MEMOIRS
Of
the
most
Material
Transactions
in
England
,
&c.
THERE
is
not
a
Nati●n
in
Europe
,
that
from
the
Constitution
of
its
Government
might
have
promis'd
it self
a
more
firm
and
lasting
Rep●se
than
England
:
And
yet
scarce
any
Kingdom
we
know
upon
Earth
has
suffered
so
many
and
various
Convulsions
.
As
if
some
malevolent
.
Planet
had
over-rul'd
one
of
the
best
of
Human
Constitutions
,
and
by
an
unaccountable
Fatality
had
render'd
ineffectual
all
the
Endeavours
of
our
Ancestors
to
make
themselves
and
their
Posterity
happy
under
a
Limited
Monarchy
.
A
Monarchy
,
in
which
the
Prerogative
of
the
Prince
,
and
the
Liberty
of
the
People
are
so
equally
temper'd
,
that
there
seems
nothing
wanting
,
that
may
tend
to
the
Happiness
of
either
.
The
King
of
England
has
the
Glory
to
Rule
over
a
Free
People
;
But
such
is
the
brittle
state
of
human
things
,
that
notwithstanding
all
the
Advantages
and
Excellencies
of
the
English
Constitution
,
scarce
an
Age
has
pass'd
without
some
remarkable
Struggle
,
either
between
King
and
People
for
Prerogative
and
Liberty
,
or
between
Competitors
for
the
Crown
it self
.
The
Glory
of
England
was
arriv'd
to
a
high
pitch
in
the
Reign
of
Queen
Elizabeth
.
Paramount
Power
of
Christendom
,
and
that
in
both
the
Old
and
New
Worlds
:
And
it
was
in
a
great
measure
owing
to
her
Conduct
and
Fortune
,
that
the
Spaniard
fell
short
of
the
Vniversal
Monarchy
.
To
draw
a
Picture
worthy
of
Queen
Elizabeth
,
Anna
Bullen
,
her
Mother
:
But
they
were
his
good
,
and
none
of
his
ill
Qualities
,
which
she
deriv'd
from
her
Father
.
Her
Youth
was
a
continued
Scene
of
Afflictions
;
but
she
was
happy
in
that
she
suffered
one
of
the
greatest
,
before
she
was
capable
of
feeling
the
weight
of
it
;
for
she
was
scarce
Three
Years
old
,
when
her
Mother
was
sacrific'd
to
the
Rage
and
Jealousy
of
her
Husband
.
And
she
that
had
been
the
Year
she
was
born
,
declar'd
not
only
Heir
Apparent
of
the
Crown
,
but
(
which
was
out
of
the
ordinary
Road
)
Princess
of
Wales
,
and
that
by
Act
of
Parliament
,
was
now
by
another
Act
declar'd
Illegitimate
,
and
excluded
from
the
Succession
.
Notwithstanding
this
strange
Reverse
of
Fortune
,
particular
Care
was
taken
of
her
Education
,
especially
by
her
Brother
Edward
the
Sixth
,
who
lov'd
her
above
all
things
,
and
was
scarce
ever
pleas'd
but
in
her
Company
.
Before
she
was
Seventeen
Years
of
Age
she
understood
perfectly
well
the
Latin
,
French
,
and
Italian
Tongues
;
and
was
so
far
Mistress
of
the
Greek
,
that
she
translated
into
Latin
Two
of
Isocrates's
Orations
;
one
of
which
I
have
seen
of
her
own
Hand-writing
,
corrected
by
her
Tutor
but
in
Three
places
,
whereof
one
is
an
Error
only
in
the
Orthography
.
She
was
indefatigable
in
the
Study
of
Learning
,
especially
Philosophy
,
History
,
Divinity
,
and
Rhetorick
;
not
forgetting
both
Vocal
and
Instrumental
Musick
,
as
far
as
it
might
become
one
of
her
Quality
.
Being
thus
Learned
,
it
was
no
wonder
she
form'd
her
Tongue
and
Pen
to
a
pure
and
elegant
way
of
speaking
and
writing
,
and
her
Mind
to
the
Noblest
Notions
of
Philosophy
,
and
the
highest
Practice
of
Virtue
.
Her
Brother
dying
,
Queen
Mary's
Hereditary
Aversion
to
her
upon
the
account
of
their
Mothers
,
broke
out
with
all
the
marks
of
Ill-Nature
and
Revenge
.
And
Philip
the
Second
,
who
prov'd
afterwards
her
greatest
Enemy
,
was
the
Person
that
preserv'd
her
Life
;
but
it
was
upon
a
mere
political
Design
,
which
,
however
,
miscarried
.
During
all
that
Reign
the
Princess
Elizabeth
was
tost
from
one
Confinement
to
another
;
being
oblig'd
many
times
to
suffer
Indignities
far
unworthy
of
her
Birth
;
till
at
last
,
by
the
Death
of
Queen
Mary
,
she
was
call'd
from
a
Prison
to
a
Throne
,
at
the
Age
of
Twenty
five
Years
.
Upon
receit
of
the
News
of
her
Sister's
Death
,
and
that
she
her self
was
proclaim'd
Queen
,
it
's
said
she
fell
down
upon
her
Knees
,
and
after
a
short
silence
broke
out
with
these
words
of
the
Psalmist
,
A
Domino
factum
est
is●ud
,
&
est
mirabile
in
oculis
nostris
:
Which
Words
she
took
afterwards
for
her
Motto
in
some
of
her
Gold
Coin
.
During
all
the
time
of
her
Reign
she
would
never
allow
her
Title
to
be
debated
or
reason'd
upon
,
nor
so
much
as
explain'd
or
vindicated
.
She
thought
it
sufficient
that
she
wore
the
Crown
,
and
was
resolv'd
,
and
knew
well
how
to
maintain
it
upon
her
Head
,
without
the
help
of
Paper-Arguments
.
She
receiv'd
with
Indignation
a
Proposition
that
was
made
to
her
,
to
have
her
Title
asse●ted
in
Parliament
:
And
scorn'd
to
Repeal
even
the
Act
which
declar'd
her
Illegitimate
,
and
incapable
to
succeed
.
Her
Reign
was
long
and
glorious
,
being
lov'd
of
her
People
,
fear'd
and
admir'd
by
her
Enemies
,
and
attended
with
constant
Success
in
all
her
Enterprizes
.
Never
Prince
was
better
serv'd
,
nor
more
happy
in
the
choice
of
her
Servants
;
and
no
Age
can
instance
such
a
Set
of
Able
Ministers
as
she
had
:
Her
Court
at
home
was
the
quiet
and
happy
Seat
of
the
Muses
,
while
her
Fleets
and
Armies
abroad
gather'd
Laurels
every
where
for
their
Mistress
and
themselvts
.
She
had
to
perfection
the
Art
of
pleasing
her
Parliament
;
and
she
and
they
never
parted
in
discontent
,
but
with
the
highest
proofs
of
mutual
Confidence
.
What
sort
of
men
they
were
that
composed
the
House
of
Commons
during
her
Reign
,
and
of
how
different
a
stamp
from
those
in
that
of
her
Suc●essor
,
Robert
Nauntwell
,
Secretary
to
King
Iames
,
who
was
a
Member
of
Parliament
in
both
Reigns
;
which
may
not
be
improper
to
insert
in
the
Appendix
.
If
Queen
Elizabeth
can
be
properly
said
to
have
had
Favourites
,
they
were
chiefly
the
Earls
of
Leicester
and
Essex
;
but
she
never
fail'd
to
humble
them
upon
every
occasion
,
where
they
presum'd
too
much
upon
her
Favour
.
The
one
she
recall'd
with
Ignominy
from
his
Government
of
the
Vnited
Provinces
,
for
behaving
himself
haughtily
in
his
Office
:
And
at
another
time
,
upon
his
threatning
Bower
the
Vsher
of
the
Black
Rod
,
to
have
him
turn'd
out
of
his
Place
for
stopping
one
of
his
Retinue
at
the
Queen's
Bed-Chamber
Door
,
she
told
him
with
a
severe
Frown
,
accompanied
with
an
Oath
,
My
Lord
,
I
had
a
mind
to
do
you
good
,
but
you
must
not
expect
a
Monopoly
of
my
Favours
:
I
have
other
Subjects
to
show
my
Bounty
to
;
and
I
will
give
and
take
back
again
,
when
,
and
as
often
as
I
please
.
If
you
pretend
to
command
here
,
I
'll
find
ways
to
humble
you
.
I
know
of
no
Master
,
but
I
will
make
you
know
there
is
a
Mistress
.
And
take
care
upon
your
peril
,
that
no
hurt
be
done
Bower
,
for
I
'll
make
you
answer
for
him
.
The
Misfortune
of
the
Earl
of
Essex
every
body
knows
:
Though
otherways
a
brave
Gentleman
,
and
endow'd
with
excellent
Qualities
,
yet
he
valued
himself
too
much
upon
the
Queen's
Favour
;
which
together
with
the
Contrivances
of
his
Enemies
hurried
him
on
to
Courses
that
in
the
end
lost
him
his
Head
.
A
Monarch
supported
with
a
Burleigh
,
a
Walsingham
,
a
Salisbury
for
the
Cabinet
;
a
Nottingham
,
a
Drake
,
a
Raleigh
for
War
;
with
a
great
many
others
equally
fit
for
both
,
could
scarce
fail
of
being
great
and
fortunate
;
nor
can
any
thing
reflect
more
Lustre
upon
her
Wisdom
,
than
her
choice
of
such
men
.
Walsingham
was
a
Pattern
for
all
Statesmen
to
copy
after
.
Francis
Walsingham
.
By
his
Vigilance
and
Address
he
preserv'd
his
Mistress's
Crown
and
Life
from
daily
Attempts
and
Conspiracies
against
her
;
and
by
a
refin'd
piece
of
Policy
defeated
for
a
whole
Year
together
,
the
Measures
Spain
had
taken
for
fitting
out
their
Armado
to
Invade
England
.
The
vast
Preparations
that
were
making
for
a
considerable
time
in
Spain
,
kept
all
Europe
in
suspense
,
and
it
was
not
certain
against
whom
they
were
design'd
;
though
it
was
the
general
Opinion
,
they
were
to
subdue
the
Netherlands
all
at
once
;
which
Spain
was
sensib●e
could
not
be
done
without
a
greater
Force
by
Sea
as
well
as
Land
,
than
had
been
hitherto
employ'd
for
that
Service
.
Queen
Elizabeth
thought
fit
to
be
upon
her
Guard
,
and
had
some
Jealousies
that
she
might
be
aim'd
at
;
but
how
to
find
it
out
,
was
the
difficulty
,
which
at
length
Walsingham
overcame
.
He
had
Intelligence
from
Madrid
,
That
Philip
had
told
his
Council
,
that
he
had
dispatch'd
an
Express
to
Rome
with
a
Letter
writ
with
his
own
Hand
to
the
Pope
,
acquainting
him
with
the
true
Design
of
his
Preparations
,
and
asking
his
Blessing
upon
it
;
which
for
some
Reasons
he
would
not
yet
disclose
to
them
,
till
the
return
of
the
Courier
.
The
Secret
being
thus
lodg'd
with
the
Pope
,
Walsingham
by
the
Means
of
a
Venetian
Priest
retain'd
at
Rome
as
his
Spy
,
got
a
Copy
of
the
Original
Letter
,
which
was
stolen
out
of
the
Pope's
Cabinet
by
a
Gentleman
of
the
Bed-Chamber
,
who
took
the
Keys
out
of
the
Pope's
Pocket
while
he
slept
.
How
upon
this
Intelligence
Walsingham
found
a
way
to
retard
the
Spanish
Invasion
for
a
whole
Year
,
by
getting
the
Spanish
Bills
protested
at
Genoa
,
which
should
have
supplied
them
with
Money
to
carry
on
their
Preparations
;
being
properly
a
Mercantile
Affair
,
is
needless
here
to
mention
.
I
shall
only
give
one
Instance
more
of
Walsingham's
dexterity
in
employing
and
instructing
his
Spies
how
to
get
him
Intelligence
of
the
most
secret
Affairs
of
Princes
.
The
Court
of
Queen
Elizabeth
had
reason
to
have
an
Eye
upon
the
King
of
Scots
,
as
being
the
next
Heir
to
the
Crown
,
and
who
they
knew
was
courted
with
all
possible
Insinuations
into
the
French
Interest
.
In
order
to
fathom
King
Iames's
Intentions
,
there
was
one
Wigmore
sent
to
Scotland
,
who
pretending
to
be
disoblig'd
in
England
,
fled
thither
for
Protection
.
Sir
Francis
Walsingham
gives
him
above
Ten
Sheets
of
Paper
of
Instructions
,
all
writ
with
his
own
Hand
,
which
I
have
read
in
the
Cotton
Library
,
so
distinct
and
so
digested
,
as
a
Man
of
far
inferior
parts
to
Wigmore
could
hardly
fail
to
be
a
Master
in
his
Trade
.
In
these
Papers
he
instructs
him
how
to
find
out
King
James
'
s
Natural
Temper
;
his
Morals
;
his
Religion
;
his
Opinion
of
Marriage
;
his
Inclinations
to
Queen
Elizabeth
,
to
France
,
to
Spain
,
to
the
Hollanders
,
and
in
short
,
to
all
his
Neighbours
.
He
likewise
directs
him
how
to
behave
himself
towards
the
King
,
At
Table
;
when
a
Hunting
;
upon
his
receiving
good
or
bad
News
;
at
his
going
to
Bed
;
and
indeed
in
all
the
Publick
and
Private
Scenes
of
his
Life
.
Walsingham
was
not
mistaken
in
his
Man
;
for
though
there
past
a
constant
Correspondence
betwixt
them
,
Wigmore
liv'd
in
the
greatest
Favour
and
Familiarity
with
King
Iames
for
Nine
or
Ten
Years
together
,
without
the
least
Suspicion
of
his
being
a
Spy
.
Walsingham
also
laid
the
Foundation
of
the
Civil
Wars
in
France
,
and
the
Low
Countries
,
which
put
a
final
stop
to
the
vast
Designs
of
the
House
of
Austria
.
Upon
which
occasion
he
told
the
Queen
at
his
Return
from
his
Embassy
to
France
,
That
she
had
no
reason
to
fear
the
Spaniard
;
for
though
he
had
a
strong
Appetite
,
and
a
good
Digestion
,
he
had
given
him
such
a
Bone
to
pick
,
as
would
take
him
up
Twenty
Years
at
least
,
and
break
his
Teeth
at
last
:
So
her
Majesty
had
no
more
to
do
,
but
to
throw
into
the
Fire
he
had
kindled
,
some
English
Fuel
from
time
to
time
to
keep
it
burning
.
This
Great
Man
after
all
the
Services
he
had
perform'd
for
his
Queen
and
Countrey
,
gave
a
remarkable
Proof
at
his
Death
how
far
he
had
pre●err'd
the
Publick
Interest
to
his
own
;
for
he
died
so
poor
,
that
his
Friends
were
oblig'd
to
bury
him
privately
in
the
Night
,
for
fear
his
Body
should
be
arrested
for
Debt
.
A
Fault
which
few
Statesmen
since
his
time
have
been
guilty
of
.
Such
Ministers
also
for
Capacity
and
Application
,
were
Cecil
Lord
Burleigh
,
and
his
Son
the
Earl
of
Salisbury
,
the
Inheritor
of
his
Father's
great
Qualities
and
Places
.
How
refin'd
a
Politician
he
was
,
and
how
throughly
acquainted
with
the
most
secret
Designs
of
Foreign
Courts
,
cannot
be
better
express'd
,
than
in
the
words
of
the
same
Nauntwell
;
But
to
return
to
Queen
Elizabeth
:
It
appears
by
her
whole
Conduct
she
had
no
Inclination
to
Marriage
,
being
loth
to
share
her
Power
with
any
other
.
It
's
true
,
she
seem'd
sometimes
to
give
Ear
to
Propositions
that
were
made
her
by
several
Princes
;
but
this
was
done
either
to
gain
time
,
or
manage
their
Friendship
to
her
own
Ends.
When
the
Parliament
address'd
her
to
Marry
,
she
handsomly
excus'd
her self
in
a
Pathetick
Speech
,
concluding
with
this
Expression
;
To
me
,
said
she
,
it
shall
be
a
full
satisfaction
●oth
for
the
Memorial
of
my
Name
,
and
for
my
Glory
also
,
if
when
I
shall
let
my
last
Breath
,
it
be
engraven
upon
my
Marble
Tomb
,
Here
lies
Elizabeth
,
who
reign'd
a
Virgin
,
and
dy'd
one
.
The
whole
Speech
is
of
so
Noble
a
Strain
,
She
was
very
sparing
of
Honours
;
insomuch
that
Sir
Francis
Walsingham
had
been
employ'd
in
several
Embassies
and
other
Matters
of
State
for
many
Years
,
before
she
could
be
prevail'd
with
to
make
him
a
Knight
,
notwithstanding
it
appears
that
he
frequently
ask'd
it
,
and
particularly
in
a
Printed
Letter
of
his
to
Cecil
.
The
Honour
of
Knighthood
,
though
often
prostituted
since
,
was
in
so
great
Esteem
in
her
Reign
,
that
a
Gentleman
of
Lincolnshire
having
rais'd
Three
hundred
men
for
her
Service
at
Tilbury
Camp
,
upon
his
own
Interest
,
told
his
Wife
at
parting
,
That
he
hop'd
thereby
to
deserve
the
Queen's
Favour
so
far
,
as
that
she
should
be
a
Lady
at
his
Return
.
She
had
a
particular
Friendship
for
Henry
the
Fourth
of
France
;
and
to
her
in
a
great
measure
he
ow'd
his
Crown
.
She
never
laid
any
thing
more
to
heart
than
his
changing
his
Religion
:
And
it
was
a
long
time
before
she
could
be
brought
to
believe
it
.
But
when
she
receiv'd
the
Account
of
it
from
himself
,
all
her
Constancy
fail'd
her
;
and
in
the
Agony
of
her
Grief
,
snatching
a
Pen
,
she
writ
him
a
short
Expostulatory
Letter
,
worthy
of
her self
,
Boethius
de
Consolatione
Philosophiae
,
into
Elegant
English
.
The
only
Action
that
seems
to
reflect
upon
her
Memory
,
was
the
Death
of
Mary
Queen
of
Scots
.
Mary
Stuart
,
Q.
of
Scots
.
There
had
been
an
Emulation
betwixt
them
of
a
long
standing
,
occasioned
at
first
by
the
latter's
assuming
the
Arms
and
Title
of
Queen
of
England
;
which
it
's
no
wonder
Queen
Elizabeth
highly
resented
.
A
great
many
other
Accidents
did
contribute
to
alienate
their
Affections
.
But
when
it
fell
out
that
every
day
produc'd
some
new
Conspiracy
against
the
Life
of
Queen
Elizabeth
,
and
that
in
most
of
them
the
Queen
of
Scots
was
concern'd
either
as
a
Party
,
or
the
Occasion
;
Queen
Elizabeth
was
put
upon
a
fatal
Necessity
of
either
taking
off
the
Queen
of
Scots
,
or
exposing
her
own
Person
to
the
frequent
Attempts
of
her
Enemies
.
With
what
Reluctancy
Queen
Elizabeth
was
brought
to
consent
to
her
Death
,
and
how
she
was
deceiv'd
at
last
in
Signing
the
Warrant
for
her
Execution
,
by
the
over
diligence
of
her
Secretary
and
Privy-Council
,
Yet
Queen
Elizabeth
is
not
altogether
excusable
in
this
matter
;
for
Queen
Mary
came
into
England
upon
a
Promise
made
her
long
before
.
Queen
Elizabeth
sent
her
once
a
Ring
,
and
at
the
same
time
a
Message
,
That
if
at
any
time
she
wanted
her
Protection
,
she
might
be
assured
of
it
;
and
the
Token
betwixt
them
was
Queen
Mary's
sending
her
back
the
same
Ring
.
That
Unfortunate
Princess
seeing
her
Affairs
desperate
in
Scotland
,
dispatch'd
a
Letter
to
Queen
Elizabeth
with
the
Ring
,
to
put
her
in
mind
of
her
Promise
;
but
without
waiting
for
an
Answer
,
she
came
into
England
the
very
next
day
.
They
were
both
to
be
pitied
,
the
one
for
her
Sufferings
,
and
the
other
for
being
the
Cause
of
them
:
And
I
have
seen
several
Letters
in
the
Cotton-Library
,
of
Queen
Mary's
Hand
,
to
Queen
Elizabeth
,
writ
in
the
most
moving
Strain
that
could
be
;
most
of
them
in
French
,
being
the
Language
she
did
generally
write
in
.
There
was
one
particularly
,
wherein
she
tells
her
,
That
her
long
Imprisonment
had
brought
her
to
a
Dropsical
Swelling
in
her
Legs
,
and
other
Diseases
that
for
the
Honour
of
her
Sex
she
●orbears
to
commit
to
Paper
:
And
concludes
thus
,
Your
most
Affectionate
Sister
and
Cousin
;
and
the
most
miserable
Princess
that
ever
wore
a
Crown
.
When
such
Letters
as
these
had
no
influence
upon
Queen
Elizabeth
,
it
may
reasonably
be
concluded
,
That
nothing
but
Self-Preservation
could
oblige
her
to
carry
her
Resentments
so
far
as
she
did
.
To
sum
up
the
Character
of
this
Renowned
Queen
in
a
few
words
:
She
found
the
Kingdom
at
her
coming
to
the
Throne
,
in
a
most
afflicted
condition
,
embroil'd
on
the
one
side
with
a
Scotch
,
and
on
the
other
with
a
French
War
;
the
Crown
overcharg'd
with
her
Father's
and
Brother's
Debts
;
its
Treasure
exhausted
,
the
People
distracted
with
different
Opinions
in
Religion
;
her self
without
Friends
,
with
a
controverted
Title
,
and
strengthen'd
with
no
Alliance
abroad
.
After
one
of
the
longest
Reigns
that
ever
was
,
she
died
in
Peace
,
leaving
her
Countrey
Potent
at
Sea
,
and
Rich
in
People
and
Trade
;
her
Father's
and
her
Brother's
Debts
paid
;
the
Crown
without
any
Incumbrance
;
a
great
Treasure
in
the
Exchequer
;
the
Coin
brought
to
a
true
Standard
;
Religion
settled
upon
a
regular
and
lasting
Basis
;
her self
having
been
admir'd
and
fear'd
by
all
her
Neighbouring
Princes
,
and
her
Friendship
courted
by
Monarchs
that
had
scarce
ever
before
any
further
knowledge
of
England
,
but
the
Name
.
So
that
her
Successor
had
good
reason
to
say
of
her
,
That
she
was
one
who
in
Wisdom
and
Felicity
of
Government
surpass'd
all
Princes
since
the
days
of
Augustus
.
After
all
,
To
the
Reproach
of
those
she
had
made
great
and
happy
,
she
was
but
ill
attended
in
her
last
Sickness
;
and
near
her
Death
,
forsaken
by
all
but
three
or
four
Persons
;
every
body
making
haste
to
adore
the
Rising
Sun
.
With
Queen
Elizabeth
dy'd
in
a
great
part
the
Glory
and
Fortune
of
the
English
Nation
;
and
the
succeeding
Reigns
serv'd
only
to
render
hers
the
more
Ilustrious
.
As
she
was
far
from
invading
the
Liberties
of
her
Subjects
,
so
she
was
careful
to
maintain
and
preserve
her
own
just
Prerogative
;
nor
did
ever
any
Prince
that
sat
upon
the
English
Throne
carry
the
true
and
essential
parts
of
Royalty
further
:
But
at
the
same
time
the
whole
Conduct
of
her
Life
plac'd
her
beyond
the
Suspicion
of
ever
having
sought
Greatness
for
any
other
end
,
than
to
make
her
People
share
with
her
in
it
.
It
was
not
so
with
the
Prince
that
succeeded
her
.
Immoderate
Power
,
but
with
an
ill
Grace
;
and
if
we
believe
the
Historians
of
that
time
,
with
a
design
to
make
his
People
little
.
If
so
,
he
had
his
Wish
;
for
from
his
first
Accession
to
the
Crown
,
the
Reputation
of
England
began
sensibly
to
sink
;
and
Two
Kingdoms
which
,
disunited
,
had
made
each
of
them
apart
a
considerable
Figure
in
the
World
,
now
when
united
under
one
King
,
fell
short
of
the
Reputation
which
the
least
of
them
had
in
former
Ages
.
The
latter
Years
of
King
Iames
fill'd
our
Annals
with
little
else
but
Misfortunes
at
home
and
abroad
.
The
Loss
of
the
Palatinate
,
and
the
Ruin
of
the
Protestants
in
Bohemia
through
his
Negligence
;
the
Trick
that
was
put
upon
him
by
the
House
of
Austria
in
the
business
of
the
Spanish
Match
;
and
the
continued
Struggle
betwixt
him
and
his
Parliament
about
Redress
of
Grievances
,
were
things
that
help'd
on
to
lessen
his
Credit
abroad
,
and
imbitter
the
Minds
of
his
Subjects
at
home
.
Repenting
of
these
unlucky
Measures
too
late
,
King
Iames
went
off
the
State
,
not
much
lamented
;
and
left
in
Legacy
to
his
Son
,
a
discontented
People
;
an
unnecessary
,
expensive
War
;
an
incumbred
Revenue
,
and
an
exhausted
Treasury
;
together
with
the
Charge
of
his
Grand-children
by
the
Queen
of
Bohemia
,
that
were
now
divested
of
a
large
Patrimony
,
deriv'd
to
them
by
a
long
Series
of
Illustrious
Ancestors
.
In
fine
,
he
entail'd
upon
his
Son
all
the
Miseries
that
befel
him
;
and
left
in
the
minds
of
his
Subjects
those
Sparks
of
Discontent
,
that
broke
out
some
Years
after
into
a
Flame
of
Civil
War
,
which
ended
in
the
Ruin
of
King
Charles
,
and
of
the
Monarchy
with
him
.
This
Prince
,
Mary
Stuart
,
or
Lord
Darnly
.
No
Prince
had
a
more
Liberal
Education
:
And
it
could
not
well
be
otherwise
,
having
the
Celebrated
Buchanan
for
his
Tutor
.
He
was
acquainted
with
most
parts
of
Learning
,
but
valued
himself
upon
his
Knowledge
in
Divinity
above
the
rest
;
in
which
he
writ
some
things
that
were
much
esteem'd
at
that
time
.
He
writ
and
spoke
well
,
but
in
a
Stile
that
border'd
too
much
upon
Pedantry
,
which
was
indeed
the
common
Fault
of
that
Age.
As
to
his
Religion
,
notwithstanding
all
his
Advances
to
the
Pope
and
Papists
upon
the
account
,
first
of
the
Spanish
,
and
afterwards
the
French
Match
,
he
was
really
Calvinist
in
most
Points
,
but
that
of
Church-Government
,
witness
some
of
his
Books
,
and
his
Zeal
for
the
Synod
of
Dort
.
But
as
to
Episcopacy
,
he
shew'd
so
much
Learning
and
Reading
in
his
Arguments
for
it
at
the
Conference
of
Hampton-Court
,
that
Archbishop
Whitgift
said
,
He
was
verily
persuaded
the
King
spake
by
the
Spirit
of
God
.
Notwithstanding
his
Mother
was
dethron'd
to
make
room
for
him
,
and
consequently
he
could
have
no
Right
,
but
the
Consent
of
the
People
while
she
liv'd
;
yet
upon
all
occasions
he
was
fond
of
being
thought
to
have
a
Divine
Right
to
the
Crown
.
His
Courage
was
much
suspected
;
and
some
would
ascribe
his
want
of
it
to
the
Fright
his
Mother
was
in
upon
the
Death
of
David
Rizio
.
The
Troubles
of
his
Youth
were
various
,
occasion'd
chiefly
by
Factions
of
Great
Men
that
strove
who
should
have
the
Management
of
him
:
But
when
he
came
of
Age
he
sought
all
occasions
to
be
reveng'd
upon
such
of
them
as
were
living
,
and
the
Posterity
of
those
that
were
dead
.
Goury's
Conspiracy
being
in
it self
so
improbable
a
thing
,
and
attended
with
so
many
inconsistent
Circumstances
,
was
disbeliev'd
at
the
time
it
was
said
to
have
been
attempted
:
And
Posterity
has
swallow'd
down
for
a
Truth
,
what
their
Ancestors
took
for
a
mere
Fiction
.
He
came
to
the
Crown
of
England
by
Lineal
Descent
,
and
the
Verbal
Designation
of
Queen
Elizabeth
upon
her
Death-bed
.
And
the
Conspiracy
wherewith
Cobham
and
Sir
Walter
Raleigh
were
charged
to
set
him
by
the
English
Throne
,
was
no
less
Mystery
than
that
of
Goury's
had
been
before
.
The
only
uncontroverted
Treason
that
happen'd
in
his
Reign
,
was
the
Gunpowder
Plot
;
Henry
the
Fourth
of
France
,
through
the
means
of
Monsieur
de
Rhony
,
after
Duke
of
Sully
.
King
Henry
paid
dear
for
his
Friendship
to
King
Iames
;
and
there
is
reason
to
believe
that
it
was
upon
this
account
,
among
others
,
that
a
Party
of
the
Church
of
Rome
employ'd
Ravillac
to
murther
that
Great
Man
.
King
Iames
was
equally
happy
and
unhappy
in
every
one
of
his
Children
.
Duke
of
Sully
being
in
England
,
to
congratulate
King
Iames
upon
his
Accession
to
the
Crown
,
laid
the
Foundation
of
a
strict
Friendship
betwixt
his
Master
and
Prince
Henry
;
which
was
afterwards
carried
on
by
Letters
and
Messages
,
till
the
Death
of
that
King
.
Though
it
's
a
Secret
to
this
day
what
was
the
real
Design
of
all
those
vast
Preparations
that
were
made
by
Henry
the
Fourth
for
some
time
before
his
Death
;
yet
certain
it
is
,
those
Preparations
were
such
as
kept
all
Europe
in
suspense
:
And
I
have
seen
some
Papers
that
make
it
more
than
probable
,
that
Prince
Henry
was
not
only
acquainted
with
the
Secret
,
but
was
engag'd
in
the
Design
.
But
whatever
it
was
,
it
prov'd
abortive
,
by
the
Murther
of
that
Excellent
King
just
at
the
time
when
it
was
to
have
been
declar'd
,
his
Army
being
ready
to
march
.
Prince
Henry
surviv'd
him
but
two
years
,
and
dy'd
universally
lamented
.
The
World
is
very
often
willing
to
attribute
the
Untimely
Death
of
Princes
to
unfair
Practices
;
and
it
was
the
general
Rumour
at
that
time
,
that
this
Prince
was
poison'd
.
Whatever
was
in
it
,
there
is
yet
in
Print
a
Sermon
preach'd
at
St.
Iames's
upon
the
Dissolution
of
his
Family
,
that
boldly
insinuated
some
such
thing
:
And
also
Sir
Francis
Bacon
,
Lord
Chancellor
of
England
,
in
his
Speech
at
the
Trial
of
the
Earl
of
Somerset
,
had
some
Reflections
upon
the
Intimacy
of
that
Lord
with
Sir
Thomas
Overbury
,
which
seem
to
point
that
way
;
insomuch
that
there
were
several
Expressions
left
out
of
the
printed
Copy
,
that
were
in
the
Speech
.
But
after
all
,
there
is
an
Account
in
Print
of
what
was
observable
upon
the
Opening
of
Prince
Henry's
Body
,
under
the
Hand
of
Sir
Theodore
Mayerne
,
and
Five
other
Physicians
,
The
Second
of
King
Iames's
Children
was
the
Princess
Elizabeth
,
Elector
Palatine
,
who
was
afterwards
to
his
Ruin
elected
King
of
Bohemia
.
It
is
hard
to
say
whether
the
Virtues
of
this
Lady
,
or
her
Misfortunes
were
greater
;
for
as
she
was
one
of
the
best
of
Women
,
she
may
be
likewise
reckon'd
in
the
number
of
the
most
unfortunate
.
King
Iames
thought
to
retrieve
his
Son-in-law's
lost
Fortune
by
the
way
of
Treaty
;
but
in
that
,
and
in
every
thing
else
,
the
House
of
Austria
outwitted
him
;
so
that
the
poor
Prince
Palatine
gain'd
nothing
by
his
Alliance
with
England
,
but
the
hard
Fate
to
be
abandon'd
by
those
whose
Honour
and
Interest
it
was
to
support
him
.
Nor
had
the
Crown
of
England
any
share
in
the
Honour
of
re-establishing
the
Palatine
Family
,
which
happen'd
Thirty
Years
after
;
for
at
the
time
of
the
Treaty
of
Munster
,
when
that
matter
was
setled
,
King
Charles
the
First
was
so
far
from
being
in
a
condition
to
mediate
for
his
Friends
,
that
he
was
himself
a
Prisoner
to
those
very
Enemies
that
in
a
few
Months
after
the
signing
of
that
Treaty
,
took
his
Life
.
Of
whom
,
being
the
Youngest
of
King
Iames's
Children
,
and
of
his
Misfortunes
,
there
will
be
too
much
occasion
to
speak
in
the
following
Sheets
.
But
to
return
to
King
Iames
;
as
he
was
equally
happy
and
unhappy
in
his
Children
▪
he
was
for
the
most
part
unhappy
in
his
Favourites
;
being
oblig'd
to
abandon
one
upon
the
account
of
Overbury's
Murther
;
and
coming
to
hate
another
the
latter
part
of
his
Life
as
much
as
he
had
ever
lov'd
him
before
.
In
order
to
obtain
of
the
Emperor
the
Restoration
of
his
Son-in-Law
,
Philip
the
Third's
Generosity
,
than
to
King
Iames's
Politicks
,
that
he
ever
saw
England
again
.
To
this
Friendship
with
Spain
he
sacrific'd
his
own
Honour
,
with
the
Life
of
that
Excellent
Person
,
Sir
Walter
Releigh
.
This
Gentleman
,
after
Fourteen
Years
Imprisonment
in
the
Tower
,
upon
the
account
of
a
Mysterious
Treason
,
during
which
time
he
did
oblige
the
World
with
one
of
the
best
Histories
that
ever
was
writ
,
came
to
be
set
at
liberty
,
and
was
sent
with
an
ample
Commission
,
which
was
judg'd
by
Lawyers
equivalent
to
a
Pardon
,
to
discover
and
take
possession
of
new
Countries
and
Mines
in
America
.
He
gave
King
Iames
the
Plan
of
his
Design
,
and
of
the
Place
he
was
to
land
at
;
which
prov'd
the
Ruin
of
that
Enterprize
;
for
before
he
could
get
ready
to
sail
from
England
,
the
Court
of
Spain
had
a
Copy
of
it
;
which
Sir
Walter
Raleigh
found
to
his
sad
Experience
was
got
to
America
before
him
,
and
had
thereby
enabled
the
Spaniards
to
baffle
the
Attempt
.
At
his
return
,
to
please
the
Spanish
Ambassador
,
who
had
got
a
mighty
Ascendent
over
King
Iames
,
this
last
of
Queen
Elizabeth's
Favourites
lost
his
Head
upon
the
former
Sentence
of
Treason
,
there
being
no
other
way
to
reach
it
.
All
our
Histories
have
mention'd
at
large
the
business
of
the
Spanish
Match
;
one
continued
Infatuation
on
his
part
.
The
Account
of
this
Matter
is
writ
with
the
greatest
Exactness
,
though
as
favourably
for
King
Iames
as
was
possible
,
by
the
Learned
Spanhemius
in
his
History
of
Lowyse
Iuliane
Electrice
Palatine
,
Daughter
of
William
Prince
of
Orange
,
and
Mother
to
the
King
of
Bohemia
,
who
out-liv'd
her
Son
,
and
was
one
of
the
greatest
Paterns
of
Virtue
that
any
Age
has
produc'd
.
Referring
the
Reader
to
the
Book
it self
,
I
shall
only
mention
a
few
things
out
of
it
.
To
make
this
Book
and
the
matter
of
the
Palatinate
better
understood
,
it
's
to
be
remembred
,
That
the
Elector
after
his
Marriage
with
King
Iames's
Daughter
,
was
elected
King
of
Bohemia
,
as
the
most
powerful
Prince
,
at
that
time
,
of
the
Empire
,
to
oppose
the
House
of
Austria
,
and
protect
the
Liberty
of
that
Kingdom
.
He
was
scarce
Crown'd
,
but
he
lost
both
his
New
Kingdom
,
and
his
Ancient
Inheritance
of
the
Palatinate
,
by
the
Battel
of
Prague
,
where
his
Army
was
entirely
defeated
,
and
he
himself
forc'd
to
fly
,
leaving
Bohemia
and
the
Palatinate
both
,
a
Prey
to
the
Emperor
.
Though
the
Parliament
of
England
was
zealous
to
restore
the
Palatine
Family
by
Force
of
Arms
,
as
the
most
effectual
means
to
do
it
,
and
had
offer'd
great
Supplies
to
that
purpose
;
yet
King
Iames
was
so
lull'd
asleep
with
the
Insinuations
of
Gundamor
,
the
Spanish
Ambassador
,
that
he
could
be
brought
to
no
other
Methods
but
those
of
Treaty
.
While
he
was
sending
one
Embassy
after
another
to
Vienna
and
Brussels
,
the
poor
King
of
Bohemia
seeing
how
little
was
to
be
expected
from
them
,
ventur'd
to
try
his
Fortune
once
more
in
the
Palatinate
;
and
with
the
Assistance
of
Count
Mansfield
and
the
Duke
of
Brunswick
,
beat
the
Imperialists
in
several
Rencounters
,
and
repossess'd
himself
of
several
Towns
.
But
when
he
was
in
a
fair
way
to
be
Master
of
the
Whole
,
he
was
obliged
to
retire
,
and
disband
his
Army
,
merely
to
please
King
Iames
,
who
was
possess'd
of
this
wild
Notion
,
That
to
lay
down
his
Arms
,
was
the
only
way
to
get
good
Terms
from
the
Emperor
.
Upon
which
a
Treaty
was
set
a
foot
at
Brussels
,
where
King
Iames
consented
by
way
of
Preliminary
,
That
his
Son-in-Law
should
not
only
wave
the
Title
of
the
King
of
Bohemia
,
but
that
of
Elector
Palatine
,
which
had
not
hitherto
been
question'd
,
and
which
the
poor
Prince
was
forc'd
to
comply
with
.
This
Treaty
,
after
a
great
many
other
Mortifications
put
upon
the
Palatine
Family
,
and
upon
K.
Iames
himself
,
was
by
a
Contrivance
of
the
Emperor
transferr'd
to
Ratisbon
,
and
came
to
nothing
at
last
,
as
all
the
other
Treaties
had
done
.
But
while
the
Imperialists
were
thus
amusing
King
Iames
with
Terms
of
Accommodation
,
and
that
the
King
of
Bohemia
had
disarm'd
himself
to
please
his
Father-in-Law
,
Heidleburgh
,
and
all
the
other
places
he
had
recover'd
before
,
together
with
the
rest
of
the
Palatinate
,
were
all
seiz'd
by
the
Emperor
,
except
only
Frankendale
,
which
continued
to
make
a
vigorous
Resistance
.
It
would
look
like
a
Dream
,
to
imagine
that
King
Iames
should
oblige
his
Son-in-Law
to
quit
this
place
also
,
the
only
one
left
him
of
his
whole
Countrey
,
and
that
as
the
only
effectual
way
to
get
back
all
the
rest
:
Yet
it
's
true
he
did
so
,
and
that
at
the
very
time
that
the
Emperor
had
actually
transferr'd
the
Electoral
Dignity
from
the
Palatine
Family
to
the
House
of
Bavaria
.
For
Frankendale
being
a
Town
then
of
great
Strength
,
King
Iames
being
willing
to
do
any
thing
,
rather
than
break
with
Spain
,
agreed
to
this
strange
Proposition
,
and
Frankendale
was
deliver'd
up
to
the
Governor
of
Flanders
for
Fifteen
Months
under
these
Conditions
.
But
the
Treaty
being
once
more
broke
off
,
and
the
time
elaps'd
,
when
King
Iames
demanded
that
Frankendale
should
be
restor'd
,
it
was
told
him
,
That
he
might
have
the
Town
,
but
by
the
Terms
of
the
Agreement
he
was
to
have
a
Passage
for
his
Troops
through
the
Spanish
Low-Countries
;
but
that
there
was
no
Article
,
That
he
should
have
a
Passage
through
any
other
Places
that
were
in
their
possession
in
Germany
.
And
thus
King
Iames
was
once
more
egregiously
impos●d
upon
,
for
there
was
no
way
to
come
at
the
Town
,
but
through
Parts
of
Germany
that
were
in
the
hands
of
Spain
;
and
so
the
Spaniards
continued
Masters
of
Frankendale
.
When
several
other
Princes
were
some
time
after
upon
entring
into
a
League
for
Restitution
of
the
Palatinate
,
and
the
House
of
Austria
was
beginning
to
doubt
the
Success
,
Gundomar
play'd
another
Engine
to
break
their
Measures
,
by
proposing
a
Match
with
the
Infanta
of
Spain
,
for
the
Prince
of
Wales
,
as
the
easiest
and
surest
way
to
restore
the
Palatine
Family
;
which
like
all
the
rest
,
was
only
to
amuse
King
Iames
,
and
was
equally
unsuccessful
.
It
were
too
long
to
give
the
Detail
of
King
Iames's
Conduct
in
this
Affair
,
which
was
all
of
a
piece
.
The
Author
sums
up
the
ills
that
attended
it
,
in
this
,
That
thereby
the
Protestant
Religion
was
entirely
rooted
out
of
Bohemia
,
the
Electoral
Dignity
transferr'd
from
the
Palatine
Family
,
the
Palatinate
it self
lost
,
the
Liberty
of
Germany
overthrown
;
and
which
he
mentions
with
a
sensible
Regret
,
the
famous
Library
of
Heidelburgh
was
carried
to
Rome
,
to
the
irreparable
Prejudice
of
Learning
.
So
that
Gundomar
had
good
reason
to
say
,
in
one
of
his
Letters
to
the
Duke
of
Lerma
,
printed
in
the
History
of
that
Duke's
Life
,
That
he
had
lull'd
King
James
so
fast
asleep
,
that
he
hop'd
neither
the
Cries
of
his
Daughter
nor
her
Children
,
nor
the
repeated
Sollicitations
of
his
Parliament
and
Subjects
in
their
behalf
,
should
be
able
to
awaken
him
.
There
are
two
Passages
more
very
observable
in
this
Author
.
The
Court
of
Spain
finding
King
Iames
had
broke
off
the
Spanish
Match
,
and
was
brought
to
see
how
egregiously
he
had
been
abus'd
in
it
;
they
ventur'd
upon
a
bold
Attempt
to
trouble
his
Affairs
,
by
whispering
in
his
Ears
some
things
to
make
him
jealous
of
his
Son
;
And
that
a
good
while
after
,
when
King
Charles
and
his
Parliament
were
entring
upon
vigorous
Measures
to
espouse
the
Palatine
Cause
,
they
found
ways
to
sow
Divisions
between
him
and
his
People
,
that
in
progress
of
time
broke
out
into
a
Civil
War
.
The
latter
needs
no
Commentary
;
and
the
former
is
sufficiently
explain'd
,
That
never
Prince
was
more
oblig'd
to
a
Sister
,
than
King
Charles
the
First
was
to
the
Queen
of
Bohemia
;
since
it
was
only
the
Consideration
of
her
and
her
Children
,
who
were
then
the
next
Heirs
to
the
Crown
of
England
,
that
prevail'd
with
the
Court
of
Spain
to
permit
him
to
see
England
again
.
As
in
most
Foreign
Transactions
King
Iames
was
unhappy
;
Pope
Paul
V.
and
the
Venetians
.
There
appear'd
at
that
time
a
wonderful
Disposition
in
that
State
to
work
a
Reformation
in
the
Church
,
and
throw
off
the
Papal
Yoke
.
In
order
to
advance
it
,
King
Iames
dispatch'd
Sir
Henry
Wotton
his
Ambassador
to
Venice
;
and
hearing
that
Spain
had
declar'd
for
the
Pope
,
he
declar'd
for
the
Venetians
;
and
acquainted
Iustiniani
,
their
Ambassador
in
England
,
That
he
would
not
only
assist
Them
with
all
the
Forces
of
his
Kingdom
,
but
engage
all
his
Allies
in
their
Defence
.
At
Sir
Henry
Wotton's
Arrival
,
the
Breach
between
the
Pope
and
the
Republick
was
brought
very
near
a
Crisis
;
so
that
a
total
Separation
was
expected
not
only
from
the
Court
,
but
the
Church
of
Rome
;
which
was
set
on
by
the
Learned
Padre
Paulo
,
and
the
Seven
Divines
of
the
State
,
with
much
Zeal
,
and
conducted
with
as
great
Prudence
.
The
Ambassador
at
his
Audience
offer'd
all
possible
Assistance
in
his
Master's
Name
,
and
accus'd
the
Pope
and
Papacy
of
being
the
chief
Authors
of
all
the
Mischiefs
in
Christendom
.
This
was
receiv'd
with
great
Deference
and
Respect
to
King
Iames
:
And
when
the
Pope's
Nuncio
objected
,
That
King
Iames
was
not
a
Catholick
,
and
so
was
not
to
be
rely'd
upon
;
the
Doge
took
him
up
briskly
,
and
told
him
,
That
the
King
of
England
believ'd
in
Iesus
Christ
,
but
he
did
not
know
in
whom
some
others
believ'd
.
King
Iames
had
sent
with
Wotton
his
Premonition
to
all
Christian
Princes
and
States
,
translated
into
Latin
,
to
be
presented
to
the
Senate
;
which
Padre
Paulo
and
the
other
Divines
press'd
might
be
done
at
his
first
Audience
;
telling
him
;
they
were
confident
it
would
have
a
very
good
effect
.
The
Ambassador
could
not
be
prevail'd
with
;
alledging
he
had
positive
Orders
to
wait
till
St.
Iames's
Day
,
which
was
not
far
off
.
This
Conceit
of
presenting
K.
Iames's
Book
on
St.
Iames's
Day
,
spoil'd
all
;
for
before
that
day
came
,
the
Difference
was
made
up
,
and
that
happy
Opportunity
lost
.
So
that
when
he
had
his
Audience
on
St.
Iames's
Day
,
and
had
presented
the
Book
,
all
the
Answer
he
got
,
was
,
That
they
thank'd
the
King
of
England
for
his
good
will
,
but
they
were
now
reconcil'd
to
the
Pope
,
and
that
therefore
they
were
resolv'd
not
to
admit
of
any
Change
in
their
Religion
,
according
to
their
Agreement
with
the
Court
of
Rome
.
How
little
Reputation
he
acquir'd
in
the
Matter
of
the
Venetian
Interdict
,
appears
yet
more
plainly
in
this
,
That
in
all
the
numerous
Collections
we
have
of
Letters
that
pass'd
on
that
Subject
between
the
Cardinals
of
Ioyeuse
and
Perron
,
the
Marquis
de
Fresnes
and
Henry
IV.
there
is
not
the
least
notice
taken
of
King
Iames
or
his
Embassy
.
To
have
done
with
King
Iames
;
it
was
said
,
That
he
divided
his
time
betwixt
his
Standish
,
his
Bottle
,
and
his
Hunting
.
The
last
had
his
fair
Weather
,
the
two
former
his
dull
and
cloudy
;
and
therefore
that
it
was
no
wonder
his
Writings
were
so
variable
;
and
that
after
he
had
pleaded
for
Witchcraft
,
and
the
Pope's
being
Antichrist
,
Somerset's
Affair
and
the
Spanish
Match
cur'd
him
of
both
.
After
having
enjoy'd
for
the
most
part
of
his
Life
a
firm
Health
,
he
died
of
a
Quartan
Ague
,
in
the
Fifty
ninth
Year
of
his
Age
,
and
with
such
suspicious
Circumstances
,
as
gave
occasion
of
Enquiry
into
the
manner
of
his
Death
,
in
the
two
first
Parliaments
that
were
call'd
by
his
Son
;
all
which
came
to
nothing
,
by
reason
of
their
sudden
Dissolutions
.
King
Charles
the
First
came
to
the
Crown
under
all
the
Disadvantages
that
have
been
mention'd
;
Charl●s
I.
and
yet
the
Nation
might
have
hop'd
that
their
Condition
would
be
mended
under
a
Prince
of
so
much
Virtue
,
as
indeed
he
was
,
if
the
Seeds
of
Discontent
which
were
sown
in
his
Father's
time
,
had
not
every
day
taken
deeper
Root
,
and
acquir'd
new
Growth
,
through
the
Ill
Management
of
his
Ministers
,
rather
than
any
Wilful
Errors
of
his
own
.
Some
of
them
drove
so
fast
,
that
it
was
no
wonder
the
Wheels
and
Chariot
broke
:
And
it
was
in
great
part
to
the
indiscreet
Zeal
of
a
Mitred
Head
,
that
had
got
an
Ascendant
over
his
Master's
Conscience
and
Counsels
,
that
both
the
Monarchy
and
Hierarchy
ow'd
afterwards
their
Fall
.
To
trace
this
matter
a
little
higher
;
there
arose
in
the
preceding
Reign
two
opposite
Parties
in
the
Church
,
which
became
now
more
than
ever
exasperated
against
each
other
;
the
one
headed
by
Archbishop
Abbot
,
and
the
other
by
Bishop
Laud.
Abbot
was
a
Person
of
wonderful
Temper
and
Moderation
;
and
in
all
his
Conduct
shew'd
an
unwillingness
to
stretch
the
Act
of
Vniformity
beyond
what
was
absolutely
necessary
for
the
Peace
of
the
Church
;
or
the
Prerogative
of
the
Crown
,
any
further
than
conduc'd
to
the
good
of
the
State
.
Being
not
well
turn'd
for
a
Court
,
though
otherwise
of
considerable
Learning
,
and
Gentile
Education
,
he
either
could
not
,
or
would
not
stoop
to
the
Humour
of
the
Times
;
and
now
and
then
by
an
unseasonable
Stiffness
,
gave
occasion
to
his
Enemies
to
represent
him
as
not
well-inclin'd
to
the
Prerogative
,
or
too
much
addicted
to
a
Popular
Interest
,
and
therefore
not
fit
to
be
employ'd
in
Matters
of
Government
.
Upon
the
other
hand
,
Bishop
Laud
,
as
he
was
a
Man
of
greater
Learning
,
and
yet
greater
Ambition
and
Natural
Parts
,
so
he
understood
nicely
the
Art
of
pleasing
a
Court
;
and
finding
no
surer
way
to
raise
himself
to
the
first
Dignitices
of
the
Church
,
than
by
acting
a
quite
contrary
part
to
that
of
Archbishop
Abbot
,
he
went
into
every
thing
that
seem'd
to
favour
the
Prerogative
of
the
Crown
,
or
enforce
an
Absolute
Obedience
upon
the
Subject
.
The
King
's
urgent
Necessities
,
and
the
backwardness
of
the
Parliament
to
supply
them
,
had
forc'd
him
upon
unwarrantable
Methods
of
raising
Money
;
and
the
readiness
the
Roman-Catholicks
express'd
to
assist
him
in
his
Wants
,
did
beget
in
him
at
first
a
Tenderness
towards
them
,
and
afterwards
a
Trust
and
Confidence
in
them
;
which
was
unhappily
mistaken
by
his
other
Subjects
,
as
if
he
inclin'd
to
their
Religion
.
Among
other
means
of
raising
Money
,
that
of
Loan
was
fallen
upon
;
which
met
with
great
difficulties
,
and
was
generally
taken
to
be
illegal
.
One
Sibthorp
,
an
obscure
Person
,
in
a
Sermon
preach'd
at
the
Assizes
at
Northampton
,
would
make
his
Court
by
asserting
not
only
the
Lawfulness
of
this
way
of
imposing
Money
by
Loan
,
but
that
it
was
the
indispensible
Duty
of
the
Subject
to
comply
with
it
.
At
the
same
time
Dr.
Manwaring
,
another
Divine
,
preach'd
two
Sermons
before
the
King
at
Whitehall
,
in
which
he
advanc'd
these
Doctrines
,
viz.
That
the
King
is
not
bound
to
observe
the
Laws
of
the
Realm
,
concerning
the
Subjects
Rights
and
Liberties
;
but
that
his
Royal
Word
and
Command
in
imposing
Loans
and
Taxes
without
Consent
of
Parliament
,
does
oblige
the
Subject's
Conscience
,
upon
pain
of
eternal
Damnation
.
That
those
who
refus'd
to
pay
this
Loan
,
did
offend
against
the
Law
of
God
,
and
became
guilty
of
Impiety
,
Disloyalty
,
and
Rebellion
.
And
that
the
Authority
of
Parliaments
is
not
necessary
for
raising
of
Aids
and
Subsidies
.
Every
body
knew
Abbot
was
averse
to
such
Doctrines
:
And
to
seek
an
advantage
against
him
,
Sibthorp's
Sermon
,
with
a
Dedication
to
the
King
,
was
sent
him
by
Order
of
his
Majesty
to
License
.
Abbot
refus'd
,
and
gave
his
Reasons
in
writing
;
which
Bishop
Laud
answer'd
,
and
with
his
own
hand
Licens'd
both
Sibthorp's
and
Manwaring's
Sermons
.
Upon
this
Archbishop
Abbot
was
confin'd
to
his
Countrey-House
,
and
suspended
from
his
Function
;
the
Administration
of
which
was
committed
to
Bishop
Laud
,
and
some
others
of
his
Recommendation
.
Archbishop
Abbot
died
in
disgrace
,
and
was
succeeded
in
the
See
of
Canterbury
by
Bishop
Laud
;
while
in
the
mean
time
things
went
on
from
bad
to
worse
,
and
hasten'd
to
a
Crisis
.
The
two
first
Parliaments
King
Charles
had
call'd
,
pressing
him
hard
for
Redress
of
Grievances
,
and
pushing
on
the
Resentments
begun
in
the
preceding
Reign
,
he
was
prevail'd
with
not
only
to
dissolve
them
,
but
to
leave
the
Nation
without
Parliaments
for
Twelve
Years
together
;
and
all
this
contrary
to
the
Advice
of
some
of
the
best
and
wisest
men
about
him
;
who
foresaw
the
ill
consequences
that
might
follow
,
if
ever
any
unlucky
Iuncture
of
Affairs
should
necessitate
him
to
call
one
.
Such
a
Iuncture
fell
out
,
In
the
Year
1637.
General
Assembly
of
their
Church
,
and
in
it
to
abolish
Episcopacy
,
and
do
several
other
things
that
were
judg'd
inconsistent
with
the
Duty
of
Subjects
.
Upon
which
they
were
declar'd
Rebels
;
and
King
Charles
thought
his
Honour
was
concern'd
to
reduce
them
to
Obedience
by
the
Sword
.
Instead
of
venturing
to
call
a
Parliament
,
to
enable
him
to
prosecute
this
Design
,
he
was
necessitated
to
levy
Money
another
way
.
Great
Sums
were
rais'd
by
Loan
and
Benevolence
,
to
which
the
Roman
Catholicks
and
the
Clergy
of
Laud's
Faction
contributed
most
.
The
King
thus
supplied
,
march'd
to
the
North
with
a
Gallant
Army
;
and
the
Scots
came
as
far
as
the
Borders
in
a
posture
of
Defence
.
To
prevent
matters
coming
to
extremity
,
the
Scots
presented
his
Majesty
with
their
humble
Supplication
and
Remonstrance
,
setting
forth
their
inviolable
Fidelity
to
the
Crown
;
and
that
they
desir'd
nothing
more
,
but
the
peaceable
enjoyment
of
their
Religion
and
Liberties
;
and
that
all
things
may
be
determin'd
and
settled
by
a
Free
Parliament
,
and
General
Assembly
.
At
length
,
through
the
Intercession
of
the
Moderate
Party
about
the
King
,
and
some
of
the
highest
Rank
in
both
Kingdoms
,
his
Majesty
was
plea'd
to
comply
with
the
desires
of
the
Scots
,
by
a
solemn
Pacification
,
sign'd
in
view
of
both
Armies
near
Berwick
,
in
Iune
1638.
This
Treaty
was
but
short-liv'd
,
and
but
ill
observ'd
on
either
side
.
The
same
men
that
counsell'd
the
King
to
the
first
,
push'd
him
on
to
a
second
War
against
the
Scots
.
Parliaments
had
been
now
discontinu'd
for
some
Years
together
,
and
there
appear'd
no
great
Inclination
in
the
King
to
call
any
more
,
if
this
emergent
occasion
had
not
fallen
out
.
But
his
pressing
Necessities
,
and
this
new
War
,
oblig'd
him
once
more
to
try
the
Affections
of
his
People
in
a
Parliamentary
way
.
Accordingly
a
Parliament
meets
in
April
,
1640.
at
the
opening
of
which
the
King
acquainted
them
with
the
Affronts
he
had
receiv'd
from
the
Scots
,
and
demanded
a
Supply
to
reduce
them
to
their
Duty
by
force
of
Arms.
Both
Houses
show'd
a
Willingness
to
relieve
the
King's
Wants
,
and
offer'd
him
a
considerable
Supply
;
but
with
this
Condition
,
That
their
Grievances
may
be
first
redress'd
;
which
had
swell'd
up
to
a
considerable
Bulk
since
the
last
Dissolution
.
Not
only
so
,
but
the
Scots
had
Friends
enough
in
the
Parliament
to
hinder
any
great
matter
to
be
done
against
them
;
and
the
greater
part
both
of
Lords
and
Commons
were
but
little
inclin'd
to
a
War
of
Archbishop
Laud's
kindling
.
The
King
being
thus
disappointed
,
dissolv'd
this
Parliament
as
he
had
done
the
rest
,
when
they
had
scarce
sat
a
Month
;
and
made
what
shifts
he
could
to
raise
a
new
Army
against
the
Scots
.
They
upon
the
other
hand
being
resolv'd
not
to
be
behind
in
their
Preparations
,
enter'd
into
England
with
a
numerous
Army
,
compos'd
for
the
most
part
of
Veteran
Officers
and
Troops
,
that
had
serv'd
in
Germany
under
Gustavus
Adolphus
,
and
taking
Berwick
and
Newcastle
,
push'd
their
way
as
far
as
Durham
.
King
Charles
came
in
Person
to
York
,
and
there
found
himself
inviron'd
with
perplexing
Difficulties
on
all
hands
:
The
Nobility
and
Gentry
that
attended
him
,
express'd
on
all
occasions
their
dislike
of
the
Cause
,
and
the
War
they
were
engag'd
in
:
The
Scots
stood
firm
to
their
ground
,
being
flesh'd
with
Success
:
And
the
King
was
follow'd
from
the
South
with
Petitions
from
the
City
of
London
,
from
several
Counties
,
and
from
a
considerable
Number
of
Lords
,
desiring
him
to
call
a
Parliament
,
as
the
only
effectual
Means
to
quiet
the
Minds
of
the
People
,
and
compose
the
present
War
without
Bloodshed
.
To
extricate
himself
out
of
this
Labyrinth
,
King
Charles
summon'd
the
Great
Council
of
Peers
to
meet
at
York
,
to
consult
what
was
fit
to
be
done
in
this
Juncture
;
who
advis'd
him
unanimously
to
enter
into
a
Treaty
with
the
Scots
at
Rippon
,
and
to
summon
a
Parliament
to
meet
at
Westminster
;
with
both
which
Advices
the
King
comply'd
,
and
immediately
issu'd
out
Writs
for
a
Parliament
to
sit
down
in
November
,
1640.
and
adjourn'd
the
Treaty
with
the
Scots
to
London
.
No
Age
ever
produc'd
Greater
Men
than
those
that
sat
in
this
Parliament
:
They
had
sufficient
Abilities
and
Inclinations
to
have
render'd
the
●●ing
and
their
Countrey
happy
,
if
England
had
not
been
through
a
Chain
of
concurring
Accidents
ripen'd
for
destruction
.
At
their
sitting
down
,
Arbitrary
Tribunals
,
and
with
them
in
some
time
after
,
the
Bishops
out
of
the
House
of
Peers
,
and
at
length
Episcopacy
it self
out
of
the
Church
.
It
was
not
a
few
of
either
House
,
but
indeed
all
the
Great
Patriots
,
that
concurr'd
at
first
to
make
Enquiry
into
the
Grievances
of
this
Reign
.
Sir
Edward
Hyde
,
afterwards
Earl
of
Clarendon
,
and
Lord
Chancellor
of
England
;
the
Lord
Digby
;
the
Lord
Falkland
;
the
Lord
Capell
;
Mr.
Grimstone
,
who
was
chosen
afterwards
Speaker
of
the
House
of
Commons
that
brought
in
King
Charles
the
Second
,
and
was
Master
of
the
Rolls
;
Mr.
Hollis
,
since
Lord
Hollis
;
all
which
suffer'd
afterwards
on
the
King's
side
;
and
,
in
general
,
most
of
those
that
took
the
King's
part
in
the
succeeding
War
,
were
the
Men
that
appear'd
with
the
greatest
Zeal
for
the
Redress
of
Grievances
,
and
made
the
sharpest
Speeches
upon
those
Subjects
.
The
Intentions
of
those
Gentlemen
were
certainly
Noble
and
Just
,
and
tended
to
the
equal
advantage
of
King
and
People
:
But
the
Fate
of
England
urg'd
on
its
own
Ruin
step
by
step
,
till
an
open
Rupture
between
the
King
and
Parliament
made
the
Gap
too
wide
ever
to
be
made
up
again
.
Sir
Thomas
Wentworth
,
Earl
of
Strafford
,
and
Dr.
Laud
,
Archbishop
of
Canterbury
,
had
too
great
a
share
in
the
Ministry
,
to
escape
being
Censur'd
;
and
they
were
the
first
that
felt
the
effects
of
a
Popular
Hatred
.
These
two
Gentlemen
,
and
Iames
Duke
of
Hamilton
,
first
advis'd
King
Charles
to
call
this
Parliament
;
and
all
Three
fell
by
it
,
though
not
at
the
same
time
.
The
Earl
of
Strafford
was
a
Gentleman
of
extraordinary
Parts
,
Ship-money
,
Tunnage
and
Poundage
,
and
other
Taxes
illegally
impos'd
upon
the
Subject
.
The
Court
bought
him
off
,
and
preferr'd
him
to
great
Honours
and
Places
,
which
lost
him
his
former
Friends
,
and
made
the
Breach
irreconcilable
.
There
had
been
a
long
and
intimate
Friendship
betwixt
Mr.
Pym
and
him
,
and
they
had
gone
hand
in
hand
in
every
thing
in
the
House
of
Commons
.
But
when
Sir
Thomas
Wentworth
was
upon
making
his
Peace
with
the
Court
,
he
sent
to
Pym
to
meet
him
alone
at
Greenwich
;
where
he
began
in
a
set
Speech
to
sound
Mr.
Pym
about
the
Dangers
they
were
like
to
run
by
the
Courses
they
were
in
;
and
what
Advantages
they
might
have
,
if
they
would
but
listen
to
some
Offers
would
probably
be
made
them
from
the
Court
.
Pym
understanding
his
drift
,
stopt
him
short
with
this
expression
,
You
need
not
use
all
this
Art
to
tell
me
that
you
have
a
mind
to
leave
us
:
But
remember
what
I
tell
you
,
You
are
going
to
be
undone
.
But
remember
,
That
though
you
leave
us
now
,
I
will
never
leave
you
while
your
Head
is
upon
your
Shoulders
.
He
was
as
good
as
his
word
,
for
it
was
Pym
that
first
accus'd
him
of
High
Treason
in
the
House
of
Commons
,
he
carried
up
his
Impeachment
to
the
House
of
Lords
,
and
was
the
chief
Manager
of
his
Tryal
,
and
Bill
of
Attainder
.
There
never
was
a
more
solemn
Trial
than
that
of
the
Earl
of
Strafford
,
whether
we
consider
the
Accusers
,
or
the
Person
accus'd
;
the
Accusation
,
or
the
Defence
.
As
in
every
thing
else
,
so
in
this
more
particularly
,
he
express'd
a
wonderful
Presence
of
Mind
,
and
a
vast
Compass
of
Thought
,
with
such
nervous
and
moving
Flights
of
Eloquence
,
as
came
nothing
short
of
the
most
celebrated
Pieces
of
Antiquity
.
This
did
manifestly
appear
from
his
summing
up
the
long
Answer
he
made
ex
tempore
to
every
one
of
the
Articles
against
him
,
with
this
Pathetick
Conclusion
:
My
Lords
,
said
he
,
I
have
troubled
you
longer
than
I
should
have
done
,
were
it
not
for
the
Interest
of
these
dear
Pledges
a
Saint
in
Heaven
hath
left
me
.
At
this
word
he
stopt
,
pointing
to
his
Children
,
that
stood
by
him
,
and
dropt
some
Tears
;
then
went
on
,
What
I
forfeit
for
my self
in
nothing
;
but
that
my
Indiscretion
should
extend
to
my
Posterity
,
woundeth
me
to
the
very
Soul
.
You
will
pardon
my
Infirmity
;
something
I
should
have
added
,
but
am
not
able
;
therefore
let
it
pass
.
And
now
,
my
Lords
,
for
my self
,
I
have
been
by
the
Blessing
of
God
,
taught
,
That
the
Afflictions
of
this
present
Life
are
not
to
be
compar'd
to
that
Eternal
Weight
of
Glory
which
shall
be
reveal'd
hereafter
.
And
so
,
my
Lords
,
even
so
,
with
all
Tranquility
of
Mind
,
I
freely
submit
my self
to
your
Iudgment
:
And
whether
that
Iudgment
be
of
Life
or
Death
,
Te
Deum
laudamus
.
It
's
believ'd
that
King
Charles's
appearing
so
heartily
for
him
,
did
him
no
good
with
the
House
of
Commons
:
And
it
's
confidently
said
,
that
he
wrote
his
Majesty
a
Letter
from
the
Tower
,
praying
him
not
to
intercede
in
his
Affair
;
and
that
his
not
seeming
to
be
concern'd
in
it
,
would
be
the
best
Method
to
calm
the
Rage
of
his
Enemies
.
But
notwithstanding
this
Caution
,
the
King
came
to
the
House
of
Lords
,
and
sending
for
the
House
of
Commons
made
a
warm
Speech
in
favour
of
the
Earl
;
which
some
of
his
Friends
took
,
for
so
good
News
,
that
they
went
straight
from
Westminster
to
give
him
an
account
of
it
:
Stafford
receiv'd
it
as
his
Doom
,
and
told
them
,
The
King's
Kindness
had
ruin'd
him
;
and
that
he
had
little
else
now
to
do
,
but
to
prepare
himself
for
Death
.
As
King
Charles
was
mistaken
in
his
Intercession
for
the
Earl
of
Strafford
,
so
was
the
Earl
himself
much
more
,
in
neglecting
the
Advice
of
his
Friends
against
his
coming
up
to
this
Parliament
.
It
was
easy
to
foresee
there
was
something
design'd
to
his
Prejudice
;
and
he
had
fair
Warning
given
him
not
to
come
up
at
that
time
;
at
least
,
till
he
saw
how
matters
would
go
.
He
had
two
plausible
Pretences
for
his
Absence
,
if
he
had
pleas'd
to
make
use
of
them
;
the
necessity
of
his
Presence
in
Ireland
,
where
he
was
Lord
Lieutenant
;
or
in
the
North
of
England
,
where
he
was
Lieutenant-General
of
the
Army
that
had
been
rais'd
against
the
Scots
.
But
being
too
confident
,
not
only
of
the
King's
Favour
,
and
his
Interest
among
the
Lords
,
but
of
the
good
effects
an
Humble
Honey
Speech
might
have
with
the
House
of
Commons
(
to
use
his
own
words
)
,
he
came
late
at
Night
to
Town
,
and
took
his
place
next
Morning
in
the
House
of
Lords
,
with
an
Intention
to
ask
leave
that
very
day
to
go
down
to
the
House
of
Commons
to
clear
himself
of
the
Misrepresentations
he
lay
under
.
Mr.
Pym
hearing
he
was
come
,
mov'd
to
have
the
Doors
lock'd
,
and
the
Keys
laid
upon
the
Table
,
lest
any
Member
should
give
Intelligence
of
what
they
were
upon
:
Which
being
done
,
he
accus'd
the
Earl
of
Strafford
of
High-Treason
;
and
an
Impeachment
was
immediately
drawn
up
,
and
agreed
to
by
the
House
.
In
the
mean
time
,
it
fell
out
unluckily
for
the
Earl
of
Strafford
,
that
at
his
coming
into
the
House
of
Lords
,
they
were
upon
a
Debate
that
took
them
up
a
considerable
time
;
and
while
he
was
waiting
till
that
was
over
,
the
Commons
came
up
with
their
Impeachment
.
As
the
Earl
was
strangely
unfortunate
in
most
things
that
befel
him
in
the
latter
Period
of
his
Life
,
he
was
no
less
in
the
very
Opinion
of
the
King
himself
,
and
those
others
that
did
all
they
could
to
save
his
Life
.
For
the
King
in
the
Speech
he
made
to
both
Houses
in
his
favour
,
was
pleas'd
to
say
,
That
he
did
not
think
my
Lord
Strafford
fit
hereafter
to
serve
him
or
the
Commonwealth
in
any
Place
of
Trust
,
no
▪
not
so
much
as
that
of
a
Constable
.
And
the
Lord
Digby
,
in
the
Speech
he
made
in
the
House
of
Commons
against
the
Bill
of
Attainder
,
for
which
among
other
things
he
was
forc'd
to
fly
,
treats
the
Earl
in
yet
much
harsher
Terms
:
The
Name
of
the
Earl
of
Strafford
(
says
he
)
is
a
Name
of
Hatred
in
the
present
Age
by
his
Practices
,
and
fit
to
be
made
a
Terror
to
future
Ages
by
his
Punishment
.
I
am
still
the
same
in
my
Opinions
and
Affections
as
to
the
Earl
of
Strafford
(
continues
he
after
)
;
I
believe
him
to
be
the
most
dangerous
Minister
,
the
most
insupportable
to
free
Subjects
,
that
can
be
character'd
.
I
believe
his
Practices
in
themselves
as
high
,
as
Tyranical
,
as
any
Subject
ever
ventur'd
upon
;
and
the
Malignity
of
them
highly
aggravated
by
those
rare
Qualities
of
his
,
whereof
God
has
given
him
the
Vse
,
but
the
Devil
the
Application
.
In
a
word
(
adds
the
Lord
Digby
)
I
believe
him
still
that
Grand
Apostate
to
the
Commonwealth
,
who
must
not
expect
to
be
pardon'd
in
this
World
,
till
he
be
dispatch'd
into
the
other
.
And
yet
let
me
tell
you
,
Mr.
Speaker
,
my
Hand
must
not
be
at
that
Dispatch
.
Thus
far
a
Nobleman
that
was
entirely
in
the
King's
Interest
;
and
for
his
Zeal
to
the
Royal
Cause
became
the
most
obnoxious
to
the
Parliament
.
After
all
,
there
seems
to
have
been
some
Mistake
about
the
main
Article
in
his
Accusation
,
of
his
advising
the
King
to
bring
over
the
Army
from
Ireland
to
reduce
England
;
which
contributed
more
to
the
undoing
of
this
Minister
,
than
all
the
rest
:
For
the
Proof
of
this
Article
being
only
Words
contain'd
in
Mr.
Secretary
Vane's
Notes
,
That
they
did
not
remember
they
heard
the
Earl
of
Strafford
speak
those
Words
.
I
cannot
leave
the
Earl
of
Strafford
,
without
taking
notice
of
a
silly
Mistake
that
has
gain'd
some
Credit
in
the
World
,
as
if
the
Bill
of
Attainder
against
him
was
of
so
extraordinary
a
nature
,
and
so
much
out
of
all
the
known
Methods
of
Justice
,
that
the
Legislators
themselves
were
oblig'd
to
insert
a
Clause
into
the
Body
of
it
,
That
it
should
never
be
drawn
into
President
.
Whereas
that
Clause
does
expresly
relate
only
to
Judges
in
Inferior
Courts
;
and
is
conceiv'd
in
the
following
words
:
Provided
,
That
no
Iudge
or
Iudges
,
Iustice
or
Iustices
whatsoever
,
shall
adjudge
or
interpret
any
Act
or
Thing
to
be
Treason
,
nor
hear
or
determine
any
Treason
,
in
any
other
manner
than
he
or
they
should
or
ought
to
have
done
,
before
the
making
of
this
Act.
As
Archbishop
Laud
was
nothing
inferior
to
the
Earl
of
Strafford
in
Parts
,
and
much
his
Superior
in
Learning
;
That
Archbishop
Laud
was
brought
to
his
Trial
,
and
found
Guilty
during
the
Heat
of
a
Civil
War
,
and
when
all
things
were
tending
to
Confusion
,
was
nothing
strange
:
Nor
was
Serjeant
Wild's
Introduction
at
the
opening
of
his
Charge
,
any
thing
but
what
might
have
been
expected
at
such
a
time
,
when
he
told
the
Lor●s
,
That
it
might
be
said
of
the
Great
Cause
of
the
Archbishop
of
Canterbury
,
as
it
was
in
a
like
Case
,
Repertum
est
hodierno
die
facinus
,
quod
nec
Poeta
fingere
,
nec
Histrio
sonare
,
nec
Mimus
imitari
potuer
it
.
But
it
was
indeed
strange
,
and
none
of
the
least
of
this
Great
Man's
Misfortunes
,
That
Three
Years
before
,
he
should
be
declar'd
by
the
House
of
Commons
a
Traytor
,
Nemine
contradicente
at
a
time
when
there
was
not
the
least
Misunderstanding
betwixt
the
King
and
Parliament
,
being
within
the
first
Month
after
they
sat
down
:
And
which
was
yet
stranger
,
That
no
body
was
more
severe
upon
him
,
than
some
of
those
that
afterwards
took
the
King's
Part
against
the
Parliament
,
and
were
at
last
the
chief
Instruments
of
his
Son's
Restoration
.
Whoever
reads
Sir
Harbottle
Grimstone's
Speech
upon
voting
his
Impeachment
,
or
Pym's
upon
carrying
it
up
to
the
Lords
,
will
be
apt
to
think
,
That
scarce
any
Age
has
produc'd
a
Man
,
whose
Actions
and
Conduct
have
been
more
obnoxious
to
Obloquy
,
or
given
greater
occasion
for
it
.
There
was
one
Thread
that
run
through
his
whole
Accusation
,
and
upon
which
most
of
the
Articles
of
his
Impeachment
turn'd
;
and
that
was
,
his
Inclination
to
Popery
,
and
his
design
to
introduce
the
Romish
Religion
:
Of
which
his
Immortal
Book
against
Fisher
,
and
his
Declaration
at
his
Death
,
do
sufficiently
acquit
him
.
And
yet
,
not
Protestants
only
,
but
even
Roman-Catholicks
themselves
were
led
into
this
Mistake
;
otherwise
they
would
not
have
dar'd
to
offer
one
in
his
Post
a
Cardinal's
Cap
,
as
he
confesses
in
his
Diary
they
did
twice
.
The
Introduction
of
a
great
many
Pompous
Ceremonies
into
the
Church
,
the
Licensing
some
Books
that
spoke
favourably
of
the
Church
of
Rome
,
and
the
refusing
to
License
others
that
were
writ
against
it
,
were
the
principal
Causes
of
his
being
thus
misrepresented
:
And
indeed
his
Behaviour
in
some
of
these
matters
,
as
likewise
in
the
Star-Chamber
,
and
High-Commission-Court
,
can
hardly
be
accounted
for
;
and
particularly
his
Theatrical
manner
of
Consecrating
a
New
Church
in
London
;
He
was
certainly
,
in
spite
of
Malice
,
a
Man
of
an
elevated
Capacity
,
and
vast
Designs
;
a
great
Encourager
of
Learning
,
and
Learned
Men
;
and
spar'd
no
Pains
nor
Cost
to
enrich
England
with
such
a
Noble
Collection
of
Books
and
Manuscripts
in
most
Languages
,
as
look'd
rather
like
the
Bounty
of
a
King
,
than
of
a
Subject
.
As
he
left
behind
him
many
lasting
Monuments
of
his
Beneficence
to
the
Learned
World
,
so
was
he
in
a
way
to
have
carry'd
it
much
further
,
if
his
Misfortunes
had
not
interven'd
,
and
depriv'd
Learning
of
so
powerful
a
Benefactor
.
But
after
all
;
as
there
is
seldom
found
a
Mind
so
Great
but
has
some
Allay
,
so
it
seems
Archbishop
Laud
,
notwithstanding
his
excellent
Endowments
,
was
not
Proof
against
either
the
Impression
of
Dreams
,
or
Revenge
of
Personal
Affronts
,
though
never
so
trivial
in
themselves
,
nor
the
Person
never
so
mean
:
Of
the
one
,
witness
his
taking
so
particular
notice
in
his
Diary
of
several
of
his
Dreams
;
and
of
the
other
,
his
carrying
his
Resentments
so
far
against
Archie
the
King's
Fool
,
for
a
mere
Iest
,
that
he
had
him
turn'd
out
of
Court
by
an
Order
of
Council
:
Which
being
so
unaccountable
a
piece
of
Weakness
in
so
great
a
Man
,
and
done
at
a
full
Board
,
the
King
and
the
Archbishop
present
;
the
Order
is
plac'd
in
the
Appendix
,
how
far
the
Greatest
of
Men
may
at
some
times
be
left
without
a
Guard
against
Passion
.
To
return
to
King
Charles
,
he
did
every
thing
that
was
possible
,
to
give
satisfaction
to
the
Parliament
,
or
could
be
reasonably
expected
from
a
Gracious
and
Beneficent
Prince
.
He
pass'd
the
Bill
for
Attainting
the
Earl
of
Strafford
,
though
with
reluctancy
,
as
believing
he
deserv'd
not
such
hard
measure
:
He
took
away
Monopolies
,
that
had
been
a
great
Discouragement
to
Trade
:
He
express'd
himself
to
their
Contentment
in
the
matters
of
Loan
,
Ship-money
,
Tunnage
and
Poundage
,
and
other
unwarrantable
Methods
that
had
been
us'd
in
raising
Money
;
and
show'd
a
settled
Resolution
to
comply
with
them
in
every
thing
that
might
tend
to
the
Ease
and
Security
of
the
Subject
.
As
in
the
preceding
Parliament
he
had
past
the
Petition
of
Right
,
so
in
the
beginning
of
this
he
had
agreed
to
the
Acts
for
Triennial
Parliaments
,
and
for
abolishing
the
Star-Chamber
and
High
Commission
Courts
,
which
had
been
great
Grievances
;
and
with
Chearfulness
pass'd
that
Act
which
seem'd
inconsistent
with
his
own
just
Prerogative
,
That
that
Parliament
should
not
be
dissolv'd
,
but
by
Act
of
Parliament
;
nor
prorogu'd
or
adjourn'd
,
but
by
their
own
Consent
.
The
King
having
upon
these
Concessions
receiv'd
the
Publick
Thanks
of
Both
Houses
,
and
the
loud
Applauses
of
his
People
,
took
a
Journey
for
Scotland
in
August
,
1641.
to
settle
matters
there
,
that
requir'd
his
Presence
;
leaving
the
Parliament
sitting
,
which
they
continued
to
do
for
some
time
,
and
then
adjourn●d
themselves
to
October
following
.
At
the
King
's
going
away
,
Affairs
had
been
already
settled
betwixt
the
two
Kingdoms
by
an
Act
of
Pacification
,
and
both
Armies
order'd
to
be
disbanded
,
the
Scots
returning
home
for
that
purpose
.
While
the
King
was
in
Scotland
,
Irish
Rebellion
broke
out
,
which
became
a
new
Bone
of
Contention
between
the
King
and
the
Parliaments
of
both
Nations
.
He
took
what
Measures
were
possible
in
Scotland
about
suppressing
that
Rebellion
,
and
made
what
haste
he
could
back
to
England
to
concert
with
the
Parliament
there
,
what
was
further
to
be
done
towards
it
;
leaving
the
Scots
,
as
he
said
himself
,
a
contented
People
,
and
every
thing
settled
to
their
mind
both
in
Church
and
State
.
He
return'd
to
London
the
latter
end
of
November
,
and
was
receiv'd
with
all
demonstrations
of
Affection
.
The
Lord-Mayor
and
Aldermen
,
the
Nobility
,
Gentry
,
and
Train'd-Bands
met
him
without
the
City
,
and
conducted
him
in
great
State
,
with
the
Acclamations
of
the
People
(
the
City-Companies
in
their
Formalities
lining
the
Streets
on
each
side
)
to
Guildhall
,
where
he
was
Royally
Feasted
,
and
after
Dinner
conducted
with
the
same
Pomp
to
Whitehall
.
What
man
that
had
seen
a
Prince
thus
receiv'd
into
his
Capital
City
,
could
have
imagin'd
,
that
within
less
than
Seven
Weeks
he
should
be
oblig'd
to
leave
it
upon
the
account
of
Tumults
,
never
to
see
it
again
,
but
as
a
Prisoner
brought
thither
to
dye
upon
a
Scaffold
?
Yet
this
was
King
Charles's
hard
Fortune
:
And
it
's
here
I
would
willingly
draw
a
Veil
over
the
remaining
part
of
his
Reign
,
that
ended
in
one
of
the
most
dismal
Tragedies
that
ever
was
acted
upon
the
English
Stage
.
His
Virtues
and
Morals
deserv'd
a
better
Fate
,
and
he
suffer'd
for
the
Faults
of
others
,
rather
than
Errors
of
his
own
.
The
House
of
Commons
had
begun
some
few
days
before
his
Return
,
to
fall
into
new
Heats
about
Innovations
in
Religion
;
the
Rebellion
in
Ireland
;
Plots
said
to
be
laid
in
Scotland
;
the
disabling
the
Clergy
to
exercise
Temporal
Iurisdiction
;
and
excluding
the
Bishops
from
Votes
in
Parliament
:
All
which
matters
,
together
with
Reports
that
were
buzz'd
about
of
some
Designs
against
the
Parliament
,
led
the
House
into
that
Remarkable
Petition
and
Remonstrance
of
the
State
of
the
Nation
;
Evil
Counsels
and
Counsellors
,
and
a
Malignant
Party
about
the
King
.
This
Remonstrance
was
roughly
penn'd
,
both
for
Matter
and
Expression
,
and
met
with
great
Opposition
in
the
House
;
the
Debate
lasting
from
Three
a
Clock
in
the
Afternoon
till
Ten
a
Clock
next
Morning
;
and
was
presented
to
his
Majesty
the
Eighth
Day
after
his
Return
from
Scotland
.
It
was
no
wonder
King
Charles
was
surpriz'd
at
this
Petition
and
Remonstrance
,
considering
how
much
he
had
done
to
comply
with
his
Parliament
in
all
they
desired
.
And
since
from
these
two
Papers
,
and
from
the
King's
Answer
to
it
at
its
delivery
,
and
the
Declaration
he
publish'd
more
at
large
afterwards
to
the
same
purpose
,
the
Reader
will
be
better
enabled
to
make
a
Judgment
of
the
Cause
and
Arguments
on
both
Sides
for
the
Civil
War
that
ensued
,
I
have
plac'd
all
the
Four
in
the
Appendix
:
Things
were
now
going
fast
on
towards
lessening
the
Confidence
betwixt
the
King
and
Parliament
:
Five
of
their
Members
,
whom
he
had
order'd
the
day
before
to
be
impeach'd
of
High-Treason
,
did
put
all
into
a
Combustion
,
and
gave
occasion
to
the
House
to
assert
their
Privileges
with
a
greater
Warmth
than
ever
.
This
was
the
most
unlucky
Step
King
Charles
could
have
made
at
that
Juncture
:
And
the
Indiscretion
of
some
that
attended
the
King
to
the
Lobby
of
the
House
,
was
insisted
upon
as
an
Argument
that
the
King
was
resolv'd
to
use
Violence
upon
the
Parliament
,
which
it
's
to
be
presum'd
was
a
thing
far
from
his
thoughts
.
The
Five
Members
had
hardly
time
to
make
their
Escape
just
when
the
King
was
entring
;
and
upon
his
going
away
,
the
House
adjourn'd
in
a
Flame
for
some
days
,
ordering
a
Committee
to
sit
in
Guildhall
in
the
mean
time
,
as
if
they
were
not
safe
at
Westminster
.
Whoever
they
were
that
advis'd
the
King
to
this
rash
Attempt
,
are
justly
chargeable
with
all
the
Blood
that
was
afterwards
spilt
;
for
this
sudden
Action
was
the
first
and
visible
Ground
of
all
our
following
Miseries
.
It
was
believ'd
,
That
if
the
King
had
found
the
Five
Members
in
the
House
,
and
had
call'd
in
his
Guards
to
seize
them
,
the
House
would
have
endeavour'd
their
defence
,
and
oppos'd
Force
to
Force
;
which
might
have
endanger'd
the
King's
Person
.
But
the
Consequences
were
bad
enough
without
this
;
for
immediately
upon
it
there
was
nothing
but
Confusion
and
Tumults
,
Fears
and
Iealousies
every
where
,
which
spread
themselves
to
Whitehall
in
the
rudest
manner
;
so
that
his
Majesty
thinking
himself
not
safe
there
,
he
retir'd
with
his
Family
to
Hampton
Court
.
The
King
leaving
the
Parliament
in
this
manner
,
there
were
scarce
any
hopes
of
a
thorough
Reconciliation
.
But
when
after
a
great
many
Removes
from
place
to
place
,
Fatal
and
Bloody
War
;
which
it's
reasonable
to
believe
was
never
design'd
at
first
by
either
Side
.
Each
Party
blam'd
the
other
for
beginning
this
War
;
and
it
's
not
easy
to
determine
which
of
them
began
it
.
Though
the
King
made
the
first
Steps
that
seem'd
to
tend
that
way
;
such
as
raising
a
Troop
for
a
Guard
to
his
Person
;
summoning
the
Gentlemen
and
Freeholders
of
several
Counties
to
attend
him
in
his
Progress
to
the
North
,
and
ordering
Arms
and
Ammunition
to
be
bought
in
Holland
for
his
use
:
Yet
the
Parliament
did
as
much
at
the
same
time
;
for
they
likewise
rais'd
Guards
of
their
own
,
and
took
care
that
the
Magazine
of
Hull
should
not
fall
into
the
King's
hands
.
So
that
the
King
and
Parliament
prepar'd
themselves
insensibly
for
War
,
without
considering
that
these
Preparations
must
gradually
and
inevitably
come
to
Blows
in
the
end
.
The
King
's
setting
up
his
Standard
at
Nottingham
was
not
the
first
publick
Notice
of
this
War
,
as
has
been
commonly
reported
by
Historians
that
should
have
known
better
;
for
that
was
not
done
till
August
22.
1642.
and
yet
the
House
of
Commons
past
these
Two
Votes
the
12
th
of
Iuly
before
;
1.
That
an
Army
should
be
forthwith
rais'd
for
the
Safety
of
the
King's
Person
,
Defence
of
both
Houses
of
Parliament
,
and
of
those
who
have
obey'd
their
Orders
and
Commands
;
and
preserving
of
the
true
Religion
,
Laws
,
Liberty
,
and
Peace
of
the
Kingdom
.
And
2.
That
the
Earl
of
Essex
should
be
General
,
and
the
Earl
of
Bedford
General
of
the
Horse
.
To
which
Votes
the
House
of
Lords
agreed
.
Whoever
begun
the
War
,
it
was
carried
on
in
the
beginning
with
equal
Success
,
and
it
was
hard
to
determine
which
Side
had
the
better
:
Till
in
the
Sequel
,
the
Loss
of
Essex's
Army
in
the
West
,
and
other
disadvantages
,
brought
the
Parliaments
Affairs
to
a
low
Ebb
,
and
seem'd
to
promise
the
King
an
entire
Mastery
.
To
retrieve
their
sinking
Fortune
,
the
Parliament
was
oblig'd
to
call
in
the
Scots
to
their
Assistance
;
which
so
far
turn'd
the
Scale
,
that
the
King
lost
ground
every
day
after
:
And
the
Defeat
of
his
Army
at
the
Battels
of
Marston-Moor
,
and
Naseby
,
put
him
out
of
capacity
to
keep
the
Field
,
and
broke
entirely
all
his
Measures
.
During
the
whole
Course
of
this
Vnnatural
War
,
it
was
hard
to
divine
what
would
be
the
Fate
of
England
;
whether
an
Absolute
Vnlimited
Monarchy
;
a
new
huddled-up
Commonwealth
;
or
a
downright
Anarchy
.
If
the
king
should
prev●il
,
the
first
was
to
●e
fear●d
,
considering
that
the
many
Indignities
put
upon
him
,
might
imbitter
him
against
the
Parl●ament
:
If
the
Parliament
should
prevail
,
the
second
was
to
be
apprehended
:
And
if
the
Army
should
set
up
for
themselves
,
as
afterwards
they
did
,
the
last
was
inevitably
to
follow
.
All
which
some
of
the
best
men
about
the
King
wisely
foresaw
,
and
trembled
at
the
Event
of
every
Battel
that
was
fought
,
whoever
,
happen'd
to
be
Victors
.
It
was
the
dread
of
these
Misfortunes
that
hinder'd
the
Lords
and
Commons
whom
the
King
call'd
to
Oxford
,
to
assume
to
themselves
the
Name
of
The
Parliament
of
England
,
and
from
declaring
those
met
at
Westminster
,
Rebels
;
though
the
King
again
and
again
importun'd
them
to
it
,
and
took
their
Refusal
so
ill
,
that
in
one
of
his
Letters
to
Queen
,
intercepted
at
Naseby
,
he
reflects
heavily
upon
them
for
it
,
and
calls
them
in
derision
his
Mungrel
Parliament
.
It
was
likewise
the
dismal
Prospect
he
had
of
this
War
,
even
in
the
beginning
of
it
,
that
mov'd
that
Accomplish'd
Gentleman
the
Lord
Falkland
to
throw
away
his
Life
,
rather
than
be
a
witness
of
the
Miseries
were
coming
upon
the
Nation
.
For
though
he
was
Secretary
of
State
to
the
King
,
and
follow'd
his
Fortune
;
yet
seeing
all
his
Endeavours
for
promoting
a
Peace
were
in
vain
,
he
went
on
with
a
Party
to
skirmish
with
the
Enemy
,
the
day
before
the
first
Battel
of
Newbury
;
and
being
dissuaded
by
his
Friends
,
as
having
no
Call
to
it
,
being
no
Military
Person
,
he
said
,
He
was
weary
of
the
Times
,
and
foresaw
much
Misery
to
his
Countrey
,
and
hop'd
he
should
be
out
of
it
e're
night
.
So
pushing
into
the
Battel
,
he
was
slain
.
Many
Endeavours
were
us'd
from
time
to
time
to
bring
Matters
to
an
Accommodation
by
way
of
Treaty
;
He
hop'd
that
his
Majesty
would
d●ink
better
before
a
Week
was
over
,
at
Guildhall
with
the
Lord
Mayor
.
But
so
it
was
,
that
when
they
came
early
next
morning
to
wait
upon
him
with
the
Warrant
that
had
been
agreed
upon
over
Night
,
they
found
his
Majesty
had
chang'd
his
Resolution
,
and
was
become
inflexible
in
these
Points
.
The
unhappy
Occasion
this
Alteration
has
lain
hitherto
a
Secret
in
History
,
and
might
have
continued
such
still
,
if
a
Letter
from
the
Marquess
of
Montross
in
Scotland
,
Scots
First
Expedition
into
England
.
But
being
afterwards
disoblig'd
,
or
as
some
say
,
repenting
of
his
former
Error
,
he
left
that
Side
,
and
came
in
to
the
King
at
the
breaking
out
of
the
War
between
Him
and
the
Parliament
.
When
the
Scots
came
into
England
the
second
time
to
assist
the
Parliament
,
Montross
apply'd
himself
to
the
King
for
a
Commission
to
levy
War
against
his
Rebel
Subj●cts
,
as
they
were
call'd
,
of
Scotland
;
assuring
his
Majesty
,
he
was
able
with
the
Assistance
of
his
Friends
,
and
Concurrence
of
the
rest
of
the
Royal
Party
,
to
make
at
least
a
very
considerable
Diversion
,
if
not
to
reduce
the
whole
Countrey
to
his
Majesty's
Obedience
.
Accordingly
the
Marquess
was
made
Governor
of
Scotland
;
where
in
the
space
of
five
Months
,
with
a
handful
of
raw
undisciplin'd
Men
,
and
those
not
half
arm'd
,
he
did
over-run
a
great
part
of
the
Countrey
,
and
gain'd
three
very
considerable
Battels
;
the
last
of
which
was
that
of
Inverlochy
,
fought
the
second
of
February
,
1644.
according
to
the
English
,
and
1645.
according
to
the
Scotch
Account
.
In
this
Battel
the
Earl
of
Argyle
was
entirely
defeated
,
and
the
Prime
of
the
Noble
Family
of
the
Campbells
cut
off
,
with
inconsiderable
Loss
on
Montross's
side
;
who
next
day
dispatch'd
an
Express
to
the
King
with
the
News
of
this
and
his
two
former
Victories
:
And
in
his
Letter
express'd
his
utter
Aversion
to
all
Treaties
with
his
Rebel-Parliament
in
England
,
as
he
calls
them
:
Tells
the
King
,
he
is
heartily
sorry
to
hear
that
his
Majesty
had
consented
to
Treat
;
and
hopes
it
is
not
true
:
Advises
him
not
to
enter
into
Terms
with
his
Rebellious
Subjects
,
as
being
a
thing
unworthy
of
a
King
:
And
assures
him
,
That
he
himself
was
now
so
much
Master
of
Scotland
,
that
he
doubted
not
but
to
be
able
within
a
few
Months
to
march
into
England
to
his
Majesty's
assistance
,
with
a
brave
Army
.
And
concludes
with
this
odd
Expression
,
When
I
have
conquer'd
from
Dan
to
Beersheba
,
as
I
doubt
not
I
shall
very
quickly
,
I
hope
I
may
have
then
leave
to
say
as
David
'
s
General
said
to
his
Master
,
Come
thou
,
lest
this
Countrey
be
call'd
by
my
Name
.
This
Letter
,
writ
with
such
an
Air
of
Assurance
,
and
by
a
Person
that
was
thought
capable
to
make
good
his
Promises
;
and
the
Matter
contain'd
in
it
,
suiting
but
too
well
with
the
King's
Inclinations
,
was
unluckily
deliver'd
to
the
King
but
a
few
Hours
before
he
was
to
have
sign'd
the
Warrant
before-mention'd
;
and
had
as
ill
effects
as
the
worst
of
King
Charles's
Enemies
could
have
wish'd
;
for
it
dash'd
out
in
a
moment
all
the
Impressions
his
best
Friends
had
been
making
upon
him
for
a
considerable
time
,
towards
a
full
Settlement
with
his
People
.
It
look'd
as
if
there
was
some
secret
Fatality
in
this
whole
matter
;
for
it
could
hardly
have
been
imagin'd
,
that
a
Letter
writ
the
Third
of
February
,
in
the
furthermost
North
Corner
of
Britain
,
should
come
so
soon
to
Oxford
,
considering
the
length
of
the
Journey
,
the
badness
of
the
Roads
at
that
time
of
the
Year
,
especially
through
the
Mountainous
parts
of
Scotland
,
together
with
the
Parliament's
and
Scotch
Armies
and
Garisons
that
were
posted
all
along
the
Road
:
And
yet
certain
it
is
,
it
came
through
all
these
Dangers
and
Inconveniences
in
very
few
days
;
for
it
's
indors'd
upon
the
Copy
I
have
seen
,
That
it
was
deliver'd
to
the
King
during
the
Treaty
of
Vxbridge
;
which
every
body
knows
began
the
30
th
of
Ianuary
,
and
ended
the
22
d
of
February
:
And
further
,
it
must
have
been
deliver'd
before
the
19
th
of
February
,
because
King
Charles
takes
notice
of
it
in
a
Letter
to
the
Queen
,
of
that
Date
,
found
among
others
at
Naseby
;
where
he
says
,
Though
I
leave
News
to
others
,
yet
I
cannot
but
tell
thee
,
That
even
now
I
have
received
certain
Intelligence
of
a
great
Defeat
given
by
Montross
to
Argyle
,
who
upon
surprize
totally
routed
those
Rebels
,
and
kill'd
Fifteen
hundred
upon
the
place
.
And
it
's
remarkable
,
That
in
the
same
Letter
to
the
Queen
,
immediately
after
the
mentioning
Montross's
Victory
,
the
King
adds
,
That
as
for
trusting
the
Rebels
,
either
by
going
to
London
,
or
disbanding
my
Army
before
a
Peace
,
do
no
ways
fear
my
hazarding
so
cheaply
or
fo●lishly
;
for
I
esteem
the
Interest
thou
hast
in
me
at
a
far
dearer
rate
;
and
pretend
to
have
a
little
more
Wit
(
at
least
,
by
the
Sympathy
that
's
betwixt
us
)
than
to
put
my self
into
the
Reverence
of
Persidious
Rebels
.
Which
Words
being
compar'd
with
Montross's
Letter
,
it
will
be
found
the
one
is
a
Commentary
upon
the
other
.
I
have
plac'd
Montross
'
s
Letter
it self
in
the
Appendix
;
and
cannot
leave
it
,
without
making
this
Observation
,
That
considering
the
time
it
was
writ
,
the
Critical
Minute
it
was
deliver'd
,
with
the
sad
Consequences
that
attended
it
;
it
makes
this
Axiom
true
,
That
oftentimes
the
Fate
of
Princes
and
States
is
chiefly
owing
to
very
minute
and
unforeseen
Accidents
.
The
Treaty
of
Vxbridge
being
thus
broke
off
,
the
War
was
renew'd
with
greater
Fury
than
ever
;
till
at
last
the
Parliament's
Army
having
beaten
the
King
out
of
the
Field
,
came
to
kick
their
Masters
out
of
the
House
;
and
having
modell'd
the
Parliament
and
Army
to
their
own
minds
,
did
set
up
for
themselves
,
and
at
one
Blow
compleated
the
Ruin
of
their
Countrey
in
the
Murther
of
King
Charles
I.
and
the
Extirpation
of
Monarchy
.
In
short
,
a
continued
Series
of
Misfortunes
attended
the
Royal
Cause
;
and
several
favourable
Accidents
that
seem'd
from
time
to
time
to
promise
better
Events
,
did
concur
in
the
end
to
the
King
's
undoing
:
Till
at
last
,
that
Unhappy
Prince
,
in
being
brought
before
a
Tribunal
of
his
own
Subjects
,
and
submitting
his
Neck
to
the
Stroke
of
a
Common
Executioner
,
taught
the
World
an
astonishing
Example
of
the
Instability
of
Human
Greatness
;
and
in
that
and
the
rest
of
his
Sufferings
,
a
lasting
Patern
of
Christian
Magnanimity
and
Patience
.
The
Character
of
King
Charles
I.
Charles
I.
may
be
taken
in
a
great
part
from
what
has
been
already
said
;
and
I
shall
only
add
a
few
things
more
.
He
was
a
Prince
of
a
Comely
Presence
,
of
a
Sweet
,
Grave
,
but
Melancholy
Aspect
.
His
Face
was
Regular
,
Handsome
,
and
well-complexion'd
;
his
Body
Strong
,
Healthy
,
and
well-made
;
and
though
of
a
low
Stature
,
was
capable
to
endure
the
greatest
Fatigues
.
His
Face
,
contrary
to
that
of
his
Son
's
Charles
II.
was
easily
taken
,
either
in
Painting
or
Sculpture
;
and
scarce
any
one
,
though
never
so
indifferently
skill'd
in
their
Art
,
fail'd
do
hit
it
.
He
had
something
in
the
Lines
and
Features
which
Physiognomists
account
unfortunate
:
And
it
's
commonly
reported
,
that
his
Picture
being
sent
to
Rome
to
have
a
Busto
done
by
it
;
a
famous
Statuary
not
knowing
whose
it
was
,
told
the
Gentleman
that
brought
it
,
He
was
sorry
if
it
was
the
Face
of
any
Relation
of
his
;
for
it
was
one
of
the
most
Vnfortunate
he
ever
saw
;
and
according
to
all
the
Rules
of
Art
,
the
Person
whose
it
was
,
must
dye
a
violent
Death
.
In
his
Temper
he
was
Brave
,
Magnificent
,
Liberal
,
and
Constant
;
but
more
affable
to
Strangers
than
his
own
Subjects
.
It
was
his
Noble
and
Generous
Behaviour
that
took
so
much
with
the
King
of
Spain
,
when
he
went
thither
to
court
the
Infanta
,
that
he
rejected
the
repeated
Solicitations
of
his
Council
to
seize
him
;
and
paid
him
more
Respect
than
could
have
been
well
expected
,
if
he
had
been
King
of
England
at
that
time
.
Of
his
Composure
of
Mind
in
time
of
greatest
danger
,
he
gave
a
Noble
Instance
in
his
Behaviour
in
that
great
Storm
in
the
Road
of
St.
Andrees
,
which
was
worthy
the
Ancient
Philosophers
:
Nor
did
he
fall
short
of
the
Bravest
in
Personal
Courage
;
having
expos'd
his
Person
in
every
Battel
he
was
in
,
and
oftentimes
charging
at
the
Head
of
his
Squadrons
.
He
had
a
good
Taste
of
Learning
,
and
a
more
than
ordinary
Skill
in
the
Liberal
Arts
,
especially
Painting
,
Sculpture
,
Architecture
,
and
Medals
;
and
being
a
Generous
Benefactor
to
the
most
Celebrated
Masters
in
those
Arts
,
he
acquir'd
the
Noblest
Collection
of
any
Prince
in
his
time
,
and
more
than
all
the
Kings
of
England
had
done
before
him
.
It
's
said
,
notwithstanding
his
Natural
Generosity
,
That
he
bestow'd
Favours
with
a
worse
Grace
than
his
Son
King
Charles
the
Second
denied
them
;
and
many
times
obliterated
the
sense
of
the
Obligation
by
the
manner
of
it
:
But
indeed
he
had
seldom
much
to
give
,
being
kept
short
of
Money
a
great
part
of
his
Reign
.
The
Essentials
of
Divinity
he
was
as
much
Master
of
,
as
ever
his
Father
had
been
,
but
without
the
Allay
of
Pedantry
:
Of
this
among
other
things
,
the
Papers
that
past
betwixt
him
and
Mr.
Henderson
at
Newcastle
,
will
be
a
lasting
Monument
.
He
was
a
great
Patron
of
the
Clergy
;
but
his
employing
them
in
the
highest
Offices
of
Trust
in
State
Matters
,
created
Envy
against
them
,
and
lessen'd
the
Love
of
the
Nobility
towards
him
.
Yet
such
was
the
Honesty
and
Integrity
of
one
of
them
in
the
greatest
and
most
obnoxious
Post
in
the
Kingdom
,
that
when
some
Years
after
he
had
resign'd
the
Treasurer's
Staff
,
and
when
the
Parliament
wanted
not
Will
to
crush
him
,
they
could
not
find
upon
the
narrowest
Scrutiny
,
any
one
thing
to
object
either
against
his
Accounts
,
or
his
Behaviour
in
that
Place
.
King
Charles
was
a
passionate
Lover
of
his
Queen
,
who
was
a
Beautiful
Lady
,
and
in
all
things
very
well
accomplish'd
;
insomuch
that
his
Friends
regretted
the
Ascendant
she
had
over
him
on
some
occasions
,
while
others
tax'd
him
with
the
Character
of
an
Uxorious
Husband
.
He
was
fond
of
his
Children
,
and
kind
to
his
Servants
;
though
these
last
felt
sometimes
the
hasty
Sallies
of
his
Passion
.
He
was
not
mistaken
of
himself
,
when
he
said
before
the
High-Court
of
Justice
,
That
he
understood
as
much
Law
as
any
private
Gentleman
in
England
:
And
pity
it
was
that
any
of
his
Ministers
should
have
advis'd
him
to
make
Breaches
in
what
he
so
well
understood
.
He
spoke
several
Languages
very
well
,
and
with
a
singular
good
Grace
;
though
now
and
then
,
when
he
was
warm
in
Discourse
,
he
was
inclinable
to
stammer
.
He
writ
a
tolerable
Hand
for
a
King
,
but
his
Sense
was
strong
,
and
his
Stile
Laconick
;
and
yet
he
seldom
wrote
in
any
Language
but
English
.
Some
of
his
Manifestoes
,
Declarations
,
and
other
Publick
Papers
he
drew
himself
,
and
most
of
them
he
Corrected
.
In
comparing
those
of
the
King
's
with
the
Parliament's
,
one
will
be
easily
inclin'd
to
prefer
,
for
the
most
part
,
the
King
's
,
for
the
Strength
of
Reasoning
,
and
the
Force
of
Expression
.
I
have
seen
several
Pieces
of
his
own
Hand
,
and
therefore
may
the
better
affirm
,
That
both
for
Matter
and
Form
▪
they
surpass
those
of
his
Ablest
Ministers
,
and
come
nothing
short
of
Strafford
or
Falkland
,
the
Two
most
Celebrated
Pens
of
that
time
.
As
to
his
Religion
,
he
was
Protestant
,
and
in
the
strictest
sense
,
of
the
Church
of
England
,
and
for
the
Divine
Right
of
Episcopacy
.
But
his
consenting
personally
to
the
total
Abolition
of
that
Order
in
Scotland
,
does
not
well
agree
with
this
part
of
his
Character
;
especially
considering
his
repeated
Protestations
at
the
Treaties
of
Vxbridge
and
Newport
,
That
he
could
not
supersede
it
,
but
for
a
time
in
England
.
What
his
Opinion
was
,
about
Subjects
defending
their
Religion
and
Liberties
by
Force
of
Arms
,
appear'd
in
the
business
of
Rochell
.
For
though
some
would
have
had
us
believe
of
late
,
That
Defensive
Arms
were
inconsistent
with
the
Principles
of
the
Church
of
England
;
it
's
hop'd
they
will
not
deny
but
King
Charles
I.
understood
the
Doctrine
and
Principles
of
that
Church
as
well
as
any
other
Person
can
pretend
to
do
;
and
yet
its
certain
,
that
in
his
Practice
and
Declarations
he
allow'd
of
the
People
of
Rochell's
vindicating
their
Religion
and
Liberties
from
the
Encroachments
made
by
their
Sovereign
,
and
that
by
Force
of
Arms
;
and
assisted
them
in
so
doing
.
King
Charles
did
not
only
assist
the
Rochellers
after
the
War
was
actually
begun
,
but
we
have
reason
to
believe
that
he
encourag'd
them
to
it
at
first
,
if
we
look
into
the
Duke
of
Rhoan
's
Memoirs
and
Apology
;
where
that
Great
Man
acquaints
the
World
in
what
manner
he
was
brought
into
that
War
,
in
these
words
,
as
near
as
I
can
translate
them
from
the
Original
:
When
all
our
Privileges
(
says
he
)
were
violated
,
and
our
Religion
brought
to
Ruin
,
and
the
City
of
Rochell
in
the
greatest
Danger
,
I
could
see
no
possibility
to
escape
,
but
was
upon
the
sad
thoughts
of
submitting
our selves
to
the
Mercy
of
the
King
(
meaning
Lewis
the
XIIIth
.
)
Being
in
this
desperate
state
,
there
came
a
Gentleman
to
me
from
the
King
of
England
;
who
told
me
from
his
Master
,
That
he
seeing
our
Privileges
were
violated
,
and
our
Religion
in
danger
of
being
subverted
,
had
taken
compassion
on
our
Sufferings
,
and
thought
himself
oblig'd
in
Honour
and
Conscience
to
assist
and
protect
us
;
which
he
was
resolv'd
to
do
,
by
employing
all
his
Kingdoms
,
and
his
own
Person
,
in
so
just
a
War
:
Provided
,
we
would
join
our
Arms
with
his
,
and
not
enter
into
any
Treaty
with
the
King
(
meaning
the
French
King
)
without
him
;
and
for
that
effect
he
would
make
War
against
the
French
King
both
by
Sea
and
Land
Intreating
me
(
continues
the
Duke
of
Rhoan
)
not
to
abandon
my
Party
in
so
just
and
honourable
a
War
.
And
a
little
after
,
in
the
same
Apology
,
he
has
these
words
;
I
refer
it
to
all
the
World
,
if
I
can
be
justly
call'd
the
Author
of
the
Third
War
,
considering
I
was
sollicited
to
it
by
the
King
of
Great
Britain
.
But
suppose
there
were
no
Credit
to
be
given
to
the
Duke
of
Rhoan
,
whose
Honour
and
Veracity
even
his
very
Enemies
never
call'd
in
question
;
and
suppose
it
were
false
,
which
all
the
World
knows
to
be
true
,
that
King
Charles
did
actually
assist
the
Rochellers
again
and
again
against
their
Prince
;
yet
we
have
Authentick
Accounts
of
several
Speeches
made
by
the
Duke
of
Buckingham's
Secretary
to
the
Rochellers
,
and
of
several
Messages
sent
to
them
from
the
Duke
,
in
name
of
the
King
his
Master
,
all
to
the
same
purpose
:
And
likewise
a
Manifesto
publish'd
by
him
,
and
sign'd
with
his
own
Hand
,
dated
Iuly
21.
1627.
aboard
the
Admiral
Ship
;
in
which
he
has
this
Expression
:
No
private
Interest
(
says
he
)
has
oblig'd
my
Master
to
make
War
against
the
French
King
,
but
merely
the
Defence
of
the
Protestant
Church
:
My
Master's
design
is
the
Re-establishment
of
the
Church
;
their
Good
is
his
Interest
,
and
their
Contentment
his
End
.
We
have
also
Authentick
Copies
of
the
League
betwixt
King
Charles
and
the
People
of
Rochell
;
in
which
there
is
this
Expression
,
That
the
Rochellers
may
be
deliver'd
from
the
Oppressions
they
groan
under
.
And
to
sum
up
all
,
there
were
two
Letters
writ
by
King
Charles
with
his
own
Hand
to
the
Rochellers
,
which
are
mention'd
by
Monsieur
Mervault
,
a
Syndic
of
that
Town
,
and
who
was
active
in
the
whole
matter
,
and
present
during
the
whole
Siege
;
of
which
the
Copies
follow
.
To
the
Mayor
,
Sheriffs
,
Peers
,
and
Burgesses
of
the
City
of
Rochell
.
Gentlemen
,
BE
not
discouraged
,
though
my
Fleet
be
return'd
.
Hold
out
to
the
last
;
for
I
am
resolv'd
that
my
whole
Fleet
shall
perish
,
rather
than
you
be
not
reliev'd
.
For
this
effect
I
have
order'd
It
to
return
back
to
your
Coasts
,
and
am
sending
several
Ships
to
reinforce
it
.
With
the
Help
of
God
the
Success
shall
be
happy
for
you
.
At
Westminster
,
May
19.
O.
S.
1628.
Your
Good
Friend
,
CHARLES
R.
The
other
Letter
,
directed
as
before
,
runs
thus
:
Gentlemen
,
I
Have
been
very
much
troubled
to
hear
that
my
Fleet
was
upon
the
point
of
returning
home
,
without
obeying
my
Orders
in
supplying
you
with
Provisions
,
cost
what
it
will
.
I
have
commanded
them
to
return
to
your
Road
,
and
not
to
come
away
until
you
are
supply'd
,
or
at
least
till
they
are
reinforc'd
,
which
I
have
order'd
to
be
done
with
all
diligence
.
Assure
your selves
,
That
I
shall
never
abandon
you
;
and
that
I
shall
employ
the
whole
Power
of
my
Kingdom
for
your
deliverance
,
until
God
assist
me
to
obtain
for
you
an
assured
Peace
.
Given
at
our
Palace
of
Westminster
,
May
27.
O.
S.
1628.
Your
Good
Friend
,
CHARLES
R.
I
have
dwelt
the
longer
upon
this
Subject
,
because
it
is
easy
to
draw
a
Parallel
betwixt
this
Case
of
King
Charles's
assisting
Subjects
against
their
King
in
the
Defence
of
their
Religion
and
Liberties
,
and
that
of
another
Prince's
doing
the
same
upon
a
late
occasion
.
But
as
the
former
had
no
other
Right
to
interpose
in
the
one
,
but
the
common
Interest
of
Religion
;
so
the
other
had
over
and
above
that
,
the
Right
of
a
Prince
of
the
Blood
,
and
the
Interest
of
the
Presumptive
Heir
of
the
Crown
;
all
which
alter'd
the
Case
greatly
to
the
advantage
of
the
latter
.
King
Charles
was
as
unfortunate
in
this
War
with
France
,
as
he
was
in
all
others
he
engag'd
in
.
The
poor
City
of
Rochell
,
after
a
long
and
Cruel
Siege
,
amidst
the
Horrors
of
Famine
and
Death
,
was
at
last
forc'd
to
submit
to
the
Will
of
the
Conqueror
;
and
the
loss
of
that
Bulwark
of
the
French
Liberty
,
was
in
some
time
follow'd
by
the
total
Ruin
of
the
Protestant
Interest
in
France
.
The
English
Fleet
lay
within
view
of
the
Town
when
it
was
taken
;
and
which
added
to
the
Misfortune
,
that
mighty
Dyke
,
that
had
been
rais'd
at
inestimable
Charges
to
block
up
the
Harbour
,
fell
down
the
very
next
day
after
the
Surrender
,
and
open'd
a
Passage
for
the
Fleet
that
came
to
relieve
it
,
when
it
was
now
too
late
.
During
this
War
,
he
lost
his
Favourite
,
George
Villiers
,
Duke
of
Buckingham
.
This
Gentleman
was
one
of
the
greatest
Prodigies
of
Fortune
that
any
Age
has
produc'd
;
and
gave
us
a
signal
Instance
how
far
it
is
possible
for
the
same
Person
to
be
the
Favourite
▪
of
two
Successive
Monarchs
.
He
possess'd
King
Iames's
Favour
without
a
Rival
,
and
without
any
other
Interruption
,
but
that
Cloud
which
the
Intrigues
of
Spain
rais'd
against
him
in
the
King's
mind
,
which
has
been
already
hinted
at
;
wherein
the
Son
shar'd
equally
with
the
Favourite
,
and
which
Bishop
Williams's
dexterity
soon
dissipated
.
King
Charles
out-did
his
Father
in
his
Kindness
to
Buckingham
,
and
had
no
Favourite
after
him
.
He
had
all
the
Qualities
that
are
requisite
for
a
Court
,
and
fit
to
acquire
and
preserve
his
Master's
Affection
.
Notwithstanding
he
was
in
his
Temper
highly
Generous
and
Beneficent
,
and
that
there
were
few
Great
Families
in
England
but
he
had
some
way
or
other
oblig'd
,
either
in
themselves
or
their
Relations
,
yet
he
fell
under
the
Misfortune
that
attends
Favourites
;
but
it
must
be
own'd
he
was
rather
envied
than
hated
.
He
had
the
ill
luck
to
be
charg'd
with
a
great
many
things
of
which
he
was
innocent
,
and
particularly
in
relation
to
the
Spanish
Match
.
By
all
that
I
have
seen
,
he
deserv'd
the
Thanks
of
the
Nation
upon
that
account
,
rather
than
an
Impeachment
in
Parliament
:
For
it
was
he
chiefly
that
broke
off
that
Match
,
when
he
saw
how
much
King
Iames
suffer'd
in
his
Honour
,
through
the
manner
he
was
treated
in
it
,
which
he
found
out
sooner
than
the
King
did
himself
.
It
's
none
of
the
least
Proofs
of
the
Duke
of
Buckingham's
Innocency
in
these
matters
,
that
Spanhemius
in
his
History
of
the
Electrice
Palatine
,
(
writ
long
after
Buckingham's
Death
)
speaks
always
honourably
of
him
in
the
Business
of
the
Palatinate
;
whereas
at
the
same
time
he
exposes
King
Iames's
Conduct
.
It
's
a
vulgar
mistake
,
That
he
came
to
be
the
First
Minister
,
merely
through
the
Caprice
of
King
Iames
;
for
the
Court
unanimously
promoted
his
Interest
,
and
recommended
him
to
the
highest
Favour
,
in
opposition
to
Somerset
,
whose
Arrogancy
,
Covetousness
,
and
Pride
,
had
disoblig'd
every
body
,
and
made
both
the
King
and
the
Court
weary
of
him
.
No
Servant
did
his
Master
more
Honour
in
the
Magnificence
of
his
Train
,
and
the
splendid
Manner
of
his
living
;
especially
in
his
Embassy
to
France
;
wh●re
in
the
Gracefulness
of
his
Person
,
and
Nobleness
of
his
Behaviour
and
Equipage
,
he
out-did
any
thing
that
ever
was
seen
of
that
kind
before
.
He
was
more
form'd
for
a
Court
than
a
Camp
;
and
though
very
Brave
in
his
Person
,
he
was
Unsuccessful
in
the
only
Military
Expedition
he
was
engag'd
in
,
which
was
that
of
Rochell
:
And
when
he
was
upon
the
embarking
a
second
time
to
repair
that
Disgrace
,
he
was
basely
murder'd
amidst
a
Croud
of
his
Friends
,
and
in
the
height
of
his
Glory
.
To
return
to
King
Charles's
Character
.
If
he
had
any
Personal
Faults
,
they
were
much
over-weigh'd
by
his
Virtues
:
But
an
Immoderate
Desire
of
Power
,
beyond
what
the
Constitution
did
allow
of
,
was
the
Rock
he
split
upon
.
He
might
have
been
happy
,
if
he
had
trusted
more
to
his
own
Judgment
,
than
that
of
those
about
him
;
for
as
in
his
nature
he
was
an
Enemy
to
all
violent
Measures
,
so
was
he
apt
to
submit
his
own
Reason
to
that
of
others
,
when
any
such
things
came
under
consideration
.
There
was
another
Error
that
run
through
the
whole
Management
of
his
Affairs
,
both
Domestick
and
Publick
,
and
which
occasion'd
a
great
part
of
his
Misfortunes
:
He
appear'd
many
times
stiff
and
positive
in
denying
at
first
,
what
he
granted
afterwards
out
of
time
,
and
too
late
to
give
satisfaction
;
which
encourag'd
ambitious
and
interested
Persons
to
ask
more
than
they
thought
of
at
first
,
and
lost
him
the
fruits
of
his
former
Concessions
.
So
that
in
the
whole
Conduct
of
his
Life
he
verified
this
Maxim
,
That
Errors
in
Government
have
ruin'd
more
Princes
than
their
Personal
Vices
.
I
shall
have
done
with
this
Melancholy
Subject
,
after
the
Reader
has
been
acquainted
with
one
remarkable
Accident
,
not
hitherto
mention'd
with
that
Exactness
it
deserves
,
by
any
Author
I
know
of
;
which
considering
its
Consequences
,
is
an
extraordinary
Instance
,
upon
what
small
Hinges
the
greatest
Revolutions
may
turn
.
That
the
principal
Rise
of
all
King
Charles's
latter
Troubles
,
Second
War
with
the
Scots
,
has
been
already
show'd
.
But
what
the
Motives
were
that
embolden'd
the
Scots
to
alter
their
Measures
from
those
they
had
observ'd
in
the
first
War
,
continues
in
great
part
a
Mystery
to
this
day
.
In
the
first
War
they
stood
upon
the
Defensive
only
,
and
came
no
further
than
their
own
Borders
;
but
in
the
second
they
acted
so
much
in
the
offensive
,
that
they
march'd
into
England
as
far
as
Durham
,
and
were
coming
on
further
,
if
the
Treaty
that
was
set
afoot
at
Rippon
had
not
stopt
them
.
All
the
Accounts
we
have
of
this
proceeding
of
the
Scots
,
do
seem
to
be
grounded
upon
the
Informations
they
had
of
the
Backwardness
of
England
to
assist
the
King
in
this
War
;
and
that
they
were
well
assur'd
of
Friends
all
over
the
Kingdom
,
and
some
of
nearest
access
to
the
King's
Person
,
who
they
knew
would
interpose
in
their
behalf
,
rather
than
Matters
should
come
to
Extremities
.
But
these
general
Encouragements
can
hardly
be
thought
to
have
had
such
weight
with
the
Scots
,
as
to
make
them
venture
upon
so
bold
an
Attempt
;
and
therefore
it
's
but
reasonable
to
believe
they
went
upon
surer
Grounds
,
when
they
made
this
Invasion
.
This
matter
will
be
set
in
a
clearer
Light
,
when
the
Reader
is
acquainted
,
That
a
Forg'd
Letter
(
pretended
to
be
sent
from
some
of
the
most
Leading
Men
of
the
Nobility
of
England
)
,
came
to
have
the
same
effects
as
if
it
had
been
a
True
One
,
and
really
sign'd
by
the
same
Persons
whose
Names
were
affix'd
to
it
.
Which
fell
out
in
this
manner
.
After
the
Pacification
at
Duns
,
which
put
an
end
to
the
first
War
,
the
King
at
his
Return
to
London
was
prevail'd
with
,
upon
the
account
of
several
things
the
Scots
were
said
to
have
done
contrary
to
the
Articles
of
the
Treaty
,
and
the
Duty
of
Subjects
,
to
order
the
Pacification
to
be
burnt
by
the
hands
of
the
Common
Hangman
.
To
reduce
them
to
obedience
,
he
was
meditating
a
New
War
,
and
in
order
thereto
was
levying
another
Army
,
and
was
pleas'd
to
call
a
Parliament
to
assist
him
in
it
.
The
Scots
had
their
Commissioners
at
London
at
that
time
,
who
wanted
not
Friends
in
both
Houses
to
inform
them
of
every
thing
that
happen'd
in
Parliament
and
Council
,
which
they
fail'd
not
to
write
home
to
their
Countrey
;
advising
them
to
be
on
their
Guard
,
and
to
put
themselves
in
a
posture
not
to
be
surpriz'd
.
The
Scots
knowing
how
matters
went
in
England
,
and
that
a
new
Storm
was
like
to
break
out
upon
them
,
were
resolv'd
to
put
themselves
into
a
Posture
of
Defence
;
and
to
the
Forces
they
had
not
yet
disbanded
,
they
added
considerable
new
Levies
both
of
Horse
and
Foot
.
Their
Preparations
went
faster
on
than
the
King
's
,
and
with
the
more
cheerfulness
;
for
by
this
time
he
had
parted
on
ill
terms
with
his
Parliament
,
and
without
obtaining
a
Supply
.
While
the
King
was
advancing
towards
the
North
,
the
Scots
drew
to
their
Borders
;
and
it
was
debated
at
several
Councils
of
War
,
where
a
Committee
of
Estates
assisted
,
Whether
they
should
expect
the
King
upon
the
Borders
,
as
they
had
done
before
,
or
march
into
England
,
and
carry
the
War
out
of
their
own
Countrey
.
But
they
had
taken
no
Resolution
in
the
matter
,
before
the
King
was
got
as
far
as
York
.
In
this
nice
Juncture
there
came
a
Gentleman
to
the
English
Border
,
who
sent
a
Message
to
the
Earl
of
Rothes
,
That
he
desir'd
to
acquaint
him
with
a
Matter
of
the
greatest
Importance
and
Secresy
,
if
he
might
privately
and
with
safety
speak
with
him
alone
.
Rothes
thereupon
sent
a
Trusty
Servant
with
a
Passport
,
to
conduct
him
to
his
Quarters
;
where
the
Gentleman
told
him
,
That
he
was
directed
particularly
to
him
as
a
Person
of
great
Honour
,
and
whom
they
could
safely
trust
,
with
a
Message
from
several
Great
Men
of
England
;
who
were
griev'd
for
the
Ruin
they
foresaw
must
necessarily
attend
their
Country
,
if
the
King
should
make
himself
Absolute
Master
of
Scotland
;
seeing
after
that
,
they
were
to
expect
the
same
Fate
,
considering
how
little
to
the
King's
satisfaction
things
had
been
carried
in
the
Parliament
of
England
,
and
how
much
he
had
resented
their
refusing
a
Subsidy
to
carry
on
this
War
.
He
told
him
,
That
nothing
was
so
much
desir'd
in
England
,
as
a
Free
Parliament
to
redress
their
Grievances
:
And
if
the
Scots
would
march
immediately
into
England
,
the
King
must
necessarily
be
straitned
to
that
degree
in
his
Affairs
,
as
to
be
oblig'd
to
call
a
Parliament
:
And
that
upon
their
March
,
the
City
of
London
,
and
the
greatest
part
of
the
Nobility
and
Gentry
would
not
only
petition
the
King
for
a
Free
Parliament
,
but
likewise
mediate
between
the
King
and
them
,
and
bring
matters
to
such
an
Accommodation
,
as
might
be
for
the
good
of
both
Nations
:
Adding
withal
,
That
if
the
Scots
slipt
this
Opportunity
,
they
were
never
to
expect
the
like
again
.
The
Gentleman
having
deliver'd
this
Message
,
gave
the
Earl
a
Letter
directed
to
him
,
and
sign'd
by
about
Twelve
Noblemen
,
much
to
the
same
purpose
,
but
writ
more
cautiously
,
and
in
more
general
terms
;
desiring
him
for
a
further
Explanation
,
to
give
entire
Credit
to
the
Bearer
,
whom
they
had
fully
inform'd
of
their
Intentions
.
Rothes
,
with
the
Gentleman's
leave
,
acquainted
General
Lesley
,
afterwards
Earl
of
Leven
,
and
one
or
two
of
the
most
Leading
Men
of
the
Committee
of
Estates
,
with
this
Message
;
and
upon
solemn
Promises
of
Secrecy
,
show'd
them
the
Letter
;
both
which
agreeing
so
well
in
the
main
with
the
Intelligence
they
had
receiv'd
from
England
,
and
suiting
with
their
own
Inclinations
,
determin'd
them
in
the
Point
:
And
next
morning
,
in
the
Council
of
War
,
It
was
resolv'd
to
march
into
England
that
Afternoon
;
which
accordingly
they
did
.
Rothes
in
the
mean
time
dispatch'd
back
the
Messenger
with
an
Answer
to
the
Noblemen
he
suppos'd
had
writ
to
him
;
Thanking
them
for
their
Advice
,
and
acquainting
them
with
the
Resolution
had
been
taken
thereupon
.
It
fell
out
afterwards
at
the
Treaty
of
Rippon
,
when
the
English
and
Scotch
Commissioners
grew
familiar
with
one
another
,
that
the
Earl
of
Rothes
came
from
Newcastle
to
the
Place
of
Treaty
;
and
one
of
the
English
Noblemen
making
him
a
Visit
,
they
fell
into
Discourse
about
the
present
Juncture
of
Affairs
.
The
English
Nobleman
express'd
how
much
he
had
been
surpriz'd
upon
the
first
News
of
the
Scots
entring
into
England
;
and
told
him
,
That
though
he
hop'd
it
would
now
turn
to
the
Advantage
of
both
Nations
,
yet
it
was
in
it self
a
dangerous
and
rash
Attempt
,
and
might
have
been
fatal
to
the
Scots
,
if
the
King
had
not
been
pleas'd
to
enter
into
a
Treaty
for
an
Accommodation
of
Mat●ers
in
dispute
between
them
.
Rothes
was
at
a
stand
what
to
make
of
this
Discourse
,
considering
this
Nobleman
was
one
of
those
whose
Name
was
to
the
Letter
formerly
mention'd
;
and
therefore
answer'd
,
That
he
wondred
his
Lordship
was
surpriz'd
at
an
Action
he
had
so
much
influenc'd
:
And
that
if
it
had
not
been
for
the
Invitation
of
himself
and
his
Friends
,
perhaps
the
Scots
●rmy
might
have
continued
still
on
the
other
side
of
Tweed
The
Two
Lords
being
equally
in
the
dark
as
to
one
another's
meaning
,
were
at
length
,
upon
producing
of
the
Letter
,
both
of
them
undeceiv'd
,
and
found
it
was
a
mere
Forgery
;
which
was
afterwards
acknowledg'd
by
the
Contriver
,
who
was
the
Lord
Savile
,
created
some
time
after
Earl
of
Sussex
.
This
Letter
,
though
forgotten
now
,
was
much
talk'd
of
during
the
Civil
Wars
:
And
I
have
seen
several
Original
Papers
of
those
Times
,
that
mention'd
it
.
A
Noble
Lord
,
lately
dead
,
whose
Name
was
to
the
Letter
,
never
made
any
scruple
of
telling
this
Passage
to
his
Friends
,
in
the
manner
I
have
related
it
.
And
I
once
had
a
Copy
of
the
Letter
it self
(
from
the
Original
,
which
was
then
,
and
I
believe
is
still
among
the
Papers
of
the
Noble
Family
of
Rothes
)
,
which
I
have
since
lost
.
I
must
confess
I
have
dwelt
longer
upon
this
matter
,
than
consists
with
the
Brevity
I
intended
,
and
that
it
might
have
been
more
properly
mention'd
in
another
place
:
Yet
thus
it
was
,
that
a
Counterfeit
Invitation
brought
the
Scots
into
England
,
in
the
Year
1640.
And
considering
the
Consequences
,
it
may
be
said
,
That
Providence
many
times
seems
to
play
with
Human
Affairs
,
and
influences
the
Fate
of
Kingdoms
by
Counsels
and
Measures
the
most
improbable
to
succeed
,
if
he
had
not
design'd
them
to
be
subservient
to
his
great
Ends.
There
is
an
Historian
for
whom
I
have
the
highest
Veneration
,
Memoirs
of
the
Dukes
of
Hamilton
,
mentions
a
Passage
not
unlike
to
this
,
and
perhaps
it
may
be
the
very
same
,
though
his
Relation
and
mine
differ
in
the
time
,
and
some
other
Circumstances
.
And
seeing
I
happen'd
to
look
into
that
Book
some
time
after
I
had
writ
these
Sheets
;
that
I
may
do
Justice
to
its
Reverend
Author
,
whose
Information
I
am
willing
to
believe
may
be
better
than
my
own
,
though
I
had
mine
from
no
common
Hands
,
I
shall
give
his
Account
of
it
in
his
own
words
;
and
the
rather
,
for
that
I
do
not
remember
the
Date
of
the
Letter
upon
which
the
Passage
turns
,
though
I
do
the
main
Design
and
Contents
of
it
.
But
that
the
Reader
may
not
be
wholly
in
the
dark
,
says
this
Great
Historian
,
about
the
Grounds
of
this
Confidence
the
Covenanters
had
,
I
shall
set
down
what
I
had
from
some
Persons
of
Great
Honour
,
who
were
fully
inform'd
about
it
.
When
the
Earls
of
Dumfermling
and
Loudon
came
to
London
,
a
Person
of
Quality
of
the
English
Nation
(
whose
Name
is
suppress'd
because
of
the
Infamy
of
this
Action
)
came
to
them
,
and
with
great
Vehemence
press'd
them
to
engage
in
a
new
War
;
and
among
other
Motives
brought
them
Engagements
in
writing
from
most
of
the
greatest
Peers
of
England
,
to
join
with
them
,
and
assist
them
when
they
should
come
into
England
with
their
Army
.
This
did
much
animate
them
;
for
they
had
not
the
least
doubt
of
the
Papers
brought
them
.
But
all
this
was
discover'd
at
the
Treaty
of
Rippon
,
to
have
been
a
base
Forgery
:
For
there
the
Sc●ttish
Lords
looking
very
sullenly
upon
some
of
the
English
Lords
,
as
on
Persons
of
no
Faith
or
Truth
,
the
Lord
Mandevil
came
to
the
Earl
of
Rothes
,
and
asked
the
reason
of
that
change
of
their
Countenances
and
Behaviour
in
them
;
who
after
some
high
Reflections
,
at
length
challeng'd
him
and
the
other
Lords
of
not
keeping
what
they
engag'd
to
them
.
Upon
which
that
Lord
stood
amaz'd
,
and
told
him
,
and
so
did
the
other
Lords
there
,
That
they
had
sent
no
such
Messages
nor
Papers
to
them
;
and
that
they
had
been
abus'd
by
the
blackest
Imposture
that
ever
was
.
Thus
it
appear'd
(
concludes
this
Author
)
how
dangerous
it
may
be
to
receive
some
things
that
seem
to
have
the
highest
probabilities
in
them
,
easily
and
upon
trust
.
To
leave
this
Subject
,
it
may
not
be
improper
to
add
another
Passage
out
of
the
same
Book
;
where
that
Reverend
Prelate
speaking
of
the
In●lucements
that
prevail'd
with
the
Scots
to
come
into
the
Assistance
of
the
Parliament
Three
Years
after
;
tells
us
,
That
among
other
Arguments
That
Paper
which
was
sent
down
in
the
Year
1640
,
as
the
Engagement
of
Twenty
eight
of
the
Peers
of
England
,
for
their
Concurrence
with
the
Scottish
Army
that
Year
,
was
shown
to
divers
,
to
engage
them
into
a
grateful
Return
to
those
to
whom
it
was
pretended
they
were
so
highly
oblig'd
.
For
though
the
Earl
of
Rothes
(
and
a
few
more
)
were
well
satisfied
about
the
Forgery
of
that
Paper
,
yet
they
thought
that
a
Secret
of
too
great
Importance
to
be
generally
known
;
therefore
it
was
still
kept
up
from
the
Body
of
the
Nation
.
To
shut
up
what
relates
to
K.
Charles
I.
Resigning
the
Crown
to
the
Prince
of
Wales
,
as
the
only
means
in
that
unhappy
Condition
,
to
preserve
it
for
his
Family
.
But
before
he
had
time
to
digest
this
Resolution
,
or
an
opportunity
to
acquaint
the
Parliament
with
it
,
he
was
hurried
on
to
his
Trial.
The
last
day
of
that
Trial
he
earnestly
propos'd
,
That
before
Sentence
pass'd
,
he
might
be
heard
before
the
Lords
and
Commons
in
the
Painted
Chamber
,
where
he
had
something
to
offer
for
the
Peace
of
the
Kingdom
,
and
the
Liberty
of
the
Subject
,
which
might
settle
all
differences
.
It
is
probable
he
meant
by
this
,
to
have
resign'd
the
Crown
;
which
his
Enemies
having
some
Intimation
of
,
and
fearing
it
might
be
accepted
,
they
were
the
more
forward
to
proceed
to
Sentence
and
Execution
.
Likewise
some
days
before
his
Death
,
Duke
of
Gloucester
King
.
This
was
not
kept
so
secret
,
but
King
Charies
had
some
notice
of
it
;
for
the
Duke
and
his
Sister
having
leave
to
wait
upon
him
the
Night
before
the
Execution
,
he
took
the
Young
Duke
in
his
Arms
,
and
told
him
,
They
were
going
to
take
off
his
Father's
Head
,
and
may
be
they
would
set
the
Crown
upon
his
Head
;
which
he
forbad
him
to
accept
of
while
his
Two
Elder
Brothers
were
Living
.
There
befel
him
an
Accident
,
which
though
a
Trifle
in
it self
,
and
that
no
Weight
is
to
be
laid
upon
any
thing
of
that
nature
;
yet
since
the
best
Authors
,
both
Ancient
and
Modern
,
have
not
thought
it
below
the
Majesty
of
History
to
mention
the
like
,
it
may
be
the
more
excusable
to
insert
it
.
The
King
being
at
Oxford
during
the
Civil
Wars
,
went
one
day
to
see
the
Publick
Library
,
where
he
was
show'd
among
other
Books
,
a
Virgil
nobly
Printed
,
and
exquisitely
bound
.
The
Lord
Falkland
,
to
divert
the
King
,
would
have
his
Majesty
make
a
Trial
of
his
Fortune
by
the
Sortes
Virgilianae
;
Sortes
Virgilianae
.
which
every
body
knows
was
an
usual
kind
of
Augury
some
Ages
past
.
Whereupon
the
King
opening
the
Book
,
the
Period
which
happen'd
to
come
up
,
was
that
part
of
Dido's
Imprecation
against
Aeneas
;
which
Mr.
Dryden
translates
thus
:
Yet
let
a
Race
untam'd
,
and
haughty
Foes
,
His
peaceful
Entrance
with
dire
Arms
oppose
.
Oppress'd
with
Numbers
in
th'
unequal
Field
,
His
Men
discourag'd
,
and
himself
expell'd
,
Let
him
for
Succonr
sue
from
place
to
place
,
Torn
from
his
Subjects
,
and
his
Son's
embrace
.
First
let
him
see
his
Friends
in
Battel
slain
,
And
their
untimely
Fate
lament
in
vain
:
And
when
at
length
the
cruel
War
shall
cease
,
On
hard
Conditions
may
he
buy
his
Peace
.
Nor
let
him
then
enjoy
Supreme
Command
,
But
fall
untimely
by
some
hostile
Hand
,
And
lye
unburi'd
in
the
common
Sand.
It
is
said
K.
Charles
seem'd
concern'd
at
this
Accident
;
and
that
the
Lord
Falkland
observing
it
,
would
likewise
try
his
own
Fortune
in
the
same
manner
;
hoping
he
might
fall
upon
some
Passage
that
could
have
no
relation
to
his
Case
,
and
thereby
divert
the
King's
Thoughts
from
any
Impression
the
other
might
have
upon
him
:
But
the
place
that
Falkland
stumbled
upon
,
was
yet
more
suited
to
his
Destiny
,
than
the
other
had
been
to
the
King
's
;
being
the
following
Expressions
of
Evander
,
upon
the
untimely
Death
of
his
Son
Pallas
,
as
they
are
translated
by
the
same
Hand
.
O
Pallas
!
thou
hast
fail'd
thy
plighted
Word
,
To
fight
with
Reason
;
not
to
tempt
the
Sword
.
I
warn'd
thee
but
in
vain
,
for
well
I
knew
What
Perils
Youthful
Ardor
would
pursue
;
That
boiling
Blood
would
carry
thee
too
far
,
Young
as
thou
were
't
in
Dangers
,
raw
to
War
.
O
curst
Essay
of
Arms
,
disast'rous
Doom
,
Prelude
of
Bloody
Fields
and
Fights
to
come
.
To
return
to
our
History
:
Upon
the
Death
of
King
Charles
I.
there
was
a
Total
Eclipse
of
the
Royal
Family
for
Twelve
Years
:
During
a
great
part
of
which
time
an
unusual
Meteor
fill'd
the
English
Orb
,
and
with
its
surprizing
Influences
over-aw'd
not
only
Three
Kingdoms
,
but
the
powerfullest
Princes
and
States
about
us
.
A
Great
Man
he
was
,
and
Posterity
might
have
paid
a
just
Homage
to
his
Memory
,
if
he
had
not
embrued
his
Hands
in
the
Blood
of
his
Prince
,
or
had
not
usurp'd
upon
the
Liberties
of
his
Countrey
.
It
being
as
natural
a
Curiosity
in
mankind
to
know
the
Character
of
a
Fortunate
Vsurper
,
as
of
a
Lawful
King
,
it
may
not
perhaps
be
much
amiss
to
say
something
of
Oliver
Cromwell
.
By
Birth
he
was
a
Gentleman
,
Oliver
Cromwell
.
and
bred
up
for
some
time
at
the
Vniversity
,
though
nothing
of
a
Scholar
.
When
the
Civil
Wars
broke
out
,
he
took
the
Parliaments
Side
;
and
his
first
Employment
in
the
Army
was
a
Captain
of
Horse
,
whence
by
degrees
he
rose
to
be
Lieutenant-General
under
the
Earl
of
Manchester
:
In
which
Post
he
was
the
chief
Instrument
,
together
with
Lieutenant
General
Lesley
,
of
gaining
the
Battel
of
Marston-Moor
,
which
prov'd
the
first
remarkable
Stop
to
the
King's
Success
.
Some
time
after
,
the
Earl
of
Manchester
having
refus'd
to
give
an
Order
to
Cromwell
,
to
charge
a
Party
of
Horse
where
the
King
was
personally
present
,
he
came
up
to
London
to
complain
against
him
,
though
he
ow'd
his
Advancement
chiefly
to
his
Favour
.
Which
the
Earl
having
notice
of
,
and
being
by
this
time
weary
of
a
War
,
of
which
he
foresaw
the
fatal
Consequences
,
he
took
that
opportunity
to
lay
down
his
Command
;
wherein
he
was
succeeded
by
Cromwell
.
Sir
Thomas
Fairfax
also
laying
down
his
Commission
some
time
after
,
he
was
declar'd
General
of
all
the
Forces
rais'd
or
to
be
rais'd
by
the
Parliament
;
and
having
modell'd
the
Parliament
and
Army
to
his
mind
,
he
dismiss'd
the
former
,
when
he
had
no
more
use
for
them
;
and
upon
their
forc'd
Resignation
,
he
assum'd
the
Supreme
Power
,
under
the
Title
of
Protector
.
Being
thus
mounted
to
so
high
a
Pinacle
of
Fortune
,
he
became
more
formidable
both
at
Home
and
Abroad
,
than
most
Princes
that
had
ever
sat
upon
the
English
Throne
.
And
it
was
said
that
Cardinal
Mazarine
would
change
Countenance
,
whenever
he
heard
him
nam'd
;
so
that
it
pass'd
into
a
Proverb
in
France
,
That
he
was
not
so
much
afraid
of
the
Devil
,
as
of
Oliver
Cromwell
.
He
had
a
Manly
stern
Look
,
and
was
of
an
Active
,
Healthful
Constitution
,
able
to
endure
the
greatest
Toil
and
Fatigue
.
Though
Brave
in
his
Person
,
yet
he
was
Wary
in
his
Conduct
;
for
from
the
time
he
was
first
declar'd
Protector
,
he
always
wore
a
Coat
of
Mail
under
his
Cloaths
.
His
Conversation
among
his
Friends
was
very
diverting
and
familiar
,
but
in
publick
reserv'd
and
grave
.
He
was
sparing
in
his
Diet
,
though
sometimes
would
drink
freely
,
but
never
to
Excess
.
He
was
moderate
in
all
other
Pleasures
,
and
for
what
was
visible
,
free
from
Immoralities
,
especially
after
he
came
to
make
a
Figure
in
the
World
.
He
writ
a
tolerable
good
Hand
,
and
a
Stile
becoming
a
Gentleman
;
except
when
he
had
a
mind
to
wheedle
,
under
the
Mask
of
Religion
;
which
he
knew
nicely
how
to
do
,
when
his
Affairs
requir'd
it
.
He
affected
for
the
most
part
a
Plainness
in
his
Cloaths
;
but
in
them
,
as
well
as
in
his
Guards
and
Attendance
,
he
appear'd
with
Magnificence
upon
Publick
Occasions
.
No
man
was
ever
better
serv'd
,
nor
took
more
pains
to
be
so
.
As
he
was
severe
to
his
Enemies
,
so
was
he
beneficent
and
kind
to
his
Friends
.
And
if
he
came
to
hear
of
a
Man
fit
for
his
purpose
,
though
never
so
obscure
,
he
sent
for
him
,
and
employ'd
him
;
suiting
the
Employment
to
the
Person
,
and
not
the
Person
to
the
Employment
.
And
upon
this
Maxim
in
his
Government
depended
in
a
great
measure
his
Success
.
In
matters
of
greatest
Moment
,
he
trusted
none
but
his
Secretary
Thurlo
,
and
oftentimes
not
him
.
An
Instance
of
which
Thurlo
us'd
to
tell
of
himself
;
That
he
was
once
commanded
by
Cromwell
to
go
at
a
certain
hour
to
Grays-Inn
,
and
at
such
a
place
deliver
a
Bill
of
Twenty
thousand
Pound
,
payable
to
the
Bearer
at
Genoa
,
to
a
Man
he
should
find
walking
in
such
a
Habit
and
Posture
as
he
describ'd
him
,
without
speaking
one
word
.
Which
accordingly
Thurlo
did
;
and
never
knew
to
his
dying
day
either
the
Person
or
the
Occasion
.
At
another
time
the
Protector
coming
late
at
Night
to
Thurlo's
Office
,
and
beginning
to
give
him
directions
about
something
of
great
Importance
and
Secrecy
,
he
took
notice
that
Mr.
Moreland
,
one
of
the
Clerks
,
afterward
Sir
Samuel
Moreland
,
was
in
the
Room
,
which
he
had
not
observ'd
before
;
and
fearing
he
might
have
over-heard
their
Discourse
,
though
he
pretended
to
be
asleep
upon
his
Desk
,
he
drew
a
Ponyard
,
which
he
always
carried
under
his
Coat
,
and
was
going
to
dispatch
Moreland
upon
the
Spot
,
if
Thurlo
had
not
with
great
Intreaties
prevail'd
with
him
to
desist
,
assuring
him
that
Moreland
had
sat
up
two
Nights
together
,
and
was
now
certainly
asleep
.
There
was
not
the
smallest
Accident
that
befel
King
Charles
the
Second
in
his
Exile
,
but
he
knew
it
perfectly
well
;
insomuch
that
having
given
leave
to
an
English
Nobleman
to
Travel
,
upon
condition
he
should
not
see
Charles
Stuart
;
he
ask'd
him
at
his
Return
,
If
he
had
punctually
obey'd
his
Commands
?
Which
the
other
affirming
he
had
;
Cromwell
replied
,
It
's
true
,
you
did
not
see
him
;
for
to
keep
your
Word
with
me
,
you
agreed
to
meet
in
the
dark
,
the
Candles
being
put
out
for
that
end
:
And
withal
,
told
him
all
the
Particulars
that
pass'd
in
Conversation
betwixt
the
King
and
him
at
their
Meeting
.
That
he
had
Spies
about
King
Charles
,
English
Auxiliaries
,
was
in
its
March
to
Invest
the
Town
,
Cromwell
sent
one
Morning
for
the
French
Ambassador
to
Whitehall
,
and
upbraided
him
publickly
for
his
Master
's
design'd
Breach
of
Promise
,
in
giving
secret
Orders
to
the
French
General
to
keep
Possession
of
Dunkirk
,
in
case
it
was
taken
,
contrary
to
the
Treaty
between
them
.
The
Ambassador
protested
he
knew
nothing
of
the
matter
,
as
indeed
he
did
not
,
and
begg'd
leave
to
assure
him
that
there
was
no
such
thing
thought
of
.
Upon
which
Cromwell
pulling
a
Paper
out
of
his
Pocket
,
Here
(
says
he
)
is
the
Copy
of
the
Cardinal's
Order
:
And
I
desire
you
to
dispatch
immediately
an
Express
,
to
let
him
know
,
That
I
am
not
to
be
impos'd
upon
;
and
that
if
he
deliver
not
up
the
Keys
of
the
Town
of
Dunkirk
to
Lockhart
within
an
hour
after
it
shall
be
taken
,
tell
him
,
I
'll
come
in
Person
,
and
demand
them
at
the
Gates
of
Paris
.
There
were
but
Four
Persons
said
to
be
privy
to
this
Order
,
the
Queen-Mother
,
the
Cardinal
,
the
Mareschal
de
Turenne
,
and
a
Secretary
,
whose
Name
it
is
not
fit
at
this
time
to
mention
.
The
Cardinal
for
a
long
time
blam'd
the
Queen
,
as
if
she
might
possibly
have
blabb'd
it
out
to
some
of
her
Women
:
Whereas
it
was
found
,
after
the
Secretary's
Death
,
That
he
had
kept
a
secret
Correspondence
with
Cromwell
for
several
Years
;
and
therefore
it
was
not
doubted
but
he
had
sent
him
the
Copy
of
the
Order
above-mention'd
.
The
Message
had
its
effect
;
for
Dunkirk
was
put
into
the
Possession
of
the
English
.
And
to
palliate
the
matter
,
the
Duke
and
Mareschal
of
Crequy
was
dispatch'd
into
England
Ambassador
Extraordinary
,
to
Compliment
Cromwell
,
attended
with
a
Numerous
and
Splendid
Train
of
Persons
of
Quality
;
among
whom
was
a
Prince
of
the
Blood
,
and
Muncini
,
Mazarine
's
Nephew
,
who
brought
a
Letter
from
his
Uncle
to
the
Protector
,
full
of
the
highest
Expressions
of
Respect
;
and
assuring
his
Highness
,
That
being
within
view
of
the
English
Shore
,
nothing
but
the
King's
Indisposition
(
who
lay
then
ill
of
the
Small-Pox
at
Calais
)
could
have
hinder'd
him
to
come
over
to
England
,
that
he
might
enjoy
the
Honour
of
waiting
upon
one
of
the
Greatest
Men
that
ever
was
;
and
whom
next
to
his
Master
,
his
greatest
Ambition
was
to
serve
.
But
being
depriv'd
of
so
great
a
happiness
,
he
had
sent
the
Person
that
was
nearest
to
him
in
Blood
,
to
assure
him
of
the
profound
Veneration
he
had
for
his
Person
,
and
how
much
he
was
resolv'd
,
to
the
utmost
of
his
power
,
to
cultivate
a
perpetual
Amity
and
Friendship
betwixt
his
Master
and
him
.
Few
Princes
ever
bore
their
Character
higher
upon
all
occasions
,
than
Oliver
Cromwell
,
especially
in
his
Treaties
with
Crown'd
Heads
.
And
it
's
a
thing
without
Example
,
that
's
mention'd
by
one
of
the
best-inform'd
Historians
of
the
Age
,
Puffendorf
,
in
the
Life
of
the
late
Elector
of
Brandenburgh
,
That
in
Cromwell's
League
with
France
against
Spain
,
he
would
not
allow
the
French
King
to
call
himself
King
of
France
,
but
of
the
French
;
whereas
he
took
to
himself
not
only
the
Title
of
Protector
of
England
,
but
likewise
of
France
.
And
which
is
yet
more
surprizing
,
and
which
can
hardly
be
believ'd
,
but
for
the
Authority
of
the
Author
,
Tranquility
of
Europe
.
As
every
thing
did
contribute
to
the
Fall
of
King
Charles
I.
so
did
every
thing
contribute
to
the
Rise
of
Cromwell
.
And
as
there
was
no
design
at
first
against
the
King's
Life
,
so
it
's
probable
that
Cromwell
had
no
thoughts
,
for
a
long
time
,
of
ever
arriving
at
what
he
afterwards
was
.
It
is
known
he
was
once
in
Treaty
with
the
King
,
after
the
Army
had
carried
his
Majesty
away
from
Holmby
House
,
to
have
Restor'd
him
to
the
Throne
;
which
probably
he
would
have
done
,
if
the
Secret
had
not
been
like
to
take
Vent
,
by
the
Indiscretion
of
some
about
the
King
;
which
push'd
Cromwell
on
to
prevent
his
own
,
by
the
Ruin
of
the
King
.
It
's
likewise
certain
,
that
the
Title
of
Protector
did
not
satisfy
his
Ambition
,
but
that
he
aim'd
to
be
King
.
The
Matter
was
for
some
time
under
Consideration
,
both
in
his
Mock-Parliament
,
and
Council
of
State
;
in-so-far
,
that
a
Crown
was
actually
made
,
and
brought
to
Whitehall
for
that
purpose
.
But
the
Aversion
he
found
in
the
Army
against
it
,
and
the
fear
of
the
Commonwealth-Party
,
oblig'd
him
to
lay
the
Thoughts
of
it
aside
,
at
least
for
that
time
.
Yet
it
's
probable
these
high
Aims
did
not
dye
,
but
with
himself
:
For
to
be
able
with
the
help
of
Spanish
Gold
to
carry
on
his
Design
in
England
,
without
depending
upon
a
Parliament
for
Money
,
is
thought
was
the
true
Motive
of
his
Attempt
upon
St.
Domingo
;
which
was
the
only
Action
of
War
he
fail'd
in
.
But
notwithstanding
his
specious
Pretences
to
the
contrary
,
Cromwell
invaded
and
betrayed
the
Liberties
of
his
Countrey
,
and
acted
a
more
Tyrannical
and
Arbitrary
Part
,
than
all
the
Kings
of
England
together
had
done
since
the
Norman
Conquest
.
And
yet
after
all
,
his
Good
Fortune
accompanied
him
to
the
last
;
for
after
a
long
Chain
of
Success
,
he
died
in
Peace
,
and
in
the
Arms
of
his
Friends
;
was
buried
among
the
Kings
with
a
Royal
Pomp
,
and
his
Death
condol'd
by
the
Greatest
Princes
and
States
of
Christendom
,
in
Solemn
Embassies
to
his
Son
.
But
this
is
not
all
;
for
whatever
Reasons
the
House
of
Austria
had
to
hate
the
Memory
of
Cromwell
,
yet
his
causing
the
Portugal
Ambassador's
Brother
to
be
Executed
for
a
Tumult
in
London
,
notwithstanding
his
Plea
of
being
a
Publick
Minister
as
well
as
his
Brother
,
was
near
Twenty
Years
after
Cromwell's
Death
,
brought
as
a
Precedent
by
the
present
Emperor
,
to
justify
his
Arresting
and
carrying
off
the
Prince
of
Furstenburgh
at
the
Treaty
of
Cologne
,
notwithstanding
Furstenburgh's
being
a
Plenipotentiary
for
the
Elector
of
that
Name
.
And
in
the
Printed
Manifesto
publish'd
by
the
Emperor
upon
that
occasion
,
this
Piece
of
Cromwell●s
Justice
in
executing
the
Portuguese
Gentleman
,
is
related
at
large
.
To
sum
up
Cromwell's
Character
,
it
's
observable
,
That
as
the
Ides
of
March
were
equally
Fortunate
and
Fatal
to
Iulius
Caesar
,
another
Famous
Invader
of
the
Liberties
of
his
Countrey
;
so
was
the
Third
of
September
to
Oliver
Cromwell
;
For
on
that
Day
he
was
Born●
;
on
that
Day
he
fought
the
Three
Great
Battels
of
Marston-Moor
,
Worcester
,
and
Dunbar
;
and
on
that
Day
he
died
.
Cromwell
died
in
the
peaceable
Possession
of
the
Sovereign
Power
,
though
disguis'd
under
another
Name
,
and
left
it
to
a
Son
that
had
neither
Heart
nor
Abilities
to
keep
it
.
The
Genius
of
the
Nation
return'd
to
its
Natural
Byass
;
and
Monarchy
was
so
much
interwoven
with
the
Laws
,
Customs
,
and
the
first
Threads
of
the
English
Constitution
,
that
it
was
altogether
impossible
it
could
be
ever
totally
worn
out
.
Our
Ancestors
had
wisely
settled
themselves
upon
that
Bottom
;
and
those
very
men
that
some
Years
before
had
justled
out
Monarchy
,
upon
the
account
of
its
Encroachments
upon
the
Rights
of
the
People
,
were
become
as
zealous
now
to
restore
it
again
,
upon
the
Encroachments
that
the
assuming
part
of
the
People
had
made
of
late
,
upon
the
Rights
of
their
Fellow-Subjects
.
For
near
Two
Years
together
after
Cromwell's
Death
,
the
Government
of
England
underwent
various
Shapes
,
and
every
Month
almost
produc'd
a
New
Scheme
;
till
in
the
end
all
these
Convulsions
co-operated
to
turn
the
Nation
again
upon
its
True
and
Ancient
Basis.
Thence
it
was
,
that
the
Son
of
King
Charles
the
First
,
This
Revolution
was
the
more
to
be
admir'd
,
since
not
only
all
Attempts
to
bring
King
Charles
back
by
Force
of
Arms
,
prov'd
ineffectual
;
but
that
notwithstanding
upon
Cromwell's
Death
,
every
thing
at
home
seem'd
to
concur
to
his
Restoration
;
yet
the
bare
Name
of
an
English
Parliament
,
though
but
the
Shadow
of
what
formerly
it
was
,
continued
to
be
so
Terrible
abroad
,
that
neither
France
nor
Spain
durst
venture
to
give
King
Charles
the
least
Assistance
to
regain
his
Throne
;
but
on
the
contrary
,
were
oblig'd
to
treat
him
in
a
manner
altogether
unworthy
of
a
Crown'd
Head
:
As
appears
by
the
following
Instance
at
the
Treaty
of
the
Pyrenees
.
King
Charles
after
having
in
vain
sought
a
Sanctuary
in
France
,
was
necessitated
to
throw
himself
upon
the
Friendship
of
Spain
.
He
was
at
Brussels
when
he
receiv'd
the
News
of
the
Disposition
that
was
in
England
to
Restore
him
,
just
at
the
time
the
Conferen●es
were
to
begin
between
Cardinal
Mazarine
,
and
Lewis
de
Haro
,
the
Two
Plenipotentiaries
of
France
and
Spain
,
in
order
to
a
General
Peace
.
This
determin'd
King
Charles
to
take
Post
from
Brussels
through
France
,
to
the
Place
of
Treaty
,
that
he
might
in
Person
represent
his
Interests
to
these
Two
Ministers
.
He
judg'd
the
Spaniards
had
reason
to
be
Enemies
to
the
then
Government
in
England
,
for
not
only
having
taken
Dunkirk
and
Iamaica
from
them
,
and
enter●d
into
a
League
with
Portugal
against
them
,
but
for
endeavouring
all
that
was
possible
to
persuade
the
French
to
continue
the
War
.
Upon
the
other
hand
,
it
was
but
reasonable
to
think
that
France
could
not
be
well
pleas'd
to
see
the
English
Master
of
such
a
Frontier
Town
as
Dunkirk
;
or
that
Mazarine
,
the
most
Ambitious
Man
upon
Earth
,
would
not
be
willing
to
raise
his
own
Glory
,
by
espousing
the
Cause
of
an
Exil'd
Prince
,
especially
when
there
was
so
great
probability
of
Success
.
Notwithstanding
all
these
plausible
Appearances
,
King
Charles
made
this
long
Journey
to
no
purpose
.
It
's
true
,
Lewis
de
Haro
receiv'd
him
with
all
possible
Marks
of
Respect
:
But
the
Cardinal
positively
denied
him
Access
.
All
he
could
be
brought
to
,
after
several
Messages
from
the
King
,
was
to
allow
the
Duke
of
Ormond
to
talk
to
him
upon
the
Road
from
St.
Iean
de
Luz
to
the
Place
of
Treaty
,
as
if
it
had
been
but
an
accidental
Rencounter
.
Ormond
obtain'd
nothing
of
the
Cardinal
,
but
general
and
ambiguous
Answers
:
Till
being
press'd
,
he
told
Ormond
plainly
,
That
all
his
Master
could
do
for
his
Cousin
the
King
of
England
,
was
to
compassionate
his
Misfortunes
;
as
not
being
in
a
condition
himself
to
break
with
the
Government
of
England
,
with
which
his
Affairs
oblig'd
him
to
keep
a
good
Correspondence
.
Over
and
above
this
Neglect
of
Mazarine's
,
King
Charles
had
the
Mortification
to
see
Ambassador
Lockhart
receiv'd
at
the
same
time
with
the
greatest
Pomp
and
Splendor
,
having
the
Cardinal's
Coaches
and
Guards
sent
a
day's
Journey
to
receive
him
,
and
the
Cardinal
giving
him
the
Right
Hand
,
which
was
a
Respect
he
denied
the
Ambassadors
of
Crown'd
Heads
.
Nor
was
Lewis
de
Haro
kinder
upon
the
matter
to
King
Charles
,
notwithstanding
all
his
Civilities
;
for
having
ask'd
the
Command
of
the
Army
in
Flanders
,
which
the
Prince
of
Conde
was
by
the
Treaty
oblig'd
to
quit
,
Don
Lewis
refus'd
it
.
All
which
will
be
a
lasting
Example
to
Posterity
,
how
little
Trust
is
to
be
repos'd
in
Foreign
Aid
,
when
a
Prince
comes
to
need
it
,
for
recovering
his
Throne
.
It
were
the
highest
Injustice
to
deny
General
Monk
the
greatest
share
of
the
Honour
in
Restoring
King
Charles
II.
Richard
Cromwell
was
depriv'd
of
the
Government
:
In
which
he
was
afterwards
the
more
confirm'd
,
upon
the
Army
in
England's
setting
up
once
more
for
themselves
.
If
he
had
really
a
form'd
Intention
at
that
time
to
bring
back
the
King
;
it
must
be
confess'd
he
acted
the
part
of
a
Politician
,
much
better
than
that
of
a
Christian
;
for
he
declar'd
once
again
at
that
time
,
for
a
Commonwealth
,
without
the
King
,
a
Single
Person
,
or
House
of
Lords
;
and
formally
Renounc'd
the
Family
of
the
Stuarts
.
All
which
will
appear
by
a
Letter
,
sign'd
by
him
and
his
Officers
,
to
the
Parliament
,
upon
Richard's
Abdication
,
and
the
Declaration
it self
,
It
's
hardly
to
be
imagin'd
he
had
a
mind
to
set
up
for
himself
,
as
his
Enemies
have
given
out
;
for
he
could
not
but
see
the
whole
Nation
was
returning
apace
to
their
Ancient
Monarchical
Principles
;
and
therefore
he
had
little
else
to
do
,
but
to
comply
a
while
with
the
Times
,
till
by
declaring
for
a
Free
Parliament
,
he
pav'd
the
way
for
the
King's
Return
.
It
's
certain
the
People
that
then
assum'd
the
Supreme
Power
,
were
jealous
of
his
Intentions
;
and
it
was
within
an
Ace
he
escap'd
a
Trap
laid
for
him
,
just
at
the
time
when
he
was
ready
to
march
from
Scotland
;
which
would
have
inevitably
ruin'd
his
Design
,
if
a
mere
Accident
had
not
interven'd
.
For
Monk
keeping
his
ordinary
Residence
at
Dalkeith
,
some
four
Miles
on
this
side
of
Edinburgh
,
the
London
Packet
touch'd
constantly
there
,
that
the
General
might
have
his
Letters
before
it
reach'd
Edinburgh
.
The
Committee
of
Safety
being
resolv'd
to
secure
Monk
,
dispatch'd
secret
Orders
to
Scotland
by
the
ordinary
Packet
,
lest
an
Express
might
give
suspicion
;
and
instead
of
directing
the
Label
for
Dalkeith
,
as
was
usual
,
it
was
order'd
straight
for
Edinburgh
.
It
happen●d
that
one
of
Monk's
Lifeguard
met
accidentally
the
Post
turning
out
of
the
Road
that
led
to
Dalkeith
,
and
finding
he
had
not
touch'd
there
,
he
brought
him
back
,
notwithstanding
the
Label
was
directed
otherwise
.
Monk
suspecting
something
,
open'd
all
the
Letters
that
he
found
directed
to
the
Officers
of
the
Army
;
among
which
there
was
one
from
the
Committee
of
Safety
to
Colonel
Thomas
Wilks
,
ordering
him
to
use
the
most
effectual
,
speedy
,
and
secret
way
to
secure
the
Person
of
General
Monk
,
and
to
send
him
up
to
London
under
a
strong
Guard
,
in
a
Frigat
that
lay
in
Leith
Road
;
and
then
to
take
up●n
him
the
Command
of
the
Army
,
till
further
Order
.
Having
taken
out
this
,
and
what
other
Letters
he
thought
fit
,
together
with
his
own
from
the
same
Committee
,
full
of
high
Compliments
,
and
Expressions
of
Trust
,
he
sent
away
the
Packet
as
it
was
directed
.
But
having
communicated
the
matter
to
some
of
his
particular
Friends
,
he
gave
Orders
for
a
General
Review
of
the
Army
to
be
made
next
morning
at
Edinburgh
,
where
he
arrested
Colonel
Wilks
,
and
some
other
Officers
he
had
reason
to
suspect
,
and
sent
them
Prisoners
to
the
Castle
;
filling
up
their
Commissions
with
others
of
his
own
Creatures
.
Monk
in
his
March
through
England
,
and
after
he
came
to
London
,
carried
on
the
Thread
of
Dissimulation
with
wonderful
dexterity
,
till
all
things
were
fully
ripe
for
throwing
off
the
Mask
,
and
calling
home
the
King
.
As
he
was
singularly
happy
in
being
the
Chief
Instrument
of
that
Revolution
,
he
was
no
less
in
the
Sense
King
Charles
continued
to
express
,
of
so
great
an
Obligation
.
And
it
show'd
him
to
be
a
Man
of
true
Judgmen
,
That
the
Duke
of
Albemarle
behav'd
himself
in
such
a
manner
to
the
Prince
he
had
thus
oblig'd
,
as
never
to
seem
to
overvalue
the
Services
of
General
Monk
.
King
Charles
the
Second
prov'd
one
of
the
Finest
Gentlemen
of
the
Age
,
and
had
Abilities
to
make
one
of
the
Best
of
Kings
.
The
first
Years
of
his
Reign
were
a
continued
Iubilee
.
And
while
we
were
reaping
the
Fruits
of
Peace
at
Home
,
after
the
Miseries
of
a
long
Civil
War
,
a
Potent
Neighbour
was
laying
the
Foundation
of
a
Power
Abroad
,
that
has
since
been
the
Envy
and
Terror
of
Europe
.
One
might
have
thought
that
his
Parliament
had
glutted
his
Ambition
to
the
full
,
by
heaping
those
Prerogatives
upon
him
,
which
had
been
contested
for
with
his
Father
,
at
the
Expence
of
so
much
Blood
and
Treasure
:
But
he
grasp'd
early
after
more
;
and
from
his
first
Accession
to
the
Cro●n
,
show'd
but
little
Inclination
to
depend
upon
Parliaments
.
Of
which
we
have
a
remarkable
Instance
in
an
Affair
that
was
one
of
the
true
Causes
of
the
Disgrace
of
that
Great
Man
,
Chancellor
Clarendon
,
which
happen'd
a
few
Years
after
.
It
looks
as
if
Heaven
took
a
more
than
ordinary
Care
of
England
,
that
we
did
not
throw
up
our
Liberties
all
at
once
,
upon
the
Restoration
of
that
King
;
for
though
some
were
for
bringing
him
back
upon
Terms
,
yet
after
he
was
once
come
,
he
possess'd
so
entirely
the
Hearts
of
his
People
,
that
they
thought
nothing
was
too
much
for
them
to
grant
,
or
for
him
to
receive
.
Among
other
Designs
to
please
him
,
there
was
one
form'd
at
Court
,
to
settle
such
a
Revenue
upon
him
by
Parliament
during
Life
,
as
should
place
him
beyond
the
Necessity
of
asking
more
,
except
in
the
Case
of
a
War
,
or
some
such
extraordinary
Occasion
.
The
Earl
of
Southampton
,
Lord
High
Treasurer
,
came
heartily
into
it
,
out
of
a
mere
Principle
of
Honour
and
Affection
to
the
King
;
but
Chancellor
Clarendon
secretly
oppos●d
it
.
It
happen●d
that
they
two
had
a
private
Conference
about
the
matter
;
and
the
Chancellor
being
earnest
to
bring
the
Treasurer
to
his
Opinion
,
took
the
freedom
to
tell
him
,
That
he
was
better
acquainted
with
the
King's
Temper
and
Inclinations
,
than
Southampton
could
reasonably
expect
to
be
,
having
had
long
and
intimate
Acquaintance
with
his
Majesty
abroad
;
and
that
he
knew
him
so
well
,
that
if
such
a
Revenue
was
once
settled
upon
him
for
Life
,
neither
of
them
Two
would
be
of
any
further
use
;
and
that
they
were
not
in
probability
to
see
many
more
Sessions
of
Parliament
during
that
Reign
.
Southampton
was
brought
over
;
but
this
Passage
could
not
be
kept
so
secret
,
but
it
came
to
King
Charles
his
Ears
,
which
together
with
other
things
wherein
Clarendon
was
misrepresented
to
him
,
prov'd
the
true
reason
why
he
abandon'd
him
to
his
Enemies
.
Notwithstanding
this
disappointment
,
King
Charles
made
a
shift
,
partly
by
his
obliging
Carriage
,
partly
by
other
Inducements
,
to
get
more
Money
from
his
first
Parliament
towards
the
Expence
of
his
Pleasures
,
than
all
his
Predecessors
of
the
Norman
Race
had
obtain'd
before
,
towards
the
Charges
of
their
Wars
.
This
Parliament
had
like
to
have
been
Perpetual
,
if
the
Vigor
wherewith
they
began
to
prosecute
the
Popish
Plot
,
and
the
Resentment
they
express'd
against
his
Brother
,
had
not
oblig'd
him
,
much
against
his
Will
,
to
part
with
them
,
after
they
had
sat
near
Nineteen
Years
.
That
there
was
at
that
time
a
Popish
Plot
,
Romish
Religion
in
England
,
scarce
any
body
calls
in
question
.
How
far
the
near
Prospect
of
a
Popish
Successor
ripen'd
the
Hopes
,
and
gave
new
Vigor
to
the
Designs
of
that
Party
;
and
what
Methods
they
were
then
upon
,
to
bring
those
Designs
about
,
Coleman's
Letters
alone
,
without
any
other
concurring
Evidence
,
are
more
than
sufficient
to
put
the
matter
out
of
doubt
.
But
what
Superstructures
might
have
been
afterwards
built
upon
an
unquestionable
Foundation
;
and
how
far
some
of
the
Witnesses
of
that
Plot
might
come
to
darken
Truth
by
subsequent
Addttions
of
their
own
,
must
be
deferr'd
till
the
Great
Account
,
to
be
made
before
a
Higher
Tribunal
:
And
till
then
,
a
great
part
of
the
Popish
Plot
,
as
it
was
then
sworn
to
,
will
in
all
human
probability
lye
among
the
darkest
Scenes
of
our
English
History
.
However
,
this
is
certain
,
the
Discovery
of
the
Popish
Plot
had
great
and
various
Effects
upon
the
Nation
:
And
it
's
from
this
remarkable
Period
of
Time
,
we
may
justly
reckon
a
New
Aera
in
the
English
Account
.
In
the
first
place
,
Popish
Plot
began
that
open
Struggle
between
King
Charles
and
his
People
,
that
occasion'd
him
not
only
to
dissolve
his
first
Favourite
Parliament
,
and
the
Three
others
that
succeeded
;
but
likewise
to
call
no
more
during
the
rest
of
his
Reign
.
All
which
made
way
for
bringing
in
question
the
Charters
of
London
,
and
other
Corporations
,
with
a
great
many
dismal
Effects
that
follow'd
.
It
was
likewise
about
this
time
,
that
a
certain
Set
of
Men
began
a
second
time
to
adopt
into
our
Religion
a
Mahomet
an
Principle
,
under
the
Names
of
Passive
Obedience
and
Non-Resistance
;
which
since
the
time
of
the
Impostor
that
first
broach'd
it
,
has
been
the
means
to
Enslave
a
great
part
of
the
World
.
The
great
share
which
the
Duke
of
York
was
suppos'd
to
have
had
very
early
,
Popish
Successor
gave
the
Roman●
Catholicks
,
of
bringing
about
their
Grand
Project
of
rooting
out
the
Northern
Heresy
,
were
the
Reasons
why
a
great
part
of
Both
Houses
of
Parliament
had
recourse
to
a
Bill
of
Exclusion
against
the
Duke
,
as
the
only
effectual
means
they
could
think
on
in
that
Juncture
,
to
prevent
our
intended
Ruin
.
This
Prince
had
been
privately
reconcil'd
to
Rome
in
the
time
of
his
Exile
:
But
it
seems
it
was
not
thought
convenient
he
should
declare
himself
till
several
Years
after
.
And
though
he
had
abandon'd
the
Worship
of
the
Church
of
England
,
it
was
accounted
a
heinous
Crime
to
say
he
was
a
Roman-Catholick
,
when
every
body
knew
that
he
was
one
;
and
some
were
Fin'd
in
great
Sums
of
Money
for
saying
it
.
King
Charle's
Conversion
(
if
we
believe
Huddleston
the
Priest
)
was
of
an
older
Date
:
But
,
if
true
,
he
either
wanted
Courage
,
or
thought
it
not
his
Interest
to
declare
himself
in
his
Life-time
.
If
he
had
any
design
of
introducing
Popery
,
he
knew
the
Temper
of
the
Nation
too
well
,
to
imagine
it
could
be
brought
about
in
a
short
time
,
or
by
such
open
and
barefac'd
Methods
as
his
Brother
was
pleas'd
afterwards
to
put
in
practice
.
But
the
truth
is
,
King
Charles
was
neither
Bigot
enough
to
any
Religion
,
nor
lov'd
his
Ease
so
little
,
as
to
embark
in
a
Business
that
must
at
least
have
disturb'd
his
Quiet
,
if
not
hazarded
his
Crown
.
The
Romish
Emissaries
knowing
this
,
were
resolv'd
to
make
sure
of
one
of
the
Brothers
:
And
the
Duke
was
now
the
Rising
Sun
;
King
Charles
having
no
prospect
of
Issue
by
the
Queen
.
It
was
not
the
Roman-Catholi●ks
alone
,
that
began
to
pay
him
their
Early
Devotions
;
there
were
others
that
came
nothing
short
of
them
in
their
Addresses
to
him
.
He
had
in
the
time
of
his
Banishment
,
and
after
the
Restoration
,
acquir'd
the
Reputation
of
being
Brave
,
and
skill'd
in
the
Art
of
War
:
Flanders
and
the
Ocean
were
the
Theatres
on
which
he
had
given
unquestionable
Proofs
of
both
;
having
Commanded
the
Spanish
Horse
in
the
one
,
and
the
English
Fleet
on
the
other
.
From
a
Prince
thus
possess'd
of
a
Warlike
Character
,
and
thus
devoted
to
the
See
of
Rome
,
it
was
no
wonder
the
Roman
Catholicks
expected
,
and
the
Protestants
fear'd
some
extraordinary
Change
in
England
,
if
ever
he
should
come
to
wear
the
Crown
.
And
therefore
as
it
was
the
Interest
of
the
first
to
have
him
upon
the
Throne
,
so
it
was
equally
the
Interest
of
the
latter
to
exclude
him
from
it
.
It
's
said
King
Charles
came
in
at
first
to
the
Bill
of
Exclusion
,
or
seem'd
to
do
so
.
The
Favourite
Mistress
was
prevail'd
with
,
from
secret
Motives
and
Prospects
of
her
own
,
to
concur
with
others
in
persuading
him
to
abandon
his
Brother
;
and
waving
the
Duke's
Right
,
to
accept
of
an
Act
of
Parliament
in
his
own
favour
,
like
that
made
in
the
Reign
of
Henry
VIII
.
by
which
he
should
have
a
Power
invested
in
him
,
to
dispose
of
the
Crown
at
his
Death
,
under
such
Restrictions
and
Limitations
as
should
be
agreed
on
.
Whether
any
such
Act
was
really
intended
,
it
's
hard
to
determine
;
but
it
's
certain
such
an
Offer
was
made
to
King
Charles
,
with
a
Promise
of
a
considerable
Sum
of
Money
,
towards
the
supplying
his
pressing
Wants
.
It
's
likewise
certain
,
that
King
Charles
seem'd
willing
to
accept
of
it
;
till
it
happen'd
that
a
Foreign
Court
,
whose
Interest
it
was
to
support
the
Duke
of
York
,
struck
up
a
Bargain
with
the
King
,
to
give
him
more
Money
for
refusing
,
than
had
been
offer'd
him
for
consenting
to
the
Bill
of
Exclusion
.
Some
time
before
the
Popish
Plot
came
upon
the
Stage
,
King
Charles
had
been
prevail'd
with
to
Marry
the
Eldest
of
his
Nieces
to
the
Prince
of
Orange
,
as
he
did
afterwards
the
Youngest
to
the
Prince
of
Denmark
:
The
happiest
Actions
of
his
Life
,
and
by
which
he
made
a
sufficient
Attonement
for
all
the
Errors
of
his
Reign
.
It
were
Ingratitude
to
enquire
too
narrowly
into
the
Motives
that
induc'd
him
to
these
Matches
:
It
's
enough
to
entail
a
lasting
Honour
on
his
Name
,
that
he
did
it
,
and
did
it
against
the
Advice
of
his
Brother
,
and
in
spight
of
all
the
Sollicitations
that
were
made
to
him
from
Abroad
,
to
marry
them
to
Princes
of
the
Romish
Religion
.
The
Parliament
had
in
their
view
the
Princess
of
Orange
,
in
the
Bill
of
Exclusion
;
and
it
was
She
and
the
Prince
her
Husband
that
were
to
have
fill'd
the
Throne
,
upon
the
Death
of
their
Uncle
.
But
King
Charles
either
not
daring
,
or
not
willing
to
consent
to
the
Bill
,
he
dissolv'd
both
that
and
the
next
Parliament
at
Oxford
,
merely
to
ward
off
the
Blow
that
threaten'd
his
Brother
.
After
the
Dissolution
of
the
Oxford
Parliament
,
King
Charles
shew'd
but
little
Inclination
to
call
any
more
;
and
was
prevail'd
with
to
enter
into
harsher
Measures
than
hitherto
he
had
taken
;
and
which
seem'd
contrary
to
his
Natural
Goodness
and
Temper
.
The
Charters
of
the
City
of
London
,
and
other
Corporations
,
stood
in
the
way
of
an
Absolute
Government
;
and
it
was
resolv'd
to
break
through
this
Barrier
.
In
order
to
which
,
Quo
Warranto's
were
brought
against
them
;
and
in
progress
of
time
they
were
either
surrendred
by
the
Corporations
themselves
,
or
vacated
in
Westminster-Hall
,
by
a
Set
of
Iudges
pickt
out
for
that
purpose
.
And
it
was
resolv'd
thereby
to
make
one
of
the
Estates
of
Parliament
depend
entirely
upon
the
Will
and
Nomination
of
the
Prince
.
While
these
Quo
Warranto's
were
going
on
,
whole
Peals
of
Anathema's
were
rung
out
against
those
Patriots
that
had
stood
up
for
the
Liberties
of
their
Countrey
in
the
preceding
Parliaments
.
And
it
was
look'd
upon
as
a
Crime
against
the
State
,
for
any
one
to
regret
the
approaching
Fate
of
his
Countrey
.
Even
the
Holy
Scriptures
themselves
were
made
a
Stale
for
Arbitrary
Power
;
and
the
Laws
which
were
given
to
the
Iews
as
they
were
a
Political
State
,
were
now
brought
in
upon
every
occasion
,
to
countenance
the
Designs
of
the
Court.
As
if
those
Laws
which
were
intended
only
to
support
the
Political
Government
of
the
Iews
,
were
the
real
Foundation
of
the
Christian
Religion
;
or
that
the
Constitution
of
England
was
founded
upon
the
Iewish
Doctrine
.
All
which
was
not
much
for
the
Honour
of
those
Gentlemen
that
broach'd
that
Notion
.
This
was
a
Time
never
to
be
forgot
,
when
to
wish
well
to
our
Countrey
,
was
a
Crime
;
and
when
Heaven
it self
was
rank'd
upon
our
Enemies
side
,
by
some
that
pretended
to
expound
its
Will
.
In
some
places
a
new
kind
of
Funeral
Harangues
came
in
fashion
:
Our
Laws
,
our
Liberties
,
our
Parliaments
,
our
Native
Rights
were
to
be
buried
;
but
instead
of
dropping
a
Tear
at
their
Funeral
,
fulsom
Panegyricks
were
made
upon
their
Murtherers
,
and
Curses
denounc'd
against
those
that
would
have
retriev'd
them
from
Destruction
.
All
these
Transactions
were
attended
with
the
Publick
Disgrace
of
the
Duke
of
Monmouth
.
Duke
of
York
.
King
Charles
had
heap'd
Honours
upon
him
;
and
nothing
pleas'd
him
so
much
as
to
see
him
Great
.
He
had
been
sent
to
Scotland
in
the
Year
1678
,
to
suppress
an
Insurrection
which
the
Severity
of
Lauderdale's
Administration
had
occasion'd
;
where
his
Lenity
towards
a
People
made
by
Oppression
mad
,
gain'd
him
the
ill
will
of
a
Predominant
Party
at
Court
.
The
Zeal
he
shew'd
some
time
after
in
the
prosecution
of
the
Popish
Plot
,
and
his
Friendships
with
some
that
were
profess'd
Enemies
to
the
Duke
,
concurr'd
to
his
Fall
.
Yet
King
Charles
still
continued
underhand
the
same
Tenderness
for
him
;
though
he
was
declar'd
in
Publick
to
be
in
Disgrace
.
The
Duke's
Faction
at
home
,
and
a
Foreign
Interest
abroad
,
were
too
powerful
for
King
Charles
to
grapple
with
,
even
though
the
Fortune
of
a
Favourite
Son
was
at
stake
.
The
more
he
was
depress'd
by
the
Envy
of
his
Uncle
,
the
higher
he
rose
in
the
Affections
of
the
People
;
till
the
breaking
out
of
what
was
call'd
the
Protestant
Plot
,
Noblest
Blood
in
the
Nation
was
offer'd
up
a
Sacrifice
to
the
Manes
of
Popish
Martyrs
,
and
made
to
atone
for
the
Bill
of
Exclusion
.
Swearing
came
once
more
into
Fashion
,
and
a
New
Evidence-Office
was
erected
at
Whitehall
.
But
whereas
the
Witnesses
of
the
Popish
Plot
were
brow-beaten
and
discourag'd
,
those
of
the
Protestant
Plot
were
highly
encourag'd
;
and
instead
of
Iudges
and
Iuries
that
might
perhaps
boggle
at
half-Evidence
,
as
it
fell
out
in
the
Prosecution
of
the
former
;
care
was
taken
in
this
to
pick
out
such
as
should
stick
at
nothing
to
serve
a
Turn
.
It
was
by
such
Iudges
and
Iuries
that
the
Lord
Russel
and
Mr.
Sidney
fell
;
and
the
cutting
off
those
Two
Noble
Lives
,
may
be
reckon'd
among
the
first
Triumphs
of
the
Duke's
Party
in
England
.
It
's
true
,
King
Charles
seem'd
inclin'd
to
pardon
both
the
one
and
the
other
;
and
the
very
day
the
Lord
Russel
was
executed
,
some
Words
escap'd
him
,
that
show'd
sufficiently
his
Irresolution
in
that
matter
:
But
by
this
time
he
was
too
far
gone
,
to
make
a
handsome
Retreat
on
a
sudden
;
and
there
was
observable
ever
after
,
a
sensible
Change
in
his
Temper
;
for
from
an
Easiness
and
Debonairness
that
was
natural
to
him
,
he
came
at
length
to
treat
men
with
Hard
Names
,
and
upon
some
occasions
to
express
a
Severity
in
his
Disposition
,
that
he
had
been
ever
averse
to
before
.
The
rest
of
that
Reign
was
one
continued
Invasion
upon
the
Rights
of
the
People
;
and
the
Nation
seem'd
unwilling
now
to
contend
for
them
any
more
.
King
Charles
,
notwithstanding
his
great
Abilities
and
Fitness
for
business
,
appear'd
to
be
quite
lull'd
asleep
with
the
Charms
of
a
new
swell'd-up
Prerogative
;
while
some
of
our
Neighbours
were
playing
their
Game
,
to
the
Prejudice
of
England
abroad
,
and
the
Duke's
Creatures
were
managing
all
things
to
their
own
mind
at
home
.
Nature
prevail'd
upon
King
Charles
at
length
;
and
the
shame
of
seeing
himself
impos'd
upon
by
others
far
short
of
him
in
Parts
;
and
that
the
Court
was
anticipating
his
Death
,
by
their
Addresses
to
his
Brother
,
as
if
he
had
been
already
King
,
did
help
to
awake
him
out
of
his
Slumber
,
and
brought
him
to
lay
a
Project
for
a
mighty
Change
in
the
Affairs
of
England
,
which
probably
might
have
made
both
him
and
the
Nation
happy
.
If
he
had
liv'd
but
a
few
Weeks
longer
,
Monmouth
had
been
recall'd
to
Court
,
the
Duke
of
York
had
been
sent
beyond
Sea
,
and
a
New
Parliament
conven'd
.
But
what
further
was
to
follow
,
must
be
buried
with
his
Ashes
,
there
being
nothing
left
us
,
but
bare
Suspicions
of
what
might
have
been
.
This
is
certain
,
his
Death
came
opportunely
for
the
Duke
;
and
in
such
a
Manner
,
and
with
such
Circumstances
,
as
will
be
a
Problem
to
Posterity
,
whether
he
died
a
Natural
Death
,
or
was
hasten'd
to
his
Grave
by
Treachery
.
In
so
nice
a
Point
as
this
is
,
It
's
confest
,
Easy
Death
.
So
much
for
the
Distemper
it self
:
There
remains
some
things
to
be
taken
notice
of
,
that
fell
out
before
and
after
his
Death
.
A
few
days
before
he
was
taken
ill
,
King
Charles
being
in
Company
where
the
present
Posture
of
Affairs
was
discours'd
of
,
there
escap'd
him
some
warm
Expressions
about
the
uneasy
Circumstances
he
was
plung'd
into
,
and
the
ill
Measures
had
been
given
him
:
And
how
in
a
certain
particular
Affair
he
was
pleas'd
to
mention
,
he
had
been
abus'd
:
Adding
in
some
Passion
,
That
if
he
liv'd
but
a
Month
longer
,
he
would
find
a
way
to
make
himself
easy
for
the
rest
of
his
Life
.
This
Passage
was
whisper'd
abroad
next
day
;
and
the
Rumour
of
recalling
the
Duke
of
Monmouth
,
and
sending
away
the
Duke
of
York
,
came
to
take
Air
about
the
same
time
.
Indeed
all
things
were
making
ready
,
to
put
the
latter
in
execution
;
and
there
is
reason
to
believe
the
King
had
intimated
as
much
to
the
Duke
himself
;
for
some
of
his
Richest
Furniture
was
put
up
,
and
his
chief
Servants
order'd
to
be
in
a
readiness
to
attend
their
Master
upon
an
Hour's
warning
;
and
Yatchts
were
waiting
to
Transport
some
Person
of
Quality
,
without
mentioning
who
it
was
,
or
whither
bound
.
The
Romish
Party
that
manag'd
about
Court
,
were
observ'd
to
be
more
than
ordinary
diligent
and
busy
up
and
down
Whitehall
and
St.
Iames's
,
as
if
some
very
important
Affair
was
in
agitation
;
and
a
new
and
unusual
Concern
was
to
be
seen
on
their
Countenances
.
Nor
was
it
any
wonder
;
for
in
this
suspected
Change
they
were
like
to
be
the
only
Losers
,
and
all
their
teeming
Hopes
were
in
a
fair
way
to
be
disappointed
.
How
far
the
Principles
of
some
of
that
Party
might
leave
them
at
liberty
to
push
on
their
Revenge
for
this
design'd
Affront
,
as
well
as
to
prevent
the
Blow
that
threaten'd
them
,
though
without
the
Privacy
,
much
less
the
Consent
of
the
Duke
of
York
,
is
left
to
the
Reader
to
judge
.
There
was
a
Foreign
Minister
,
that
some
days
before
the
King
fell
ill
,
order'd
his
Steward
to
buy
a
considerable
Parcel
of
Black
Cloth
,
which
serv'd
him
and
his
Retinue
after
for
Mourning
:
And
the
late
Ambassador
Don
Pedro
Ranquillor
,
made
it
no
Secret
,
that
he
had
a
Letter
from
Flanders
the
Week
before
King
Charles
died
,
that
took
notice
of
his
Death
,
as
the
News
there
.
But
both
these
might
fall
out
by
mere
Accident
.
There
remains
two
things
more
,
that
deserve
some
Consideration
in
this
matter
.
When
his
Body
was
open'd
,
there
was
not
sufficient
time
given
for
taking
an
exact
Observation
of
his
Stomach
and
Bowels
;
which
one
would
think
ought
chiefly
to
have
been
done
,
considering
the
violent
Pains
he
had
there
:
And
when
a
certain
Physician
seem'd
to
be
more
inquisitive
than
ordinary
about
the
Condition
of
those
Parts
,
he
was
taken
aside
,
and
reprov'd
for
his
needless
Curiosity
.
In
the
next
place
,
his
Body
stunk
so
extremely
within
a
few
Hours
after
his
Death
,
notwithstanding
the
Coldness
of
the
Season
,
that
the
People
about
him
were
extremely
offended
with
the
Smell
:
Which
is
a
thing
very
extraordinary
,
in
one
of
his
strong
and
healthful
Constitution
;
and
is
not
a
proper
Consequent
of
a
mere
Apoplectical
Distemper
.
There
was
some
Weight
laid
upon
an
Accident
that
fell
out
at
Windsor
some
Years
before
his
Death
:
For
the
King
drinking
more
liberally
than
usual
,
after
the
Fatigue
of
Riding
,
he
retir'd
to
the
next
Room
,
and
wrapping
himself
up
in
his
Cloak
,
fell
aslep
upon
a
Couch
.
He
was
but
a
little
time
come
back
to
the
Company
,
when
a
Servant
belonging
to
one
of
them
,
lay
down
upon
the
same
Couch
,
in
the
King's
Cloak
,
and
was
found
stabb'd
dead
with
a
Ponyard
.
Nor
was
it
ever
known
how
it
happen'd
,
but
the
matter
hush'd
up
,
and
no
Enquiry
made
about
it
.
To
conclude
;
Dr.
Short
,
who
was
a
Man
of
great
Probity
and
Learning
,
and
a
Roman-Catholick
,
made
no
scruple
to
declare
his
Opinion
to
some
of
his
intimate
Friends
,
That
he
believ'd
King
Charles
had
foul
Play
done
him
.
And
when
he
came
to
dye
himself
,
express'd
some
suspicion
that
he
had
met
with
the
same
Treatment
,
for
opening
his
mind
too
freely
in
that
Point
.
So
much
for
the
Circumstances
of
King
Charles's
Death
,
that
seem
to
have
an
Ill
Aspect
.
There
are
others
that
seem
to
destroy
all
Suspicions
of
Treachery
in
the
matter
.
As
First
,
He
had
liv'd
so
fast
,
as
might
enervate
in
a
great
measure
the
Natural
Force
of
his
Constitution
,
and
exhaust
his
Animal
Spirits
;
and
therefore
he
might
be
more
subject
to
an
Apoplexy
,
which
is
a
Disease
that
weakens
and
locks
up
these
Spirits
from
performing
their
usual
Functions
.
And
though
in
his
later
Years
he
had
given
himself
more
up
to
the
Pleasures
of
Wine
than
of
Women
,
that
might
rather
be
the
effect
of
Age
,
than
of
Choice
.
Next
,
it
's
known
he
had
been
once
or
twice
attack'd
before
,
with
Fits
that
much
resembled
those
of
which
he
afterwards
died
:
And
yet
as
the
manner
of
them
is
told
,
they
look
rather
to
have
been
Convulsive
Motions
,
than
an
Apoplexy
;
seeing
they
were
attended
with
violent
Contorsions
of
his
Face
,
and
Convulsions
of
his
whole
Body
and
Limbs
.
This
is
the
more
confirm'd
,
by
a
Passage
that
happen'd
during
the
Heat
of
the
Popish
Plot.
King
Charles
had
some
secret
Matter
to
manage
at
that
time
,
by
the
means
of
a
Romish
Priest
then
beyond
Sea
,
whom
he
order'd
to
be
privately
sent
for
:
And
the
Gentleman
employ'd
betwixt
the
King
and
him
(
from
whom
I
had
the
Story
)
was
directed
to
bring
him
in
a
Disguise
to
Whitehall
.
The
King
and
the
Priest
were
a
considerable
time
together
alone
in
the
Closet
,
and
the
Gentleman
attended
in
the
next
Room
:
At
last
the
Priest
came
out
with
all
the
marks
of
Fright
and
Astonishment
in
his
Face
;
and
having
recover'd
himself
a
little
,
he
told
the
Gentleman
,
That
he
had
run
the
greatest
Risque
ever
man
did
;
for
while
he
was
with
the
King
,
his
Majesty
was
suddenly
surpriz'd
with
a
Fit
,
accompanied
with
violent
Convulsions
of
his
Body
,
and
Contorsions
of
his
Face
,
which
lasted
for
some
Moments
;
and
when
he
was
going
to
call
out
for
help
,
the
King
held
him
by
force
till
it
was
over
,
and
then
bid
him
not
to
be
afraid
,
for
he
had
been
troubled
with
the
like
before
;
the
Priest
adding
,
what
a
condition
he
would
have
been
in
,
considering
his
Religion
,
and
the
present
Juncture
of
Affairs
,
if
the
King
had
died
of
that
Fit
,
and
no
body
in
the
Room
with
him
besides
himself
.
But
leaving
this
Story
to
the
Credit
of
the
Priest
;
there
might
be
another
Natural
Cause
assign'd
for
King
Charles's
falling
into
such
a
Fit
as
that
of
which
he
died
;
which
is
this
:
He
had
had
for
some
time
an
Issue
in
his
Leg
,
which
run
much
,
and
consequently
must
have
made
a
great
Revulsion
from
his
Head
,
upon
which
account
it
's
probable
it
was
made
.
A
few
Weeks
before
his
Death
,
he
had
let
it
be
dried
up
,
contrary
to
the
Advice
of
his
Physicians
,
who
told
him
it
would
prejudice
his
Health
.
Their
Prognostick
was
partly
true
in
this
,
that
there
came
a
painful
Tumor
upon
the
place
where
the
Issue
had
been
,
which
prov'd
very
obstinate
,
and
was
not
thoroughly
heal'd
up
when
he
died
.
In
fine
,
it
is
agreed
on
all
hands
,
that
King
Charles
express'd
no
Suspicion
of
his
being
poyson'd
,
during
all
the
time
of
his
Sickness
:
Though
it
must
be
also
observed
,
that
his
Fits
were
so
violent
,
that
he
could
not
speak
when
they
were
upon
him
,
and
show'd
an
Aversion
to
speaking
during
the
Intervals
.
And
there
was
not
any
thing
to
be
seen
upon
opening
his
Body
,
that
could
reasonably
be
attributed
to
the
force
of
Poyson
.
Yet
to
allow
these
Considerations
no
more
weight
than
they
can
well
bear
,
this
must
be
acknowledg'd
,
That
there
are
Poysons
which
affect
originally
the
Animal
Spirits
,
and
are
of
so
subtle
a
nature
,
that
they
leave
no
concluding
Marks
upon
the
Bodies
of
those
they
kill
.
Thus
Reign'd
,
Charles
the
Second
;
a
Prince
endow'd
with
all
the
Qualities
that
might
justly
have
rendred
him
the
Delight
of
Mankind
,
and
entitled
him
to
the
Character
of
one
of
the
Greatest
Genius's
that
ever
sat
upon
a
Throne
,
if
he
had
not
sullied
those
Excellent
Parts
with
the
soft
Pleasures
of
Ease
,
and
had
not
entertain'd
a
Fatal
Friendship
,
that
was
incompatible
with
the
Interest
of
England
.
His
Religion
was
Deism
,
or
rather
that
which
is
call'd
so
:
And
if
in
his
Exile
,
or
at
his
Death
,
he
went
into
that
of
Rome
;
the
first
was
to
be
imputed
to
a
Complaisance
for
the
Company
he
was
then
oblig'd
to
keep
,
and
the
last
to
a
lazy
Diffidence
in
all
other
Religions
,
upon
a
Review
of
his
past
Life
,
and
the
near
Approach
of
an
uncertain
State
.
His
Person
was
Tall
and
well-made
,
his
Constitution
Vigorous
and
Healthy
;
and
it
's
hard
to
determine
,
whether
he
took
more
pains
to
preserve
it
by
Diet
and
Exercise
,
or
to
impair
it
by
Excess
in
his
Pleasures
.
In
Health
he
was
a
great
Pretender
to
Physick
,
and
Encourager
of
Quacks
,
by
whom
he
was
often
cheated
of
considerable
Sums
of
Money
for
their
pretended
Secrets
:
But
whenever
he
was
indispos'd
,
he
consulted
his
Physicians
,
and
depended
on
their
Skill
only
.
His
Face
was
compos'd
of
harsh
Features
,
difficult
to
be
trac'd
with
the
Pencil
;
yet
in
the
main
it
was
agreeable
;
and
he
had
a
Noble
Majestick
Mien
.
In
contradiction
to
all
the
common
receiv'd
Rules
of
Physiognomy
,
he
was
Merciful
,
Good-natur'd
,
and
in
the
last
Twenty
four
Years
of
his
Life
,
Fortunate
,
if
to
succeed
in
most
of
his
Designs
,
may
be
call'd
so
.
Never
Prince
lov'd
Ceremony
less
,
or
despis'd
the
Pageantry
of
a
Crown
more
;
yet
he
was
Master
of
something
in
his
Person
and
Aspect
,
that
commanded
both
Love
and
Veneration
at
once
.
He
was
a
great
Votary
to
Love
,
and
yet
the
easiest
and
most
unconcern'd
Rival
.
He
was
for
the
most
part
not
very
nice
in
the
choice
of
his
Mistresses
,
and
seldom
possess'd
of
their
First
Favours
;
yet
would
sacrifice
all
to
please
them
;
and
upon
every
Caprice
of
theirs
,
denied
himself
the
use
of
his
Reason
,
and
acted
contrary
to
his
Interest
.
He
was
a
Respectful
,
Civil
Husband
;
a
Fond
Father
;
a
Kind
Brother
;
an
Easy
Enemy
;
but
none
of
the
Firmest
or
most
Grateful
Friends
:
Bountiful
by
Starts
;
one
day
lavish
to
his
Servants
;
the
next
,
leaving
them
to
starve
:
Glad
to
win
a
little
Money
at
Play
,
and
impatient
to
lose
but
the
thousandth
part
of
what
within
an
hour
after
he
would
throw
away
in
gross
.
He
seem'd
to
have
had
nothing
of
Jealousy
in
his
Nature
,
neither
in
Matters
of
Love
nor
Power
.
He
bore
patiently
Rivals
in
the
one
,
and
Competitors
in
the
other
;
otherwise
he
would
not
have
contributed
to
a
Foreign
Greatness
at
Sea
;
nor
given
his
Brother
so
uncontroul'd
a
share
in
the
Government
.
Though
his
Understanding
was
quick
and
lively
,
with
a
vast
Compass
of
Thought
,
yet
he
would
submit
his
Judgment
in
greatest
Matters
,
to
others
of
much
inferior
Parts
:
And
as
he
had
an
extraordinary
Share
of
Wit
himself
,
so
he
lov'd
it
in
others
,
even
when
pointed
against
his
own
Faults
and
Mismanagements
.
He
had
read
but
little
,
yet
he
had
a
good
Taste
of
Learning
,
and
would
reason
nicely
upon
most
Sciences
.
The
Mechanicks
were
one
of
his
peculiar
Talents
,
especially
the
Art
of
building
and
working
of
Ships
;
which
no
body
understood
better
,
nor
if
he
had
liv'd
,
would
have
carried
it
farther
.
He
had
a
strong
Laconick
way
of
Expression
,
and
a
Gentile
,
Easy
,
and
Polite
way
of
Writing
:
And
when
he
had
a
mind
to
lay
aside
the
King
,
which
he
often
did
in
select
Companies
of
his
own
,
there
were
a
thousand
irresistible
Charms
in
his
Conversation
.
He
lov'd
Money
only
to
spend
it
:
And
would
privately
accept
of
a
small
Sum
paid
to
himself
,
in
lieu
of
a
far
greater
to
be
paid
into
the
Exchequer
.
He
lov'd
not
Busi●●●s
;
and
sought
every
occasion
to
avoid
it
;
which
was
one
reason
that
he
past
so
much
of
his
time
with
his
Mistresses
:
Yet
when
Necessity
call'd
him
,
none
of
his
Council
could
reason
more
closely
upon
Matters
of
State
;
and
he
would
often
by
fits
outdo
his
Ministers
in
Application
and
Diligence
.
No
Age
produc'd
a
greater
Master
in
the
Art
of
Dissimulation
;
and
yet
no
man
was
less
upon
his
Guard
,
or
sooner
deceiv'd
in
the
Sincerity
of
others
.
If
he
had
any
one
fix'd
Maxim
of
Government
,
it
was
to
play
one
Party
against
another
,
to
be
thereby
the
more
Master
of
both
:
And
no
Prince
understood
better
how
to
shift
hands
upon
every
Change
of
the
Scene
.
To
sum
up
his
Character
,
he
was
dextrous
in
all
the
Arts
of
Insinuation
;
and
had
acquir'd
so
great
an
Ascendant
over
the
Affections
of
his
People
,
in
spite
of
all
the
unhappy
Measures
he
had
taken
,
that
it
may
in
some
sense
be
said
,
He
died
opportunely
for
England
;
since
if
he
had
liv'd
,
it
's
probable
we
might
in
compliance
with
him
have
complimented
our selves
out
of
all
the
Remains
of
Liberty
,
if
he
had
had
but
a
mind
to
be
Master
of
them
;
which
it
's
but
Charity
to
believe
he
had
not
,
at
least
immediately
before
his
Death
.
There
is
one
thing
more
that
may
help
to
make
up
the
Character
of
this
Prince
,
That
in
the
Li●es
and
Shape
of
his
Face
(
all
but
the
Teeth
)
he
had
a
great
Resemblance
of
the
Ancient
Bustoes
and
Statues
we
have
of
the
Emperor
Tiberius
:
Insomuch
that
one
of
the
most
Learned
Men
of
this
Age
told
me
,
That
walking
in
the
Furnesian
Gardens
at
Rome
,
with
a
Noble
Italian
that
had
been
at
the
Court
of
England
,
he
took
notice
of
this
Resemblance
in
an
Antique
Statue
of
Tiberius
;
and
asking
the
Italian
if
he
remembred
any
Prince
he
had
seen
that
resembled
it
,
the
other
immediately
nam'd
King
Charles
.
As
there
was
a
great
Likeness
betwixt
these
Two
Princes
in
their
Faces
,
there
was
likewise
some
in
their
Maxims
of
Government
,
the
Time
of
their
Age
in
which
they
came
to
govern
,
the
Length
of
their
Reigns
,
and
the
Suspicions
about
the
manner
of
their
Death
.
And
indeed
,
excepting
Tiberius's
Temper
,
his
Cruelty
,
Jealousy
,
and
unnatural
Lusts
,
any
one
that
's
acquainted
with
both
their
Stories
,
will
easily
find
something
of
a
Parallel
betwixt
them
.
Nor
is
this
any
Reflection
upon
the
Memory
of
King
Charles
;
for
except
in
what
I
nam'd
,
Tiberius
may
be
reckon'd
among
the
Wisest
and
the
Bravest
of
those
that
wore
the
Imperial
Purple
.
Upon
King
Charles's
Death
,
Iames
Duke
of
York
mounted
the
Throne
,
by
the
Name
of
King
Iames
the
Second
.
All
the
former
Heats
and
Animosities
against
him
,
and
even
the
very
Memory
of
a
Bill
of
Exclusion
,
seem'd
to
be
now
quite
forgot
,
amidst
the
loud
Acclamations
of
his
People
at
his
Accession
to
the
Crown
.
He
had
many
Years
of
Experience
when
he
came
to
it
;
and
few
of
his
Predecessors
could
boast
of
the
like
Advantages
:
In
most
of
the
Transactions
of
the
preceding
Reign
,
he
had
born
a
considerable
Share
as
to
Action
,
but
much
more
as
to
Counsel
and
Influence
.
In
the
Post
of
Lord
High
Admiral
of
England
,
he
had
large
opportunities
to
be
fully
acquainted
with
the
Native
Strength
,
and
peculiar
Interest
of
the
Nation
,
I
mean
the
Affairs
of
the
Navy
;
in
which
he
had
acquir'd
deservedly
a
great
Reputation
.
He
had
met
with
but
too
many
occasions
to
understand
the
Genius
and
Temper
of
the
People
he
was
to
govern
,
and
to
know
how
far
it
was
impracticable
to
overturn
the
Establish'd
Religion
,
or
to
introduce
a
New
one
,
for
he
had
wrestled
through
a
great
many
Difficulties
upon
the
account
of
his
own
.
He
could
not
but
have
a
true
value
for
h●s
Brother's
great
Parts
and
Abilities
,
and
be
acquainted
with
the
Arts
by
which
he
gain'd
and
preserv'd
the
Affections
of
his
People
,
notwithstanding
all
the
Hardships
he
had
been
induc'd
sometimes
to
put
upon
them
:
And
he
had
seen
how
fearful
and
averse
he
had
been
to
push
things
too
far
,
or
to
drive
his
Subjects
to
Extremitities
.
He
had
before
him
the
Fatal
Example
of
a
Father
,
who
though
he
was
a
Protestant
,
yet
upon
a
false
Suspicion
of
having
a
Design
to
introduce
Popery
,
was
sent
to
his
Grave
by
a
violont
Death
;
and
he
was
almost
a
Man
when
that
Tragedy
happen'd
,
and
had
suffer'd
Ten
Years
Banishment
,
among
other
Consequences
that
attended
it
.
He
had
been
acquainted
abroad
with
a
Princess
fam'd
for
Parts
and
Learning
,
who
Resign'd
her
Crown
,
apprehending
she
might
be
divested
of
it
for
embracing
the
Romish
Religion
,
by
those
very
Subjects
that
held
her
before
in
the
greatest
Veneration
,
both
upon
her
own
account
,
and
that
of
a
Father
,
who
had
rais'd
them
to
the
highest
Pitch
of
Glory
that
ever
the
Suedish
Nation
arriv'd
to
.
And
he
might
have
remembred
what
his
Mother
said
upon
her
Return
to
Somerset-house
after
the
Restoration
,
That
if
she
had
known
the
Temper
of
the
People
of
England
some
Years
past
,
as
well
as
she
did
then
,
she
had
never
been
oblig'd
to
leave
that
House
.
But
the
History
of
his
Ancestors
might
have
more
fully
inform'd
him
,
T●at
those
that
grasp'd
at
Immoderate
Power
,
or
a
Prerogative
above
the
Law
,
were
always
Unfortunate
,
and
their
Reigns
Inglorious
.
There
was
also
a
Passage
at
his
Father's
Death
,
which
he
would
have
done
well
to
have
observ'd
:
He
deliver'd
his
George
to
Dr.
Iuxon
upon
the
Scaffold
,
and
bid
him
Remember
,
without
saying
more
:
The
Council
of
State
was
willing
to
know
the
meaning
of
that
Expression
,
and
call'd
the
Doctor
before
them
,
to
give
them
an
Account
of
it
;
who
told
them
,
That
the
King
immediately
before
his
coming
out
to
the
Place
of
Execution
,
had
charg'd
him
to
carry
to
the
Prince
his
Son
,
his
George
,
with
these
his
Two
last
Commands
,
That
he
should
forgive
his
Murtherers
:
And
,
That
if
he
ever
came
to
the
Crown
,
he
should
so
govern
his
Subjects
,
as
not
to
force
them
upon
Extremities
.
Over
and
above
all
this
;
one
of
the
best
Historians
of
the
Age
,
Strong
Box
,
advis'd
him
not
to
think
upon
introducing
the
Romish
Religion
into
England
,
it
being
a
thing
that
was
both
dangerous
and
impracticable
.
And
that
the
late
Don
Pedro
Ronquillor
,
the
Spanish
Ambassador
,
at
his
first
Audience
after
the
Death
of
King
Charles
,
having
ask'd
leave
to
speak
his
mind
freely
upon
that
occasion
,
made
bold
to
tell
him
,
That
he
saw
several
Priests
about
him
,
that
he
knew
would
importune
him
to
alter
the
Establish'd
Religion
in
England
;
but
he
wish'd
his
Majesty
would
not
give
Ear
to
their
Advice
;
for
if
he
did
,
he
was
afraid
his
Majesty
would
have
reason
to
repent
of
it
when
it
was
too
late
.
This
Author
tells
us
,
That
King
Iames
took
ill
the
Freedom
of
the
Spanish
Ambassador
;
and
ask'd
him
in
Passion
,
Whether
in
Spain
they
advis'd
with
their
Confessors
?
Yes
,
Sir
,
(
answer'd
Ronquillor
)
we
do
,
and
that
's
the
reason
our
Affairs
go
so
ill
.
The
same
Historian
does
likewise
inform
us
(
but
he
does
not
tell
us
upon
what
grounds
)
,
That
he
was
highly
pleas'd
with
his
Majesty's
Zeal
for
the
Catholick
Religion
;
but
he
was
afraid
his
Majesty
might
push
it
too
far
,
and
instead
of
contributing
to
his
own
Greatness
,
and
to
the
Advancement
of
the
Catholick
Church
,
he
might
come
to
do
both
It
and
himself
the
greatest
Prejudice
,
by
attempting
that
which
his
Holiness
was
well
assur'd
from
long
Experience
,
could
not
succeed
.
This
Letter
does
very
well
agree
with
what
I
shall
have
occasion
to
mention
afterwards
,
concerning
the
Earl
of
Castlemain's
Embassy
to
Rome
.
How
far
he
profited
by
all
these
Advantages
on
the
one
hand
,
and
Examples
and
Advices
on
the
other
,
will
appear
in
the
Sequel
.
The
first
Speech
he
made
as
King
,
the
day
his
Brother
died
,
gave
hopes
of
a
Happy
Reign
;
and
even
those
that
had
appear'd
with
the
greatest
Warmth
against
him
before
,
were
willing
now
to
own
themselves
to
have
been
mistaken
,
and
were
ready
to
express
their
Repentance
for
what
was
past
.
For
he
told
them
,
That
since
it
had
pleas'd
Almighty
God
to
place
him
in
that
Station
,
and
that
he
was
now
to
succeed
to
so
good
and
gracious
a
King
,
as
well
as
so
very
kind
a
Brother
,
he
thought
fit
to
declare
to
them
,
That
he
would
endeavour
to
follow
his
Example
,
and
especially
in
that
of
his
great
Clemency
and
Tenderness
to
his
People
:
And
that
though
he
had
been
reported
to
be
a
Man
for
Arbitrary
Power
,
yet
he
was
resolv'd
to
make
it
his
Endeavour
to
preserve
the
Government
of
England
both
in
Church
and
State
,
as
it
was
then
Establish'd
by
Law
.
That
he
knew
the
Principles
of
the
Church
of
England
were
for
Monarchy
;
and
that
the
Members
of
it
had
show'd
themselves
good
and
Loyal
Subje●ts
;
therefore
he
would
always
take
care
of
it
,
and
defend
and
support
it
.
That
he
knew
that
the
Laws
of
England
were
sufficient
to
make
the
King
as
Great
a
Monarch
as
he
could
wish
:
And
that
as
he
would
never
depart
from
the
just
Rights
and
Prerogatives
of
the
Crown
,
so
he
would
never
invade
any
man●s
Property
.
Concluding
,
That
as
he
had
often
hitherto
ventur'd
his
Life
in
defence
of
this
Nation
,
so
he
was
resolv'd
to
go
as
far
as
any
man
in
preserving
it
in
all
its
just
Rights
and
Liberties
.
If
a
Trajan
or
an
Antoninus
had
been
to
lay
down
a
Scheme
of
Government
to
make
their
People
happy
,
they
could
not
have
done
it
in
better
Terms
;
nor
could
the
Nation
well
desire
,
or
in
reason
wish
for
more
.
If
his
subsequent
Actions
had
come
up
to
it
,
he
had
eterniz'd
his
Name
,
and
might
have
reviv'd
in
himself
the
Memory
of
those
of
his
Ancestors
who
have
deservedly
given
them
by
Posterity
,
the
Character
of
Good
and
Great
.
This
promising
Speech
was
not
many
days
old
,
nor
King
Charles's
Ashes
well
cold
,
when
the
Nation
was
alarm'd
with
a
Proclamation
for
levying
that
part
of
the
Customs
that
had
been
granted
to
his
Brother
only
for
Life
,
an●
was
expir'd
at
his
Death
.
This
was
not
only
an
open
Violation
of
his
Promise
in
his
foremention'd
Speech
,
but
of
our
Fundamental
Constitution
,
by
which
no
Money
can
be
levied
on
the
Subject
,
but
by
their
Consent
in
Parliament
.
As
it
was
contrary
to
Law
,
so
it
was
altogether
needless
at
that
time
,
since
a
Parliament
was
to
meet
within
a
few
days
,
which
no
body
doubted
would
in
a
Parliamentary
way
continue
the
same
Customs
for
his
Life
,
as
they
had
been
for
his
Brother's
.
He
was
not
the
first
Prince
that
did
illegally
seize
what
he
had
no
right
to
:
But
few
Instances
can
be
given
of
a
King
that
did
openly
violate
the
Constitution
of
his
Countrey
,
to
obtain
that
which
he
was
certain
would
be
granted
him
in
a
Legal
Manner
,
and
with
the
Good-will
of
his
People
.
Notwithstanding
this
unusual
Stretch
of
Power
upon
his
entring
into
the
Administration
,
yet
the
Parliament
he
had
call'd
sat
down
in
a
good
Humour
,
and
with
a
hearty
Inclination
to
do
every
thing
in
compliance
with
him
,
that
might
tend
to
his
Honour
or
Safety
.
His
Speech
to
both
Houses
was
much
of
the
same
Strain
with
his
former
to
the
Council
upon
his
Brother's
death
,
but
more
full
.
He
demanded
the
setling
of
his
Revenue
during
Life
,
as
it
was
in
his
Brother's
time
;
and
acquainted
them
with
the
Earl
of
Argyle
'
s
Landing
in
Scotland
;
and
threaten'd
to
reward
his
Treason
as
it
deserv'd
.
This
Speech
buoy'd
up
the
Minds
of
the
People
that
had
been
sufficiently
stunn'd
before
with
the
Unpresidented
Proclamation
for
levying
the
Customs
:
And
so
earnest
was
the
Parliament
to
give
the
King
no
just
occasion
of
Displeasure
,
and
so
great
a
Confidence
did
they
place
in
a
Royal
Promise
from
the
Throne
,
that
they
immediately
complied
with
him
in
the
matter
of
the
Revenue
,
thank'd
him
for
his
Speech
,
and
resolv'd
by
an
Unanimous
Vote
,
To
assist
him
with
their
Lives
and
Fortunes
against
the
Earl
of
Argyle
,
and
all
other
his
Enemies
whatsoever
.
Some
few
days
after
,
the
Bill
for
setling
his
Revenue
,
was
presented
to
him
for
his
Assent
;
upon
which
Occasion
he
made
them
another
Memorable
Speech
:
He
thank'd
them
for
the
Bill
;
told
them
of
want
of
Stores
in
the
Navy
and
Ordnance
;
of
the
Anticipations
that
were
upon
several
Branches
of
the
Revenue
;
of
the
Debts
due
to
his
Brother's
Servants
and
Family
;
which
he
said
were
such
as
deserv'd
Compassion
;
and
of
the
extraordinary
Charges
he
must
be
at
in
suppressing
the
Rebellion
in
Scotland
:
Upon
all
which
accounts
he
demanded
an
Extraordinary
Supply
;
and
summ'd
up
all
,
with
recommending
to
them
the
Care
of
the
Navy
,
which
he
was
pleas'd
to
call
the
Strength
and
Glory
of
the
Nation
:
And
in
the
end
told
them
,
He
could
not
express
his
Concern
upon
that
occasion
more
suitable
to
his
own
thoughts
of
it
,
than
by
assuring
them
,
He
had
a
true
English
Heart
,
as
jealous
of
the
Honour
of
the
Nation
,
as
Theirs
could
be
:
And
that
he
pleas'd
himself
with
the
Hopes
,
It
was
no
wonder
that
a
Speech
of
this
Strain
,
so
becoming
an
English
Monarch
,
did
meet
with
a
kind
Reception
from
an
English
Parliament
,
and
be
answer'd
as
it
was
,
with
a
large
Supply
;
since
a
Neighbouring
Court
was
thereupon
at
a
stand
what
to
think
of
a
Prince
they
had
reckon'd
upon
as
their
own
,
and
of
whose
real
Friendship
this
unexpected
Speech
gave
them
ground
to
doubt
.
They
well
knew
that
a
true
English
Heart
was
diametrically
opposite
to
their
Designs
;
and
that
a
King
jealous
of
the
Honour
of
the
English
Nation
,
must
needs
be
an
Enemy
to
all
Encroachments
of
any
Neighbouring
State
.
To
plunge
that
Court
yet
the
more
into
a
Maze
of
Thoughts
about
King
Iames
upon
this
Occasion
,
the
carrying
the
Reputation
of
England
yet
higher
in
the
World
than
ever
it
had
been
in
the
time
of
any
of
his
Ancestors
,
were
Words
that
seem'd
to
promise
no
less
than
the
imitating
,
or
rather
out-doing
of
an
Edward
III.
or
a
Henry
V.
that
had
rais'd
to
themselves
immortal
Trophies
,
at
the
Expence
of
their
Neighbours
,
and
wrote
their
own
Panegyricks
with
their
Enemies
Blood
.
How
this
Speech
was
relish'd
abroad
,
cannot
be
better
express'd
,
than
in
Two
Letters
writ
at
that
time
by
a
certain
Great
Minister
,
to
an
Ambassador
here
,
which
being
communicated
to
me
by
a
Noble
Person
,
into
whose
hands
many
of
that
Ambassador's
Papers
happen'd
to
fall
upon
the
late
Revolution
,
they
are
plac'd
at
length
in
the
Appendix
,
In
the
first
of
these
Letters
,
That
Minister
discovers
a
sort
of
diffidence
in
King
Iames
,
as
if
he
were
not
the
Man
they
had
taken
him
for
.
Expresses
his
Fears
,
that
a
Cordial
Agreement
between
him
and
the
Parliament
,
might
unhindge
all
the
Measures
had
been
so
long
a
concerting
betwixt
him
and
his
Master
,
when
King
James
was
but
Duke
of
York
.
He
recommends
to
the
Ambassador
,
to
enquire
narrowly
into
the
Motives
and
the
Advisers
of
this
Speech
to
the
Parliament
,
as
the
most
considerable
Service
that
could
be
done
in
that
Juncture
.
The
other
Letter
chides
the
Ambassador
,
for
not
being
yet
able
to
sound
King
James's
Intentions
;
and
tells
him
,
They
had
receiv'd
from
a
sure
hand
better
News
than
what
it
appears
the
Ambassador
had
writ
.
And
which
is
most
remarkable
in
the
whole
Letter
,
there
is
in
it
a
plain
Insinuation
,
That
there
was
in
that
Court
some
great
matter
under
consideration
,
concerning
the
Edict
of
Nants
,
which
was
not
to
be
declar'd
until
King
James's
Intentions
were
fully
known
.
And
concludes
with
a
Command
to
the
Ambassador
,
to
sift
out
how
King
James
stood
affected
to
the
Prince
of
Orange
.
What
discoveries
were
made
in
obedience
to
these
Letters
,
can
be
no
otherwise
guess'd
at
but
by
the
Event
;
for
at
this
very
time
the
Unfortunate
Duke
of
Monmouth
,
by
a
desperate
,
ill-tim'd
Attempt
to
overturn
King
Iames's
Throne
,
did
all
that
in
him
lay
,
to
fix
it
the
faster
.
King
Charles
,
as
I
have
said
,
lov'd
Monmouth
tenderly
;
and
all
the
Disgraces
and
Hardships
that
had
of
late
Years
been
put
upon
him
,
were
rather
the
effects
of
Fear
and
Policy
,
than
Inclination
or
Choice
.
He
was
fond
of
him
to
that
degree
,
that
though
he
was
the
greatest
Master
in
the
Art
of
Dissimulation
,
yet
he
could
not
refrain
sometimes
in
Company
where
he
might
be
free
,
from
regretting
his
own
hard
Fortune
,
which
necessitated
him
to
frown
upon
a
Son
,
whose
greatest
Crime
was
to
have
incurr'd
his
Brother's
Displeasure
.
His
Fondness
was
yet
more
express'd
in
his
Behaviour
to
the
Duke
of
Monmouth
,
upon
the
Discovery
of
that
which
was
call'd
the
Protestant
Plot
,
and
in
the
manner
he
brought
him
back
to
Court
,
after
the
Ferment
was
a
little
abated
.
All
the
time
Monmouth
was
absconding
,
and
when
there
was
a
Proclamation
out
for
apprehending
him
,
King
Charles
not
only
knew
where
he
was
,
and
sent
him
Messages
every
day
,
but
saw
him
several
times
in
private
.
When
the
Duke's
Anger
was
a
little
appeas'd
by
the
Sacrifices
that
were
offer'd
up
to
it
,
King
Charles
thought
it
was
then
time
to
have
his
Son
once
again
about
him
.
In
order
to
which
,
he
so
manag'd
the
matter
,
that
Monmouth
should
owe
the
Favour
to
the
Duke
of
York
,
and
that
his
Pardon
should
be
granted
merely
at
the
Duke's
Intercession
.
The
Night
he
appear'd
first
at
Court
upon
his
Reconciliation
,
King
Charles
was
so
little
Master
of
himself
,
that
he
could
not
dissemble
a
mighty
Joy
in
his
Countenance
,
and
in
every
thing
he
did
or
said
.
Insomuch
,
that
it
was
the
publick
Talk
about
Town
,
and
strongly
insinuated
to
the
Duke
of
York
,
That
all
the
King
's
former
Proceedings
against
the
Duke
of
Monmouth
,
were
but
Grimace
,
and
that
his
Royal
Highness
being
made
the
Instrument
of
the
Reconciliation
,
was
all
but
a
Trick
put
upon
him
.
This
so
far
incens'd
the
Duke
,
that
he
never
rested
till
King
Charles
was
prevail'd
with
to
demand
of
Monmouth
the
Publication
of
a
Paper
which
he
had
sign'd
under
Trust
,
and
with
an
Assurance
given
him
that
it
should
never
be
made
publick
;
which
the
Party
about
the
Duke
knew
Monmouth
would
not
consent
to
,
as
being
against
his
Honour
.
They
were
not
mistaken
,
for
Monmouth
refus'd
it
;
and
upon
his
Refusal
was
disgrac'd
once
again
.
King
Charles's
Kindness
ended
not
here
,
but
attended
him
to
Holland
,
whither
he
was
oblig'd
to
retire
.
He
found
secret
means
to
furnish
him
with
Money
,
and
sent
him
Messages
from
time
to
time
,
and
sometimes
writ
to
him
with
his
own
Hand
.
He
could
not
bear
any
hard
thing
to
be
said
of
him
in
his
absence
;
and
some
officious
Courtiers
found
to
their
Cost
that
it
was
not
the
way
to
make
their
Fortune
,
to
aggravate
Monmouth's
Crimes
:
Nor
did
the
King
take
any
thing
more
kindly
,
than
the
Noble
Reception
Monmouth
receiv'd
from
a
Prince
of
his
Blood
in
a
Foreign
Countrey
,
when
he
was
forc'd
to
abandon
his
own
.
King
Charles
,
tir'd
out
at
last
with
the
uncontroul'd
Hardships
that
were
every
day
put
upon
him
by
the
Duke's
Creatures
,
and
asham'd
to
see
his
own
Lustre
obscur'd
,
and
his
Power
lessen'd
by
a
Party
that
had
rais'd
themselves
upon
Monmouth's
Ruin
,
he
resolv'd
to
shift
the
Scene
;
and
in
order
to
make
himself
easy
for
the
rest
of
his
Life
,
as
he
express'd
it
,
he
determin'd
to
send
away
the
Duke
of
York
,
and
recall
the
Duke
of
Monmouth
.
April
was
the
time
agreed
on
to
put
this
Resolution
in
practice
;
but
there
is
little
left
us
,
by
which
we
can
judge
whether
Monmouth
was
to
be
recall'd
to
Court
by
a
formal
Invitation
of
the
King
's
,
or
whether
King
Charles's
usual
Thread
of
Dissimulation
was
to
be
spun
out
to
that
length
,
that
Monmouth
was
to
Land
with
an
Arm'd
Force
.
The
first
seems
more
probable
,
if
it
were
but
for
what
he
has
writ
himself
in
the
Pocket-Book
,
which
there
will
be
occasion
to
mention
hereafter
.
It
's
true
,
the
last
looks
more
of
a
piece
with
the
rest
of
his
Behaviour
towards
his
Brother
and
Son
,
and
more
agreeable
to
his
Natural
Biass
,
which
seldom
inclin'd
him
to
chuse
the
High
Road
,
when
there
could
possibly
be
found
a
By-Path
to
tread
in
.
But
Death
put
a
sudden
stop
to
all
King
Charles's
Designs
and
Monmouth's
Hopes
;
and
at
the
same
time
warded
off
a
Blow
that
threaten'd
the
Duke
of
York
so
near
.
And
Monmouth
being
just
ready
to
rise
higher
than
ever
,
was
left
by
all
his
good
Stars
,
which
set
with
that
Royal
Sun
that
gave
them
Birth
and
Heat
.
I
would
not
be
mistaken
here
,
as
if
I
were
of
opinion
that
in
this
New
Turn
that
was
upon
the
Anvil
immediately
before
the
Death
of
King
Charles
,
there
was
any
Design
of
altering
the
Succession
,
or
bringing
Monmouth
within
the
View
of
a
Crown
:
The
whole
Course
of
King
Charles's
Actions
does
sufficiently
contradict
any
such
thought
:
And
though
Monmouth
was
afterwards
prevail'd
with
by
a
headstrong
Party
about
him
,
to
assume
the
Title
of
King
,
yet
it's
next
to
a
Certainty
,
that
all
that
was
originally
aim'd
at
by
King
Charles
and
the
Duke
of
Monmouth
,
was
only
to
weaken
the
Duke
of
York's
Faction
,
which
was
then
become
insupportable
,
by
playing
Monmouth's
Party
against
it
;
which
was
consistent
with
the
only
fix'd
Maxim
of
Government
in
that
Reign
,
That
when
any
one
Party
grew
too
strong
,
to
throw
in
the
Royal
Weight
into
the
lightest
Scale
.
Monmouth
was
sufficiently
stunn'd
with
this
unexpected
Change
in
his
Fortune
,
by
the
Death
of
King
Charles
:
But
his
great
Courage
and
vain
Confidence
in
a
Popular
Affection
and
Assistance
,
bore
him
up
against
all
Difficulties
,
and
prompted
him
on
to
attempt
by
Force
of
Arms
,
what
was
never
design'd
him
by
King
Charles
.
With
Three
small
Ships
,
and
about
an
Hundred
and
fifty
Men
,
the
Duke
landed
in
the
West
of
England
,
the
Parliament
sitting
.
A
Romantick
kind
of
Invasion
,
and
scarce
parallel'd
in
History
:
Yet
with
this
Handful
of
Men
,
and
the
common
People
that
join'd
him
,
without
Arms
,
Provisions
,
Martial
Discipline
,
Money
,
or
any
one
Place
of
Strength
to
retire
to
,
in
case
of
Accidents
,
did
this
Brave
Unfortunate
Man
bid
fair
for
a
Crown
:
And
if
his
Ill
Fate
had
not
plac'd
a
Battalion
of
Dumbarton's
Regiment
in
his
way
,
he
had
in
all
probability
surpriz'd
the
King's
Army
in
their
Camp
,
and
perhaps
at
that
single
Blow
decided
the
Fortune
of
England
for
once
.
Yet
this
Attempt
may
be
said
to
have
pav'd
the
Way
for
a
Nobler
Change
in
the
Throne
,
by
leaving
King
Iames
at
liberty
through
this
Success
to
act
without
Controul
,
what
at
length
tumbled
him
down
.
Monmouth
paid
the
Price
of
his
Rebellion
with
his
Blood
:
And
King
Iames
in
ordering
him
to
be
brought
into
his
Presence
under
the
Sentence
of
Death
,
was
pleas'd
to
make
one
Exception
against
a
General
Rule
observ'd
inviolably
among
Kings
,
Never
to
allow
a
Criminal
under
the
Sentence
of
Death
,
the
sight
of
his
Prince's
Face
,
without
a
design
to
pardon
him
.
There
is
nothing
deliver'd
concerning
this
Unfortunate
Gentleman
,
but
what
I
have
unquestionable
Grounds
for
,
and
which
some
Persons
yet
alive
,
of
the
First
Quality
,
know
to
be
true
.
But
of
the
most
things
above
mention'd
,
there
is
an
infallible
Proof
extant
under
Monmouth's
own
Hand
,
in
a
little
Pocket-Book
which
was
taken
with
him
,
and
deliver'd
to
King
Iames
;
which
by
an
Accident
is
needless
to
mention
here
,
I
had
leave
to
copy
,
and
did
it
in
part
.
A
great
many
dark
Passages
there
are
in
it
,
and
some
clear
enough
,
that
shall
be
eternally
buried
for
me
:
And
perhaps
it
had
been
for
King
Iames's
Honour
to
have
committed
them
to
the
Flames
,
as
Iulius
Caesar
is
said
to
have
done
upon
a
like
occasion
.
All
the
use
that
shall
be
made
of
it
,
Monmouth
seem'd
to
be
born
for
a
better
Fate
;
working
Heads
he
embark'd
with
,
his
own
were
Noble
,
and
chiefly
aim'd
at
the
good
of
his
Countrey
,
though
he
was
mistaken
in
the
means
to
attain
it
.
Ambitious
he
was
,
but
not
to
the
degree
of
aspiring
to
the
Crown
,
till
after
his
Landing
in
the
West
;
and
even
then
,
he
was
rather
Passive
than
Active
in
assuming
the
Title
of
King
.
It
was
Importunity
alone
that
previal'd
with
him
to
make
that
Step
;
and
he
was
inflexible
,
till
it
was
told
him
,
That
the
only
way
to
provide
against
the
Ruin
of
those
that
should
come
into
his
Assistance
,
in
case
he
fail'd
in
the
Attempt
,
was
to
declare
himself
King
;
that
they
might
be
shelter'd
by
the
Statute
made
in
the
Reign
of
Henry
VII
.
in
favour
of
those
that
should
obey
a
King
de
Facto
.
Those
that
advis'd
him
,
had
different
Ends
in
it
:
Some
to
render
the
Breach
betwixt
King
Iames
and
him
irreconcilable
,
and
thereby
pave
a
way
for
a
Commonwealth
,
in
playing
them
against
one
another
.
Others
,
to
prevent
a
possibility
of
his
being
reconcil'd
to
King
Iames
,
by
the
merit
of
delivering
up
those
that
should
join
him
;
which
was
a
Thought
unworthy
of
that
nice
Sincerity
he
had
shown
in
all
the
former
Conduct
of
his
Life
.
To
confirm
this
,
I
remember
to
have
heard
Rumbold
say
openly
at
his
Execution
in
Scotland
,
upon
the
account
of
Argyle's
Invasion
,
That
Monmouth
had
broke
his
Word
with
them
,
in
declaring
himself
King
.
And
I
have
reason
to
know
that
he
was
so
far
from
a
Design
upon
the
Crown
before
he
left
Holland
,
that
it
was
not
without
great
difficulty
he
was
persuaded
to
come
over
at
all
:
And
that
upon
King
Charles's
Death
he
express'd
a
firm
Resolution
to
make
no
such
Attempt
,
but
to
live
a
retir'd
Life
,
without
giving
King
Iames
any
disturbance
.
In
his
latter
Years
he
us'd
to
complain
of
the
little
Care
had
been
taken
of
his
Education
;
and
in
his
Disgrace
endeavour'd
to
make
up
that
Want
,
by
applying
himself
to
Study
,
in
which
he
made
in
a
short
time
no
inconsiderable
Progress
.
He
took
the
occasion
of
his
Afflictions
to
inform
his
Mind
,
and
recollect
and
amend
the
Errors
of
Youth
;
which
it
was
not
strange
he
should
be
tainted
with
,
being
bred
up
in
all
the
Pleasures
of
a
Luxurious
Court
.
What
sedate
Thoughts
his
Retirement
brought
him
to
;
and
,
which
is
in
a
great
part
hitherto
a
Secret
,
how
little
Inclination
he
had
to
make
a
Bustle
in
the
World
(
to
give
it
in
his
own
Words
)
is
best
express'd
in
a
Letter
of
his
own
,
to
one
that
afterwards
lost
his
Life
in
his
Quarrel
:
Which
though
without
a
Date
,
appears
to
be
writ
after
King
Charles's
Death
,
and
is
plac'd
in
the
Appendix
;
The
Duke
of
Monmouth
,
when
he
was
brought
Prisoner
to
King
Iames's
Presence
,
made
the
humblest
Submissions
for
his
Life
;
and
it
's
a
Mystery
what
could
move
King
Iames
to
see
him
,
when
he
had
no
mind
to
pardon
him
:
But
the
Manner
of
his
Death
Three
Days
after
,
did
more
than
acquit
him
of
any
Meanness
of
Spirit
in
desiring
to
live
,
since
he
died
with
the
greatest
Constancy
and
Tranquility
of
Mind
,
and
such
as
became
a
Christian
,
a
Philosopher
,
and
a
Soldier
.
The
Storm
being
thus
blown
over
that
threatn'd
his
Crown
,
King
Iames
thought
it
time
to
cast
off
the
Mask
,
and
to
act
without
disguise
what
till
then
he
had
in
some
part
endeavour'd
to
dissemble
.
This
Parliament
had
express'd
a
more
than
ordinary
Zeal
in
Attainting
Monmouth
,
and
had
readily
granted
him
a
competent
supply
to
suppress
that
Rebellion
.
Not
only
so
,
but
to
testify
the
Confidence
they
had
in
his
Promises
mention'd
in
the
former
Speeches
,
the
House
of
Commons
Pass'd
a
Vote
,
nemine
contradicente
,
That
they
did
acquiesce
,
and
intirely
rely
and
rest
wholly
satisfied
on
His
Majesty●s
Gracious
Word
,
and
repeated
Declarations
to
support
and
defend
the
Religion
of
the
Church
of
England
as
it
is
now
by
Law
Establish'd
,
which
was
dearer
to
them
than
their
Lives
.
So
that
they
had
reason
to
expect
some
suitable
Returns
to
all
this
Kindness
and
Confidence
on
their
sides
.
But
they
were
mistaken
;
for
King
Iames
began
to
talk
to
them
in
a
quite
other
strain
than
he
had
done
before
.
And
in
another
Speech
from
the
Throne
,
gave
them
to
understand
by
a
plain
Insinuation
,
That
he
was
now
Master
,
and
that
for
the
future
they
must
expect
to
be
govern'd
,
not
by
the
known
Laws
of
the
Land
,
but
by
his
own
sole
Will
and
Pleasure
.
No
part
of
the
English
Constitution
was
in
it self
more
sacred
,
or
better
secur'd
by
Law
,
then
That
by
which
Roman
Catholicks
were
declar'd
incapable
of
Places
of
Trust
either
Civil
or
Military
in
the
Government
:
And
he
himself
,
when
Duke
of
York
,
was
forc'd
by
the
Test-Act
to
lay
down
his
Office
of
Lord
High-Admiral
,
even
at
a
time
when
he
had
not
publickly
own'd
his
Reconciliation
to
the
Church
of
Rome
.
But
he
did
what
lay
in
his
power
to
break
down
this
Barrier
upon
Monmouth
'
s
Defeat
.
And
in
a
Speech
to
his
Parliament
,
told
them
,
That
after
the
Storm
that
seem'd
to
be
coming
when
he
parted
with
them
last
,
he
was
glad
to
meet
them
again
in
so
great
Peace
and
Quietness
.
But
when
he
reflected
what
an
inconsiderable
number
of
Men
began
the
late
Rebellion
,
and
how
long
they
carry'd
it
on
without
any
Opposition
;
He
hop'd
ev'ry
body
was
convinc'd
that
the
Militia
was
not
sufficient
for
such
Occasions
;
but
that
nothing
but
a
good
Force
of
Disciplin'd
Troops
was
sufficient
to
defend
Vs
from
Insults
at
Home
and
Abroad
:
And
therefore
he
had
increas'd
the
number
of
Standing
Forces
to
what
they
were
:
And
demanded
a
supply
to
support
the
Charge
of
them
,
which
he
did
not
doubt
they
would
comply
with
.
Then
,
as
the
main
End
of
his
Speech
,
and
to
let
them
know
what
he
was
positively
resolv'd
to
do
;
He
adds
,
Let
no
man
take
Exception
that
there
are
some
Officers
in
the
Army
not
qualified
according
to
the
late
Test
for
their
Employment
:
The
Gentlemen
,
I
must
tell
you
,
are
most
of
them
well
known
to
me
;
and
having
formerly
serv'd
me
on
several
Occasions
,
and
always
approv'd
the
Loyalty
of
their
Principles
by
their
Practices
,
I
think
them
now
fit
to
be
Employ'd
under
me
,
and
will
deal
plainly
with
you
,
That
after
having
had
the
benefit
of
their
Services
in
such
time
of
need
and
danger
,
I
will
neither
expose
them
to
Disgrace
,
nor
my self
to
the
Want
of
them
,
if
there
should
be
another
Rebellion
to
make
them
necessary
to
me
.
And
at
last
he
tells
them
,
That
he
was
afraid
some
may
hope
that
a
difference
might
happen
betwixt
Him
and
his
Parliament
on
that
occasion
;
which
he
cannot
apprehend
can
befal
him
,
or
that
any
thing
can
shake
them
in
their
Loyalty
to
him
,
who
will
ever
make
all
returns
of
kindness
and
protection
,
and
venture
his
Life
in
the
Defence
of
the
true
Interest
of
the
Nation
.
It
was
no
wonder
,
That
this
Speech
surpriz'd
a
people
who
valu'd
themselves
so
much
upon
their
Liberties
,
and
thought
themselves
secure
of
them
,
both
from
the
Constitution
of
their
Government
,
and
the
solemn
repeated
promises
of
their
Prince
.
They
found
too
late
,
that
their
fears
in
the
former
Reign
,
of
a
Popish
Successor
,
were
too
well
grounded
,
and
how
inconsistent
a
Roman
Catholick
King
is
with
a
Protestant
Kingdom
.
The
Parliament
did
in
humble
manner
represent
the
inconvenience
that
might
attend
such
Measures
,
Address
,
wherein
they
told
him
,
That
they
had
with
all
duty
and
readiness
taken
into
Consideration
His
Majesty's
Gracious
Speech
.
And
as
to
that
part
of
it
relating
to
the
Officers
of
the
Army
not
qualified
for
their
Employment
according
to
the
Act
of
Parliament
,
they
did
out
of
their
bounden
duty
humbly
Represent
to
His
Majesty
,
That
these
Officers
could
not
by
Law
be
capable
of
their
Employments
;
and
that
the
Incapacities
they
bring
upon
themselves
that
way
,
could
no
ways
be
taken
off
,
but
by
an
Act
of
Parliament
:
Therefore
out
of
that
great
Reverence
and
Duty
they
ow'd
to
His
Majesty
,
they
were
preparing
a
Bill
to
indemnify
them
from
the
inconveniences
they
had
now
incurr'd
.
And
because
the
continuing
them
in
their
Employments
may
be
taken
to
be
a
dispensing
with
Law
without
an
Act
of
Parliament
,
the
consequence
of
which
was
of
the
greatest
concern
to
the
Rights
of
all
his
Subjects
,
and
to
all
the
Laws
made
for
the
security
of
their
Religion
;
Therefore
they
most
humbly
beseech
His
Majesty
,
That
he
would
be
graciously
pleas'd
to
give
such
Directions
therein
,
that
no
Apprehensions
or
Iealousies
might
remain
in
the
hearts
of
his
Subjects
.
Over
and
above
what
was
contain'd
in
this
Address
,
the
House
of
Commons
were
willing
to
capacitate
by
an
Act
of
Parliament
,
such
a
Number
of
the
Roman
Catholick
Officers
,
as
King
Iames
should
give
a
List
of
.
But
both
this
Offer
and
the
Address
was
highly
resented
;
and
notwithstanding
that
,
they
were
preparing
a
Bill
for
a
considerable
Supply
to
Answer
his
extraordinary
Occasions
,
and
had
sent
to
the
Tower
one
of
their
Members
for
speaking
indecently
of
his
Speech
,
King
Iames
was
influenc'd
to
part
with
this
his
first
and
only
Parliament
in
displeasure
,
upon
the
Fourth
day
after
they
presented
the
Address
.
As
his
former
Speeches
to
his
Council
and
Parliament
had
put
a
Foreign
Court
to
a
Stand
what
to
think
of
him
;
so
this
last
put
them
out
of
pain
,
and
convinc'd
them
he
was
intirely
Theirs
.
Their
sense
of
it
can
hardly
be
better
express'd
than
in
a
Letter
from
Abroad
contain'd
in
the
Appendix
;
That
he
needed
not
a
surer
Character
of
King
James
and
his
Intentions
,
than
this
last
Speech
to
the
Parliament
,
by
which
they
were
convinc'd
of
his
former
Resolution
to
throw
off
the
Fetters
which
Hereticks
would
impose
upon
him
,
and
to
act
for
the
time
to
come
En
Maistre
,
as
Master
:
A
word
till
then
altogether
Foreign
to
the
English
Constitution
.
What
other
Effects
this
Speech
had
upon
the
Minds
of
People
at
Home
and
Abroad
,
may
be
easily
guess'd
from
the
different
Interests
they
had
in
it
:
Nor
is
it
to
be
pass'd
over
without
some
Remark
,
That
the
Revocation
of
the
Edict
of
Nants
,
which
probably
had
been
some
time
under
Consideration
before
,
was
now
put
in
Execution
to
the
Astonishment
of
all
Europe
.
The
Parliament
being
dissolv'd
,
and
no
visible
means
left
to
retrieve
the
Liberties
of
England
,
King
Iames
made
haste
to
accomplish
the
Grand
Design
which
a
head
strong
Party
about
him
,
push'd
on
as
the
certain
way
in
their
opinion
to
Eternize
his
Name
in
this
World
,
and
to
merit
an
Eternal
Crown
in
the
other
.
They
foresaw
that
this
was
the
Critical
Iuncture
,
and
the
only
one
that
happen'd
since
the
days
of
Queen
Mary
,
to
Restore
their
Religion
in
England
.
And
if
they
were
wanting
to
themselves
in
making
use
of
it
,
the
prospect
of
a
Protestant
Successor
would
infallibly
prevent
their
having
any
such
opportunity
for
the
future
:
King
Iames
was
pretty
far
advanc'd
in
years
,
and
what
was
to
be
done
requir'd
Expedition
;
for
all
their
labour
would
be
lost
,
if
he
should
die
before
the
accomplishment
.
If
he
had
been
Younger
,
or
the
next
presumptive
Heir
had
not
been
a
Protestant
,
there
had
been
no
such
absolute
necessity
for
Dispatch
:
But
the
Uncertainty
of
the
King's
Life
call'd
for
more
than
ordinary
diligence
in
a
Design
that
depended
meerly
upon
it
.
The
Party
being
resolv'd
for
these
Reasons
to
bring
about
in
the
Compass
of
one
Single
Life
,
and
that
already
far
spent
,
what
seem'd
to
be
the
Work
of
a
whole
Age
,
they
made
large
steps
towards
it
.
Roman-Catholicks
were
not
only
Employ'd
in
the
Army
,
but
brought
into
Places
of
greatest
Trust
in
the
State
:
The
Earl
of
Clarendon
was
forthwith
remov'd
from
the
Office
of
Privy-Seal
,
and
the
Government
of
Ireland
,
to
make
room
for
the
Earl
of
Tyrconel
in
the
one
,
and
the
Lord
Arundel
in
the
other
.
Father
Peters
,
a
Iesuit
,
was
sworn
of
the
Privy
Council
.
And
though
by
the
Laws
it
was
High-Treason
for
any
to
assume
the
Character
of
the
Pope's
Nuncio
;
Roman
Prelate
to
appear
publickly
at
London
in
that
Quality
;
To
bear
the
Publick
Character
of
Ambassador
to
the
Pope
,
Extraordinary
Ambassador
,
with
a
Magnificent
Train
,
and
a
most
Sumptuous
Equipage
.
What
his
Secret
Instructions
were
,
may
be
partly
guess'd
by
his
Publick
ones
,
which
were
,
To
Reconcile
the
Kingdoms
of
England
,
Scotland
,
and
Ireland
,
to
the
Holy
See
,
from
which
they
had
for
more
than
an
Age
fallen
off
by
Heresy
.
Innocent
XI
.
Holy
Father
;
and
none
of
the
Cardinals
,
but
those
of
a
particular
Faction
,
and
the
good-natur'd
Cardinal
of
Norfolk
,
took
any
further
notice
of
it
,
than
Good
Manners
oblig'd
them
.
The
Court
of
Rome
were
too
refin'd
Politicians
to
be
impos'd
upon
with
Show
and
Noise
;
and
knew
the
World
too
well
,
to
expect
great
Matters
from
such
hasty
,
ill-tim'd
Advances
as
were
made
to
them
.
Not
only
so
,
but
Innocent
having
an
Aversion
in
his
Nature
to
a
Faction
he
knew
King
Iames
was
embark'd
in
,
which
he
never
took
pains
to
dissemble
,
was
not
over-fond
of
an
Embassy
from
a
Prince
who
was
in
an
Interest
he
had
long
wish'd
to
see
humbled
.
King
Iames
met
with
nothing
but
Mortifications
at
Rome
in
the
Person
of
his
Ambassador
,
which
occasion'd
his
making
as
short
a
Stay
as
was
possible
.
In
which
may
be
seen
the
vast
difference
there
was
at
that
▪
time
betwixt
the
Politicks
of
Italy
,
and
those
of
a
head-strong
Party
in
England
.
And
however
the
World
has
been
impos'd
upon
to
believe
that
the
Pope's
Nuncio
at
the
English
Court
,
who
is
since
made
a
Cardinal
,
was
an
Instrument
to
push
on
things
to
extremities
,
yet
certain
it
is
he
had
too
much
good
sense
to
approve
of
all
the
Measures
that
were
taken
;
and
therefore
desir'd
often
to
be
recall'd
,
lest
he
should
be
thought
to
have
a
hand
in
them
.
Although
the
Earl
of
Castlemain
was
pleas'd
upon
his
Examination
before
the
Parliament
,
to
say
that
his
Embassy
to
Rome
was
only
such
as
is
between
Two
Temporal
Princes
,
about
Compliment
and
Commerce
;
yet
Father
Warner
in
his
Manuscript
History
,
quoted
by
a
Learned
Author
,
[
*
](A65415-e38280-b)
*
Dr.
Gee's
Animadversions
on
the
Iesuits
Memorial
for
the
Intended
Reformation
of
England
,
under
the
first
Popish
Prince
.
London
,
1690.
gives
us
another
account
of
it
,
in
these
words
;
Things
being
thus
setled
(
says
he
)
within
the
Realm
,
the
next
care
his
Majesty
had
,
was
to
unite
his
Countries
to
the
Obedience
of
the
Bishop
of
Rome
,
and
the
Apostolick
See
,
which
had
been
cut
off
by
Heresy
about
an
Age
and
a
half
before
.
To
try
the
Pope's
Inclination
,
In
the
Year
1685.
he
sent
Mr.
Carryl
thither
,
who
succeeding
according
to
his
Wishes
,
and
being
recall'd
,
the
Earl
of
Castlemain
was
sent
the
next
Year
,
as
Extraordinary
Ambassador
to
the
Pope
,
in
the
Name
of
the
King
and
the
Catholicks
of
England
,
to
make
their
Submission
to
the
Holy
See
.
Castlemain
had
several
Audiences
of
the
Pope
,
but
to
little
purpose
;
for
whenever
he
began
to
talk
of
Business
,
the
Pope
was
seasonably
attack'd
with
a
Fit
of
Coughing
,
which
broke
off
the
Ambassador's
Discourse
for
that
time
,
and
oblig'd
him
to
retire
.
These
Audiences
and
Fits
of
Coughing
continued
from
time
to
time
,
while
Castlemain
continued
at
Rome
,
and
were
the
subject
of
diversion
to
all
but
a
particular
Faction
at
that
Court.
At
length
he
was
advis'd
to
come
to
Threats
,
and
to
give
out
that
he
would
be
gone
,
since
he
could
not
have
an
opportunity
to
treat
with
the
Pope
about
the
Business
he
came
for
.
Innocent
was
so
little
concern'd
for
the
Ambassador's
Resentment
,
that
when
they
told
him
of
it
,
he
answer'd
with
his
ordinary
Coldness
,
E
bene
,
se
vuol
andarsene
ditegli
adonque
che
si
levi
di
buon
matino
al
fresco
e
che
a
mezzo
giorno
si
reposi
,
per
che
in
questi
paesi
non
bisogna
viaggiare
al
caldo
del
giorno
.
Well!
let
him
go
;
and
tell
him
,
It
were
fit
he
rise
early
in
the
Morning
,
that
he
may
rest
himself
at
Noon
;
for
in
this
Countrey
it
's
dangerous
to
travel
in
the
Heat
of
the
Day
.
In
the
end
,
he
was
recall'd
;
being
able
to
obtain
of
the
Pope
two
trifling
Requests
only
,
that
could
hardly
be
denied
to
an
ordinary
Courier
;
The
one
was
a
License
for
the
Mareschal
d'
Humiers's
Daughter
to
marry
her
Vncle
:
And
the
other
,
a
Dispensation
of
the
Statutes
of
the
Iesuits
Order
,
to
Father
Peters
,
to
enjoy
a
Bishoprick
:
The
want
of
which
,
says
my
Author
,
was
the
reason
that
the
Archbishoprick
of
York
was
kept
so
long
vacant
.
Though
the
Pope
carried
himself
in
this
manner
towards
the
English
Ambassador
,
Old
Man
,
for
He
and
That
Order
were
never
hearty
Friends
.
They
entertain'd
him
in
their
Seminary
with
the
greatest
Magnificence
;
and
nothing
was
wanting
in
Nature
or
Art
,
to
grace
his
Reception
.
All
their
Stores
of
Sculpture
,
Painting
,
Poetry
,
and
Rhetorick
,
seem
to
have
been
exhausted
upon
this
Entertainment
.
And
though
all
the
Inscriptions
and
Emblems
did
center
upon
the
Triumph
of
the
Romish
Religion
,
and
the
Ruin
of
Heresy
in
England
,
yet
Care
was
taken
not
to
omit
such
particular
Trophies
and
Devices
,
as
were
adapted
to
their
new-acquir'd
Liberty
of
setting
up
their
Publick
Schools
at
London
.
Among
a
great
many
other
Panegyricks
upon
King
Iames
,
the
following
Distich
was
plac'd
below
an
Emblem
of
England
:
Restituit
Veterem
tibi
Religionis
honorem
Anglia
,
Magnanimi
Regis
aperta
sides
.
The
open
Zeal
of
this
Magnanimous
King
,
has
restor'd
to
England
its
Ancient
Religion
.
There
was
also
this
Inscription
put
round
King
Iames's
Picture
:
Potentissimo
&
Religiosissimo
Magnae
Britanniae
REGI
JACOBO
II.
Generosâ
Catholicae
Fidei
Confessione
Regnum
Auspicanti
.
ET
INNOCENTIO
XI
.
P.
M.
Per
Legatum
Nobilissimum
&
Sapientissimum
D.
Rogerium
Palmerium
Comitem
de
Castelmain
Obsequium
deferenti
.
Collegium
Romanum
Regia
Virtut●m
Insignia
dedicat
.
To
the
most
Potent
and
most
Religious
JAMES
the
Second
,
King
of
Great
Britain
;
beginning
his
Reign
with
the
Generous
Confession
of
the
Catholick
Faith
.
AND
Paying
his
Obedience
to
Pope
INNOCENT
XI
.
By
the
most
Noble
and
most
Wise
D.
Roger
Palmer
,
Earl
of
Castlemain
,
The
Roman
College
Dedicates
These
Royal
Emblems
of
his
Virtues
.
In
the
Great
Hall
the
Ambassador
was
Harangued
by
the
Rector
of
the
College
in
a
Latin
Speech
;
which
,
to
show
the
vain
Hopes
they
had
of
King
Iames
and
their
own
Fortune
at
that
time
,
is
plac'd
in
the
Appendix
,
But
yet
it
may
not
be
amiss
to
mention
what
the
same
Gentleman
tells
us
,
of
a
Device
that
related
to
King
Iames's
having
a
Son
;
which
was
,
A
Lilly
,
from
whose
Leaves
there
distill'd
some
Drops
of
Water
,
which
as
the
Naturalists
say
,
becomes
the
Seed
of
new
Lillies
;
and
the
Motto
was
,
Lachrimor
in
Prolem
:
I
weep
for
Children
.
Underneath
was
this
Distich
:
Pro
Natis
,
Iacobe
,
gemis
,
Flos
candide
Regum
?
Hos
Natura
Tibi
si
neget
,
Astra
dabunt
.
Dost
thou
sigh
for
Children
,
O
James
!
thou
best
of
Kings
?
If
Nature
denies
,
Heaven
will
grant
them
.
There
was
one
Inscription
more
this
Author
takes
notice
of
;
which
being
one
of
the
most
unaccountable
things
of
that
kind
,
afforded
matter
for
the
Wits
of
Rome
to
descant
upon
.
Though
the
Words
are
ill
chose
,
and
strangely
harsh
,
yet
it
's
certain
the
Fathers
had
a
good
meaning
in
them
;
and
they
refer
to
King
Iames's
Influence
upon
his
Brother
to
turn
Roman-Catholick
at
his
death
.
The
Inscription
runs
thus
,
Jacobo
Secundo
Angliae
Regi
Quod
ipso
Vitae
Exemplo
preunte
,
Et
impellente
Consiliis
,
Carolus
Frater
&
Rex
Mortem
obierat
admodum
piam
:
Regnaturus
a
tergo
frater
Alas
Carolo
addidit
;
ET
Vt
Coelo
dignum
,
ET
Dignum
se
Rege
Legatum
,
eligeret
,
Fratrem
Misit
.
To
King
James
II.
King
of
England
;
for
having
by
his
Example
and
his
Counsel
,
prevail'd
with
Charles
his
Brother
to
dye
a
Pious
Death
.
And
being
'to
succeed
him
,
He
gave
Wings
to
Charles
;
and
that
he
might
make
choice
of
an
Ambassador
worthy
of
Heaven
and
himself
,
he
sent
his
Brother
.
I
will
not
pretend
to
give
the
nice
Sense
of
these
words
;
and
tho
I
would
,
I
cannot
,
there
being
such
a
perplexity
in
them
.
But
for
the
Expressions
that
follow
,
I
may
venture
to
give
them
in
English
,
though
they
seem
to
be
as
much
out
of
the
ordinary
Road
as
the
former
.
Nuncii
ex
Anglia
proceres
Retulerunt
Regibus
aliis
Jacobum
Regnantem
.
Coelo
Primus
omnium
retulit
Carolus
.
Nec
Immerito
;
Reges
alii
Legatos
suscipiunt
Mittuntque
Principes
,
Legatos
Reges
Deum
Excipere
decuit
;
Jacobum
mittere
.
English
Noblemen
were
sent
to
other
Kings
,
to
acquaint
them
with
King
James's
Accession
to
the
Crown
:
But
Charles
first
of
all
brought
the
News
of
it
to
Heaven
.
It
was
but
reasonable
,
For
Kings
to
send
and
receive
Princes
as
Ambassadors
:
But
It
became
God
Almighty
to
receive
,
and
James
to
send
no
Ambassadors
but
Kings
.
To
see
King
Iames
neglected
at
Rome
in
the
Pontificat
of
Innocent
XI
.
Duke
of
York
,
he
should
be
denied
a
common
Favour
,
which
that
Court
seldom
or
never
refuses
to
any
one
,
was
a
thing
altogether
unaccountable
:
Yet
so
it
was
,
That
he
having
sent
the
late
Earl
of
Peterborough
to
Italy
,
to
Espouse
the
Princess
of
Modena
in
his
Name
,
all
the
Interest
he
could
make
,
was
not
able
to
obtain
a
Dispensation
for
the
Marriage
.
Mordant
,
&c.
in
a
large
Fol.
p.
427
,
428.
The
account
of
this
matter
being
so
little
known
,
and
that
Earl's
Book
wherein
he
mentions
it
,
being
so
rare
,
and
,
as
I
am
told
,
but
Twenty
four
Copies
printed
,
I
shall
give
it
in
the
Earl's
own
Words
:
But
now
from
Rome
there
was
Advice
(
says
he
)
by
the
Abbot
of
Angeo
,
of
the
great
difficulties
that
arose
in
the
Consultations
of
this
Affair
(
meaning
the
Marriage
.
)
The
French
Ambassador
,
the
Duke
d'
Estrees
,
favour'd
the
Marriage
with
all
the
Power
of
the
French
Faction
;
so
did
Cardinal
Barberini
,
and
all
the
other
Friends
and
Allies
of
the
House
of
Estê
.
But
his
Holiness
himself
was
very
averse
,
and
Cardinal
Altieri
,
who
was
the
Governing
Nephew
,
a
profess'd
and
violent
Opposer
.
The
main
pretence
for
this
Obstinacy
,
was
the
Duke
of
York's
not
declaring
himself
publickly
of
the
Romish
Church
,
though
they
knew
that
he
was
of
a
long
time
reconcil'd
to
it
.
But
now
at
last
(
continues
the
Earl
of
Peterborough
)
came
from
Rome
the
Abbot
of
Angeo
without
the
Dispensation
,
which
he
could
by
no
means
obtain
,
by
reason
that
Cardinal
Altieri
was
inflexible
,
and
Threats
of
Excommunication
were
issued
out
against
any
that
should
undertake
to
perform
or
celebrate
the
Marriage
.
Whereupon
we
were
all
upon
the
fears
and
expectations
of
a
total
Rupture
.
The
Duchess
of
Modena
her self
,
a
Zealous
,
if
not
a
Bigot
Woman
,
was
in
great
pain
about
the
part
that
might
seem
offensive
to
his
Holiness
,
or
neglective
of
his
Authority
:
And
the
Young
Princess
took
occasion
from
hence
to
support
her
unwillingness
.
But
in
truth
,
Cardinal
Barberini
,
upon
whom
the
Duchess
had
great
dependance
,
and
all
the
other
Adherents
and
Relations
of
the
House
of
Estê
,
being
every
day
more
and
more
possess'd
of
the
Honour
and
Interest
they
were
like
to
find
in
this
Alliance
,
were
scandaliz'd
at
the
unreasonable
Obstinacy
of
the
Pope
and
his
Nephew
;
and
did
frankly
advise
the
Duchess
of
Modena
suddenly
to
make
up
and
perfect
the
Marriage
:
The
Peace
and
Excuse
of
the
thing
being
easier
to
be
had
after
it
was
done
,
than
any
present
License
to
be
obtain'd
for
doing
it
.
The
Bishop
of
Modena
was
then
applied
to
(
adds
the
Earl
)
for
the
Performance
:
But
he
refusing
,
a
poor
English
Iacobine
was
found
,
Brother
to
Ierome
White
,
that
after
serv'd
the
Duchess
,
who
having
nothing
to
lose
,
and
on
whom
the
Terror
of
Excommunication
did
not
so
much
prevail
,
did
undertake
it
,
and
so
he
perform'd
the
Ceremony
.
Thus
far
the
Earl
of
Peterborough
.
But
to
leave
this
Digression
,
Romish
Cabal
about
King
Iames
began
to
play
their
Popular
Engine
,
and
which
was
likely
to
do
most
Execution
,
by
weakning
the
National
Establish'd
Church
,
and
dividing
Protestants
among
themselves
,
when
in
the
mean
time
the
Roman-Catholicks
were
to
be
the
only
Gainers
.
This
was
disguis'd
under
the
specious
Name
of
Liberty
of
Conscience
.
And
the
very
same
Party
that
advis'd
this
Toleration
,
were
they
that
had
push'd
on
all
the
Severities
against
the
Protestant
Dissenters
in
the
former
Reign
,
with
design
to
widen
the
Breach
between
them
and
the
Church
of
England
,
and
to
render
the
first
more
willing
to
swallow
the
Bait
of
Toleration
,
whenever
it
should
be
offer'd
to
them
.
They
gain'd
in
a
great
part
their
End
;
for
the
Dissenters
were
not
so
fond
of
Persecution
and
Ill
Usage
,
as
to
refuse
a
Liberty
that
was
frankly
offer'd
them
,
which
neither
their
Prayers
nor
Tears
could
obtain
before
:
Nor
did
they
think
it
good
manners
to
enquire
too
narrowly
how
that
Liberty
came
about
,
as
long
as
they
were
shelter'd
thereby
from
the
Oppressions
they
lay
under
.
The
Church
of
England
saw
through
all
this
Contrivance
,
and
fear'd
the
Consequences
.
The
Protestant
Dissenters
were
more
pitied
now
in
their
seeming
Prosperity
,
than
ever
they
had
been
in
their
real
Adversity
.
Some
that
had
been
zealous
before
in
putting
the
Penal
Laws
in
execution
against
them
,
did
now
see
their
Error
too
late
,
and
found
they
had
been
us'd
but
as
Tools
to
prevent
the
Dissenters
from
uniting
with
the
Church
of
England
,
whenever
the
common
Danger
should
come
to
threaten
both
.
This
Toleration
could
not
subsist
,
Dispensing
Power
.
When
King
Iames
came
to
assume
to
himself
this
Power
as
his
Prerogative
and
Right
,
he
unhindg'd
the
Constitution
all
at
once
;
for
to
Dispense
with
Laws
already
made
,
is
as
much
a
part
of
the
Legislature
,
as
the
making
of
new
ones
.
And
therefore
in
aarogating
to
himself
such
a
Dispensing
Power
,
he
invaded
the
very
Essence
of
the
English
Constitution
,
by
which
the
Legislature
is
lodg'd
in
King
,
Lords
,
and
Commons
;
and
every
one
of
them
has
a
Negative
upon
the
other
two
.
Charles
II.
was
the
first
King
of
England
that
ever
aim'd
at
any
thing
like
a
Dispensing
Power
.
In
the
Year
1662.
he
was
prevail'd
upon
for
some
Reasons
of
State
to
issue
out
a
Proclamation
,
dispensing
with
some
few
things
that
related
to
the
Act
of
Vniformity
,
but
without
the
least
regard
to
Roman-Catholicks
.
And
though
in
his
Speech
to
the
Parliament
upon
that
occasion
,
he
did
in
a
manner
acknowledge
that
he
had
no
such
Power
,
in
saying
,
That
if
the
Dissenters
would
demean
themselves
peaceably
and
modestly
,
he
could
heartily
wish
he
had
such
a
Power
of
Indulgence
to
use
upon
occasion
:
Yet
the
Parliament
was
so
jealous
of
this
Innovation
,
that
they
presented
the
King
with
an
Address
against
the
Proclamation
;
and
plainly
told
him
,
That
he
had
no
Power
to
dispense
with
the
Laws
,
without
an
Act
of
Parliament
.
King
Charles
made
another
Attempt
of
the
like
nature
,
in
the
Year
1672
;
and
in
a
Speech
to
Both
Houses
,
did
mention
his
Declaration
of
Indulgence
,
and
acquainted
them
with
the
Reasons
that
induc'd
him
to
it
;
telling
them
withal
,
how
little
the
Roman
Catholicks
would
be
the
better
for
it
.
Upon
which
the
House
of
Commons
made
an
Address
to
him
for
recalling
this
Declaration
:
Wherein
they
plainly
told
him
,
That
in
claiming
a
Power
to
dispense
with
Penal
Laws
,
his
Majesty
had
been
very
much
misinform'd
;
since
no
such
Power
was
ever
claim'd
or
exercis'd
by
any
of
his
Predecessors
;
and
if
it
should
be
admitted
,
might
tend
to
the
interrupting
of
the
free
course
of
the
Laws
,
and
altering
the
Legislative
Power
,
which
has
always
been
acknowledg'd
to
reside
in
his
Majesty
,
and
his
Two
Houses
of
Parliament
.
King
Charles
was
so
far
satisfied
in
the
matter
contain'd
in
this
Address
,
that
he
immediately
thereupon
cancell'd
his
Declaration
of
Indulgence
,
and
order'd
the
Seal
to
be
torn
off
;
and
acquainted
both
Houses
,
That
he
had
done
so
;
with
this
further
Declaration
,
which
was
enter'd
upon
Record
in
the
House
of
Lords
,
That
it
should
never
be
drawn
into
Example
or
Consequence
.
The
next
that
attempted
such
a
Dispensing
Power
,
though
of
a
far
larger
Extent
,
was
King
Iames
,
as
has
been
said
:
And
how
any
thing
that
look'd
that
way
,
was
relish'd
by
the
House
of
Commons
,
does
appear
by
their
Address
against
the
Roman
Catholick
Officers
;
which
also
has
been
mention'd
.
It
was
not
enough
for
King
Iames
to
assume
this
Dispensing
Power
,
That
a
Power
in
the
King
to
dispense
wi●h
Laws
,
was
Law
.
To
maintain
this
Monstrous
Position
,
there
were
not
only
Mercenary
Pens
set
a-work
,
but
a
Set
of
Iudges
found
out
,
that
to
their
Eternal
Reproach
,
did
all
was
possible
for
them
to
Compliment
the
King
with
the
Liberties
of
their
Countrey
.
For
these
Gentlemen
gave
it
for
Law
,
That
the
Laws
of
England
are
the
King's
Laws
.
That
therefore
it
's
an
incident
,
inseparable
Prerogative
of
the
Kings
of
England
,
as
of
all
other
Sovereign
Princes
,
to
dispense
with
all
Penal
Laws
,
in
particular
Cases
,
and
upon
particular
nec●ssary
▪
Reasons
.
That
of
those
Reasons
and
Necessities
the
King
is
the
sole
Iudge
.
And
which
is
a
Consequent
thereupon
,
That
this
is
not
a
Trust
invested
in
,
or
granted
to
the
King
,
but
the
Ancient
Remains
of
the
Sovereign
Power
of
the
Kings
of
England
,
which
never
was
yet
taken
from
them
,
nor
can
be
.
Thus
were
we
fallen
under
the
greatest
Misfortune
that
can
possibly
happen
to
a
Nation
;
To
have
our
Laws
and
Constitution
trampled
upon
under
colour
of
Law
.
And
those
very
Men
,
whose
Office
it
was
to
support
them
,
became
now
the
Betrayers
of
them
to
the
Will
of
the
Prince
.
This
mighty
Point
being
gain'd
,
or
rather
forc'd
upon
us
,
the
Roman-Catholicks
were
not
wanting
to
make
the
best
use
of
it
for
themselves
.
The
free
and
open
Exercise
of
their
Religion
was
set
up
every
where
,
and
Jesuit
Schools
and
Seminaries
erected
in
the
most
considerable
Towns
.
The
Church
of
England
had
now
but
a
Precarious
Title
to
the
National
Church
,
and
Romish
Candidates
had
swallow'd
up
its
Preferments
and
Dignities
already
in
their
Hopes
.
Romish
Bishops
were
publickly
Consecrated
in
the
Royal
Chappel
,
and
dispatch'd
down
to
exercise
their
Episcopal
Function
in
their
respective
Diocesses
.
Their
Pastoral
Letters
,
directed
to
the
Lay-Catholicks
of
England
,
were
openly
dispers'd
up
and
down
,
and
printed
by
the
King
's
own
Printer
,
with
Publick
License
.
The
Regular
Clergy
appear'd
in
their
Habits
in
Whitehall
and
St.
Iames's
;
and
made
no
scruple
to
tell
the
Protestants
,
They
hop'd
in
a
little
time
to
walk
in
Procession
through
Cheapside
.
A
mighty
Harvest
of
New
Converts
was
expected
;
and
that
Labourers
might
not
be
wanting
,
Shoals
of
Priests
and
Regulars
were
sent
over
from
beyond
Sea
to
reap
it
.
The
only
Step
to
Preferment
,
was
to
be
of
the
King's
Religion
:
And
to
preach
against
the
Errors
of
Rome
,
was
the
height
of
Disloyalty
,
because
,
forsooth
,
it
tended
to
alienate
the
Subjects
Affections
from
the
King
.
An
Order
was
directed
to
the
Protestant
Bishops
about
Preaching
,
which
was
,
upon
the
matter
,
forbidding
them
to
defend
their
Religion
in
the
Pulpit
,
when
it
was
at
the
same
time
attack'd
by
the
Romish
Priests
with
all
the
Vigor
they
were
capable
of
,
both
in
their
Sermons
and
Books
.
This
Order
was
taken
from
a
Precdent
in
Queen
Mary's
time
;
for
the
first
Step
she
made
to
introduce
Popery
,
notwithstanding
her
Promises
to
the
Gentlemen
of
Suffolk
and
Norfolk
to
the
contrary
,
upon
their
appearing
first
of
any
for
her
Interest
,
upon
the
Death
of
her
Brother
,
was
to
issue
out
a
Proclamation
,
forbidding
the
Preaching
upon
controverted
Points
of
Religion
,
for
fear
,
it
was
said
,
of
raising
Animosities
among
the
people
.
But
notwithstanding
this
insnaring
Letter
of
K.
Iames's
,
the
Clergy
of
the
Church
of
England
were
not
wanting
in
their
Duty
:
For
to
their
Immortal
Honour
,
they
did
more
to
vindicate
the
Doctrine
of
their
own
Church
,
and
expose
the
Errors
of
the
Church
of
Rome
,
both
in
their
Sermons
and
Writings
,
than
ever
had
been
done
either
at
Home
or
Abroad
,
since
the
Reformation
;
and
in
such
a
Stile
,
and
with
such
an
Inimitable
Force
of
Reasoning
,
as
will
be
a
Standard
of
Writing
to
succeeding
Ages
.
To
hasten
on
the
Project
against
the
Establish'd
Church
,
a
new
Court
of
Inquisition
was
erected
,
under
the
Name
of
a
Commission
for
Ecclesiastical
Affairs
:
And
to
blind
the
people
,
there
were
some
Bishops
of
the
Church
of
England
nam'd
Commissioners
,
whereof
one
refus'd
to
act
from
the
beginning
,
and
the
other
excus'd
himself
,
after
he
came
to
see
where
the
Design
of
it
was
levell'd
.
This
Commission
was
another
manifest
Violation
of
the
Laws
,
and
against
an
express
Act
of
Parliament
:
And
as
if
that
had
not
been
enough
to
mortify
the
Church
of
England
,
there
were
some
Roman
Catholicks
appointed
Commissioners
;
and
consequently
,
the
Enemies
of
the
Protestant
Religion
were
become
the
Judges
and
Directors
of
a
Protestant
Church
in
its
Doctrine
and
Discipline
.
These
Commissioners
thought
fit
to
begin
the
Exercise
of
their
New
Power
with
the
Suspension
of
Dr.
Compton
,
Ecclesiastical
Commission
with
such
an
Illustrious
Sacrifice
;
and
such
an
occasion
was
rather
taken
than
given
,
in
the
Business
of
Dr.
Sharp
,
now
Archbishop
of
York
.
The
Priests
about
the
King
knowing
how
much
it
was
their
Interest
that
the
Protestant
Clergy
should
not
have
leave
to
refute
the
Errors
of
the
Church
of
Rome
in
their
Sermons
,
Directions
about
Prea●hers
.
The
Learned
Dr.
Sharp
taking
occasion
in
some
of
his
Sermons
to
vindicate
the
Doctrine
of
the
Church
of
England
,
in
opposition
to
Popery
;
this
was
in
the
Court-Dialect
understood
to
be
the
endeavouring
to
beget
in
the
minds
of
his
Hearers
an
ill
opinion
of
the
King
and
his
Government
,
by
insinuating
Fears
and
Iealousies
,
to
dispose
them
to
Discontent
,
and
to
lead
them
into
Disobedience
and
Rebellion
;
and
consequently
,
a
Contempt
of
the
said
Order
about
Preachers
.
Whereupon
King
Iames
sent
a
Letter
to
the
Bishop
of
London
,
containing
an
Order
to
suspend
Dr.
Sharp
from
Preaching
in
any
Parish-Church
or
Chappel
in
his
Diocess
,
until
the
Doctor
had
given
Satisfaction
,
and
his
Majesty's
further
Pleasure
should
be
known
.
The
Bishop
of
London
perceiving
what
was
aim'd
at
in
this
Letter
,
endeavour'd
all
that
was
possible
to
divert
the
Storm
that
threaten'd
him
,
and
the
Church
of
England
through
his
sides
.
He
writ
a
Submissive
Letter
to
the
Secretary
of
State
,
to
be
communicated
to
the
King
;
setting
forth
,
That
he
thought
it
his
Duty
to
obey
his
Majesty
in
whatever
Commands
he
laid
upon
him
,
that
he
could
perform
with
a
safe
Conscience
:
But
in
this
he
was
oblig'd
to
proceed
according
to
Law
,
and
as
a
Iudge
:
And
by
the
Law
no
Iudge
condemns
a
man
,
before
he
has
knowledge
of
the
Cause
,
and
has
cited
the
Party
.
That
however
,
he
had
acquainted
Dr.
Sharp
with
his
Majesty's
Displeasure
;
whom
he
found
so
ready
to
give
all
reasonable
Satisfaction
▪
that
he
had
made
him
the
Bearer
of
that
Letter
.
Together
with
this
Letter
from
the
Bishop
of
London
,
Dr.
Sharp
carried
with
him
a
Petition
to
the
King
in
his
own
Name
,
shewing
,
That
ever
since
his
Majesty
was
pleas'd
to
give
notice
of
his
Displeasure
against
him
,
he
had
forborn
the
Publick
Exercise
of
his
Function
:
And
as
he
had
endeavour'd
to
do
the
best
Service
he
could
to
his
Majesty
and
his
late
Brother
in
his
Station
,
so
he
had
not
vented
now
in
the
Pulpit
any
thing
tending
to
Faction
or
Schism
:
And
therefore
prayed
his
Majesty
would
be
pleas'd
to
lay
aside
his
Displeasure
conceiv'd
against
him
,
and
restore
him
to
that
Favour
which
the
rest
of
the
Clergy
enjoy'd
.
All
this
Submission
was
to
no
purpose
.
Nothing
would
satisfy
the
Party
,
but
a
Revenge
upon
the
Bishop
of
London
,
for
his
Exemplary
Zeal
for
the
Protestant
Interest
;
and
this
Affair
of
Dr.
Sharp's
was
made
use
of
as
a
handle
to
mortify
him
,
and
in
his
Person
the
whole
Body
of
the
Clergy
.
The
Bishop
was
Cited
before
the
Ecclesiastical
Commission
,
for
not
suspending
Dr.
Sharp
,
according
to
the
King's
Order
,
and
treated
by
their
Chair-man
at
his
Appearance
,
in
a
manner
unworthy
of
his
Station
and
Quality
.
All
the
Defence
he
could
make
,
and
his
Plea
to
the
Jurisdiction
and
Legality
of
the
Court
,
which
was
good
beyond
all
contradiction
,
did
signify
nothing
.
These
New
Inquisitors
being
resolv'd
to
stick
at
nothing
that
might
please
the
Party
that
set
them
at
work
,
did
by
their
Definitive
Sentence
declare
,
decree
,
and
pronounce
,
That
the
Bishop
of
London
should
for
his
Disobedience
and
Contempt
be
suspended
during
his
Majesty's
Pleasure
:
And
accordingly
was
suspended
;
with
a
peremptory
Admonition
,
To
abstain
from
the
Function
and
Execution
of
his
Episcopal
Office
,
and
other
Ecclesiastical
Iurisdictions
,
during
the
said
Suspension
,
under
the
pain
of
Deprivation
,
The
next
that
felt
the
weight
of
this
Ecclesiastical
Commission
,
were
the
President
and
Fellows
of
St.
Mary
Magdalen's
College
in
Oxford
.
The
two
chief
Seats
of
Learning
,
the
Universities
of
Oxford
and
Cambridge
stood
in
the
way
of
the
Grand
Design
;
and
the
Party
was
impatient
to
get
footing
there
.
Magdalen
College
is
one
of
the
Noblest
Foundations
that
perhaps
was
ever
erected
to
Learning
in
the
World
,
and
therefore
it
was
no
wonder
it
was
one
of
the
first
Marks
that
was
shot
at
.
This
Illustrious
Society
,
from
repeated
Grants
of
Kings
,
ratified
in
Parliament
,
and
from
their
own
Statutes
,
was
in
an
uninterrupted
Possession
of
a
Right
to
Elect
their
own
President
.
That
Place
being
vacant
by
the
Death
of
Dr.
Clark
,
a
Day
was
appointed
by
the
Vice-President
and
Fellows
,
to
proceed
to
the
Election
of
another
to
fill
up
the
Vacancy
.
But
before
the
day
of
Election
came
,
Charnock
,
one
of
the
Fellows
(
who
was
since
executed
for
the
late
Plot
to
Assassinate
his
present
Majesty
)
brought
them
a
Mandate
from
King
Iames
,
to
elect
one
Fermer
into
the
Place
;
a
Man
of
an
Ill
Reputation
,
who
had
promis'd
to
declare
himself
Roman
Catholick
,
and
was
altogether
uncapable
of
the
Office
by
the
Statutes
of
the
College
.
This
Mandate
the
Vice-President
and
Fellows
receiv'd
with
all
decent
Respect
;
and
sent
their
humble
Address
to
the
King
,
representing
to
his
Majesty
,
That
Fermer
was
a
Person
in
several
respects
incapable
of
that
Office
,
according
to
their
Founders
Statutes
:
And
therefore
did
earnestly
beseech
his
Majesty
,
either
to
leave
them
to
the
discharge
of
their
Duty
and
Consciences
,
according
to
his
Majesty's
late
Gracious
Declaration
,
and
their
Founders
Statutes
;
or
else
to
recommend
to
them
such
a
Person
,
who
might
be
more
serviceable
to
his
Majesty
and
the
College
.
Notwithstanding
this
humble
and
submissive
Address
,
King
Iames
signified
his
Pleasure
to
them
,
That
he
expected
to
be
obey'd
.
Upon
which
,
the
Fellows
being
oblig'd
by
the
Statutes
of
their
Society
,
to
which
they
were
sworn
,
not
to
delay
the
Election
longer
than
such
a
day
;
and
Fermer
being
a
Person
they
could
not
chuse
,
without
incurring
the
Sin
of
Perjury
,
they
proceeded
to
Election
,
and
chose
Dr.
Hough
(
now
Bishop
of
Litchfield
and
Coventry
)
their
President
.
Hereupon
the
New
President
and
Fellows
were
cited
before
the
Ecclesiastical
Commission
,
for
disobeying
the
King's
Mandate
.
And
notwithstanding
they
made
it
appear
by
their
Answer
,
plac'd
at
length
in
the
Appendix
,
Yet
against
all
Law
,
the
Ecclesiastical
Commissioners
did
by
their
Sentence
deprive
Dr.
Hough
of
his
Presidentship
,
and
suspended
two
of
the
Fellows
from
their
Fellowships
:
While
the
King
at
the
same
time
Inhibited
the
College
to
elect
or
admit
any
person
whatsoever
into
any
Fellowship
,
or
any
other
Place
or
Office
in
the
said
College
,
till
his
further
Pleasure
.
The
Court
finding
by
this
time
,
that
Fermer
was
one
of
so
profligate
a
Life
,
that
though
he
had
promis'd
to
declare
himself
Roman-Catholick
upon
his
Promotion
to
that
place
,
they
began
to
be
asham'd
of
him
:
And
therefore
instead
of
insisting
on
the
former
Mandamus
in
his
favour
,
there
was
another
granted
in
favour
of
Dr.
Parker
,
then
Bishop
of
Oxford
,
one
of
the
Creatures
of
the
Court
,
and
who
they
knew
would
stick
at
nothing
to
serve
a
Turn
.
The
Place
of
President
being
already
in
a
Legal
manner
fill'd
up
by
the
Election
of
Dr.
Hough
;
which
though
it
had
not
been
,
yet
the
Bishop
of
Oxford
was
likewise
incapable
by
the
Statutes
of
the
College
,
of
being
elected
;
The
Fellows
did
humbly
offer
a
very
pathetick
Petition
to
his
Majesty
,
mention'd
at
length
in
the
Appendix
;
in
which
they
set
forth
,
how
inexpressible
an
Affliction
it
was
to
them
,
to
find
themselves
reduc'd
to
such
an
extremity
,
that
either
they
must
disobey
his
Majesty's
Commands
,
contrary
to
their
Inclinations
,
and
that
constant
course
of
Loyalty
which
they
had
ever
shew'd
hithert●
upon
all
occasions
;
or
else
break
their
Founders
Statutes
,
and
deliberately
perjure
themselves
.
Then
they
mention'd
the
Statutes
and
the
Oaths
that
every
one
of
them
had
taken
at
their
Admission
into
their
Fellowships
;
and
concluded
with
an
humble
Prayer
to
his
Majesty
,
To
give
them
leave
to
lay
their
Case
and
Themselves
at
his
Majesty's
Royal
Feet
,
earnestly
beseeching
his
Sacred
Majesty
to
extend
to
them
,
his
humble
Petitioners
,
that
Grace
and
Tenderness
which
he
had
vouchsaf'd
to
all
his
other
Subjects
.
All
this
Submission
was
in
vain
:
For
the
Ecclesiastical
Commissioners
by
their
final
Decree
and
Sentence
,
depriv'd
and
expell'd
from
their
Fellowships
all
the
Fellows
of
Magdalen
College
,
but
Three
that
had
complied
with
Breach
of
Oath
,
being
Twenty
five
in
number
.
And
to
push
their
Injustice
yet
further
,
they
did
by
another
Sentence
decree
and
declare
,
That
Dr.
Hough
,
who
had
been
depriv'd
before
,
and
the
said
Twenty
five
Fellows
,
should
be
incapable
of
receiving
or
being
admitted
into
any
Ecclesiastical
Dignity
,
Benefice
,
or
Promotion
.
And
such
of
them
who
were
not
yet
in
Holy
Orders
,
they
adjudg'd
incapable
of
receiving
or
being
admitted
into
the
same
.
Thus
by
a
Decree
of
an
Illegal
Court
,
were
a
Set
of
Worthy
and
Learned
Men
turn'd
out
of
their
Freeholds
,
merely
for
not
obeying
an
Arbitrary
Command
,
which
was
directly
against
their
Consciences
:
And
thus
was
King
Iames
prevail'd
with
by
a
Headstrong
Party
,
to
assume
a
Power
not
only
to
dispense
with
Laws
,
but
to
make
void
Oaths
.
The
first
Declaration
for
Liberty
of
Conscience
was
not
thought
a
sufficient
Stretch
of
Power
;
Order
of
Council
made
upon
the
latter
,
commanding
it
to
be
read
at
the
usual
times
of
Divine
Service
,
in
all
Churches
and
Chappels
throughout
the
Kingdom
;
and
ordering
the
Bishops
to
cause
it
to
be
sent
and
distributed
throughout
their
several
and
respective
Diocesses
,
to
be
read
accordingly
.
The
Clergy
of
the
Church
of
England
had
reason
to
take
it
for
the
greatest
Hardship
and
Oppression
that
could
be
put
upon
them
,
to
be
commanded
to
read
from
their
Pulpits
a
Declaration
they
knew
to
be
against
Law
,
and
which
in
its
Nature
and
Design
was
levell'd
against
their
own
Interest
,
and
that
of
their
Religion
.
Some
of
them
through
Fear
or
Mistake
,
and
others
to
make
their
Court
,
complied
;
but
the
Generality
refus'd
to
obey
so
unjust
a
Command
.
The
Romish
Party
had
their
Ends
in
it
,
for
their
Refusal
laid
them
open
to
the
severe
Lashes
of
the
Ecclesiastical
Commission
;
and
accordingly
,
every
one
that
had
not
read
the
Declaration
in
their
Churches
,
were
order'd
to
be
prosecuted
before
that
inexorable
Tribunal
,
where
they
were
infallibly
to
expect
to
be
depriv'd
:
And
so
most
of
the
Benefices
in
England
must
have
been
made
vacant
for
a
new
kind
of
Incumbents
.
But
the
Scene
chang'd
before
all
this
could
be
brought
about
:
For
King
Iames
,
urg'd
on
by
his
Fate
,
and
by
a
restless
Party
about
him
,
came
at
this
time
to
level
a
Blow
against
the
Archbishop
of
Canterbury
,
and
Six
of
his
Suffragan
Bishops
,
that
awaken'd
the
People
of
England
to
shake
off
their
Chains
,
and
implore
Foreign
Assistance
to
retrieve
the
dying
Liberties
of
their
Countrey
.
These
Seven
Bishops
being
sensible
,
as
most
of
the
Nation
was
,
of
what
was
originally
aim'd
at
in
these
two
Declarations
for
Liberty
of
Conscience
,
did
consult
together
about
the
humblest
manner
to
lay
before
King
Iames
the
Reasons
why
they
could
not
comply
with
the
Order
of
Council
.
Having
got
leave
to
attend
him
,
they
deliver'd
to
him
with
the
greatest
Submission
,
a
Petition
in
behalf
of
themselves
and
their
absent
Brethren
,
and
in
the
name
of
the
Clergy
of
their
respective
Diocesses
,
humbly
representing
,
That
their
unwillingness
did
not
proceed
from
any
want
of
Duty
and
Obedience
to
his
Majesty
,
nor
from
any
want
of
due
Tenderness
to
Dissenters
;
in
relation
to
whom
,
they
were
willing
to
come
to
such
a
Temper
as
should
be
thought
fit
,
when
that
Matter
should
be
consider'd
in
Parliament
and
Convocation
:
But
,
among
a
great
many
other
Considerations
,
from
this
especially
,
Because
That
Declaration
was
founded
upon
such
a
Dispensing
Power
as
had
been
often
declar'd
Illegal
in
Parliament
;
and
was
a
matter
of
so
great
moment
and
consequence
to
the
whole
Nation
,
that
they
could
not
in
Prudence
,
Honour
,
or
Conscience
,
so
far
make
themselves
Parties
to
it
,
as
the
distribution
of
it
all
over
the
Kingdom
,
and
the
solemn
Publication
of
it
even
in
Gods
House
,
and
in
the
Time
of
his
Divine
Service
,
must
amount
to
,
in
common
and
reasonable
Construction
.
Therefore
did
humbly
and
earnestly
beseech
his
Majesty
,
That
he
would
be
graciously
pleas'd
,
not
to
insist
upon
their
Distributing
and
Reading
the
said
Declaration
.
This
Petition
,
tho
the
humblest
that
could
be
,
and
deliver'd
by
Six
of
them
to
the
King
alone
in
his
Closet
,
was
so
highly
resented
,
that
the
Six
Bishops
that
presented
it
,
and
the
Archbishop
of
Canterbury
that
writ
it
,
but
was
not
present
at
its
delivery
,
were
committed
Prisoners
to
the
Tower
.
They
were
a
few
days
after
brought
to
the
King-Bench
Bar
,
and
Indicted
of
a
High
Misdemeanor
,
for
having
falsly
,
unlawfuly
,
maliciously
,
seditiously
,
and
scandalously
fram'd
,
compos'd
,
and
writ
,
a
false
,
malicious
,
pernicious
,
and
seditious
Libel
,
concerning
the
King
and
his
Royal
Declaration
for
Liberty
of
Conscience
,
under
the
pretence
of
a
Petition
:
And
that
they
had
publish'd
the
same
in
presence
of
the
King
.
There
was
a
great
Appearance
at
this
Trial
;
and
it
was
a
Leading
Case
;
for
upon
it
depended
in
a
great
measure
the
Fate
of
the
rest
of
the
Clergy
of
the
Church
of
England
.
It
lasted
long
,
and
in
the
end
the
Seven
Bishops
were
Acquitted
,
with
the
Acclamations
of
all
but
the
Court-Party
.
There
were
two
things
very
remarkable
in
this
Trial
:
The
Dispensing
Power
was
learnedly
and
boldly
argued
against
by
the
Counsel
for
the
Bishops
,
and
demonstrated
by
invincible
Arguments
to
be
an
open
Violation
of
the
Laws
and
Constitution
of
the
Kingdom
.
So
that
in
one
of
the
greatest
Auditories
that
was
ever
seen
in
Westminster-Hall
,
and
upon
hearing
one
of
the
most
Solemn
Causes
that
was
ever
Tried
at
the
Kings-Bench-Bar
,
King
Iames
had
the
Mortification
to
see
his
new-assum'd
Prerogative
baffled
,
and
its
Illegality
expos'd
to
the
World
.
The
other
thing
observable
upon
this
Trial
,
was
,
That
the
Tables
were
so
far
turn'd
,
that
some
that
had
largely
contributed
to
the
Enslaving
their
Countrey
with
false
Notions
of
Law
,
were
now
of
another
Opinion
:
While
at
the
same
time
,
others
that
had
stood
up
for
the
Liberty
of
their
Countrey
in
two
successive
Parliaments
,
and
had
suffer'd
upon
that
account
,
did
now
as
much
endeavour
to
stretch
the
Prerogative
beyond
its
just
Limits
,
as
they
had
oppos'd
it
before
.
So
hard
it
is
for
Mankind
to
be
in
all
times
,
and
upon
all
turns
,
constant
to
themselves
.
The
News
of
the
Bishops
being
acquitted
,
was
receiv'd
with
the
highest
Expressions
of
Joy
throughout
the
whole
Kingdom
:
Nor
could
the
King
's
own
Presence
prevent
his
Army
,
that
was
then
encamp'd
at
Hounslow-Heath
,
from
mixing
their
loud
Acclamations
with
the
rest
.
This
last
Mortification
might
have
prevented
his
Fate
,
if
his
Ears
had
been
open
to
any
but
a
Hot
Party
,
that
were
positively
resolv'd
to
push
for
all
,
cost
what
it
would
:
And
it
was
easily
seen
by
the
Soldiers
Behaviour
upon
this
occasion
,
How
impossible
it
is
to
debauch
an
English
Army
from
their
Love
to
their
Countrey
and
their
Religion
.
While
the
Bishops
were
in
the
Tower
,
the
Roman-Catholicks
had
their
Hopes
●rown'd
with
the
Birth
of
a
pretended
Prince
of
Wales
.
Protestant
Successor
had
been
the
only
Allay
that
render'd
their
Prosperity
less
perfect
:
Now
the
happiness
of
having
an
Heir
to
the
Crown
to
be
bred
up
in
their
own
Religion
,
quash'd
all
those
Fears
,
and
aton●d
for
the
Uncertainty
of
the
King's
Life
.
It
was
so
much
their
Interest
to
have
one
,
and
there
were
so
many
Circumstances
that
seem'd
to
render
his
Birth
suspicious
,
that
the
Nation
in
general
were
inclinable
to
believe
that
this
was
the
last
Effort
of
the
Party
,
to
accomplish
our
Ruin
.
All
things
seem'd
now
to
conspire
towards
it
.
by
taking
off
the
Penal
Laws
and
Test
,
the
two
chief
Barriers
of
our
Religion
.
To
obtain
such
a
Parliament
,
no
Stone
was
left
unturn'd
,
nor
no
Threa●s
nor
Promises
neglected
.
Regulators
were
sent-down
to
every
Corporation
,
to
model
them
to
this
end
;
though
a
great
part
of
their
Work
had
been
done
to
their
hand
;
for
in
most
of
the
New
Charters
there
had
been
such
Regulations
made
,
and
such
sort
of
Men
put
in
,
as
was
thought
would
make
all
sure
.
But
to
be
yet
surer
,
in
his
own
way
,
which
was
the
distinguishing
word
at
that
time
,
there
was
some
Brand
put
upon
them
,
and
they
were
turn'd
out
of
Place
,
if
they
had
any
.
Nor
did
King
Iames
think
it
below
his
Dignity
,
after
the
Priests
had
fail'd
to
bring
in
New
Converts
,
to
try
himself
how
far
his
own
Arguments
might
prevail
;
and
he
Closetted
men
for
that
purpose
too
.
Some
few
of
no
Principles
,
and
a
great
many
others
of
desperate
Fortunes
,
complimented
him
with
their
Religion
,
and
were
generally
thereupon
put
into
Employments
:
And
so
fond
was
the
King
of
making
Proselites
at
any
rate
,
that
there
were
of
the
Scum
of
the
People
,
that
pretended
to
turn
Papists
,
merely
for
the
sake
of
a
Weekly
small
Allowance
,
which
was
regularly
paid
them
.
It
's
a
question
after
all
,
whether
the
Parliament
which
K.
Iames
was
thus
labouring
to
model
,
would
have
answer'd
his
Expectation
,
had
they
come
to
sit
;
for
mens
eyes
were
open'd
more
and
more
every
day
;
and
the
Noble
Principles
of
English
Liberty
began
to
kindle
afresh
in
the
Nation
,
notwithstanding
all
the
endeavours
had
been
us●d
of
a
long
time
to
extinguish
them
.
Though
the
Dissenters
who
might
be
chosen
into
Parliament
upon
this
new
Model
,
would
probably
have
made
Terms
for
themselves
▪
to
prevent
their
falling
under
any
future
Persecution
;
yet
being
as
a
verse
to
Popery
as
any
others
whatsoever
,
it
is
not
to
be
imagin'd
that
they
would
upon
that
Consideration
have
unhindg'd
the
Constitution
of
England
,
to
enable
the
Roman
Catholicks
to
break
in
upon
the
Establish'd
National
Church
,
which
in
the
end
must
have
inevitably
ruin'd
both
it
and
themselves
.
But
there
fell
out
a
little
before
this
time
,
an
Accident
that
help'd
mightily
to
buoy
up
the
sinking
Spirits
of
the
Nation
,
and
which
was
occasion'd
by
the
forward
Zeal
of
some
about
the
King
,
contrary
to
their
Intentions
.
While
the
Project
was
going
on
to
take
off
the
Penal
Laws
and
Test
,
and
the
Protestants
were
in
a
maze
what
to
expect
,
the
good
Genius
of
England
,
and
King
Iam●s's
ill
Fate
,
set
him
on
to
make
a
Trial
of
the
Inclinations
of
the
Prince
and
Princess
of
Orange
in
that
matter
.
The
Prince
and
Princess
had
look'd
on
with
a
silent
Regret
upon
all
the
unlucky
Steps
that
were
making
in
England
,
and
were
unwilling
to
publish
their
Opinion
of
them
,
since
they
knew
it
could
not
but
be
displeasing
to
King
Iames.
To
know
their
Highnesses
mind
in
the
business
of
the
Penal
Laws
and
Test
,
was
a
thing
the
most
desir'd
by
the
Protestants
;
but
there
was
no
possible
way
to
come
to
this
knowledge
,
if
King
Iames
himself
had
not
help'd
them
to
it
.
Mr.
Stuart
,
Iames
Stuart
,
had
been
pardon'd
by
King
Iames
,
and
receiv'd
into
Favour
,
after
a
long
Banishment
:
He
had
been
acquainted
in
Holland
with
the
late
Pensionary
Fagel
,
and
persuaded
himself
of
a
more
than
ordinary
Friendship
with
that
Wise
Minister
.
The
King
foresaw
it
was
his
Interest
to
find
out
,
some
one
way
or
other
,
the
Prince
and
Princess's
Thoughts
of
these
matters
;
which
if
they
agreed
with
his
own
,
were
to
be
made
publick
;
if
otherwise
,
were
to
be
conceal'd
:
And
Mr.
Stuart
took
that
Task
upon
himself
:
Pensionary
Fagel
was
in
a
great
Post
in
Holland
,
and
in
a
near
Intimacy
with
the
Prince
;
one
that
was
entirely
trusted
by
him
,
and
ever
firm
to
his
Interest
.
To
know
the
Pensionary's
Opinion
was
thought
to
be
the
same
with
knowing
the
Prince's
,
since
it
was
to
be
suppos'd
that
he
would
not
venture
to
write
of
any
thing
that
concern'd
England
,
especially
such
a
nice
Point
as
was
then
in
question
,
without
the
Prince's
Approbation
at
least
,
if
not
his
positive
Direction
.
Upon
these
Considerations
,
and
upon
a
Mistake
that
Mr.
Stuart
was
in
,
about
the
Constitution
of
Holland
,
as
if
the
Roman-Catholicks
were
not
there
excluded
from
Employments
and
Places
of
Trust
,
he
writ
a
Letter
to
Pensionary
Fagel
.
It
's
needless
to
give
any
account
of
the
Letter
it self
,
since
Fagel's
Answer
,
together
with
what
has
been
already
said
,
do
give
a
sufficient
Hint
of
the
Design
and
Scope
of
it
.
So
averse
were
the
Prince
and
Princess
of
Orange
to
meddle
,
and
so
unwilling
to
allow
Pensionary
Fagel
to
return
to
this
Letter
an
Answer
which
they
knew
would
not
be
pleasing
,
that
Mr.
Stuart
writ
by
the
King's
direction
five
or
six
more
,
before
it
was
thought
fit
to
answer
them
.
But
at
length
their
Highnesse●
were
in
a
manner
forc'd
to
it
,
by
the
Reports
that
were
industriously
spread
abroad
in
England
by
the
Emissaries
of
the
Court
,
as
if
the
Pensionary
in
an
Answer
to
Mr.
Stuart
,
had
acquainted
him
,
That
the
Prince
and
Princess
agreed
with
the
King
in
the
Design
of
taking
off
the
Penal
Laws
and
Test.
This
was
not
all
;
for
the
Marquess
de
Albeville
,
the
English
Envoy
at
the
Hague
,
was
put
upon
writing
over
to
several
persons
,
That
the
Prince
of
Orange
had
told
him
the
very
same
thing
;
which
Letter
of
Albeville's
was
likewise
made
publick
.
Such
Reports
were
enough
to
shake
the
Constancy
of
all
those
that
design'd
to
stand
firm
to
the
Interest
of
the
Establish'd
Church
in
the
ensuing
Parliament
,
and
to
make
them
give
all
up
for
lost
.
To
do
themselves
Justice
,
and
to
disabuse
a
Nation
they
had
so
near
an
Interest
in
,
Pensionary
Fagel
was
directed
by
the
Prince
and
Princess
,
to
write
one
Answer
to
all
Mr.
Stuart
'
s
Letters
,
to
this
purpose
;
That
being
desir'd
by
Mr.
Stuart
to
let
him
know
the
Prince
and
Princess
of
Orange's
Thoughts
concerning
the
Repeal
of
the
Penal
Laws
,
and
more
particularly
concerning
the
Test
;
he
told
him
,
That
he
would
write
without
Reserve
,
since
Mr.
Stuart
had
said
in
his
Letters
,
that
they
were
writ
by
the
King's
Knowledge
and
Allowance
.
That
it
was
the
Prince
and
Princess's
Opinion
,
That
no
Christian
ought
to
be
persecuted
for
his
Conscience
,
or
be
ill
us'd
because
he
differs
from
the
Publick
and
Establish'd
Religion
:
And
therefore
,
that
they
can
consent
,
That
the
Papists
in
England
,
Scotland
,
and
Ireland
,
be
suffer'd
to
continue
in
their
Religion
,
with
as
much
Liberty
as
is
allow'd
them
by
the
States
of
Holland
;
in
which
it
cannot
be
denied
but
they
enjoy
a
full
Liberty
of
Conscience
.
And
as
to
the
Dissenters
,
their
Highnesses
did
not
only
consent
,
but
did
heartily
approve
of
their
having
an
entire
Liberty
for
the
full
Exercise
of
their
Religion
:
And
that
their
Highnesses
were
ready
to
concur
to
the
setling
and
confirming
this
Liberty
,
and
protect
and
defend
it
,
and
likewise
confirm
it
with
their
Guarantee
,
which
Mr.
Stuart
had
mention'd
.
And
if
his
Majesty
(
continues
the
Pensionary
)
desires
their
Concurrence
in
Repealing
the
Penal
Laws
,
their
Highnesses
were
ready
to
give
it
,
provided
these
Laws
remain
still
in
their
full
force
,
by
which
the
Roman-Catholicks
are
shut
out
of
both
Houses
of
Parliament
,
and
out
of
all
Publick
Employments
Ecclesiastical
,
Civil
,
and
Military
;
as
likewise
those
other
Laws
which
confirm
the
Protestant
Religion
,
and
which
secure
it
against
all
the
Attempts
of
the
Roman-Catholicks
.
But
their
Highnesses
cannot
agree
to
the
Repeal
of
the
Test
,
and
those
other
Penal
Laws
last
mention'd
,
that
tend
to
the
Security
of
the
Protestant
Religion
;
since
the
Roman-Catholicks
receive
no
other
Prejudices
from
these
,
than
the
being
excluded
from
Parliament
,
and
Publick
Employments
.
More
than
this
(
adds
Pensionary
Fagel
)
their
Highnesses
do
think
ought
not
be
ask'd
or
expected
;
and
they
wondred
how
any
that
profess'd
themselves
Christians
,
and
that
may
enjoy
their
Religion
freely
and
without
disturbance
,
can
judge
it
lawful
for
them
to
disturb
the
Quiet
of
any
Kingdom
or
State
,
or
overturn
Constitutions
,
that
so
they
themselves
may
be
admitted
to
Employments
,
and
that
these
Laws
,
in
which
the
Security
and
Quiet
of
the
Establish'd
Religion
consists
,
should
be
shaken
.
And
as
to
what
Mr.
Stuart
had
writ
,
That
the
Roman-Catholicks
in
Holland
were
not
shut
out
from
Employments
and
Places
of
Trust
,
he
tells
him
,
He
was
grosly
mistaken
.
The
Pensionary
concludes
,
That
their
Highnesses
could
not
concur
with
his
Majesty
in
these
matters
;
for
they
believ'd
they
should
have
much
to
answer
to
God
for
,
if
the
consideration
of
any
present
Advantage
should
carry
them
to
consent
to
things
which
they
believe
would
not
only
be
dangerous
,
but
mischievous
to
the
Protestant
Religion
.
Thus
far
Pensionary
Fagel
.
And
I
would
not
have
dwelt
so
long
upon
this
Letter
of
his
,
if
it
were
not
for
the
Noble
Scheme
of
a
just
Liberty
in
matters
of
Conscience
,
that
's
therein
contain'd
.
Notwithstanding
,
it
was
still
given
out
at
Court
,
and
that
even
after
it
came
to
Mr.
Stuart's
hands
,
That
he
had
writ
the
quite
contrary
;
though
it
's
but
Charity
to
suppose
that
Mr.
Stuart
was
a
Man
of
more
Honour
than
to
contribute
to
the
Report
.
At
last
there
was
a
necessity
of
making
publick
the
Pensionary's
Letter
in
several
Languages
,
which
had
wonderful
Influence
upon
the
Minds
of
the
Protestants
of
England
,
and
was
highly
resented
by
King
Iames.
However
,
King
Iames
had
more
than
one
Method
in
his
View
,
how
to
accomplish
his
Design
;
for
what
a
Parliament
it
may
be
would
not
do
,
he
was
resolv'd
that
an
Army
should
;
and
therefore
Care
was
taken
to
model
his
Troops
as
much
to
that
end
,
as
the
shortness
of
time
would
allow
.
Ireland
was
the
inexhaustible
Source
whence
England
was
to
be
furnish'd
with
a
Romish
Army
;
and
an
Irish
Roman-Catholick
was
the
most
welcome
Guest
at
Whitehall
.
They
came
over
in
Shoals
to
take
possession
of
the
promis'd
Land
;
and
had
already
swallow'd
up
in
their
Hopes
the
best
Estates
of
the
Hereticks
in
England
.
Over
and
above
compleat
Regiments
of
them
,
there
was
scarce
a
Troop
or
Company
wherein
some
of
them
were
not
plac'd
by
express
Order
from
Court
.
Several
Protestants
that
had
serv'd
well
and
long
,
were
turn'd
out
to
make
room
for
them
;
and
Seven
considerable
Officers
were
cashier'd
in
one
day
,
merely
for
refusing
to
admit
them
.
The
chief
Forts
,
and
particularly
Portsmouth
and
Hull
,
the
two
Keys
of
England
,
were
put
into
Popish
Hands
,
and
the
Garisons
so
modell'd
,
that
the
Majority
were
Papists
.
To
over-awe
the
Nation
,
and
to
make
Slavery
familiar
,
this
Army
was
encamp'd
Yearly
near
London
;
where
the
only
Publick
Chappel
in
the
Camp
was
appointed
for
the
Service
of
the
Romish
Church
,
and
strict
Orders
given
out
,
That
the
Soldiers
of
that
Religion
should
not
fail
every
Sunday
and
Holiday
to
repair
thither
to
Mass.
As
Ireland
was
remarkable
for
having
furnish'd
King
Iames
with
Romish
Troops
sent
into
England
,
King
Iames
did
recall
the
Earl
of
Clarendon
from
the
Government
of
Ireland
,
Appendix
,
Making
it
therefore
their
humble
Request
,
That
his
Majesty
would
be
pleas'd
to
lodge
his
Authority
in
his
hands
,
to
the
Terror
of
the
Factious
,
and
Encouragement
of
his
Majesty's
faithful
Subjects
in
Ireland
;
promising
to
receive
him
with
such
Acclamations
as
the
long-captiv'd
Jews
did
their
Redeemer
Mordecai
.
Which
Letter
show'd
they
were
no
less
mistaken
in
their
History
of
the
Bible
,
than
their
Advice
to
the
King
;
for
it
does
not
appear
by
the
Story
of
Mordecai
in
the
Scripture
,
that
he
was
ever
sent
to
the
Iews
,
or
remov'd
from
the
City
of
Susa
,
after
he
came
into
Favour
with
Ahasuerus
.
However
,
Tyrconnel
fully
answer'd
the
hopes
and
expectations
of
the
Papists
,
and
the
fears
of
the
Protestants
of
Ireland
;
for
by
the
Ministry
of
this
Rigid
Man
was
the
Ruin
of
the
Protestant
English
Interest
in
that
Kingdom
in
a
great
measure
compleated
.
At
King
Iames's
Accession
to
the
Crown
,
the
Army
of
Ireland
consisted
of
about
Seven
Thousand
Men
,
all
Protestants
,
and
zealous
to
the
Service
:
These
were
in
a
little
time
all
turn'd
out
,
and
the
whole
Army
made
up
of
Papists
,
most
of
them
the
Sons
and
Descendants
,
or
near
Relations
of
those
that
were
Attainted
for
the
Rebellion
in
1641
;
or
others
that
had
distinguish'd
themselves
since
that
time
,
by
their
notorious
Villanies
,
and
implacable
Hatred
to
the
English
and
Protestant
Interest
.
Though
in
King
Charles's
time
,
The
Custody
of
the
King's
Conscience
and
Great
Seal
,
was
given
to
Sir
Alexander
Fitton
,
a
Person
convicted
of
Forgery
,
not
only
at
Westminster-Hall
,
and
at
Chester
,
but
Fin'd
for
it
by
the
Lords
in
Parliament
.
This
Man
was
taken
out
of
Gaol
,
to
discharge
the
Trust
of
Lord
High
Chancellor
,
and
had
no
other
Qualities
to
recommend
him
,
besides
his
being
a
Convert
to
the
Romish
Church
,
and
a
Renegado
to
his
Religion
and
Countrey
.
To
him
were
added
as
Masters
of
Chancery
,
one
Stafford
a
Popish
Priest
,
and
O
Neal
,
the
Son
of
one
of
the
most
notorious
Murderers
in
the
Massacre
,
1641.
In
the
Kings
Bench
care
was
taken
to
place
one
Nugent
,
whose
Father
had
lost
his
Honour
and
Estate
,
for
being
a
principal
Actor
in
the
same
Rebellion
.
This
Man
,
who
had
never
made
any
figure
at
the
Bar
,
was
pitch'd
upon
to
judge
whether
the
Outlawries
against
his
Father
and
Fellow-Rebels
,
ought
to
be
Revers'd
;
and
whether
the
Settlements
that
were
made
in
Ireland
upon
these
Outlawries
,
ought
to
stand
good
.
The
next
Court
is
that
of
Exchequer
,
from
which
only
of
all
the
Courts
in
Ireland
,
there
lies
no
Appeal
,
or
Writ
of
Error
in
England
.
It
was
thought
fit
,
that
one
Rice
,
a
profligate
Fellow
,
and
noted
for
nothing
but
Gaming
,
and
a
mortal
Inveteracy
against
the
Protestants
,
should
fill
the
place
of
Lord
Chief
Baron
.
This
man
was
often
heard
to
say
,
before
he
came
to
be
a
Judge
,
That
he
would
drive
a
Coach
and
Six
Horses
through
the
Act
of
Settlement
:
And
before
that
Law
was
actually
Repeal'd
in
King
Iames's
Parliament
,
he
declar'd
upon
the
Bench
,
That
it
was
against
Natural
Equity
,
and
did
not
oblige
.
It
was
before
him
,
that
all
the
Charters
in
the
Kingdom
were
damn'd
in
the
space
of
a
Term
or
two
;
so
much
was
he
for
dispach
.
A
Learned
Prelate
,
In
the
Court
of
Common-Pleas
it
was
though
advisable
,
that
a
Protestant
Chief
Iustice
should
continue
;
yet
so
,
as
to
pinion
him
with
Two
of
their
own
sort
,
that
might
out-vote
him
upon
occasion
.
The
Administration
of
Justice
and
the
Laws
being
in
such
hands
,
it
was
no
wonder
that
the
poor
Protestants
in
Ireland
wish'd
rather
to
have
had
no
Laws
at
all
,
and
be
left
to
their
Natural
Defence
,
than
be
cheated
into
the
necessity
of
submitting
to
Laws
,
that
were
executed
only
to
punish
,
and
not
to
protect
them
.
Under
such
Judges
the
Roman-Catholicks
had
a
glorious
time
;
and
be
their
Cause
never
so
unjust
they
were
sure
to
carry
it
:
When
the
Lord
Chancellor
did
not
stick
on
all
occasions
,
and
sometimes
upon
the
Bench
,
to
declare
,
That
the
Protestants
were
all
Rogues
;
and
that
among
Forty
thousand
of
them
,
there
was
not
one
that
was
not
a
Traytor
,
a
Rebel
,
and
a
Villain
.
The
Supreme
Courts
being
thus
fill'd
up
,
it
was
but
reasonable
all
other
Courts
should
keep
pace
with
them
.
In
the
Year
1687.
there
was
not
a
Protestant
Sheriff
in
the
whole
Kingdom
,
except
one
,
and
he
put
in
by
mistake
for
another
of
the
same
Name
,
that
was
a
Roman-Catholick
.
Some
few
Protestants
were
continued
in
the
Commission
of
the
Peace
;
but
they
were
render'd
useless
and
insignificant
,
being
over-power'd
in
every
thing
by
the
greater
Number
of
Papists
join'd
in
Commission
with
them
,
and
those
,
for
the
most
part
,
of
the
very
Scum
of
the
People
;
and
a
great
many
,
whose
Fathers
had
been
executed
for
Theft
,
Robbery
,
or
Murther
.
The
Privy-Council
of
Ireland
is
a
great
part
of
the
Constitution
,
and
has
considerable
Privileges
and
Power
annex'd
to
it
:
This
was
likewise
so
modell'd
,
that
the
Papists
made
the
Majority
;
and
those
few
that
were
Protestants
,
chose
for
the
most
part
to
decline
appearing
at
the
Board
,
since
they
could
do
those
of
their
Religion
no
service
.
The
great
Barrier
of
the
Peoples
Liberties
both
in
England
and
Ireland
being
their
Right
to
chuse
their
own
Representatives
in
Parliament
,
Roman
Catholicks
were
by
their
Charters
excluded
.
This
Barrier
was
broken
through
at
one
stroke
,
by
dissolving
all
the
Corporations
in
the
Kingdom
,
upon
Quo
Warranto's
brought
into
the
Exchequer
Court
,
and
that
without
so
much
as
the
least
shadow
of
Law
.
Hereupon
New
Charters
were
granted
,
and
fill●d
up
chiefly
with
Papists
,
and
men
of
desperate
or
no
Fortunes
:
And
a
Clause
was
inserted
in
every
one
of
them
,
which
subjected
them
to
the
Absolute
Will
of
the
King
;
by
which
it
was
put
in
the
Power
of
the
chief
Governor
to
turn
out
and
put
in
whom
he
pleas'd
,
without
showing
a
Reason
,
or
any
formal
Trial
at
Law
.
The
Protestant
Clergy
felt
upon
all
occasions
the
weight
of
Tyrconnel's
Wrath.
The
only
great
Nursery
of
Learning
in
Ireland
,
he
would
preserve
them
in
their
Liberties
and
Properties
,
and
rather
augment
than
diminish
the
Privileges
and
Immunities
that
had
been
granted
them
by
his
Predecessors
.
In
the
House
they
plac'd
a
Garison
,
and
turn'd
the
Chappel
into
a
Magazine
,
and
the
Chambers
into
Prisons
for
the
Protestants
.
One
More
,
a
Popish
Priest
,
was
made
Provost
,
and
one
Mackarty
,
also
a
Priest
,
was
made
Library-keeper
,
and
the
whole
design'd
for
them
and
their
Fraternity
.
One
Archbishoprick
,
and
several
Bishopricks
,
and
a
great
many-other
Dignities
and
Livings
of
the
Church
,
were
designedly
kept
vacant
,
and
the
Revenues
first
paid
into
the
Exchequer
,
and
afterwards
dispos'd
of
to
Titular
Bishops
and
Priests
,
while
in
the
mean
time
the
Cures
lay
neglected
;
so
that
it
appear'd
plainly
that
the
Design
was
to
destroy
the
Succession
of
Protestant
Clergymen
.
At
length
things
came
to
that
height
after
King
Iames
was
in
Ireland
,
that
most
of
the
Churches
in
and
about
Dublin
,
were
seiz'd
upon
by
the
Government
;
and
at
last
Lutterell
,
Governor
of
Dublin
,
issued
out
his
Order
,
Appendix
,
Forbidding
more
than
Five
Protestants
to
meet
together
,
under
pain
of
Death
.
Being
ask'd
whether
this
was
design'd
to
hinder
meeting
in
Churches
?
He
answer'd
,
It
was
design'd
to
hinder
their
meeting
there
,
as
well
as
in
other
places
.
And
accordingly
all
the
Churches
were
shut
up
,
and
all
Religious
Assemblies
through
the
whole
Kingdom
forbidden
,
under
the
pain
of
Death
.
It
were
endless
to
enumerate
all
the
Miseries
that
Reverend
Author
mentions
,
Act
of
Attainder
past
in
Parliament
;
in
order
to
which
evey
Member
of
the
House
of
Commons
return'd
the
Names
of
all
such
Protestant
Gentlemen
as
liv'd
near
them
,
or
in
the
County
or
Borough
for
which
he
serv'd
;
and
if
he
was
Stranger
to
any
of
them
,
he
sent
to
the
Countrey
for
Information
about
them
.
When
this
Bill
was
presented
to
the
King
for
his
Assent
,
the
Speaker
of
the
House
of
Commons
told
him
,
That
many
were
attainted
in
that
Act
upon
such
Evidence
as
satisfied
the
House
,
and
the
rest
upon
common
Fame
.
In
this
Act
there
were
no
fewer
Attainted
,
than
Two
Archbishops
,
One
Duke
,
Seventeen
Earls
,
Seven
Countesses
,
Twenty
eight
Viscounts
,
Two
Viscountesses
,
Seven
Bishops
,
Eighteen
Barons
,
Thirty
three
Baronets
,
Fifty
one
Knights
,
Eighty
three
Clergymen
,
Two
thousand
one
hundred
eighty
two
Esquires
and
Gentlemen
:
And
all
of
them
unheard
,
declar'd
and
adjudg'd
Traytors
,
convicted
and
attainted
of
High
Treason
,
and
adjudg'd
to
suffer
the
pains
of
Death
and
Forfeiture
.
The
famous
Proscription
of
Rome
during
the
last
Triumvirate
,
came
not
up
in
some
respects
to
the
Horror
of
this
;
for
there
were
condemn'd
in
this
little
Kingdom
more
than
double
the
Number
that
were
proscrib'd
through
the
vast
Bounds
of
the
Roman
Empire
.
And
to
make
this
of
Ireland
yet
the
more
terrible
,
and
to
put
the
Persons
Attainted
out
of
a
possibility
of
escaping
,
the
Act
it self
was
conceal'd
,
and
no
Protestant
allow'd
a
Copy
of
it
,
till
Four
Months
after
it
was
past
.
Whereas
in
that
of
Rome
,
the
Names
of
the
Persons
proscrib'd
were
affix'd
upon
all
the
Publick
Places
of
the
City
,
the
very
day
the
Proscription
was
concerted
;
and
thereby
opportunity
was
given
to
many
of
the
Noblest
Families
in
Rome
,
to
preserve
themselves
by
a
speedy
flight
,
for
better
Times
.
There
remain'd
but
one
Kingdom
more
for
the
Romish
Party
to
act
their
Designs
in
;
and
that
was
Scotland
;
where
they
reap'd
a
full
Harvest
of
their
Hopes
,
and
there
were
scarce
left
the
least
Remains
of
Ancient
Liberty
in
that
Nation
.
Their
Miseries
were
summ'd
up
in
one
new-coin'd
Word
,
which
was
us'd
in
all
the
King's
Declarations
,
and
serv'd
to
express
to
the
full
their
Absolute
Slavery
;
which
was
this
,
That
his
Subjects
were
oblig'd
to
obey
him
without
Reserve
.
A
Word
that
the
Princes
of
the
East
,
how
Absolute
soever
they
be
,
did
never
yet
pretend
to
in
their
Stile
,
whatever
they
might
in
their
Actions
.
But
I
leave
the
Detail
of
the
Encroachments
that
were
made
upon
the
Laws
and
Liberties
of
that
Kingdom
,
to
others
that
may
be
thought
more
impartial
,
as
having
suffer'd
less
in
their
Ruins
.
While
King
Iames
was
thus
push'd
on
by
a
headstrong
Party
,
King
Iames
had
been
again
and
again
sollicited
,
not
only
by
Protestant
Princes
but
those
of
his
own
Religion
,
to
enter
into
other
Measures
for
the
common
Safety
of
Europe
;
at
least
,
not
to
contribute
to
its
Ruin
,
by
espousing
an
Interest
which
they
judg'd
was
opposite
to
it
.
The
Emperor
,
among
others
,
had
by
his
Ambassador
made
repeated
Instances
to
him
to
this
purpose
,
but
with
no
better
Success
than
the
rest
;
as
appears
by
a
Letter
he
writ
to
him
after
his
Abdication
,
The
Power
of
France
was
by
this
time
become
the
Terror
and
Envy
of
the
rest
of
Europe
;
and
that
Crown
had
upon
all
sides
extended
its
Conquests
.
The
Empire
,
Spain
,
and
Holland
seem'd
to
enjoy
a
precarious
Peace
,
while
the
common
Enemy
of
the
Christian
Name
was
making
War
with
the
Emperor
,
and
the
State
of
Venice
,
and
was
once
very
near
being
Master
of
the
Imperial
Seat
,
whereby
he
might
have
carried
the
War
into
the
Bowels
of
Germany
.
The
main
Strength
of
the
Empire
being
turn'd
against
the
Turks
,
and
that
with
various
Success
,
there
was
another
War
declar'd
against
the
Emperor
by
France
;
so
that
it
came
to
be
absolutely
necessary
for
Spain
and
Holland
to
interpose
,
not
as
Mediators
,
for
that
they
were
not
to
hope
for
,
but
as
Allies
and
Partners
in
the
War
.
These
last
,
as
well
as
the
other
Princes
and
States
that
lay
nearest
the
Rhine
,
were
expos'd
to
the
Mercy
of
a
Prince
whom
they
were
not
able
to
resist
,
if
England
should
look
on
as
Neuters
,
or
take
part
against
them
;
the
last
of
which
they
had
reason
to
fear
.
Thus
it
happen'd
that
the
Fortune
of
England
,
and
that
of
the
greatest
part
of
Christendom
came
to
be
link'd
together
,
and
their
common
Liberties
must
of
necessity
have
undergone
one
and
the
same
Fate
.
The
latter
,
from
a
Natural
Principle
of
Self-Preservation
were
resolv'd
to
make
their
last
Effort
to
break
the
Fetters
which
they
saw
were
ready
to
be
impos'd
upon
them
:
And
the
other
,
animated
by
the
Example
of
their
Ancestors
,
and
the
Constitution
of
their
Countrey
,
which
is
diametrically
opposite
to
Tyranny
,
were
resolv'd
to
venture
All
,
to
retrieve
themselves
and
their
Posterity
from
the
Chains
that
were
already
put
upon
them
.
Both
the
one
and
the
others
might
have
struggled
in
vain
to
this
day
with
the
Ruin
that
threaten'd
them
,
Prince
of
Orange
,
the
only
Sanctuary
that
was
left
them
to
shelter
their
sinking
State
.
This
Prince
by
his
Mother
was
a
Nephew
of
England
,
and
in
Right
of
the
Princess
his
Wife
,
the
Presumptive
Heir
of
the
Crown
.
By
his
Father's
side
he
was
Heir
of
an
Illustrious
Family
,
that
had
eterniz'd
their
Name
,
by
delivering
their
Countrey
from
Slavery
,
and
laying
the
Foundation
of
a
mighty
Commonwealth
,
which
has
since
prov'd
the
greatest
Bulwark
of
the
Protestant
Religion
,
and
the
chief
Support
of
the
Liberty
of
Christendom
.
A
Family
born
for
the
good
of
Mankind
,
to
be
the
Scourge
of
Tyrants
,
and
Deliverers
of
the
Oppress'd
.
The
Father
of
this
Prince
died
young
,
States
of
the
Vnited
Provinces
,
which
had
plac'd
them
upon
a
Level
with
most
Princes
of
Europe
,
and
had
given
them
a
Figure
in
the
World
equal
to
some
Crown'd
Heads
.
He
had
married
a
Princess
of
England
,
the
Eldest
Daughter
of
King
Charles
I.
and
left
her
with
Child
of
this
only
Son
,
at
a
Time
when
the
Royal
Family
of
England
was
not
only
bereft
of
their
Regal
Power
at
Home
,
but
forc'd
to
seek
Refuge
Abroad
.
The
Father
was
scarce
dead
,
and
the
Son
yet
unborn
,
when
a
Party
in
Holland
that
always
oppos'd
the
House
of
Orange
,
took
hold
of
that
unhappy
Juncture
,
to
divest
the
Family
by
a
Publick
Decree
,
of
all
the
Dignities
and
Offices
they
had
enjoy'd
since
the
first
Foundation
of
that
Commonwealth
,
and
which
they
had
so
justly
acquir'd
as
the
Rewards
of
so
many
glorious
Services
they
had
done
their
Countrey
.
Under
these
dismal
Circumstances
was
the
Prince
of
Orange
,
now
King
of
England
,
born
:
And
in
Apartments
hung
with
Mourning
,
for
the
Untimely
Death
of
a
Father
,
and
the
Murther
of
a
Royal
Grandfather
,
he
first
saw
Light
.
He
was
about
Ten
Years
of
Age
,
when
his
Uncle
King
Charles
the
Second
was
restor'd
;
and
whether
it
proceeded
from
want
of
Power
or
of
Will
in
the
one
,
the
Condition
of
the
other
was
little
better'd
by
that
Change
.
It
's
true
,
King
Charles
in
his
Wars
with
Holland
did
always
mention
the
Injury
done
to
his
Nephew
,
as
one
of
the
Motives
of
his
breaking
with
the
States
:
Yet
neither
in
the
Treaty
of
Breda
in
1667.
nor
in
the
Alliance
made
at
the
Hague
in
1668.
nor
that
of
the
Peace
concluded
at
London
in
167
1/4.
was
there
any
notice
taken
of
the
Prince
of
Orange's
Interest
.
In
this
last
it
's
confess'd
it
was
needless
,
seeing
some
little
time
before
,
he
was
Restor'd
to
all
his
Hereditary
Offices
and
Dignities
upon
the
following
Occasion
.
King
Charles
,
French
King
,
and
the
Bishop
of
Munster
,
had
enter'd
into
a
mutual
League
against
the
Hollanders
in
the
Year
1672.
While
in
pursuance
of
that
League
,
King
Charles
,
without
any
previous
Declaration
of
War
,
did
send
out
a
strong
Squadron
of
Ships
to
intercept
their
Smyrna
Fleet
,
and
ruin
their
Trade
at
Sea
;
and
while
the
Bishop
of
Munster
did
invade
the
Provinces
that
lay
next
to
him
,
the
French
King
,
at
the
Head
of
a
Royal
Army
of
at
least
118000
Foot
,
and
26000
Horse
,
broke
in
upon
them
on
the
other
side
.
Like
an
Impetuous
Torrent
he
carried
all
before
him
,
without
any
remarkable
opposition
,
making
himself
Master
in
a
few
Weeks
,
of
above
Forty
Towns
and
places
of
Strength
,
some
without
firing
a
Gun
,
and
the
rest
with
little
or
no
Resistance
.
This
Army
was
compos'd
of
the
best
Troops
that
had
been
seen
together
for
some
Ages
before
,
and
was
made
up
of
several
Nations
.
Over
above
the
French
themselves
,
there
were
3000
English
,
3000
Catalans
,
3000
Genoese
,
and
other
Italians
,
6000
Savoyards
,
1200
German
Horse
,
10000
Swissers
,
without
reckoning
into
the
Number
the
Ancient
Regiments
of
that
Nation
in
the
French
Service
;
and
which
was
altogether
new
and
extraordinary
,
there
was
a
Regiment
of
Swiss
Horse
.
Under
the
King
in
Person
,
this
Army
was
commanded
by
Two
of
the
greatest
Generals
of
the
Age
,
the
late
Prince
of
Conde
,
and
the
Mareschal
Turenne
.
Never
was
any
State
nearer
its
Ruin
,
Holland
,
An.
1672.
than
that
of
Holland
was
upon
this
Irruption
;
and
in
the
opinion
of
all
the
World
,
the
end
of
that
flourishing
Republick
was
then
at
hand
.
The
French
pierc'd
into
the
Bowels
of
Holland
as
far
as
Vtrecht
,
where
the
King
kept
a
splendid
Court
,
and
receiv'd
Embassies
from
all
Parts
.
He
was
already
Master
of
Three
of
the
Seven
Provinces
,
and
a
Fourth
was
in
the
hands
of
the
Bishop
of
Munster
his
Ally
.
The
Consternation
was
so
great
in
the
rest
,
that
it
's
said
it
was
debated
at
Amsterdam
,
whether
they
should
send
the
Keys
of
that
Town
to
the
French
King
at
Vtrecht
,
or
hold
out
a
Siege
.
Scarce
any
thing
can
paint
out
in
livelier
Colours
the
low
Ebb
the
Common-wealth
of
Holland
was
brought
to
at
that
time
,
than
the
Declaration
which
the
French
King
publish'd
at
Arnheim
,
plac'd
at
length
in
the
Appendix
.
his
Majesty
being
resolv'd
to
give
no
Quarter
to
the
Inhabitants
of
those
Towns
that
shall
resist
his
Arms
,
but
an
Order
to
pillage
their
Goods
,
and
burn
their
Houses
.
Among
the
more
immediate
Causes
of
this
surprizing
Desolation
of
Holland
,
As
to
the
first
,
A
vast
Opulent
Trade
through
most
parts
of
the
World
,
had
wonderfully
enrich'd
them
,
and
brought
them
to
neglect
and
forget
the
Art
of
War
.
A
Peace
that
had
continued
without
any
remarkable
Interruption
for
about
Twenty
Years
at
Land
,
lull'd
them
so
fast
asleep
with
false
Notions
of
their
own
Strength
,
that
they
had
neglected
their
Fortifications
and
Martial
Discipline
,
and
were
brought
to
believe
,
that
their
Neighbour's
Garisons
and
Strong
Places
were
sufficient
to
cover
them
from
all
Insults
.
As
to
the
second
,
Their
Ancestors
at
the
first
founding
their
State
,
taking
into
their
Consideration
,
that
they
were
to
raise
a
Commonwealth
out
of
a
great
many
distinct
Governments
independent
originally
of
one
another
,
and
govern'd
by
Customs
and
Laws
peculiar
to
every
Town
and
Province
,
and
how
difficult
it
was
to
prevent
Intestine
Divisions
in
a
Body
thus
aggregated
,
did
wisely
provide
against
such
a
destructive
Inconvenience
,
by
constituting
an
Hereditary
Stadtholder
and
Captain
General
,
whose
Office
and
Power
was
to
be
the
Center
in
which
all
the
various
Lines
of
their
Constitution
should
meet
,
and
the
Cement
that
should
keep
the
whole
Frame
together
.
This
High
and
Important
Dignity
was
lodg'd
in
the
Family
of
Orange
;
and
it
was
to
the
Auspicious
Conduct
of
the
Princes
of
that
House
,
that
the
States
of
Holland
ow'd
their
first
Settlement
,
and
the
Figure
they
have
made
ever
since
in
the
World
.
What
their
Ancestors
foresaw
,
and
had
thus
wisely
provided
against
,
came
to
pass
:
For
no
sooner
was
this
Office
and
Dignity
abolish'd
,
upon
the
Death
of
the
last
Prince
of
Orange
,
through
the
Interest
of
a
prevailing
Faction
,
but
they
fell
into
Intestine
Divisions
and
Animosities
at
Home
,
and
sunk
in
their
Reputation
Abroad
:
Insomuch
that
it
was
justly
said
,
That
instead
of
being
the
Vnited
,
they
were
become
the
Disunited
Provinces
.
There
may
be
a
Third
Reason
given
for
this
Chain
of
Misfortunes
that
overwhelm'd
the
Hollanders
the
first
Year
of
this
War
.
From
a
false
,
though
plausible
Notion
of
saving
Money
,
they
thought
fit
to
reduce
their
Army
to
25000
men
,
and
rejected
the
repeated
Propositions
of
Spain
to
enter
into
a
Treaty
with
them
for
a
mutual
Supply
of
Money
Yearly
to
England
and
Sueden
,
by
which
these
Two
Crowns
might
be
enabled
and
encourag'd
to
maintain
and
continue
the
Triple
League
.
And
which
was
yet
worse
,
the
few
Troops
they
had
,
were
in
a
bad
Condition
,
and
sunk
to
a
very
low
degree
both
in
Discipline
and
Courage
.
Their
Fortifications
were
every
where
fallen
into
decay
,
and
their
Magazines
ill
provided
.
To
compleat
all
their
Misfortunes
,
they
wanted
a
Head
to
command
them
,
at
least
one
of
Weight
and
Authority
enough
to
support
so
great
a
Trust.
It
were
in
vain
to
attempt
to
express
the
deplorable
Condition
of
the
Hollanders
at
that
time
.
It
's
enough
to
say
,
The
approach
of
a
Triumphant
King
flesh'd
with
Victories
,
put
them
into
so
deep
a
Consternation
,
that
a
great
many
of
their
Richest
Families
abandon'd
their
Countrey
,
and
retir'd
to
Hamburgh
,
Antwerp
,
and
other
places
of
Security
;
while
the
States-General
gave
Orders
for
removing
the
Courts
and
Archives
from
the
Hague
,
for
fear
they
should
fall
into
the
Enemies
hands
.
This
horrid
Fright
,
which
spread
it self
every
where
,
and
grew
every
day
greater
,
was
sufficient
of
it self
to
occasion
the
entire
Ruin
of
their
State
,
though
it
had
not
been
accompanied
as
it
was
,
with
Seditions
,
Divisions
,
and
Tumults
in
every
Town
and
Province
,
and
no
Enemy
within
their
Bowels
.
Those
alone
did
naturally
tend
to
the
Dissolution
of
the
Belgick
Vnion
,
without
any
other
concurring
Circumstances
to
hurry
it
on
.
Matters
standing
thus
with
the
Vnited
Provinces
,
they
came
to
see
,
when
it
was
almost
too
late
,
their
former
Errors
,
and
more
particularly
that
of
abolishing
the
Office
of
Stadtholder
.
And
now
,
as
the
last
Cast
for
their
Liberty
,
they
applied
to
the
Prince
of
Orange
,
young
though
he
was
,
as
the
only
Person
capable
to
support
their
Tottering
State
,
and
to
put
a
stop
to
the
Miseries
that
overwhelm'd
their
Countrey
.
With
the
Universal
Consent
and
Approbation
of
the
People
,
and
the
Publick
Sanction
of
the
States
,
he
was
declar'd
Stadtholder
,
Captain
and
Admiral-General
,
and
restor'd
to
all
the
Dignities
of
his
Family
.
It
's
hard
to
determine
whether
the
Misfortunes
of
his
Countrey
,
or
the
Universal
Love
the
People
bore
him
,
contributed
most
to
his
Restoration
.
However
,
he
was
restor'd
in
spite
of
the
Barnevelt
Faction
;
and
had
the
pleasure
to
see
De-Wit
,
the
greatest
Opposer
of
his
House
,
among
the
other
Deputies
that
waited
upon
him
with
the
Resolutions
of
the
States-General
,
and
deliver'd
him
his
Commission
.
The
Difficulties
this
Young
Prince
had
to
struggle
with
,
in
supporting
his
sinking
Countrey
,
would
have
pall'd
any
Courage
but
his
own
;
de
Busson
,
render'd
out
of
French
by
Ferrand
Spence
,
1686.
and
may
in
the
main
be
gather'd
from
what
has
been
already
said
.
What
these
were
,
upon
his
first
heading
the
Army
,
are
in
part
so
well
express'd
by
a
French
Author
,
who
was
a
considerable
Actor
in
that
War
on
the
French
side
,
and
has
writ
the
Account
of
it
with
an
Impartiality
not
over-frequent
among
the
Historians
of
his
Countrey
,
that
it
may
not
be
amiss
to
Transcribe
some
few
Passages
relating
to
this
matter
,
as
they
lye
together
in
the
English
Translation
.
Nothing
but
the
Season
of
the
Year
,
says
he
,
hinder'd
the
French
from
attempting
new
Conquests
,
or
rather
the
Waters
which
cover'd
the
Surface
of
the
Earth
.
The
Duke
of
Luxenburgh
being
still
at
Vtrecht
,
hop'd
however
,
that
if
it
once
came
to
freeze
,
he
might
by
means
of
the
Ice
surprize
several
Posts
that
were
otherwise
inaccessible
.
As
the
Enemy
(
meaning
the
Hollanders
)
were
not
unacquainted
with
his
Design
,
they
had
ever
the
Shovel
and
Pickaxe
in
their
hands
,
to
precaution
themselves
against
this
Misfortune
,
upon
the
first
Frost
that
should
come
.
They
broke
the
least
piece
of
Ice
,
hoping
by
taking
such
strict
care
,
they
should
render
all
his
Measures
abortive
.
But
it
happening
to
freeze
all
of
a
sudden
,
it
was
impossible
for
them
to
repair
in
several
days
what
fell
out
in
one
Night
.
This
cast
so
great
an
Alarm
into
the
Places
that
were
the
most
expos'd
,
that
Peoples
minds
were
wholly
set
upon
removing
thence
what
they
had
most
precious
The
Consternation
spread
it self
to
the
very
Hague
,
which
being
destitute
of
Walls
and
Defence
,
could
not
otherwise
expect
but
a
strange
Desolation
,
if
the
Posts
that
cover'd
it
came
to
be
forc'd
.
However
,
the
Prince
of
Orange
,
who
laid
the
Publick
Miseries
as
much
to
heart
,
as
if
they
had
only
regarded
himself
,
had
not
for
all
this
been
under
any
Apprehensions
,
if
his
Troops
,
by
being
so
often
beaten
,
had
not
utterly
lost
their
Courage
:
For
though
the
Ice
seem'd
to
give
a
great
Advantage
to
the
French
,
they
would
however
run
a
great
Risque
,
in
coming
to
attack
him
in
places
well
intrench'd
,
and
where
his
Highness
might
oppose
against
them
as
many
Men
as
they
could
have
.
He
was
busied
Day
and
Night
either
in
adding
new
Fortifications
to
those
that
were
already
made
,
or
in
encouraging
his
Captains
and
Soldiers
.
But
whatever
care
he
took
,
Colonel
Penvin
,
abandon'd
his
Post
upon
the
Request
of
the
Inhabitants
of
Dergau
,
who
sent
for
him
to
maintain
their
Walls
.
Thus
far
my
Author
.
Notwithstanding
these
Difficulties
and
Discouragements
that
seem'd
insuperable
,
wonderful
and
surprizing
were
the
Consequences
of
the
Prince
of
Orange's
Restoration
.
As
if
that
Family
alone
were
design'd
of
Heaven
to
be
the
Founder
and
Restorer
of
Holland
:
It
fell
out
,
that
immediately
upon
his
being
call'd
to
the
Helm
,
the
whole
Scene
of
their
Affairs
chang'd
to
the
better
.
At
the
Head
of
a
small
ill-disciplin'd
Army
,
discourag'd
by
continual
Losses
,
he
not
only
put
a
Stop
to
the
French
Conquests
,
but
by
taking
first
Naerden
in
spite
of
an
Army
near
four
times
greater
than
his
own
,
and
carrying
afterwards
the
War
out
of
his
own
Countrey
,
he
oblig'd
the
Enemy
to
abandon
their
Conquests
in
Holland
as
fast
as
they
had
gain'd
them
,
and
be
contented
to
retire
to
the
Defence
of
their
own
Frontiers
.
This
War
was
attended
with
various
Successes
on
all
sides
;
and
most
of
the
Princes
of
Europe
came
to
be
some
way
or
other
engag'd
in
it
;
till
at
last
it
ended
in
the
Treaty
of
Nimeguen
.
The
part
King
Charles
acted
in
all
these
Transactions
,
contributed
but
little
to
his
Glory
,
for
he
had
been
unsuccessful
while
he
was
engag'd
in
the
War
;
and
when
he
came
to
be
a
Mediator
for
the
Peace
,
all
Parties
grew
jealous
of
him
,
and
neglected
him
.
It
was
during
the
Course
of
this
War
,
as
has
been
said
before
,
that
King
Charles
aton'd
for
all
the
Errors
of
his
Reign
,
by
marrying
his
Niece
,
the
Lady
Mary
,
to
the
Prince
of
Orange
:
And
whatever
were
the
Motives
that
induc'd
him
to
comply
in
this
with
the
Universal
Wishes
of
his
People
,
it
has
been
found
since
,
that
not
only
England
,
but
the
greatest
part
of
Europe
do
share
at
this
day
in
the
Blessings
that
have
attended
it
.
By
this
Match
the
Prince
of
Orange
had
a
double
Interest
in
England
,
both
as
a
Prince
of
the
Blood
himself
,
and
in
Right
of
his
Princess
the
next
Presumptive
Heir
.
He
liv'd
with
King
Charles
in
as
much
Friendship
as
was
possible
,
for
one
that
would
not
enter
into
an
Interest
separate
from
that
of
his
Country
,
or
of
England
.
Insomuch
that
in
all
the
Endeavours
that
were
made
to
exclude
the
Duke
of
York
from
the
Crown
,
he
look'd
on
,
without
espousing
any
of
the
Parties
that
struggled
for
or
against
the
Bill
of
Exclusion
;
though
he
knew
it
was
design'd
that
He
and
the
Princess
should
succeed
upon
the
Death
of
King
Charles
.
When
King
Iames
came
to
the
Throne
,
the
Prince
of
Orange
tried
all
possible
means
to
cultivate
a
sincere
Friendship
with
him
,
and
to
persuade
him
to
enter
into
such
Measures
as
might
tend
to
the
Common
Safety
of
Europe
,
and
the
Happiness
of
England
;
which
if
King
Iames
had
given
Ear
to
,
would
have
preserv'd
the
Crown
upon
his
Head
.
And
so
cautious
was
he
of
giving
him
no
reasonable
ground
of
Complaint
,
that
though
in
King
Charles's
time
he
had
given
a
Generous
Welcome
to
the
Duke
of
Monmouth
,
at
the
Request
of
that
King
,
upon
his
retiring
to
Holland
;
Yet
as
soon
as
he
knew
that
that
unhappy
Gentleman
design●d
to
invade
England
upon
King
Iames's
Accession
to
the
Throne
,
he
offer'd
to
come
over
in
Person
to
his
Assistance
,
and
sent
him
with
all
Expedition
the
English
and
Scotch
Troops
that
were
in
the
Service
of
the
States
.
It
had
been
happy
for
King
Iames
if
he
had
complied
with
the
Advice
of
the
Prince
of
Orange
,
or
had
not
by
his
Success
against
Monmouth
been
push'd
on
to
make
the
Steps
that
have
bee
mention'd
,
together
with
a
great
many
more
,
for
Brevity's
sake
here
omitted
,
towards
his
own
Ruin
,
and
that
of
the
Constitution
of
England
.
But
being
flatter'd
with
the
gaudy
Charms
of
Absolute
Power
,
and
the
empty
Merit
of
Restoring
the
Romish
Religion
,
he
drove
on
without
Controul
,
till
at
last
he
forc'd
the
People
of
England
upon
an
inevitable
necessity
of
calling
in
the
Prince
of
Orange
to
retrieve
the
expiring
Liberties
of
their
Countrey
.
At
the
same
time
an
indissoluble
Friendship
and
Alliance
,
which
King
Iames
had
enter'd
into
when
Duke
of
York
,
and
had
cultivated
afterwards
when
he
came
to
the
Crown
,
was
a
matter
of
that
vast
Consequence
to
the
Neighbouring
Princes
and
States
,
as
would
not
permit
them
to
stand
by
as
unconcern'd
Spectators
of
the
Scene
that
was
acting
in
England
;
but
oblig'd
them
likewise
to
save
recourse
to
the
Prince
of
Orange
for
breaking
off
their
own
Fetters
,
by
breaking
first
those
of
England
.
But
by
what
Steps
and
concurring
Accidents
,
and
with
what
surprizing
Circumstances
this
Mighty
Design
came
about
,
may
some
time
or
other
,
though
perhaps
not
so
properly
in
this
Age
,
be
the
Subject
of
a
Second
Part
,
when
it
meets
with
one
of
more
Leisure
and
Capacity
to
write
it
.
FINIS
.