy
.
To
proceed
to
the
Postures
of
the
Ensign
.
They
are
in
general
as
followeth
,
so
well
as
I
can
express
them
;
for
they
are
better
in
execution
,
and
to
be
taught
by
example
,
than
any
pen
can
describe
them
.
1.
To
change
them
with
a
plain
wave
from
hand
to
hand
.
2.
To
change
them
with
lofty
turns
from
hand
to
hand
;
each
hand
performing
their
turns
before
you
deliver
them
,
as
from
the
right
to
the
left
,
and
from
the
left
to
the
right
,
as
at
first
,
3.
From
the
right
hand
with
a
wave
and
lofty
turn
jutting
the
Colours
upon
the
left
shoulder
,
and
raising
up
with
the
same
hand
again
,
and
with
lofty
turns
to
deliver
it
into
the
left
hand
,
that
so
thereby
you
may
execute
the
same
upon
the
right
shoulder
,
and
after
the
turns
,
to
deliver
it
into
the
right
hand
,
as
at
first
.
4.
With
(
and
from
)
the
right
hand
with
lofty
turns
throw
your
Colours
under
the
left
arm
,
recovering
them
speedily
back
with
conceived
Florishes
,
you
deliver
them
into
the
left
hand
:
you
may
execute
the
same
with
the
left
hand
.
5.
With
turns
or
flourishes
you
bring
the
butt
end
of
the
staff
to
your
left
hand
turning
the
palm
of
your
left
hand
outwards
(
but
not
for
the
reception
of
it
)
and
with
the
same
hand
only
throw
it
off
upon
its
turn
with
a
flourish
to
deliver
it
into
the
left
hand
,
and
to
perform
the
same
with
the
left
hand
,
and
deliver
the
Colours
into
the
right
hand
,
as
at
first
.
6.
With
lofty
turns
bring
the
Colours
over
the
head
down
right
(
but
not
too
low
)
before
,
and
raising
it
again
,
with
the
fore-turn
and
back-turn
over
the
head
,
changing
of
hands
and
delivering
as
before
.
7.
From
the
right
hand
deliver
into
your
left
hand
with
the
palm
of
your
hand
,
uppermost
,
the
butt
end
of
your
staff
turning
it
backwards
upon
the
left
shoulder
;
and
turning
it
over
the
head
with
the
same
hand
,
you
deliver
it
into
the
right
hand
after
the
same
manner
,
which
being
performed
with
the
right
hand
you
proceed
to
the
next
.
8.
From
the
right
hand
with
lofty
turns
,
fore-turns
and
back-turns
,
you
deliver
your
staff
into
your
left
hind
,
and
wheel
it
with
the
same
hand
on
the
same
side
,
and
after
your
recovery
to
deliver
it
into
the
right
hand
,
performing
of
the
same
and
proceed
.
9.
From
the
right
hand
upon
the
left
shoulder
,
raising
it
and
turning
with
its
back-turn
into
the
neck
;
with
its
returns
and
lofty
florishes
over
the
head
you
deliver
the
Colours
into
the
left
,
and
with
the
left
hand
upon
the
right
shoulder
you
execute
the
same
,
delivering
them
into
your
right
hand
as
at
first
.
10.
'T
is
by
some
termed
the
Figure
of
eighth
;
that
is
with
the
right
hand
the
half
wheel
on
the
left
side
,
and
so
back
on
the
right
side
,
and
then
delivering
it
into
the
left
hand
to
perform
the
same
.
11.
To
turn
it
round
the
head
oftentimes
upon
the
palm
with
your
fingers
of
your
right
hand
,
so
recovering
it
,
with
lofty
florishes
you
deliver
it
into
your
left
hand
to
perform
the
same
,
and
so
delivering
of
them
into
the
right
hand
.
And
if
it
be
your
pleasure
to
be
compleat
in
the
Exercise
of
them
,
you
go
back
to
the
tenth
,
and
so
conclude
with
the
first
.
And
in
your
conclusion
I
have
seen
some
to
furl
them
up
as
they
display
them
,
and
so
to
open
them
again
.
But
to
furl
them
up
in
the
field
it
is
most
ridiculous
.
Others
there
are
that
I
have
seen
to
round
them
oftentimes
about
their
middles
,
but
I
cannot
justifie
it
upon
any
Military
account
.
Others
I
have
seen
,
that
thinking
to
display
their
Colours
bravely
delivered
them
from
hand
to
hand
under
leg
;
I
must
boldly
inform
such
as
use
it
,
that
't
is
a
debasement
to
the
Captains
Colours
,
and
an
unworthy
Act
in
the
performers
of
it
.
I
told
you
of
some
particular
Postures
and
proper
for
the
Ensign-bearer
to
observe
.
1.
Standing
,
when
the
Body
stands
,
you
are
to
display
the
Colours
,
to
and
fro
in
a
direct
circle
,
and
changing
from
hand
to
hand
,
and
no
more
,
without
you
are
commanded
to
shew
the
excellency
of
your
parts
;
but
be
sure
to
be
well
guarded
when
you
shall
be
so
commanded
.
2.
In
marching
,
the
Posture
is
to
display
the
Colours
with
the
right
hand
only
,
casting
the
Ensign
still
forwards
,
waving
it
close
over
and
by
the
right
shoulder
,
never
crossing
the
Body
,
but
still
keeping
it
flying
on
the
out-side
of
the
right
shoulder
.
3.
The
charging
Posture
is
to
carry
the
staff
extended
streight
forward
before
your
body
,
waving
it
to
and
fro
as
high
as
your
bosome
,
being
ready
to
give
the
assistance
or
aid
with
the
left
hand
for
the
preservation
of
your
Colours
,
or
to
offend
the
Enemy
if
occasion
require
.
The
retiring
or
retreiting
posture
is
a
mixture
compounded
of
the
three
former
;
for
in
the
first
retreit
,
or
drawing
away
of
the
Company
,
he
shall
use
the
posture
of
marching
:
but
if
the
Enemy
press
near
upon
him
,
he
shall
stand
upon
his
guard
,
and
use
the
posture
of
charging
;
and
in
fine
,
having
quit
himself
of
danger
,
he
shall
use
the
standing
posture
a
little
,
and
then
march
or
troop
away
,
according
to
the
directions
of
the
commander
.
And
lastly
,
when
the
Ensign
returns
from
the
field
,
and
is
to
be
lodged
;
in
former
times
the
Lieutenant
had
the
Vanguard
;
but
that
I
shall
not
insist
upon
,
because
I
have
observed
it
to
be
left
off
by
able
Souldiers
.
The
Captain
leading
them
out
of
the
field
,
and
coming
near
the
place
intended
to
lodge
his
Colours
,
Converts
the
ranks
of
Musquetteers
of
both
divisions
to
the
right
and
left
outwards
and
joyns
them
;
and
being
so
fixed
,
the
body
of
Pikes
stand
in
the
reer
,
and
the
Ensign
in
the
head
of
them
,
the
Captain
before
the
Colours
,
with
the
Drums
and
Serjants
guarding
the
Colours
on
each
side
,
and
the
Lieutenant
behind
,
the
Ensign
bearer
,
and
all
being
advanced
,
shall
troop
up
with
the
Colours
furl'd
to
his
lodging
or
quarters
;
and
as
he
approacheth
thereto
,
he
shall
with
a
bow
to
his
Captain
carry
in
his
Colours
;
then
the
word
shall
be
given
to
all
the
Musquetteers
to
make
ready
;
that
being
done
,
they
shall
all
present
,
and
upon
the
beat
of
Drum
,
or
other
word
of
command
,
give
one
intire
Volley
;
and
then
command
every
Officer
to
go
to
their
quarters
,
and
to
be
in
readiness
upon
the
next
summons
,
either
by
Drum
or
Command
.
It
may
fall
out
,
that
time
will
not
permit
this
large
circumstance
;
then
the
whole
company
being
drawn
up
in
a
body
shall
troop
up
to
the
place
,
where
the
Ensign
shall
quarter
,
to
see
the
colours
safely
lodg'd
,
which
being
effected
,
the
Musquetteers
shall
with
one
intire
Volley
discharge
their
Musquets
,
and
so
depart
to
their
respective
quarters
;
commanding
all
upon
the
next
summons
to
be
in
readiness
,
&c.
And
I
might
here
adde
the
funeral
posture
:
if
for
a
private
souldier
;
the
Ensign-bearer
is
to
march
in
his
place
on
the
head
of
the
Pikes
,
with
the
Pikes
trailing
revers'd
,
but
the
Colours
furl'd
and
revers'd
only
:
But
if
it
be
a
commander
that
is
to
be
interred
,
he
is
then
to
march
just
before
the
Hearse
,
with
his
Colours
revers'd
,
&c.
If
I
have
writ
any
thing
amiss
,
or
omitted
any
thing
as
may
prejudice
the
honour
of
the
Ensign
,
I
beg
your
better
advice
,
for
it
was
in
the
years
1641.
and
1642.
that
I
minded
any
of
these
military
actions
;
therefore
for
any
error
herein
,
let
the
length
of
time
plead
my
excuse
:
However
,
I
could
wish
that
every
Ensign
would
but
observe
these
rules
,
he
would
then
the
better
know
his
own
worth
,
and
what
duty
lieth
incumbent
upon
him
;
and
being
careful
in
the
performance
of
them
,
his
own
honour
will
be
displayed
in
his
Colours
.
Sir
Francis
Vear's
notes
of
Direction
how
far
every
mans
office
in
a
Regiment
doth
extend
,
and
the
duty
of
every
Officer
.
1.
The
Office
of
a
Collonel
.
1.
EVery
Colonel
is
to
command
all
his
Officers
,
Captains
and
other
;
And
all
Souldiers
,
and
men
of
War
,
of
what
degree
soever
they
be
,
that
do
put
themselves
,
or
are
by
superior
authority
put
and
ranked
under
his
Regiment
,
are
all
to
respect
his
commands
,
and
obey
him
as
fully
as
they
would
the
chiefest
.
2.
Also
,
He
shall
see
all
orders
,
commands
and
directions
,
which
are
delivered
him
,
by
the
publick
officers
of
the
Army
,
for
Guards
,
Watchings
,
or
any
thing
else
,
for
matter
of
justice
,
or
for
ordering
of
the
Troops
,
executed
.
Furthermore
,
If
he
himself
find
any
mutiny
,
or
discontented
humours
tending
to
mutiny
,
or
extream
outrages
,
or
disorders
,
or
shall
by
any
of
his
Captains
,
Officers
or
Souldiers
be
informed
of
any
such
,
he
shall
forthwith
advertise
the
Generals
.
And
if
he
find
any
other
fault
,
negligence
or
swerving
from
either
directions
given
,
or
the
policy
of
the
Army
set
down
;
he
shall
straightway
acquaint
them
,
by
whom
such
directions
did
come
,
or
were
brought
unto
him
,
or
some
other
superiour
Officer
,
if
he
can
conveniently
acquaint
them
with
it
,
and
shall
produce
the
party
so
offending
,
with
the
Witnesses
and
Proofs
,
that
order
may
be
given
forthwith
,
and
justice
done
;
and
if
he
fail
to
give
this
information
of
any
thing
he
knows
or
hears
,
he
shall
be
deeply
faulty
:
Or
if
any
such
thing
pass
without
his
knowledge
,
he
shall
be
thought
of
worse
Government
than
were
fit
for
a
man
of
his
place
and
charge
.
3.
Also
,
In
Lodging
,
every
Colonel
ought
to
lodge
as
near
as
he
can
in
the
midst
of
the
quarter
assigned
for
the
Regiment
,
because
he
may
best
give
directions
for
the
whole
.
4.
In
marching
,
he
shall
be
at
the
end
of
the
Regiment
that
is
nearest
the
Enemy
(
that
is
to
say
)
in
the
head
of
a
Regiment
going
towards
an
Enemy
,
and
in
the
rereguard
going
from
the
Enemy
;
and
he
shall
not
go
from
thence
except
it
be
for
ordering
of
his
Regiment
or
some
extraordinary
occasions
.
5.
Once
every
week
the
Colonel
shall
call
together
all
his
Captains
,
and
shall
enquire
of
all
offences
in
his
Regiment
;
and
examine
the
nature
and
quality
of
such
offences
,
to
prepare
the
causes
for
a
more
speedy
hearing
in
a
Court
Martial
.
6.
All
Colonels
shall
repair
to
a
Court
Martial
,
as
often
as
they
shall
be
warn'd
,
and
shall
be
assistant
to
the
Lord
Martial
,
in
the
causes
that
shall
be
there
in
question
;
or
belonging
to
the
justice
of
the
Army
.
2.
The
Office
of
a
Lieutenant
Collonel
.
1.
The
Lieutenant-Colonel
,
when
the
Colonel
is
in
presence
,
is
to
assist
and
obey
him
,
in
seeing
all
the
directions
that
are
delivered
by
any
publick
Officer
,
or
such
as
shall
be
within
the
Authority
of
a
Colonel
to
command
,
executed
.
And
in
the
absence
of
the
Colonel
,
he
shall
have
the
command
that
the
Colonel
hath
himself
.
2.
He
is
to
lodge
ever
on
the
right
hand
of
his
Colonels
lodging
,
as
near
to
the
end
of
the
quarter
as
conveniently
he
may
.
3.
In
marching
or
imbattailing
,
Read
Markham's
decads
fo:
146.
and
Ward
,
fo:
200.
whensoever
the
Colonel
is
in
the
head
of
the
Regiment
,
he
shall
be
in
the
reer
;
and
when
the
Colonel
shall
be
in
the
rereward
,
he
shall
be
in
the
head
.
3.
Of
the
Office
of
a
Serjant-Major
.
2.
He
shall
in
the
presence
of
his
Colonel
or
Lieutenant
Colonel
be
assistant
to
them
,
or
either
of
them
,
in
seeing
all
orders
,
and
directions
executed
and
performed
,
and
in
the
absence
of
them
both
,
to
have
the
same
authority
as
the
Colonel
himself
:
He
shall
lodge
on
the
left
hand
of
the
Colonel
,
as
near
the
end
of
the
quarter
as
may
be
with
conveniency
.
2.
In
marching
or
imbattailing
he
shall
keep
as
near
the
end
of
the
Regiment
as
he
can
,
sometimes
on
the
side
,
that
so
he
may
overlook
the
order
of
the
March.
3.
He
shall
come
to
the
Serjant-Major-General
to
receive
the
word
from
him
,
if
there
be
no
extraordinary
cause
to
hinder
him
;
And
when
he
hath
received
the
word
,
he
shall
deliver
the
word
over
to
the
Serjants
of
every
company
in
the
Regiment
,
who
are
to
come
to
him
for
it
.
4.
As
he
doth
receive
directions
for
marching
,
imbattailing
and
placing
of
guards
from
the
Major-General
;
so
he
is
to
deliver
the
fame
to
the
Captains
of
the
Regiment
,
and
call
those
to
whom
it
doth
pertain
,
and
see
them
executed
.
5.
Every
night
he
is
to
visit
all
the
guards
of
that
Regiment
,
and
to
keep
turn
of
Watches
,
marches
and
going
to
the
Wars
;
or
sending
Troops
(
or
companies
)
upon
service
,
to
the
end
that
both
the
labour
and
honour
may
be
equally
divided
.
By
the
way
you
may
observe
:
whereas
the
Serjants
of
every
company
are
to
be
assistant
to
the
Serjant-Major
of
that
particular
Regiment
for
the
dividing
of
their
several
Corporalships
or
squadrons
,
files
or
half
files
,
for
the
making
up
of
any
body
,
form
or
figure
according
to
directions
,
&c.
So
the
Serjant-Majors
of
Regiments
,
are
to
assist
the
Serjant-Major
of
an
Army
,
to
bring
in
what
divisions
or
bodies
soever
shall
be
called
for
;
and
the
Serjant-Major
General
is
so
to
do
to
the
Martial
of
the
Field
:
And
that
his
duty
may
be
performed
with
all
careful
severity
,
the
Serjant-Major
is
allowed
his
Hakney
to
speed
it
from
Company
to
Company
,
to
see
that
every
Company
be
in
his
true
form
;
and
not
to
suffer
any
man
whatever
through
Pride
,
Stubborness
,
Neglect
,
Covetousness
of
Pillage
,
or
by
any
other
dilitory
,
and
weak
excuse
,
to
break
out
of
his
rank
,
or
to
disproportion
any
part
of
the
body
,
by
any
rude
or
uncomely
posture
,
but
severely
to
rebuke
the
same
,
and
compel
a
speedy
reformation
.
But
out
of
an
Army
,
both
in
field
or
otherwise
,
then
the
office
both
of
a
Serjant-Major
and
Marshal
shall
be
in
himself
;
he
shall
summon
Courts
of
War
,
with
the
assistance
of
his
Captains
,
to
proceed
to
trial
against
offenders
,
he
shall
proportion
all
allodgments
,
encampings
,
and
with
his
best
skill
fortifie
the
same
;
and
shall
upon
fight
draw
the
battel
(
yet
with
this
limitation
,
to
take
directions
from
his
superior
Officer
,
&c.
And
as
you
see
he
is
to
take
care
of
all
Watches
and
Guards
about
that
Regiment
:
so
if
there
be
no
greater
Officer
than
himself
,
there
to
give
the
word
,
and
to
appoint
the
Court
of
guard
and
Sentinels
;
but
if
there
be
a
superior
Officer
,
then
the
Serjant-Major
shall
receive
it
from
him
,
and
so
give
it
to
the
Captains
and
other
such
inferior
Officers
as
shall
have
the
guard
that
night
.
In
short
,
a
Serjant-Major
ought
to
be
dutiful
to
all
his
Superiours
by
whom
he
is
to
be
directed
:
he
ought
to
be
an
experienced
Souldier
,
and
of
a
valiant
and
undaunted
behaviour
.
4.
The
Office
of
a
Quarter-master
.
1.
He
shall
in
all
changing
of
lodging
,
attend
the
Quartermaster
General
,
and
take
the
place
assigned
by
him
for
the
quartering
of
the
Regiment
,
in
such
form
as
the
Quarter-master
General
shall
direct
him
,
and
there
he
shall
appoint
lodgings
to
the
Colonel
and
the
Officers
according
to
their
places
that
they
are
to
take
in
the
Regiment
,
both
in
town
and
field
.
2.
He
shall
lodge
suttlers
of
that
Regiment
in
the
hindermost
part
of
the
quarter
,
at
such
distance
as
the
Quartermaster
General
shall
appoint
.
3.
His
place
is
to
lodge
on
the
back
side
of
the
Quarter
,
behind
the
lodgings
of
the
Lieutenant-Colonel
.
4.
The
Office
of
the
Provost
.
1.
He
shall
see
all
Proclamations
,
Orders
,
or
Decrees
that
shall
be
published
by
the
Provost-Martial
of
the
Army
,
likewise
to
be
published
in
the
Regiment
whereof
he
is
Provost
.
2.
Also
he
shall
keep
all
the
Prisoners
committed
to
him
;
and
once
a
week
give
notice
to
the
Provost-Martial-General
of
all
the
Prisoners
within
his
charge
,
and
of
the
cause
of
their
committance
.
3.
Furthermore
,
He
shall
oversee
all
the
Victuallers
of
the
Regiment
,
that
they
shall
neither
at
unreasonable
prices
,
nor
at
unlawful
hours
sell
their
victuals
,
and
shall
on
the
other
side
be
watchful
that
no
wrong
be
done
,
and
if
any
be
,
that
forthwith
the
party
doing
wrong
,
shall
be
brought
before
some
officer
that
hath
Authority
to
yield
redress
,
and
to
that
end
he
shall
go
about
the
Quarters
once
every
forenoon
,
once
in
the
afternoon
,
and
once
in
the
dead
time
in
the
night
,
if
it
may
be
conveniently
performed
.
4.
He
shall
have
an
accompt
given
him
every
night
of
the
Victualer
,
what
victual
is
in
the
quarter
,
and
he
shall
carry
the
notes
thereof
to
the
Provost-martial
of
the
Army
.
5.
He
shall
when
preys
(
or
booties
)
are
brought
in
,
after
the
Provost-martial
general
hath
divided
them
to
the
Regiments
,
divide
them
to
the
several
Companies
he
is
Provost-martial
of
.
6.
He
is
to
see
the
quarters
kept
clean
and
sweet
;
all
garbage
and
filth
buried
;
nothing
that
may
annoy
the
quarters
suffered
to
be
at
such
a
distance
as
shall
be
appointed
by
the
Provost-martial
of
the
Army
.
7.
He
shall
lodge
in
the
midst
of
the
Victuallers
of
the
Regiment
.
8.
He
shall
come
to
the
Carriage-master
for
directions
where
the
baggage
of
that
Regiment
shall
march
,
where
they
shall
assemble
,
and
what
wayes
they
shall
go
,
which
directions
he
shall
perform
:
and
after
he
hath
given
the
first
place
to
the
Colonels
baggage
he
shall
place
by
turn
the
rest
as
the
Companies
do
march
.
9.
Also
he
shall
see
the
wayes
made
for
the
Carriages
accompanied
with
men
sufficient
,
and
with
instruments
to
help
and
amend
every
thing
that
is
amiss
in
the
wayes
,
or
Carriages
,
and
if
any
carriages
be
unable
to
go
,
he
shall
provide
that
it
may
be
no
hindrance
to
the
rest
.
The
Officers
of
a
Foot
Company
.
1
The
Office
of
a
Captain
.
1.
He
hath
proportionably
the
same
Command
over
his
Company
,
as
a
Colonel
hath
over
his
Regiment
;
and
so
also
all
his
Officers
and
Souldiers
are
to
obey
him
.
2.
When
he
receiveth
his
Company
and
his
Arms
he
is
to
chose
his
men
and
to
sort
them
to
his
Armes
as
he
thinks
fit
,
&c.
3.
He
shall
chose
his
Officers
such
as
either
have
had
the
like
place
before
or
are
of
Experience
and
good
government
,
or
such
as
have
made
themselves
known
to
be
fit
for
the
like
.
4.
He
shall
divide
his
Company
into
Corporalships
.
5.
He
shall
take
care
and
labour
to
teach
all
his
Souldiers
the
carriage
and
use
of
their
Armes
,
to
keep
their
order
in
marchings
and
imbattailings
,
and
to
understand
all
manner
of
motions
and
the
beat
of
the
drum
,
and
to
this
end
he
shall
have
usual
times
of
Exercising
,
which
shall
be
once
a
day
at
least
,
till
his
men
be
perfect
.
6.
In
the
marching
of
his
Company
alone
he
shall
be
in
the
head
of
his
Company
going
toward
the
Enemy
,
and
in
the
Reer-ward
coming
from
an
Ennemy
.
7.
In
Marching
with
the
Regiment
,
he
is
to
receive
his
directions
from
the
the
Serjant-major
of
the
Regiment
,
(
and
to
carry
the
several
sorts
of
weapons
as
shall
be
by
him
directed
:
and
to
every
one
of
the
divisions
of
his
Company
appoint
such
an
officer
as
the
Serjeant-major
shall
direct
:
)
and
for
his
place
it
shall
be
where
the
Serjeant-major
shall
assign
.
8.
In
imbattailing
he
is
to
order
his
Company
as
the
Serjeant-major
shall
direct
him
,
and
to
be
himself
where
his
Colonel
or
superiour
Officer
shall
appoint
him
.
9.
In
lodging
he
shall
take
that
according
to
his
degree
and
place
in
the
Regiment
,
and
see
that
be
ordered
according
to
direction
.
10.
He
shall
have
his
quarter
kept
sweet
for
healthfulness
,
for
quiet
,
for
order
,
especially
in
the
night
.
11.
If
his
whole
company
be
to
march
he
shall
draw
off
his
company
and
stand
in
arms
,
attending
the
directions
of
the
Serjeant-major
.
12.
When
he
is
brought
to
the
place
of
his
guard
,
he
is
to
take
the
direction
of
the
Serjeant-major
of
the
Regiment
,
for
the
placing
the
Corps
du
guard
;
setting
his
Sentinels
,
and
sending
forth
his
rounds
,
and
to
see
his
directions
performed
,
and
not
to
abandon
his
Guard
till
he
be
returned
,
or
whatsoever
is
discovered
or
brought
to
the
Court
of
Guard
where
he
is
,
shall
by
himself
be
sent
to
the
C.
—
of
the
Watch
;
and
he
shall
make
good
his
if
he
be
not
by
a
Superiour
Officer
commanded
to
retire
.
13.
If
he
hear
or
know
of
any
mutiny
,
or
discontented
humour
tending
to
mutiny
,
outrage
,
or
disorder
committed
by
any
of
his
company
,
or
within
the
quarter
,
he
shall
forthwith
advertise
the
Colonel
of
it
,
or
if
he
be
in
the
way
,
some
publick
Officer
of
the
Army
,
and
shall
arrest
and
bring
forth
the
party
so
offending
,
and
all
such
witness
and
proofes
as
are
to
be
produced
,
of
which
if
he
fail
and
know
it
,
he
shall
be
held
very
faulty
,
and
if
such
escape
him
he
shall
be
held
unworthy
of
his
place
.
14.
He
shall
see
those
of
his
Company
that
do
better
than
their
fellowes
,
advanced
and
incouraged
accordingly
,
and
to
all
he
shall
doe
right
,
both
in
their
place
,
and
things
that
are
due
unto
them
,
and
shall
as
far
as
in
him
lieth
take
care
for
the
comforting
and
preserving
them
that
are
hurt
and
sick
.
15
In
matter
of
service
he
shall
do
all
that
is
commanded
by
any
superiour
Officer
,
that
hath
authority
over
him
,
in
the
best
sort
he
can
;
without
either
exceeding
his
Commission
or
doing
less
.
16.
When
he
is
alone
with
his
Company
,
he
shall
be
very
diligent
and
careful
both
in
his
march
and
lodgings
,
and
if
he
be
put
to
any
extremity
,
he
must
look
to
make
an
accompt
;
therefore
he
shall
do
his
uttermost
both
by
judgment
and
by
valour
to
free
his
Company
,
&c.
2.
The
Office
of
a
Lieutenant
.
1.
He
shall
when
the
Captain
is
present
be
assistant
to
him
in
seeing
all
directions
performed
,
that
are
commanded
by
a
superiour
Officer
,
or
all
such
as
his
Captain
hath
authority
to
command
;
And
in
the
absence
of
the
Captain
he
shall
have
the
same
authority
as
the
Captain
hath
.
2.
In
a
march
if
there
be
no
Company
but
his
own
,
he
shall
be
at
one
end
of
the
Company
when
his
Captain
shall
be
at
the
other
,
and
if
the
Company
shall
march
with
the
Regiment
he
shall
take
such
place
as
spuperiour
Officers
shal
assign
.
3.
He
is
to
lodge
on
the
right
hand
of
the
Captain
as
near
the
end
of
the
quarter
as
may
be
convenient
;
And
shall
in
all
service
,
and
at
all
times
help
to
keep
the
Souldiers
in
discipline
and
obedience
;
and
shall
perform
all
things
commanded
him
,
or
upon
occasion
necessary
to
be
done
with
valour
and
judgment
.
3.
The
Office
of
an
Ensign
.
1.
He
shall
when
the
Captain
or
Lieutenant
be
present
be
assistant
to
them
,
or
either
of
them
,
and
in
their
absence
he
hath
the
same
authority
the
Captain
hath
.
2.
In
his
march
he
is
to
carry
the
Ensign
,
and
to
take
such
place
as
shall
be
assigned
him
;
and
if
his
Company
be
alone
,
he
shall
upon
entering
the
quarter
,
going
out
of
his
quarter
,
going
upon
the
guard
,
or
upon
the
sight
of
an
Enemy
,
carry
his
Ensign
advanced
and
flying
;
and
if
he
march
with
the
Regiment
,
he
and
all
other
Ensigns
of
the
Regiment
shall
do
as
the
Colonels
Ensign
doth
.
3.
In
fight
he
shall
never
carry
his
Ensign
Advanced
and
flying
,
without
offering
to
use
it
in
any
kind
of
offence
,
being
a
sign
for
a
Company
to
gather
by
,
and
therefore
to
be
preserved
,
for
which
cause
he
may
use
his
sword
.
4.
If
he
march
with
other
Ensignes
he
shall
take
the
place
as
shall
be
assigned
him
.
5
The
Ensign
shall
never
turn
his
face
out
of
his
order
,
or
start
from
any
danger
,
or
forsake
his
Ensign
upon
pain
of
death
.
6.
Whensoever
the
Drum
shall
beat
for
the
Companies
gathering
,
he
shall
be
in
the
place
and
shall
see
the
Ensign
well
guarded
,
or
be
ready
to
march
or
do
any
thing
for
the
service
.
4.
The
Office
of
a
Serjeant
.
1.
If
all
the
Officers
before
named
be
out
of
the
way
by
any
accident
,
the
Eldest
Serjant
is
to
Command
the
Company
next
.
2.
In
assembling
the
company
he
shall
set
every
man
in
his
place
,
and
if
any
be
missing
he
shall
seek
them
out
,
and
have
power
to
correct
them
(
in
the
absence
of
his
superior
officer
)
and
if
any
be
defective
and
cannot
be
found
he
is
to
acquaint
his
Captain
(
or
chief
officer
)
of
it
.
7.
When
the
Company
are
assembled
and
set
in
order
,
he
shall
march
on
the
outside
,
where
he
may
best
see
the
order
of
the
march
,
and
take
care
and
charge
of
their
several
Corporalships
.
4.
Though
it
be
usual
to
understand
the
use
of
Armes
,
and
all
things
that
belong
to
a
Souldier
,
and
though
by
custom
he
is
to
lead
the
Musquetteers
to
fight
especially
in
a
lone
Company
,
(
in
all
which
cases
he
is
to
follow
the
directions
of
his
Captain
or
the
superior
Officer
in
his
absence
,
)
5.
Yet
for
his
more
particular
directions
how
to
lead
his
Musquetteers
after
he
hath
brought
them
up
to
that
ground
,
and
in
that
number
,
and
order
,
that
his
Captain
,
or
superior
officer
hath
commanded
him
;
he
shall
make
every
man
to
come
up
close
to
him
,
and
he
shall
see
that
they
take
their
level
and
discharge
to
good
purpose
;
And
he
shall
see
that
they
keep
their
order
,
as
well
in
going
on
as
retiring
.
6.
If
he
be
joyned
with
other
Companies
,
he
shall
follow
the
directions
of
him
that
commands
in
chief
,
and
carefully
look
to
that
part
on
which
he
is
assigned
to
attend
.
7.
The
Eldest
Serjeant
shall
lodge
in
the
skirt
of
the
quarter
right
behind
the
Captain
,
and
the
other
in
the
same
sort
right
behind
the
Lieutenant
,
and
if
more
,
right
behind
the
Ensign
:
And
in
their
Quarter
they
are
to
visit
the
Souldiers
and
their
Lodgings
,
and
to
see
them
orderly
and
quiet
.
8.
He
is
to
fetch
the
Word
from
the
Serjeant-major
of
the
Regiment
and
to
deliver
it
to
his
Captain
,
Lieutenant
,
Ensign
,
and
Corporal
that
is
of
the
watch
;
and
if
the
whole
Company
watch
he
is
to
attend
,
and
to
see
the
place
where
the
Sentinels
are
put
out
,
and
to
visit
them
all
:
If
they
watch
by
divisions
or
Corporalships
,
then
he
shall
lead
them
,
and
bring
them
to
their
Guard
,
where
he
shall
also
attend
upon
any
extraordinary
accasions
by
the
Command
of
the
Captain
of
the
watch
.
9.
And
while
he
is
there
,
to
advertise
the
Captain
of
the
watch
if
any
extraordinary
discovery
or
accident
of
importance
happen
.
10.
He
shall
deliver
such
Munition
either
of
Victuals
,
or
of
War
to
the
Corporals
of
the
Company
,
as
he
shall
receive
from
the
Serjeant-Major
of
the
Regiment
.
The
Office
of
a
Corporall
.
1.
Though
it
very
seldom
happeneth
that
he
hath
the
charge
of
the
Company
,
yet
if
such
an
accident
should
fall
out
that
all
the
superiour
Officers
of
a
Company
should
be
absent
,
then
the
Command
doth
belong
to
him
.
2.
To
his
place
belongeth
properly
the
charge
of
one
division
or
squadron
of
the
Company
;
he
is
to
see
them
well
exercised
in
their
Armes
,
and
that
his
deportment
with
them
may
be
Souldier
like
:
he
is
to
deliver
them
Munition
of
Victuals
or
Armes
,
he
is
to
govern
the
Watch
,
and
to
divide
the
labour
of
his
Souldiers
equally
,
either
in
watch
,
work
or
service
,
and
to
take
care
in
every
respect
to
do
the
duties
of
a
good
Souldier
.
3.
When
the
Drum
beateth
to
gather
the
Company
together
the
Corporals
are
immediatly
to
be
in
a
readiness
themselves
,
and
to
call
together
their
Divisions
,
and
with
them
he
shall
repair
to
their
Ensign
,
and
if
any
of
them
be
wanting
without
leave
,
they
shall
give
notice
thereof
to
the
Captain
and
shall
prosecute
their
said
absence
to
the
puishment
of
them
.
4.
He
shall
have
a
third
part
or
a
fourth
in
his
division
,
which
being
divided
into
files
he
shall
himself
be
leader
of
the
chief
file
;
and
is
with
the
same
alwayes
to
take
place
on
the
right
hand
of
his
division
.
5.
He
shall
in
any
case
of
default
either
of
leaders
or
bringers
up
see
that
they
be
supplied
by
the
next
.
6.
In
marching
or
fighting
the
Corporals
of
a
Company
have
no
Command
,
but
of
the
file
that
each
of
them
leadeth
:
they
are
to
see
the
opening
of
their
files
,
or
ranks
,
or
to
double
the
same
,
to
follow
the
sound
of
the
Drum
,
and
to
observe
every
other
motion
that
shall
be
commanded
by
the
chief
Officer
;
Alwayes
provided
that
he
start
not
out
of
his
place
nor
use
any
Command
of
himself
.
7.
He
is
to
observe
the
beat
(
or
sound
)
of
the
Drum
,
and
shall
see
them
fully
furnished
of
their
Arms
,
Powder
,
Bullets
,
Match
(
or
Flints
)
and
all
things
else
that
shall
be
necessary
for
the
Armes
they
carry
:
whereof
the
Serjeant
is
to
supply
them
.
8.
He
is
to
be
lead
by
a
Serjeant
to
the
place
of
his
watch
,
and
from
him
to
receive
the
word
,
and
directions
in
what
manner
and
where
he
shall
place
his
Sentinels
,
as
well
by
day
as
in
the
night
,
which
he
is
to
see
performed
.
9.
His
Sentinel
being
placed
he
is
to
let
none
to
pass
his
Guard
without
the
Word
,
unless
it
be
to
the
Captain
of
the
watch
,
or
the
Serjeant-major
,
to
whom
after
he
knoweth
them
,
he
is
to
deliver
the
word
to
the
first
Round
.
He
shall
direct
the
Sentinels
that
every
one
do
the
like
;
he
shall
see
them
changed
at
due
time
,
and
shall
now
and
then
visit
them
unlook'd
for
.
10.
He
must
warn
his
Sentinel
to
give
no
false
Alarms
,
but
with
as
small
a
noyse
as
is
possible
to
advertise
his
said
Corporal
,
who
upon
an
extraordinary
occasion
shall
put
his
division
in
Armes
and
give
notice
of
the
danger
discovered
to
the
next
Guards
,
and
to
the
Captain
of
the
watch
.
11.
He
shall
make
good
the
place
of
his
guard
until
he
be
called
from
thence
,
and
not
to
suffer
any
of
the
Corporalships
to
leave
the
same
till
he
be
relieved
;
And
he
shall
fullfil
all
commandements
for
the
entring
or
going
forth
of
any
Souldiers
.
12.
At
the
coming
of
his
relief
he
shall
put
all
the
Souldiers
in
his
division
into
Arms
,
and
stand
ready
to
receive
them
,
and
when
his
Sentinels
are
relieved
,
march
to
his
quarter
.
13.
If
during
the
time
of
Watch
,
any
of
the
Souldiers
under
his
Corporalship
shall
offend
,
he
is
to
commit
him
,
or
to
acquaint
his
chief
officer
therewith
.
14.
If
by
any
occasion
the
Company
remove
,
and
he
be
drawn
from
the
guard
before
the
twenty
four
hours
be
expired
;
and
that
the
same
Companies
lodge
again
within
the
same
time
;
then
shall
the
said
Corporal
with
his
Souldiers
be
in
readiness
to
watch
out
the
residue
of
the
time
,
and
in
such
place
as
shall
be
appointed
.
15.
As
a
Corporal
is
next
in
degree
to
a
Serjeant
,
so
in
behaving
himself
well
he
may
pretend
to
the
place
of
a
Serjeant
when
by
any
accident
it
may
be
void
.
The
Office
of
Lansprizado
.
1.
Next
to
the
Corporal
is
the
Lansprizado
,
who
is
in
the
absence
of
the
Corporal
to
do
his
office
.
2.
His
own
proper
place
is
to
lead
the
left
hand
file
of
the
same
division
and
to
have
his
own
and
the
files
adjoyning
to
the
same
in
care
observing
their
orders
,
as
is
specified
in
the
Corporals
office
.
The
Office
of
a
Drum
.
There
ought
to
be
two
Drummers
at
least
in
a
Company
,
both
of
them
perfect
in
every
necessary
beat
(
or
sound
)
thereof
,
which
by
turns
are
to
do
all
the
service
belonging
to
their
place
;
and
therefore
in
the
field
or
Garrison
,
one
of
them
is
to
give
attendance
to
the
Quarter
,
though
the
Company
were
at
that
time
free
from
any
duty
.
2.
The
Drum
having
warning
to
beat
for
the
gathering
of
the
company
;
shall
go
beating
from
one
end
of
the
quarter
to
the
other
,
twice
;
and
then
he
shall
repair
to
the
Ensigns
lodgings
.
3.
While
the
Company
march
the
one
must
beat
constantly
and
by
turns
ease
each
other
.
4.
When
the
Company
shall
be
joyned
with
others
,
the
Drums
shall
take
place
by
the
appointment
of
the
Drum-major
,
and
shall
beat
the
same
point
of
War
,
and
observe
the
same
time
that
Drum
doth
,
that
is
next
to
the
Colonel
or
Chief
Officer
.
5.
It
is
the
Office
of
a
Drum
;
when
any
of
the
Company
are
taken
prisoners
,
to
inquire
after
them
,
and
carry
their
Ransom
,
which
he
may
do
boldly
,
after
he
hath
received
a
Passport
from
the
General
,
or
Commander
in
Chief
of
the
Army
where
the
Company
is
:
And
when
he
shall
come
near
any
place
of
the
Enemies
,
he
must
beat
(
or
sound
)
thrice
,
and
not
approach
too
near
till
he
be
by
some
of
the
Enemy
fetched
in
.
6.
He
is
only
to
make
his
errand
known
,
and
not
to
discover
any
thing
of
the
estate
of
the
place
from
whence
he
was
sent
which
may
be
prejudicial
to
him
.