A medical-philosophical discourse of fermentation, or, Of the intestine motion of particles in every body by Dr. Thomas Willis ... ; translated into English by S.P.

OF FERMENTATION , OR THE Inorganical Motion OF NATVRAL BODIES .

CHAP. I. Of the Principles of Natural things .

THere is nothing more rarely to be met with , in the Vulgar Philosophy , where Natural things are unfolded , with the vain figments of Forms and Qualities , than the word Fermentation : but among the more sound ( especially of later years ) who respect the Matter and Motion chiefly in Bodies , nothing is almost more usual . But Fermentation hath its name from Fervescency , as Ferment from Ferviment or growing hot . The word is well known in making of Bread , and in the purgings of new Wine , Beer , and other potable Liquors : thence it is also applyed to other things , which are wont to swell or grow turgid , after the same manner : that at length it signifies , whatsoever Effervency or Turgency , that is raised up in a Natural Body , by particles of that Body variously agitated .

Bodies of a divers Consistency and Habitude , are apt to a Fermenting , viz. either Thin or Thick , Liquid or Solid , Animate or Inanimate , Natural or Artificial ; in all which is found an Heterogeneity of parts or particles , to wit , there are in them some substances light , and always endeavouring to fly away : and also there are others thick , earthy , and more fix'd , which intangle the subtil Particles , and detein them in their Embraces , whilst they endeavour to fly away ; from the strivings , and wrestlings of these two twins , in one Womb , the motion of Fermentation chiefly proceeds ; but on the contrary , what things do not Ferment , for the most part consist of like Particles , and are of the same Figure and Conformation , which indeed consociat among themselves , without any Tumult or Turgescency , lye quiet , and enjoy a deep peace . If Must , or new Wine , or new Ale or Beer , be closely Bottl'd up , or put into Vessels of small vent , they will grow so very hot , that often the Vessels are in danger of breaking . But if the same Liquors , being Distilled by themselves , and then what is seperated shut up , from thence no motion or heat will follow . Wherefore , Distilled Waters , hot Spirits , Oyls , fixed Salts of Herbs , and very many other more simple preparations of the Chymists , remain a long while without any alteration or Fermentation , Perhaps some of the Particles do evaporate , but the rest do not tumultuate . In the mean time the juice and blood of Vegetables or Animals , as also all Liquors Concreted , and compounded of many things quickly Ferment , and from thence enter into divers turns of changes . The Spirit of Wine being closely shut up in a Phial shews no sign of growing hot , but if but a little Oyl of Turpentine be added to this Spirit , the Particles of the Liquor will so leap forth , that I have seen it break a Glass Hermetically Sealed . All Distilled Waters of Herbs , so they be kept simply in a Glass , will remain incorrupt a long time , but if you add to the same Sugar or Syrrup , it presently grows soure and is corrupted : Wherefore , that the Fermentation of Bodies may be rightly unfolded , we must inquire , what those Particles or Substances are , and of what Nature of which mixt things are Compounded , and from those being put together , and mutual strivings , motions for the most part naturally proceed .

Altho there be many and divers Opinions of Philosophers concerning the beginnings of Natural things , yet there are three chiefly deserve our Assent , and Faith , before the rest . That famous fourfold Chariot of the Peripateticks obtains the chief place , which emulous of the four wheel'd Coach of the Sun , is hurried by a quick passage , through the fictitious Heaven of the first Matter , and measures that vast and empty thing , with a perpetual reciprocation . For they say , all things are Constituted out of Water , Air , Fire , and Earth ; and that out of the divers transposition of these , Generation and Corruption , as also the changes of all alterations whatsoever , do arise . In the second place , and next , stands the Opinion of Democritus and Epicurus , which lately also hath been revived in our Age , this affirms all Natural effects to depend upon the Conflux of Atoms diversly figured , so that in all Bodies , there be Particles Round , Sharp , Foursquare , Cylindrical , Chequer'd or Streaked , or of some other Figure ; and from the divers changes of these , the Subject is of this or that Figure , Work , or Efficacy . The third Opinion of the Origination of Natural Things , is introduced by Chymistry , which , when by an Analysis made by Fire , it resolves all Bodies into Particles of Spirit , Sulphur , Salt , Water , and Earth , affirms by the best right , that the same do consist of these . Because this Hypothesis determinates Bodies into sensible parts , and cutts open things as it were to the life , it pleases us before the rest .

As to the four Elements , and first Qualities from thence deduced , I must confess that this Opinion doth something help for the unfolding the Phaenomena of Nature , but after so dark a manner , and without any peculiar respect to the more secret recesses of Nature , it salves the appearances of things , that 't is almost the same thing , to say an House consists of Wood and Stone , as a Body of four Elements . The other Opinion , which is only a piece of the Epicurean Philosophy , forasmuch as it undertakes Mechanically the unfolding of things , and accommodates Nature with Working Tools , as it were in the hand of an Artificer , and without running to Occult Qualities , Sympathy , and other refuges of ignorance , doth happily and very ingeniously disintangle some difficult Knots of the Sciences , and dark Riddles , certainly it deserves no light praise : but because it rather supposes , than demonstrates it Principles , and teaches of what Figure those Elements of Bodies may be , not what they have been , and also induces Notions extremly subtil , and remote from the sense , and which do not sufficiently Quadrate with the Phaenomena of Nature , when we descend to particulars , it pleases me to give my sentence for the third Opinion before-mentioned , which is of the Chymists , and chiefly to insist upon this in the following Tract , to wit , affirming all Bodies to consist of Spirit , Sulphur , Salt , Water , and Earth , and from the diverse motion , and proportion of these , in mixt things , the beginnings and endings of things , and chiefly the reasons , and varieties of Fermentation , are to be sought . If any one shall object , That the Atomical , and our Spagyric Principles , are altogether subordinate , to wit , that these , tho at the last sensible , are resolved into those , only to be signified by Conception ; I shall not much gainsay him , so it shews that those Conceptions are real . I being dul and purblind , leave the more accurate to quick sights , being content to be so wise as to perform the business of the outward Sense with Reason : for I profess , it pleases not me , to devise or dream Philosophy . But that our Work may more rightly proceed , it will be necessary , to speak first a few things of these kind of Principles in general , and of thier Affections .

I mean by the name of Principles , not simple and wholly uncompounded Entities , but such kind of Substances only , into which Physical things are resolved , as it were into parts , lastly sensible . By the intestine motion , and combination of these , Bodies are begot , and increase : by the mutual departure and dissolution of these one from another , they are altered , and perish . In the mean time , what Particles are gathered together in the subjects , or depart away from them , will appear under the form of Spirit , Sulphur , Salt , or of one of the rest .

CHAP. II. A description of the Principles of Chymists , and the Properties and Affections of them .

1. SPirits are Substances highly subtil , and Aetherial Particles of a more Divine Breathing , which our Parent Nature hath hid in this Sublunary World , as it were the Instruments of Life and Soul , of Motion and Sense , of every thing ; whilst they of their own Nature are always enlarged , and endeavouring to fly away , lest they should too soon leave their subjects , they are bound somtimes with more thick Particles , that by entring into them , and by subtilizing them , and variously unfolding them , they dispose the substance to maturity , as is to be observed in the Vegetation , and Fermentation of Bodies ; somtimes being restrained within some spaces , to wit , the Vessels or Bowel of living Creatures , they are compelled more often to repeat the same measures of their motions for the performing the works of Life , Sense and Motion . From the motion of these proceed the animation of Bodies , the growth of Plants , and the ripening of Fruits , Liquors , and other preparations ; they determinate the Form and Figure of every thing , prefixed as it were by Divine designation : they conserve the bonds of the mixture by their presence ; and open them , by their departure , at their pleasure : they bridle the irregularities of Sulphur and Salt . The perfection and state of every thing consists in the plenty and exaltation of Spirits , and the fall and declination , in their want and defect .

As to the Subjects in which the Spirits are : Minerals because they are of a more fixed nature , wanting Motion and Vegetation , are almost without Spirits , or at least are contented with a few . For the birth and growth of Vegetables , they are required in a more moderate quantity . In the Constitution of a living Creature , where there is greater Use of Spirits , for Sense and Motion , a far more plentiful quantity is found . In the works of Art , and chiefly in those which ascend to perfection , by Digestion and Fermentation , there are found to be a sufficiently great proportion of Spirits : but in all subjects whatsoever , whilst the immersed Spirits are mingled with the other Principles , their condition or state comes under a threefold consideration : for they are either depressed and scattered , and so involved with more thick Particles , that they are very little seen , or shew forth their powers , as in things undigested , crude and unripe , may be perceived , in which the Spirits can hardly extricate themselves into motion , and from which they can hardly be drawn by Distillation . Or secondly , the Spirits flying forth from the thick substance of the rest , are full of vigor , shake and rightly dispose the more gross Particles , subtilize the thick , digest the crude , and bring things to the steme or height of maturity and perfection : or lastly , Spirits having obtained the height of things , do luxuriate and make excursions out of the Body : hence those that remain , are by degrees lessened of their plenty and strength , until being less in power than the Particles of the Salts and Sulphur , they are put under their yoak , and by little and little are destroyed and driven away out of the Subject ; on this threefold state depends the beginnings or rudiments , the maturity and exaltation , and the defect and end of things .

It is observed , when the Spiritous Latex is drawn forth of any Liquor by Distillation , that the vapor or steam is not elevated into dew , that is , come together in little drops or dew , every where poured forth , as it is wont to do in watery things ; but it is divided into streaks , and many little rivulets , and renders the Alembic mark'd in every part , with straight lines , only not meridional , leading from the Centre of the top , to the brim of the Circumference . The cause of which seems to be this , to wit , since that the spirituous substance is very subtil , it is not easily Collected into Liquor ; neither is it fixed every where about the sides of the Vessel , in its ascent , as watery Liquors ; but always stretches further , and unless when it comes to the top it self of the little head , doth in no wise stay , but there the spirituous breath , being restrained as it were in a punct , and being brought backward , it begins to gather into dew : wherefore , from that top , as it were the Fountain , the Spirits flowing forth on every side by streams , descend in streaks towards the mouth or brim of the Alembic . And when those lines wholly disappear , it is a sign , that the spirituous substance is quite still'd forth , and that the watery breath only ascends .

2 , Sulphur is a Principle of a little thicker consistency than Spirit , after that , the most active : for when the Spirits first break forth from the loosned substance of the mixture , presently the Sulphureous Particles endeavour to follow . The Temperament of every thing , as to Heat , Consistency , and amiable frame or contexture , depends chiefly on Sulphur ; from hence also for the most part arise , variety of Colours and Odors , the faimess and deformity of the Body , also the diversity of tastes . In the Bosom of this the Spirits immediately in which as in a Copula , they are united , by the more hard embraces of the rest . The substance of Sulphur , though less subtil , is yet of more firceness and unruliness than the Spirits are , for this unless it be restrained , by the embrace of the others , as it were in bonds , and its Particles be detained one from another by the interjection or coming between of the rest , not only leaves the subject , but destroys it self , with too impetuous an eruption . Indeed the little bodies of this being gently moved , do cause digestion , and maturation , sweetness , and many perfective qualities in things : being a little more strongly moved , they induce heat , and an excess of qualities , inordinations , and chiefly a stinking savour : but being more impetuously moved or stirred up , they bring in the dissolution of Bodies , yea a flame and Burning .

The substance of Sulphur is never seen sincere , yea it consists not of it self from others , but vanishes away into Air : its Particles being concreted and chained together , with Salt and Earth , are fixed as it were immoveable , as is seen in Metals and some Stones : or being Diluted with Spirit and Water , and temper'd together with the rest , exist in motion , by which means ( as was before said of Spirit ) they are in a threefold state , within the substance of the mixture : for either first of all its little bodies being involved with Salt and Earth , or too much drenched with a watery humidity , are obscured , so that they exercise but little of virtue , from whence the humid and cold temper of things exists , their qualities are Obtuse , Dull , and of small virtue or force , and the Bodies less apt to be inflamed , as is discerned in unripe Fruit , raw Juices and green Wood. Or secondly , The Particles of Sulphur begin to shine forth with Spirit , to be more thickly heaped or rolled together , and to appear eminent above the rest of the Principles . And so by its motion , they evaporate the superfluous moisture , digest Crudities , and induce a warm temper in things , active qualities , a lively force and maturation , or ripeness : which kind of exaltation of Sulphur may be observed in Wine and Liquors long Fermented , in ripe Fruits , in the Youth and florid Constitution of living Creatures . Or thirdly , The Sulphureous Partickles being gathered into vigor , grow too hot , loose the bonds of mixture , and desire to fly away ; and from their diverse manner of departure and separation , the dissolution of Bodies variously happens : For either they evaporate with Water and Spirit , by degrees , and without tumult , and leave their subjects lean and dry , which , when the Sulphur is wholy gon , fall into Ashes : Or secondly , in Bodis which abound with Sulphur , when the mixture is loosned , and the Spirits begin to fly away , the remaining Particles of Sulphur are wont to be very much moved , and to grow exceeding hot ; and being shut up in a thick substance , are gathered together more nearly , ( as in Dung and Hay growing hot ) and conceive heat , and somtimes Burning : breaking forth after this manner , by heaps , and impetuously , they breath out a stinking smell , and bring on a rottenness to the subject . There is a third manner of eruption , whereby the Sulphureous Particles go forth of Bodies , when they withdraw themselves , as it were with violence , and being gathered together , break forth into fire and flame : whereby indeed becoming unbridled and untamed , they break all bars or lets , and wholly destroy the substance or frame of the Subject : By this means , by their own and proper effervescency they procure a Burning , as when they being layed up wet , or the wheels of Carts , or Axeltree , made hot by motion doe fire , or because Sulphur is inkindled by Sulphur : for its Particles being impetuously moved , shake or move all that 's near them , and carry them into the like motion of Conflagration , as shall be more fully shown hererfter , when we shall discourse concerning the nature of fire .

3. Salt is of a little more fixed nature , than either Spirit of Sulphur , nor so apt to fly away ; but bestows a Compaction and Solidity on things , and also weight and duration , It retards the dissolution of Bodies , and promotes Congelations and Coagulations , and very much resists Putrefaction , Corruption , and Inflammation ; to wit , forasmuch as it fixes the too volatile Sulphur and Spirit , and detains them in a Body : wherefore ponderous Woods , Stones , Metals , and what abound in Salt , are hardly enkindled , and remain a long while free from Corruption . Not only the duration of the individual , but also the propagation of the Species , depends very much upon the Principle of Salt , because the fertility of the Earth , the growth of Plants , and especially the frequent faetation , and bringing forth of young , in living Creatures , takes their Original from the Saltish Seed : hence it is , that Venus is said to arise from the Sea , and Lust is called Salacity . For Salt having obtained a flux , gathers together , and stirs up into motion , the idle , or too much disjoyned little Bodies of Spirit or Sulphur , and excellently keeps them together with itself , for the producing the first ground-work of things .

Salt within the frame of the mixture , is either altogether fixed , when its Particles being almost destitute of Spirit and Water , but bound together with Earth , or Sulphur , or both of them , grow into Stones , Metals , of Minerals of another kind ; which fixity in Nature is imitated in making Glass , and Earthen Ware : or Salt is loosned from its fixedness , to wit , when its Particles being mixed with the other Principles , and chiefly with Spirit and Sulphur , and Diluted with Water do unfold themselves , and being diffused through the mixture , do Ferment with the rest : whilst the little Bodies of the Salt are after this manner put into motion , there is observed of them a threefold State or Condition , to wit , of Fusion , Volatilisation , and Fluxation .

I call the State of Fusion , when the little Bodies of the Salt being Commixed with the rest , begin as to their smallest parts to be dissolved , and diffused , and explicated here and there , through the whole substance of the mixture , as may be observed in the Germination of Plants , in the first Conceptions of living Creatures , and in the beginnings of Fermentations ; hence Spring only a rude and indigested formation of things , an ingrateful savour , and for the most part bitter of biting .

From these first Rudiments of Motions , the Saline Particles ascend by little and little , to Vigor and Volatilisation , together with Spirit and Sulphur : to wit , whereby they run through the whole substance of the Body , and variously move its matter , and dispose it towards maturity . Some little Bodies sharpen , and stir up into Motion , others Fix , Establish , and Congeal into a stony hardness . If there be plenty of Spirits and Sulphur , the Particles of Salt , as their handmaids , go about to unite , and associate themselves intimately with them , that they are not only snatched together with them , through all the recesses of the mixture , but ( the subject being exposed to Distillation ) Salt also ascends in the Alembic , even as the Spirit . From the Volatilisation of Salt , Beauty , and Fairness , and savour chiefly sweet , happen in things , as in the florid blood of living Creatures , in ripe Fruits , as also in Sugar , Milk , and Hony , we know by experience .

I mean the Fluxation of Salt , when the saline Particles , which being first gathered together , with Earth , or Sulphur , of associated with Spirit , and so remain separated one from another , afterwards the bond of the mixtion being loosened , they become wholy free , and unloosened from the yoak of the rest : for so they flow together , explicate themselves through the whole frame of the subject , and whilst Spirit and Sulphur for the most part fly away , these exercise a dominion over the remainder , and induce a soureness into the whole mixture : by reason of this Fluxation of Salt , Wine , Milk , Blood , and Eateable Things , at first grateful and sweet , grow ingratefully soure when they begin to Corrupt ; and for this Reason , all Salts whatsoever , having gotten a Flux , by a violent Distillation by Fire ( that is , being driven from the Combination of Earth ) grow sour , than if the same sour Liquor , be put upon the insipid dead Head , the Whole lastly becomes salted .

Salt being deprived of the Company of the rest , ( except the Earth ) becomes at last fixed , as is observed in Sea-Salt , or the incineration made of Herbs , whose Particles so cleave together , that they cannot be pulled asunder by the strongest Fire . When Vegetables are Distilled , some Saline Particles , though but few , made fit for Fusion , ascend with the rest ; and from thence some Distilled Waters retain a genuine savour of the mixture : The parts of living Creatures being exposed to Distillation , yield a Volatile Salt : when Minerals , or ponderous Woods full of Salt , are brought under by Chymistry , the Distilled Liquor is like to Salt that hath gotten a Flux , and is very sour .

Spirit and Sulphur easily unlock the substance of the mixture , and make way for themselves ; but Salt cannot , unless it be snatched forth of doors together with the Spirit it self . As Spirit and Sulphur being outwardly applyed , in dissolving or burning a Body , open as it were the doors for their Companions shut within , so also , Salt Liquors Distilled , do the same thing . For Stygian Waters strongly Corrode Metals , and are seen like a flame put to them , to burn and consume the same .

Salt resists Inflammation , for that it detains the Sulphureous Particles in its Bosom , and hinders them from breaking forth . But excepting that Sal Nitre encreases the burning of Sulphur , which indeed happens by accident , because that Salt , as it were an Hermaphrodite , grows very turgid with Sulphureous Particles also , combined in the mixture ; wherefore , when the Salt is melted by other fired Sulphur , the shut up Sulphur , breaks forth with violence , and ( like a blast from a B●llows ) shakes the inkindled fire round about , and drives more impetuously the subject into a Body : In the mean time , if your put the flame to Nitre , it will not be inkindled at all ; but being put to a Sulphureous Body , it promotes its enkindling ; but the other Salts , less turgid with Sulphureous Particles , or rather destitute of them , being mixed with Sulphur , hinder its inkindling , and somtimes put it out .

So much for the Active Principles , which effect , as it were , the first ground-work of Bodies : those which follow , chiefly bestow on them Consistency and Substance . For from hence exist either Liquids or Solids , Small things or Great . For Water and Earth , fill the little spaces that are empty , through the Combination of the rest , with their coming between , and amplifie and enlarge the lineaments of he Body , otherwise too short and contracted .

4. Water is the chiefest Vehicle of Spirit and Sulphur , by whose intervention they consociate one with another , and with Salt ; for the other Principles , being dissolved by a watery humor , or at least diluted , continue in motion , without which they grow stiff , as congealed things .

When Water is wanting , the active Principles meet together too strictly , and mutually rub against , and consume themselves ; and when for this reason , the suppliment of food is cut off , the Body grows withered . If humidity abounds too much , these Elements are estranged or dissociated too much one from the other , wherefore the subject becomes sluggish and slow , and of less efficacy , and unapt for motion . Besides , Bodies too moist , are lyable very much to rottenness and Corruption ; because from too much Humidity the Combination of Spirit , and Sulphur , and Salt , is too loosely effected ; that they do not mutually embrace one another , nor are retained with their embracement , in the subject . Indeed Water abounding easily evaporates , and then the frame of the mixture being loosened , and the doors set open , Spirit and Sulphur easily break forth , the way being made , and leave the subject , as it were vapid , or made sharp with Salt : for from hence , the infusions of Vegitables , Decoctions , Juices of Herbs , and all Liquid preparations , if the quantity of Water be greater than the rest of the Principles , and improportionate , quickly Corrupt .

Water is most easily drawn forth out of every thing by Distillation , for when Spirit and Sulphur are often intangled with nets of Salt or Earth , they hardly let go-their embraces , and are not obedient but to a more intense heat , and often times require a previous Putrefaction . Water most easily , and often with no labour , is driven out of every Body . But most often it snatches in its flying away , some more loose Particles of Spirit and Sulphur , and carries them with itself , forth of doors .

5. As the interjection of Water in Liquids , so of Earth in Solids , fills the empty little Spaces and Vacuities , left by the other Principles . For these , hinder the active Principles from a too streight embrace , whereby they should rub against themselves , and cleave one to another ; also by its thickness , it retains too Volatile things : besides , it inlarges the due substance , and magnitude in Bodies .

The more that Earth abounds in any thing , it is so much the less active , but of longer duration : hence Minerals endure a long while , then next the greater Trees ; in the mean time Animals , and the more slender Plants , are but of short age .

In Distillations , Earth ascends the Alembic , almost not at all , or but in a very little quantity : for the most part it is left , with a portion of Salt , for a Caput Mortuum or Dead Head ; therefore it is called Terra Dammata , or damned Earth : because , when the other Principles are freed , the Prison being as it were broken , this is still detained : besides , Earth being deprived of the Company of the rest , is of no Use , nor capable of change , or exaltation .

Thus much for the Elements or Principles of Natural things , considered apart , and by themselves . It follows , that some of their Affinities and Conjugations be unfolded : because these very strictly cohere with those , and very hardly or not at all are joyned with others . Out of the mutual Combination of some , and disagreement of others , various Affections arise , the knowledg of which gives no little Light to the Doctrine of Fermentation .

There is a certain Kindred and Similitude of parts , between Spirit and Sulphur , which are agil or light , and easily to be dissipated in both ; wherefore , Spirit being driven forth of the Body , draws abundantly with it Sulphureous Particles , as is discerned in Spirituous Liquors Distilled out of any thing ; to some of which if you mingle Water , the Liquor appears as it were troubled with precipitated Sulphur , but the Spirit without the Sulphur is undiscernably mixed with the Water , which however by reason of is Volatility , may be also easily drawn away and separated by Distillation .

Altho Spirit and Sulphur are Principles very resembling , and ( because of a ready motion ) either are inflameable , yet they are not one and the same , as is asserted by some : For Sulphur Copiously subsists in Bodies almost destitute of Spirit , to wit , in common Sulphur , Antimony , and other Minerals ; in which its Particles are very fixed , and of their own nature almost immoveable , which is very far from the Nature of Spirits : For they abounding in any mixture , never lye idle , and always in motion , bring various alterations to the Subject where they dwell ; then if they abound in strength , they easily and without tumult carry themselves forth of doors of their own accord . But Sulphur , altho it abound , doth not easily evaporate , but hath need of a strong heat , or an actual fire , that may make a way for it ; and lastly , it breaks forth , not without a stink or burning : yea , if you endeavour to Distil Oyly and Fat things , although very Sulphureous , with a moderate Fire , they are wont to yield a Liquor only Waterish , and not inflameable ; but if we provoke generous Wine , which swells with Spirit , by the gentle heat of a Bath , a most burning Water will Still forth , and apt wholly to be inflamed .

Spirit is not presently joyned with Salt : For Sugar and Salts are scarcely dissolved , by the rectified Spirit of Wine , but are after a manner associated by a long digestion and circulation ; as is perceived in the Volatile Salt of Animals , of Tincture drawn forth from the Salts of Herbs , or of Minerals , by the Spirit of Wine . If that Spirits excel in plenty , and virtue , they assume to themselves , and Volatilise the Saline Particles . And therefore the Salt contained in the Juice or Blood of Animals , being associated with Spirit is volatilised : also the Spirit of Wine , being Distilled by many Cohalations , with the fixed Salt of Herbs , renders it Volatile , and makes it pass through the Alembic ; but if the power of the Salt be greater , it tames the Spirit and fixes it . Hence the blood , being become Salt , by means of an ill dyet , becomes less Spirituous . Fixed Salts , and the Oyl of Vitriol fix the Spirits , grown too volatile , and unbridled ; and Coagulate the Spirit of Wine it self .

But Sulphur is a more fit subject of the Spirit , by the coming between of which it easily is united with Salt and the other Principles ; and as Spirit best agrees with Sulphur and Water , so Sulphur intimately cleaves to Earth and Salt .

As to Sulphur , besides its affinity with Spirit , it hath a great relation with Salt it self , to the volatilisation of which it doth not a little help : wherefore in Bodies which abound with a volatile Salt , there is found plenty of Sulphur , as in Amber , Soot , Hornes and Bones , as also in the excrements of living Creatures ; where Salt and Sulphur are in motion , and evaporate from the subject , a very stinking smell is sent forth ; for Sulphur being sharpned with Salt , pricks more strongly the sensory , and strikes it with its sharpness ; in the mean time , Sulphur exhaling with Spirit , both pleases the sense , and excites a very pleasant Smell .

Sulphur is as it were distracted between Spirit and Salt , and adheres at once to both parties . In the Distillation of Amber , Turpentine , Harts-Horn , and the like , a certain lesser part of Sulphur , being united to Spirit , first ascends , and causes a Yellow Oyl , or clear Liquor of a grateful smell : the other part of Sulphur , being joyned to the Salt , is driven forth in the second place , and is Distilied with a most stinking smell , in the form of a red or black Oyl : In like manner , in the Circulation of the blood , a pure and delicate portion of Sulphur , being mixed with the Spirit , supplies both the Animal and Vital Spirit with matter ; the other more thick part , being Boyled and Rosted with Salt , is layd up in the Choledock Vessels ( or belonging to Choler ) as it were a certain excrement separated from the blood . As Spirit does not easily Cohere with Salt , so Sulphur does not with Water : wherefore Fat and Oyly things , as also Gumms and Sulphureous Resines , either swim upon the Water , or sink down to its bottom . But Sulphureous things , Salt coming between , are commixed with a Watery Liquor , as we see Oyls imbued with Sugar or Salt , to be dissolved in common Water , which otherwise would flow separate .

Sulphur is not so tractable in Distillation , as Spirit , Water , or Salt : for the Particles of this , being very Viscous , stick together among themselves , and also to others , that they cannot easily be pulled from their embrace . Hence among Sulphureous things , there are some , which are not forced , but by a strong and burning heat , into a stinking Oyl , and very empyreumatick , or smellin go Fire : but others , more pertinaciously cleaving together , are not to be loosened by Distillation , but are only broken into integral parts ; and so ascend under the form of a dry Breath , as common Sulphur , Benzoin , Camphor , and the like .

Salt , besides its affinity with Sulphur , is also most strictly united with Earth ; wherefore Stones , and the more hard Minerals , consist chiefly of Salt and Earth . The Acid Spirits of Minerals , ( which are only Salts resolved into Liquor by Distillation ) if at last they be poured on the Caput Mortuum , Cohere with a strict embrace to it , that there will be need of a most strong Fire , to drive them forth again . Also in Glass , the union of Salt and Earth is so strictly made , that it will not suffer a Divorce by any means . Salt also is most easily dissolved in Water ; and it melts of its own accord , in a moist Air : and these are as easily separated one from another .

By reason of these Combinations , these Principles have got various Appellations , and not Congruous in their own Nature to themselves . For Sulphur , for as much as it is Associated with Spirit , is called pure and sweet ; when with Salt , impure and stinking , for as much as with Salt and Earth , it is called thick and Earthly ; when the Spirit assumes to it self Sulphureous Particles in a moderate quantity , it is seen to be sweet ; when saline , sharp ; when both , bitter . Salt has a diverse disposition , and is known by many names , by reason of its various mixture with the other Elements , and chiefly with Earth : for besides the Titles of Fluid , Fixed , Volatile , for this reason it is termed Marine , Aluminous , Nitrous , Vitriolick , Armoniack , or of some other kind . By some , these kind of Conjugations are esteemed , but wrongfully , as so many divers Principles , when they are but more simple mixtures , by the coming together of the first Elements , and being loosened by Distillation they openly shew their Race , from whence they are . For all Salts whatsoever being driven into a Flux by the Fire , shew Liquors very near of Kin one to another , to wit , Acetous : by the like means Spirit and Sulphur are compelled to put off their Masks , and to resume the Native Species common to each .

And so much for the Principles of Natural Things , and of their Affections and conjunctions . It is abundantly manifest , that these kind of Substances are in every Body , ( besides the Analyses of Bodies Chymically instituted ) also from the Mutations , and effects of Things , which happen of their own Nature . When Must is Ripened into Wine , is not Spirit , a Sulphureous part , also Salt , and Earth Conspicuous to our Tast and Eyes , besides the watery Liquor ? Also the Juice of every Plant being exalted by Digestion , exhibits the same sincere , and as it were distinct : what is greater , things subject to the Flame , when they seem to be burnt , and reduced almost to nothing , they go into these kind of Particles ; besides the Salt remaining in the Ashes , the Smoke and Flame grow together into Soot , as it were a Meteor , in which are comprehended together , Spirit , Sulphur , Salt , Water , and Earth , as it were in a certain compendium of the mixture . For the active Principles abound in Soot more than in any other inanimate Body .

But because with some there hath spread a certain suspicion , that those our Princlciples , chiefly the Saline and Sulphureous , are to be produced for the most part by Fire , and are no ways to be found in mixt things , unless after the coming between of that : I will witness to you in some instances , that the thing is plainly otherwise . Concerning the first , It is commonly known , that the Ashes of every Plant , being once Elixivated , or made into a Lye , if it be afterwards Calcined , will not yield any thing of Salt ; besides if Concretes being Distilled , Exhale or Breath forth a very sharp or acid Liquor , their Calx is not saltish ; and on the contrary when the Salt being Volatilized or brought to a Flux , ascends the Alembic , you shall seek for it in vain in the dead head . To prove the existency of the Sulphureous Principle in Vegetables , take Guaiacum , or a piece of any other ponderous Wood , and being put into a Glass Retort , draw it forth by degrees ; it shall exhibit , together with an Acid Liquor ( which water is saltish ) in great quantity , a blackish Oyl ( which part of it is Sulphureous . ) It appears from hence that this was in the Body before the Distilling , and in no wise produced by its Operation , because if you proceed after another manner , that the Sulphur may be taken out of the Concrete before Distillation , the Liquor that comes forth will be almost wholy deprived of its Oyliness : Wherefore , if you pour Spirit of Wine to those Chips of Wood , it will Extract in a great quantity , by this Menstruum , a pure Resine , which is the Sulphureous part if self : then if you Distill ( as before ) in a Retort , the remaining Chips being washed in common Water and dryed , you will have a very little Oyl only . What is more to be admired , and confirms also more fully the truth of this kind of Origination , some Bodies , which being almost destitute of Spirit and Sulphur ( because chiefly Volatile ) consist chiefly of Salt , Earth and Water , are separated into these Elements by Distillation : the same mixture in number , and wholy known by the same accidents , is restored to them , being mingled together again ; for example , if you Distil Vitriol in a Reverberating Furnace , you shall have a Phlegm almost insipid , or a Watery part , then a Liquor very sour , or a Salt having gotten a Flux , and in the bottom , a Red Earth , and finely Purpled : this being rightly performed , if the two Distilled Liquors be poured to the dead head , you shall have the same Vitriol , as you had before , and again revived , in the same Colour , tast , yea and almost in weight . In like manner you may proceed , with the same success , with Nitre , Sea-Salt , Salt of Tartar , and perhaps with Alum and other Minerals : So that those Concretes , which consist of fixed , and stable Elements , may like a Mechanick Engine be pulled into pieces , and presently without hurting the Machine , be restored or made whole . But there is enough spoken concerning the Principles of Natural Bodies . These being thus premised , we will proceed to the thing proposed in the beginning , to wit , the Doctrine of Fermentation .

CHAP. III. What Fermentation is : Its Division as to the Subjects , and first of Minerals .

FErmentation is an intestine motion of Particles , or the principles of every Body , either tending to the perfection of the same Body , or because of its change into another . For the Elementary Particles being stirred up into motion , either of their own accord or Nature , or occasionally , do wonderful more themselves , and are moved ; do lay hold of and obvolve one another : the fubtil and more active , unfold themselves on every side , and endeavour to fly away ; which notwithstanding being intangled , by others more thick , are deteined in their flying away . Again , the more thick themselves , are very much brought under , by the endeavour and Expansion of the more Subtil , and are attenuated , until each of them being brought to their height and exaltations , they either frame the due perfection in the subject , or compleat the alterations and mutations designed by Nature .

Fermentation is an action or motion meerly Natural , and what doth perform it , are only Particles Naturally implanted in the Concrete ; yet as to the subjects in which they are found , it is wont to be variously distinguished . And either things of Nature are said to ferment in a threefold Family , of Minerals , Vegetables and Animals ; or the Works of Art , to wit , when Actives are applied to Passives by an outward Agent . Though the Term and consideration of Fermentation , are chiefly due to Artificial things , and things made by Hand , yet it will not be from the puropse , to speak first somthing of Natural Things , that a Comparison being made of either , the Truth of our Hypothesis , and the certainty of the Principles may be confirmed . But this only lightly and by the way , in this place I shall pass over , because their more full handling belongs to Physiology , or the Doscourse of Natural or Physical Things .

In the first place , as to Minerals , altho in the Bowels of the Earth , the Fermentation is less conspicuous than in the Supersicies , yet it easily appears that the Elementary Particles , or the Fermentative Principles , are included in the depth of the Earth , as in a certain pregnant Womb : which there constitute Concretes , and things gathered together , by strict Embraces , the Productions of Minerals ; but being loosned , and moved in the Bosom of the Earth , or exhaled upwards , cause the appearances of Meteors .

First , The Generation of the more hard Minerals , induces rather Congelation than Fermentation ; because indeed these Principles , growing together in every Subject , are so fixed , and as it were bound together in Bonds , that they are not able any ways to move themselves , or to depart one from another . This kind of Fixation chiefly depends on the plenty and greater proportion of Salt and Earth , ( somtimes with an addition of Sulphur ) than there is of Spirit or Water , To wit , Salt and Earth , being most smally broken , and resolved even into a Vapour , lay hold of one another , and stiffen into a hard matter , and at last not to be loosned ; almost after the same manner as making of Glass , and the burning of Bricks and Earthen Ware , are performed . For Glass consists of Salt and Earth , which when being broken into most small bits by a very intense Fire , they suffer a Flux , they mutually lay hold of one another , and so strictly and intimately come together , that they arenever to be parted . Glass is more fragil , or easie to be broken , than Earthen Pots , or Minerals , because it has a greater plenty of Salt , than of Earth , which is more plentiful in Earthen Ware , and in Minerals : To some of which , also happens a modicum of Sulphur , and for that reason they are more tenacious and ductil ; as is to be observed in Metals , when in the mean time stones , and what contain little of Sulphur , are fragil , and apt by every stroke , to fly to pieces . In Vitrification there is need of a violent Fire , for the fusion of the Salt and the Earth , ( whose Particles , as is commonly said , are the Pestles of the Chymists ) but within the Bowels of the Earth , there is not required such a fusion by Fire , for the Concretion of Minerals , because Salt and Sulphur exist , being naturally resolved into most simple Particles ; which , when they lay hold on the Earth , easily stiffen into Metal , or into a stony hardness . There are some Fountains found out , which , for that they folw with a Primitive Salt , and resolved into small Particles , what every Bodies are immersed therein , they cause them presently to become stony . We have read also , of Men changed into Stones , yea a whole City to have been stiffned into a stony substance , by the Air , or by some Vapour brought forth of the Earth : The Faith of which thing is left to the Authors .

Meteors are made out of the same Principles by which Minerals are made , and conceived almost in the same Womb : but loosned from Concretion wandring here and there , and diversly fluctuating : or which being included in Subterraneous Vaults , and there moved , produce divers Springings up of Fountains , or ebullitions of hot Vapours ; or exhaling from the Dens of the Earth , and being mixed with Airy little Bodies , they cause within the Region of the Atmo-Sphear , as it were a diverse fashioned Landskip , of Clouds , Winds , and the appearances of other things , in the Superficies of the Earth , or on high : in either there are highly active Principles , chiefly Salt and Sulphur . Spirits are either deficient in Meteors , even as in Minerals , or are found only in a very small quantity or proportion : to wit , they are almost wholly excluded from these , by reason of the strict frame of the Subject , which doth not easily yield space , and passage for their motion ; also they abstain from those ( viz. Meteors ) by reason of the lax , and wholly loose structure of Matter , from whence they , who are mighty in swiftness , easily break forth , and desire to fly away .

Within the Bosome of the Earth , the Saline Particles being loosned , even into a Vapour , and then kneaded with an Earthy Matter or the moistning of Waters , they cause Eruptions of Fountains , and Acidulous or Spaw Waters , which resemble the disposition of Vitriol , Alum , Nitre , somtimes of Iron or Copper . Also the Sulphureous little Bodies being loosned , and gathered together , inkindle an Heat , and somtimes Subterraneous Fires ; by whose Breaths the Dens and Caverns being made Hot , like an Hot-House , whilst the Watery humors pass through them , they from thence conceive their Heat , and supply the Springs of Hot Fountains for Bathes .

In like manner , in this visible and Etherial world , Vapours both Sulphureous and Saline , and of a diverse Kind and Nature , perpetually breath forth , and are diffused through the whole Region of Air. From hence the diversity of winds , the vicissitudes of Cold and Heat , Rain , Snow , Hail , Dew , and Hoar Frost , and what are of this Nature , have their Origine . Concerning the particular instances of these , the famous Gassendus may be consulted , who in his Epicurean Philosophy , most aptly deduces the Phaenomena , almost of all Meteors , and the reasons of them , from the Exhalations of Sulphur , and Salts , either Nitrous , Vitriolick , Aluminous or Armoniack .

CHAP. IV. Of Fermentation for as much as is observed in Vegetables .

IN Vegetable , Fermentation is yet more plainly discerned : for whilst they Bud forth , Grow , Flower , hear Fruit , Ripen , Decline and Dye , we may observe the divers motions of Particles or Principles , their various Habits and Tempers . I intend not here to describe the several ways and proceedings of these . It will be sufficient , for the undolding the Doctrine of Fermentation , to take notice of some chief instances , concerning this Subject .

If is manifest , by dayly Experience , that all Plants whatsoever , exposed to a Spagyrical or Chymical Operation , may with little labour , be resolved into the aforesaid five-fold Elements ; But in some there is found a greater plenty of Salt , in others of Sulphur ; in some Spirits abound : Water , and Earth , are in most proportionated , according to the Bulk and magnitude of the thing . Plants in which Salt abounds , with a mean of Sulphur , and a little quantity of Spirits , are for the most part of long Age , somwhat big , or flourish all the Winter , or tho their Leaves fall , they keep a Nutricious Juice under the Bark . Of which sort are the Oak , Ash , Elm , Box-Tree , and all ponderous Woods and Shrubs .

In some Sulphur abounds , wiht a little Salt and Spirit , as are the Pine , the Firr-Tree , Cyprus Tree , Juniper , Ivy , Olive , Cedar , and Myrtle Trees , and all resinous Plants ; which , for the most part have a sweet smell , and are perpetually Green , by reason the juice , wherewith they are nourished , is viscous , and not easily to be dissipated . In others , besides plenty of Salt , and Sulphur , Spirits also are found , in a greater proportion , as are Fruit-bearing Trees , and especially the Vine , from whose Fruit the Juice being wrung out , and purified by Fermentation , grows very big with Spirit . Of this rank are Plants for the most part Medicinal , also such as produce Curious , and Odoriferous Flowers , But in some Water and Earth luxuriat in too great a quantity above the other Elements , as in cold Plants , and such as grow in too rank a Soil .

The Germination of Plants happens after this manner , either it is made out of the Seed , Root , Trunk , or of its own Nature , from the naked matrix of the Earth . First , the Spirit being shut up within , by the Ambient Heat and Moisture loosening the frame of the mixture , being loosned , it presently endeavours to fly away : But being held back in its flight , by the more thick Particles of the rest , stretches forth more largely its Den , and together with the other Principles , with which it is bound , thrusts forth on every side , into length and breadth : even as a little bundle of Silk , being contracted into wrincles and folds , is opened here and there : In the mean time , the little Spaces left by the enlargement of the Spirit , and as it were made hollow , are filled up by the next Matter , driven even into the Vacuities . And after this manner the Architect Spirit , with his Ministers , Salt and Sulphur , still stretching forth it self , like a Snail , frames for it self an Houfe , whose Inhabitant it is , and by dilating it self , stretches forth that , until at last it hath wrought the Plant into the due Bulk and Figure designed by Nature .

You may take notice , that the times of the year , for the Budding , Flowring , Ripening , and decaying of Vegetables , are of great Efficacy and Virtue : All the Winter , the Womb of the Earth , as it were shut up , is almost barren : for the Spirituous Particles , which are wont to actuate the rest , and as it were to lead the dance of Natural Motions , are either chased away by the Winters Cold , or being Congealed in their Subjects , are fixed : Wherefore at this time Germination and Vegetation are very rare , unless that some irregular Plants , which are composed of plenty of Spirit , Salt , and Sulphur , dare to break forth . But in the Spring , when the bowels of the Earth begin to be a little warm , by the Vicinity of the Sun , presently they are impregnated with a wonderful Fecundity , and produce the effects of their Seminality . Not only the Superficies of the Earth , but also the Water and Air , every where , grow big with Spirituous Particles ; which as it were raise up from the Dead , the little Bodies of Salt , and Sulphur , and bring them into Motion : Therefore , besides that the Plants Bud , the Juice and Blood of living Creatures is quicker and more apt to abound . At this time the Birds and Fishes build their Nests , and bring forth Eggs : also we may perceive in our selves the Blood to flow high in the Vessels , and usually to Ferment too much . For all things are then full of this Aetherial Substance , and the whole Bulk of Nature , as it were inspired by a lively Fermentation , is abundantly fruitful of Motions and Generations . Yea , these our Principles , at first separated and dispersed one from another , led as it were by an Appetite of Copulation , enter into mutual Marriages , and being Married together , almost with infinit Embraces , cause a most ample Seeding , and Germination of the Herby State .

At the beginning of the Summer , ( and perhaps in some sooner in some later ) when sufficient time hath been granted for the Stature and Magnitude of every Plant , and that it is now come to the highth of increase ; it behoves Nature to perfect her Work , and to cook and ripen the Substance , as yet rude and undigested : Wherefore the active Principles leisurely extricate themselves from the more thick , and creep forward towards the top , there being placed with a mutual increase , they are formed into Flowers and Blossoms , from which at length ( for that they are of a soft and light texture ) Spirit and Sulphur easily evaporate , and the frame of the mixture quickly decays . But Nature careful of the perpetuating every thing , when it cannot keep for ever the individuum , is so provident , that the Species may not wholly perish : Wherefore she institutes new and more firm and lasting Combinations of Spirit , Salt and Sulphur . For she selects from the whole Substance of the Plant , the more noble and highly active Particles , and these being gathered together , with a little Earth and Water , she forms in the Seed , as it were the quintessences of every Plant ; in the mean time the Trunk , Leaves , Stalks , and the other Members of the Plant ; being almost quite deprived of the active Principles , are much depauperated , and are of less Efficacy and Virtue .

About Autumn , after the Seeds are framed , ( as it were pledges left in memory of the Plant ) the Particles of Spirits , Salt and Sulphur , which remain , being now placed in their Strength or Exaltation , endeavour a Dissolution , and Departing one from another . And first of all , the Spirits evaporate by degrees with the Watery humour , through the Doors fet open by the Summer Sun , with which the more pure parts of the Sulphur , make also their Journey : in the mean time the Salt being fixed with the Earth , and more thick Sulphur , is left behind : Wherefore in most the Leaves fall at this time , and in those of a tender and light Constitution , the Principles are wholly dissipated , and the Trunk and Stalk , together with the Root , wholly die . In some , after the falling of the Seed , with the Leaves , the Stalks wither ; in the mean time the Principles , which may renew the Plant in the next Spring , are preserved in the Root .

Also Winter coming on , the face of things is wholly changed ; and the Elements , which in the Spring did affect to be Joyned and to Marry one with another , seek nothing more than Divorces . The Spirits fly away from very many things , and wander in the Air ; in the mean time the Particles of Salt and Sulphur lie as it were benummed and asleep . Not only the Bodies of Vegetables , but of very many Animals , are left as it were dead all the Winter , till they are raised again to life by the Spirit , returning with the Vernal Sun , and as it were animated anew . But this little Branch being made concerning the Vegetation of Plants , it is now fit that we proceed on our Journey to Fermentation , by the Rule of our before established Method , to what is to be observed , concerning the parts , and humours of Living Creatures .

CHAP. V. Of things to be Observed of Fermentation about Animals .

IT is so certain that the Bodies of Animals , consist of the aforesaid Principles , that it wants no proof . For they so plentifully swell up , with Spirit , Salt and Sulphur , that their Particles are obvious to the sense : Wherefore th●● are moved with a more swift motion , and more excellent senses of Life , and Functions of Heat , in the Sujects , in which they are implanted , are inlarged . It would be too much labour , and tedious , here to describe , the several manners and processes of Fermentations . The first beginnings of Life proceed from the Spirit Fermenting in the Heart , as it were in a certain little punct. The motion of this , is not as in Vegetables , slow and insensible , and only to be known by their increasing ; but presently becoming rapid , is conspicuous to the Eyes : because the Spirit leaping from the Punct , as from a Prison , being stirred , and having obtained the Vehicle of Blood , swiftly runs forth ; and leaping forth , it cannot wholy fly away , it makes hollow spaces for it self in the thick substance , in which it is included , for its excursion , being compelled some other way backward . Lastly being returned to the Heart , it Ferments the more , wherefore it stretches forth further the spaces of its Excursion , and so easily makes an hollow way for its return back ; and after this manner , for the carrying about the Blood , Arteries and Veins , as Channels and Rivulets are framed through all the parts of the Body : and on such a Vicissitude of Motion , or Reciprocation , depends the life of living Creatures , which , that Nature might preserve a long while , she placed the Ferment in the Heart , by whose instinct , or endeavour , the Blood grows impetuously Hot , and as it were inkindled into a Flame by its Deflagration , diffuses the effluvia of its Heat round about on every side : for by the Fermentation , or Accension which the Blood suffers in the Bosome of the Heart , very many Particles of Spirit , Salt and Sulphur , endeavour to break forth from its loosened frame : by which being much rarified , and like Water boyling over a Fite , the moved and boyling Blood is carried through the Vessels , not without great Tumult and Turgescency . We would speak more in this place , both of the Natural Fermentation of the Blood , and the Feaverish , but that we reserve this Consideration for a peculiar Tract , where we Treat of Feavers .

Besides this Ferment constituted in the Chimny of the Heart , upon which the motion and heat of the Blood very much depends , there are others laid up every where in the Bowels , of a diverse disposition , by the help of which , both the Chyle ( which is the Rudiment or Beginning of the Blood ) and the Animal Spirits , its Quintessence , are truly framed . There are others also which serve for the perfecting the Blood , transmuting it into other Liquors , and freeing it from Excrementitious Matter : It will be too far from our proposed method , to wander , to insist upon each of these , and to reap anothers Harvest : Wherefore I will only add in this place , some select instances , which may illustrate the Doctrine of Fermentation .

It is commonly received , that the Concoction of the Chyle , in the Ventricle , is made by the means of a certain Acid Ferment : That such a thing is the Acid belching in a full Stomach , and the want of it in the loss of Stomach , in Feaverish and Dysenterical people do testifie , &c. and its restitution a sign of Health : to which may be added this Observationn ; Chalybeat Medicines being taken at the Mouth , a little after excite a Sulfureous savour in the Throat , as if hard rosted Eggs had been eaten : which seems wholly to be made by the Acid Ferment of the Ventricle , gnawing the Iron , even as Spirit of Vitriol , being sprinkled upon the fileings of Steel , excites such a stinking and Sulphureous Odor . Some say this Ferment is breathed into the Stomach from the Spleen , but by what means that may be done doth not yet appear by Anatomical Observation . It seems not improbable that this Ferment is implanted in the Ventricle , that it is only made by some remains of the perfected Chyle , which fixed in the folds of the Ventricle . and there growing sowr , puts on the Nature of Ferment ; even as a portion of Dough being fermented or levened , and and kept to a sowrness , becomes a convenient Ferment or Leven , for the making of Bread . In like manner this kind of Acid humour being prepared from the Aliments , and long carried in the Ventricle , promotes the Concoction , and subaction or subduing of the Food . For Acid things , which are full of Salt , carried out to a Flux , excellently conduce both to the Fermenting and Dissolving of Bodies : Wherefore by the action of this , Salt and Sulphur , with which eatable things very much abound , are broken in the Ventricle , and are reduced into very small parts . The Chyle being after this manner Fermented , acquires a Milky colour , by reason that the Sulphureous Particles are dissolved together with the Saline , and mixed with the Acid Ferment . For if you pour an Acetous humour to any Liquor impregnated with Sulphur and volatile Salt , it presently grows white like Milk ; as may be discerned in the preparing the Milk of Sulphur , or the Resinous extracts of Vegetables . Yea , the Spirits of Harts Horn , or Soot , being very full of Volatile Salt , if they be poured to any Acid Liquor , or simple Water , acquire a Milky colour .

Concerning this Ferment hid in the folds of the Ventricle , it is observed that it is after various manners , and changes the Aliments by a diverse means : for tho in a sound Constitution it is indifferently Acid , and chiefly owes its force and energie to the Salt being brought to a Flux ; yet it often declines from this laudable condition , and conteins in it self either too much of sowrness , or less than it ought to have : In the former Case , where the Salt hath got too sowr a Dominion , all things taken in , ( the Saline Particles being carried forth to a Flux , and the rest unduly brought under ) presently grow sour : as most often happens in Hypochondriack Distempers : on the other side , where the Volatile Principles obtain the first place , ( Fermentation being too hastily made ) the Sulphureous parts of the Chyle are suddenly , and as it were forceably exalted , and the unconcocted of the Saline , pass into Choler : which ordinarily happens to those abounding with bitter Choler . They therefore who have the Ventricle affected after this latter manner , Sweet and Fat meats being eaten , they are troubled with a bitter and bilious Taste : Again , they who suffer the contrary disposition , altho they eat the most simple Food , send forth plentifully Acid and Stinking belchings : and indeed this seems to come to pass even after the same manner , as when a little too much Yest is put to the Batch of Dough , it becomes bitter ; or when too great a Portion of sour Ferment , or Leven is put to the same Dough , the Bread from thence contracts a mighty sowrness .

As the Blood in the Heart , and appending Vessels , the Chyle in the Ventricle , so the Animal Spirit is wrought in the Brain , whose Original and Motions are very much in the dark . Neither doth it plainly appear , as to the Animal Spirit , by what workman it is prepared , nor by what Channels it is carried , at a distance , quicker than the twinkling of an Eye . But it seems to me that the Brain with Scull over it , and the appending Nerves , represent the little Head or Glassie Alembic , with a Spunge laid upon it , as we use to do for the highly rectifying of the Spirit of Wine : for truly the Blood when Rarified by Heat , is carried from the Chimny of the Heart , to the Head , even as the Spirit of Wine boyling in the Cucurbit , and being resolved into Vapour , is elevated into the Alembick ; where the Spunge covering all the opening of the Hole , only transmits or suffers to pass through the more penetrating and very subtil Spirits , and carries them to the snout of the Alembick : in the mean time , the more thick Particles , are stayed , and hindred from passing . Not unlike this manner , the blood being delated into the Head , its spirituous , volatil , and subtil Particles , being restrained within by the Skull , and its menyuges , as by an Alembick , are drunk up by the spungy substance of the Brain , and there being made more noble or excellent , are derived into the Nerves , as so many snouts hanging to it . In the mean time the more crass or thick Particles of the blood , being hindred from entring , are carried back by Circulation : But the highly agil and subtil Spirits enter the smallest and scarcely at all open pores of the Brain and Nerves , and run through them with a wonderful swiftness : For there is need only of such Receptacles and Channels , for the Animal Spirit , in which there are none , or at least very small cavities or holes ; otherwise the blood or excrementitious humours , their Followers and Companions would not be excluded . Also , besides , if these Spirits should run about through too open and loose spaces , being easily dissipated , they would fly away : wherefore , when there is need of a Pipe for the transmitting of blood , or serous water , the Spirit of Wine runs rapidly through the secret passages of the Instrument or Leather . Neither doth the more strict frame of the Brain and Nerves serve only for the straining of the subtil from the thick , and the pure from the impure ; but also that spirituous and most subtil Liquor , being as it were distilled from the blood , gets yet a farther perfection in the Brain ; for there being inspired by a certain Ferment , whereby it is yet more volatilised , it is made more fit for the performing the offices of motion and sense . Because the substance of the Brain is exceeding full of a Volatile Salt , which is of great Virtue for the sharpning and subtilising the Spirits ; therefore the Spirits of Harts Horn , or of Soot , are far more penetrating than Spirits of Wine .

The Seminal Vessels and Genital Parts , do so swell up with Fermentative Particles , that there is nothing more : here Spirit , Salt , and Sulphur , being together compacted , and highly exalted , seem in the Seed to be reduced as it were into a most noble Elixir . These kind of active Principles do not only Ferment in the Womb , for the forming of the Child or Young ones , but also as it were with a living Ferment , they inspire through all the Body , the whole Mass of blood , that it may be more Volatile , and more sharply Hot : wherefore in women who have the Ferment of the Womb in good order , their Face is furnished with a curious and flourishing colour , their heat is more lively and copious ; moreover , the Mass of Blood growing too rank , there is need of emptying it every Month by the Flux of their Courses ; but when this Fermentation from the Womb is wanting , both Virgins and Women become Pale , and as it were without blood , short winded , and unfit for any motion . Also in men , from the Seminal Ferment , happen abundance of heat , great strength , a sounding Voice , and a manly eruption of Beard and Hair ; by reason of the defect of this , men grow womanish , to wit , a small Voice , weak Heat , and want of Beard are caused .

Since we Treat of Ferments , which are found in the Animal Body , we may here opportunely inquire , what is the use of the Spleen : concerning which all good things are said by some ; that it is as it were another Liver , and serves for the making of blood , for the Viscera of the lower Belly : It is by others reputed to be of a most vile use ; that it is only the Sink or Jakes , into which the Feculencies of the blood are cast . By reason of its structure , we make this sort of conjecture ; because the Arteries , do carry the blood to this , and the Veins bring it away , neither any other thing is carried in , or conveyed out , and for that its substance is filled with black , and stagnating blood , it seems that it is as it were a store-house for the receiving of the earthy and muddy part of the blood : which afterwards , being exalted into the Nature of a Ferment , is carried back to the blood for the heating of it : Wherefore , while the blood being carried by the Arteries enters the Spleen , somthing is drawn from it , to wit , the muddy and terrestrial Particles , which are as it were the dregs , and Caput Mortuum of the blood ; that by this means the whole Mass of the Blood , might be freed from the Melancholick or Atrabilous Juice ; which is separated in the Spleen , even as the yellow Bile or Choller , is in the Liver : wherefore , for the most part the Spleen is of a black or blewish colour , by reason of the Feculencies or dregs there lay'd up . But as this Juice deposited in the Milt or Spleen , is not altogether unprofitable , but by reason of the plenty of fixed Salt , is of a very Fermenting Nature ; it is not presently , as the Choler , cast into the sink , but is farther Cooked in the Spleen , and being exalted goes into a Ferment ; which being lastly committed to the blood promotes its motion and Volatilisation : Wherefore , as somthing is drawn from the blood , entring the Spleen by the Arteries , to wit , the Crude Juice of Melancholy ; so somthing is continually added to the same , flowing back through the Veins , to wit , the same Juice concocted and exalted into the Nature of a Ferment : Even as Chymists , in Distilling , that the Liquor may be made better , separate the Subtile and Spirituous parts , from the Caput Mortuum , and then pour them on it again ; and this work they so often repeat , till the Caput Mortuum or dead Head , is by frequent Distillation Volatized , and the Liquor rightly exalted , even in all its Particles . That this is the use of the Spleen , it is a sign , for that this inward being ill affected , the blood either ferments too much , as in the Scorbutick and Hypochondriack Distempers ; or if the Spleen be obstructed , or beset with a Scirrhous Tumor , the blood is destitute of fit Fermentation , and causes the Dropsie , Cachexie or evil disposition of the Body , or the Tympany .

As we assert , the Earth and muddy part of the blood , which consists chiefly of Earth and fixed Salt , being separated in the Spleen , to pass there into a Ferment ; so it seems not improbable , that also the Adust , or as it were the fiery part of the blood , to wit , the Yellow Bile , which consists chiefly of Salt and Sulphur , being separated in the Liver , and from thence transmitted to the intestines , serves for some use of Fermentation . For this being mixed with the Chyme or Juice , fallen from the Ventricle to the intestines , makes it there to grow hot and to swell up ; whereby both the Elementary Particles are more overcome , and by reason of the Rarification or swelling up , the purer part is wrung forth into the Milky Vessels , for the Nutritious Juice .

We are not only born and nourished by the means of Ferments : but we also die : Every Disease acts its Tragedies by the strength of some Ferment . For either the Sulphureous and Spirituous part of the blood , being too much carried forth , boils up immoderately in the Vessels , like Wine growing hot , and from thence Feavers of a divers kind and nature are inkindled : or somtimes the Saline part of the blood , being too much carried froth , suffers a Flux ; and from thence it being made acid , austere , and somtimes sharp , is apt for various Coagulations : from which the Scurvy , Dropsie , Stone , Leprosie , and very many Chronical Diseases arise .

Yea we also endeavor the Cure of Diseases by the help of Fermentation : For to the preserving or recovering the Health of man , the business of a Physician and a Vintner , is almost the same : the blood and humors even as Wine , ought to be kept in an equal temper and motion of Fermentation : wherefore when the blood grows too hot , even as Wine , it is usual to empty some out of the Vessels , and to allay its Fervor with temperat things . If any extraneous or heterogeneous thing , is mixed with it , unless growing hot of its own accord , it drives it forth of doors ; Purging , Vomiting , and Sweating Medicines , by shaking and fusing the blood and humors , promote its seclusion : when that the blood is depauperated , and grows less hot than it should do , Cardiacks , Digestives , and especially Chalybeats or steeled Medicines restore its vigor and Fermenttation : no otherwise than Wines growing sowr or degenerating into a deadness or want of strength , are mixed with more rich Lees , whereby they may Purge or grow turgid anew . I could easily unfold the Curatory intentions , as also the effects and operations of every Medicine , according to the Doctrine of Fermentation ; but I design aparticular meditation for this thing : for the perfecing of which serious work , God willing , I have determined to add to the business of Medicine , as I hope , somthing not unprofitable .

Having thus far wandered in the spacious field of Nature , we have beheld all things full of Fermentation ; not only in the distinct Provinces of Minerals , Vegetables and Animals , do we discern the motions and effects of this , but also the whole Sublunary world , seems as if one and the same substance were planted , and very pregnant through the whole with Fementative Particles ; which in every Region and Corner of it , as little Emmits in a Mole-hill , are busied in perpetual motion and agitation ; they fly about here and there ; somtimes upwards , somtimes downward they are hurried , they variously meet one another , associate themselves , and again depart asunder ; with a continual Vicissitude they enter into divers Marriages , and suffer Divorces , on which the beginnings , the death , and transmutations of thins , depend . These little Bodies do not only very much abound in the bosome of the Earth , or in the midst of the waters , but they are especially diffused through the whole Atmosphear of the Air in thick heaps . It is sufficient that I have noted in this place , some examples in a word : I have not determined a more full speculation of them here . It is time that we proceed from Physical things , to the works of Art .

CHAP. VI. Of Fermentation , as it is performed in Artificial things .

IN the works of Art , so various and manifold provision of Fermentation is perceived , that it is altogether impossible to enumerate their several Species ; or to reduce the divers instances of this to certain Classes or Heads of distribution . Making use of the thrid of the following method , we will subjoyn some examples , ( which have happened to our observation ) by whose rule , many others may be laid open .

Concerning Fermentation , which is made in the Subjects , made by hand , or human industry , these three things are chiefly to be considered .

First , of what Nature and Composition Bodies are , that are most fit for Fermentation , and which are less convenient for it .

Secondly , What things are requisite about Fermentation , to wit , what are wont to promote , or also to hinder its motion in every Subject .

Thirdly , How manifold the motion of Fermentation is , and the end of it ; also what are the effects and alterations which follow it .

As to the first , That all Bodies , ( when tending to perfection ) may truely Ferment , they are required ,

In the first place , That there be some parts loose and disjoyned ; otherwise the Fermentative Particles will not be stretched forth , or move from place to place : Wherefore in the more hard compacted things , or in viscous things , or too much boyled , or evaporated too a spissitude or dryness , Fermentation does not succeed . What are Liquid , as Wine , Beer , the Juices of Fruits and Herbs , easily and quickly swell up ; next to these what are soft , tho they are of a thicker Consistency , as Bread , and most Eatable things , and Medicinal Compositions .

Secondly , It is required that there be an Heterogeneity of parts , or a confusion of all the Principles together ; to wit , that some Particles do oppose othess , and stir them into motion . For the more simple Bodies , in which one , or at most two Elementsonly are strong , with a very small proportion of the rest , are unapt to Ferment : because like Particles , or Symbolical Elements , lie benumed and quiet . But between the unlike , therearises presently a strife for domination , and some provoke others into motion .

Thirdly , There is a third condition , that there be neither too much Crudity , nor Maturity of parts , in the body Fermenting . In the Former , the active and subtil particles , are not easily extricated from the more thick , nor are brought into motion : as it appears in Juices , which are pressed forth from unripe Fruit ; also in Beer which is made of Barly or Mault , not come forth or germinated . In the latter the Particles being made too volatile , are not contained in the bond of the mixture , but presently evaporate , and dispose their Subjects to Putrefaction . Wherefore , Juice expressed from Summer Fruits , or others too ripe , will not easily pass into Wine , but it will quickly corrupt . And for this reason , extravasated blood , milk , and urine , do not Ferment , but quickly putrifie .

As to the second thing proposed , there are many ways by which Fermentation is either promoted or hindred . The first and chiefest , is the adding of a certain Ferment to the body Fermenting ; the Particles of which , when being first placed in vigor and motion , may raise up the others , idle and sluggish , in the to-be-fermented Mass , and may drive them into motion . But there is a two-fold Ferment ; either absolute , which is the same kind of Body , in which the active Particles , being altogether placed in their vigor , are notably in motion , and so whilst they are committed to the Subject in Fermenting , snatch with them into motion other Particles there of the every kind before sluggish : by this means Barm or Yest , beaten Eggs , and such like , stir up a Fermentation almost in every thing . Or the Ferment is respective , to wit , which consists of Particles , very much of one kind , which meeting other of another kind , in the Mass to be Fermented , grow hot with them , and so produce in the mixtnre a turgency or rising up of all the parts together . After this manner Saline Particles having gotten a Flux , grow very hot , with other Salines , either fixed or alchalisater ; as appears when acetous Liquors are poured on Corrals , Harts Horn , shells of Fishes ; also when the Spirit of Vitriol , and the Salt of Tartar , are put together , a great ebullition is excited .

There are some accidents and external circumstances , which variously conduce , either to the provoking or hindring the motion of Fermentatio ; of which sort , are chiefly the condition of the Ambient Air , the placing or laying up of te body Fermenting , and the means of conserving it .

The Southern Air ( in which hot and humid Particles every where abound , which also entring easily any Bodies , obtain the force and place of a Ferment ) impresses a notable motion of Fermentation in very many things : Wherefore in drinkable Liquors , it doth not only raise up at first , the force of effervescency or growing hot , but also for a long while afterinduces new swellings up in them being Fermented . On the contrary , the Cold and Northern Air , binds up , and very much fastens Bodies ; and in very many things hinders them fusions , and flowings of the Elements , and oftentimes , either hinders Fermentation from being stirred up , or restrains it being begun . Also the hot Summer Air , because it too much moves the active Principles , drives away the Spirits and subtile parts , exalts the Sline , and Sulphureous into a Flux , and so perverts their equal motion ; and either the Sulphur or Salt being too much carried forth , it easily brings to Bodies a rancidness or putrefaction , or a mouldiness ; which nothing favours the business of Fermentation .

It is a vulgar opinion , that some select times of the year , to wit , those in which the Vegetables of every Kind flower , cause anew the motion of Fermentation in the Juices , and other things prepared of them , after they had Fermented a long time before ; so that Beer , when the Barly , and Wines in the time that the Vine , flowers , conceive risings up , or new Fermentations : they say also , that Bread and Flour , when the Wheat is in Flower , is want to become sooner musty and moldy : also that spots or stains of the Juices of Fruits , as the Mulberry , Blackberry , Rasberry , and such like , being in Cloaths , are wont to be gotten forth again , at that time when those Fruits are Ripe . Concerning these things , I ingenuously confess , that I have not made tryal of them , by my own proper observation ; so as to dare to affirm it for truth in every part : I will therefore lightly pass them over , for it would both grieve and shame me ( lest I should relate false things ) to Philosophize concerning doubtful things .

Concerning the laying up of the Fermenting Body , these things are chiefly to be observed . When things first being to Ferment , that they are not to be shut up in too close Vessels , neither while the Liquors are hot , are they to be put into Bottles or Casks . For the Particles , at first boyling up , and as it were rarified , desire a very large space : wherefore the Fermentation of Wine or Beer , is begun in open large Vessels : but when they grow less hot , those kind of Liquors , lest the Particles being set and moved into motion , too much , should fly away from the Subject , they are kept best , either in a cold Cellar , or close Vessels . In the preparation of Vinegar , we boserve the contrary , to wit , it is wont to be placed in a hot place near the Chimney or Oven , or exposed to the Suns beams : to the end that the vinous Spirit being depressed , the Saline part might be exalted into a Flux , and so might give a sharpness to the Liquor . There is another observation , that Liquors do Ferment better in wooden Vessels , than in Glass , or Stone : For by long infusion , some Saline little Bodies are got froth of the Wood , especially the Oaken , which promote Fermentation .

As to the third thing proposed , concernign this thing ; although to speak properly , the motion of Fermentation , is only a carrying forth of the Principles confused together , from a state of Crudity towards maturity ; and the end of it , is a tendency to the perfection of every thing : yet use or custom hath obtained , that this word is attributed to very many other motions of Natural things , and includes other ends , and effects , far different . Therefore when the Fermentative Particles in any Body , are greatly in motion , the alterations which follow thereupon , may be in some respect referred to these three Classes .

First , it either respects the exaltation , and perfection of the parts of the same Body ; or the resolution , and corruption of them .

Secondly , Or the dissolution of the parts of another Body is intended ; or the praecipitation of those loosened .

Thirdly , By the motion and action of these kind of Principles , a coagulation , and also a congelation , now of the same Parts , now of different Bodies , are induced . It remains , that we briefly run through every one of thse Species of Natural Motions , and ways or manners of Fermentation .

CHAP. VII . Of Fermentation , as it is seen in the exaltation of Bodies , and tendency to Perfection .

THE Exaltaion of the parts , is perceived best in Works , or in all things appointed for human use , forasmuch as they get a greater perfection and vigor , by Fermentation ; as , chiefly Aliments and Medicines do : in many of these , we endeavour to carry forth the Spirituous Particles above the rest ; and so to procure in the mixture , a grateful sweet tast , and other agreeable qualities ; as we may observe in Bread , Beer , Wine , Cider , and many others : But in some , we strive to exalt the Saline part , the Spirit being somawhat depressed ; as in Vinegar , Meath , Broths , also in Sauce , Pickle , or in Preserved things , which are made of Salt and sharp Liquors . We rarely on pourpose carry forth the Sulphureous part above the rest , for from thence a stinking smell , and ingrateful rammishness , are wont to happen to eatable thinds . Among foods set apart for mans use , Bread , Beer , Wine , and Cider , have the first place ; which own mostly , whatever they have of virtue , or strength , to Fermentation .

Concerning the making of Bread , these things are chiefly to be observed : the Meal of Wheat , or Barly , or of any other Grain , being kneaded with common-water , is reduced to a mass , to be afterwards baked in an Oven . If there be nothing else added to this , it becomes forthwith heavy , and ponderous like Clay , clammy , and of an ingrateful tast , and of difficult digestion : but if in the kneading it , there be added a Ferment , the Mass presently grows hot , the bulk swells , and afterward being baked , it is made light , spongy , of good digestion and grateful to the tast . If you desire to know the reason of the difference , it is this . The meat of the Grain is imbued with a moderate proportion of Spirits , also of Salt , and Sulphur ; but the Particles of these , are overwhelmed in the Mass , with a viscous humidity , being kneaded with water ; so that they move not themselves mutually , nor are in motion : wherefore in the baking , some superfluoous humidity evaporates ; what remains is cleaving , viscous , and becomes pressed close like Clay , and ponderous . But when a Ferment is mingled with the Mealy Mass , the active Particles of the Ferment being first-stir'd up into motion , take hold of their Companions in the Mealy Mass , and carry them with them into motin . By this means , whilst some move others , they shortly are all stirred up into Fermentation ; tumultuating here and there , they compass and run through the whole Past or DCough , they subtitise and attenuated the clammy and terrene parts , and they lift up the mass , with the motion , and make it hollow , with little holes ; which yet in the mean time , lest it become too spungy , and whereby the parts made hollow , and attenuated might more exactly be mixed , it is wrought with long kneading , then afterwards , before the Fermentation ceases , and before the hollowed parts sink close down , it is baked in the Oven . In the baking , the superfluous moisture evaporates , and moreover , very many Particles of Spirit , Salt , and Sulphur , fly away ; wherefore , the mass becomes lighter , and less ponderous , in the mean time , those which remain in the Bread , being much exalted , and brought to maturity , cause in it a laudable consistency , with a grateful smell , and tast .

The Ferment commonly used , is a portion of the Mealy Mass , and unbaked , which is kept , being imbued with Salt , to a sowtness ( it is called in French Levain , because it lifts up the Mass ) or the flowring of Beer , or Ale , called Yest or Barm ; or for want of these the lees or dregs of Beer , or beaten Eggs , are made use of . In the mealy Ferment , the Saline Particles having gotten a Flux , do chiefly predominate ; as also in the faeces of Beer : wherefore the Bread Fermented by these , is made harsh and somwhat sowr : In the mean time , Yest being very big with Spirit , Ferments the Bread more potently , and brings to the Mass lightness , and a very grateful sweetness . Beaten Eggs abound with Spirit and a Volatile Salt , and do yet more cause the Bread to Ferment , and render it more Spongy : without doubt there may be other kinds of Ferments used ; for whatever are big and turgid with Spirit , or abound with Salt carried out to a Flux , seem to be fit enough for this use .

Somtimes the mealy Mass is kneaded with Sulphureous matter , as Butter , Sewet , Fat , or such like , which being baked in an Oven , while it is hot , it is seen to be light and spongy , ( to wit while the Sulphureous Particles , are kept in motion by the heat contracted in the Oven ) afterwards , when this Mass grows cold , it becomes heavy , weighty , and very close : to wit , the ascititious heat being exhaled , the Sulphureous Particles , before carried forth , at length sink down ; and when the Particles of the rest , not being excited into motion , the Mass therefore becomes as it were Infermentated : For in these kind of Subjects the Sulphureous Particles , because they are very viscous , hinder the motion of the rest , nor can they themselves persist in motion , longer than they are forced , by the actual heat .

Bread is somtimes made of the flower of Wheat , or Barly , that is Germinated or Maulted , which without any Ferment added to it , becomes so exceeding hot , that it cannot be contained in a compacted mass , but that in the baking it spreads abroad : the reason of which is , in such Flower , by the Maulting it , the active Principles are before placed in their vigor , and exaltation ; wherefore in the kneaded Mass , when they are urged , by the heat of the Oven , they run forth inordinately , and force the more thick parts , hindring them , and as it were fling them down head-long . We have said enough of making Bread ; we will now pass to Beer .

Beer is made of Mault or Barly , germinated and dryed , which is performed after this manner : First , the Barly is put into common water for three days , that it may intumifie or swell , then ( the water being let out from it ) it is flung in a heap upon a dry floor , moving it twice or thrice a day , lest it grow too hot , until it begins to germinate , or bud forth , or put out little shoots of Roots . Afterwards , by frequent casting it about , it is hindred from germinating or springing forth any farther , and lastly , being lay'd upon a Kiln , it is made dry by rosting it ; by this means , it yields a meat wonderfully sweet .

The reason of this kind of process is this ; the Barly is permitted to spring forth , that its active Principles might be brought or set into their strength , or exaltation : for when it germinates , the Spirit , Salt , and Sulphur , at first asleep , and sluggish , do swell up or grow big together , and their sluggishness being cast off , they are prepared to exercise their powers . The other preparations , hinder the Barly from germinating further , lest that its Principles being very much loosned , should exhale too much , and fly away from the Subject . The Meal of the Barly thus prepared grows sweet , because the active Principles are set in exaltation like Fruit brought to a maturity : wherefore also the Liquor impregnated with this Meal , grows very turgid or big with Spirituous and Fermentative Particles ; when the simple decoction of Barly , scarce Ferments at all , nor is kept long , but that it becomes musty , and insipid .

But Beer is made after this manner ; upon the Meal of the Barly , prepared as above said , boyled water is poured , and is suffered to be macerated , or mashed , for some hours , that it may be sufficiently impregnated with the active Particles of the germinating Barly , now placed in their vigour : This Liquor being satisfied or filled , is drawn off clear from its setling , and is lastly boyled , that it might get a somthing more thick consistency , and be able to be kept the longer : Then , when it is somwhat cold , it is Fermented , a Ferment , or the flowring of Beer or Yest , being put thereto , and so tun'd up in a Barrel . Concerning its Fermentation , these things are especial worthy of observation .

If it macerate with , or stand too long on , the Maulted Meal , the Liquor becomes thich and clammy ; and afterwards will hardly Ferment or Work at all : the reason of this is , because the active Principles , in this work , are of a prompt motion , and move together with them , the earthy Particles ; with which , if by a long stay , the passages and pores of the Liquor are filled ; being too full , they are wholly obstructed , and as the contents in the Stomach , stuffed to a furfeit , scarcely Ferment at all .

If too hot , or too cold , the Liquor be put into the Barrel ; as in the great heat of the Summer , or the cold in the Winter , Fermentation doth not rightly succeed : for by too much heat , the Particles are dissipated one from another , that they cannot , mutually take hold of one another , and so work ; by too much cold , they are bound up and fixed , that they scarce enter into motion , neither perform it strongly .

When the Liquor of the Beer Ferments in the Vat , the active Principles do on every side explicate themselves , they precipitate in the bottom the more thick , and Earthy , being partly driven as it were into flight , and partly sticking to them , they lead them as it were Captive to the top , and there make hollow bubbles continually growing up , and bring them as it were to servitude . After a due Fermentation , the whole space of the Liquor is rendered clear and without dregs , in which the Spirits with a little Salt and Sulphur , do abound ; in the mean time , in the settlement or dregs , a little of Spirit and Sulphur , with a greater plenty of Salt and Earth remains . So long as these shall be in their places the Liquor will be clear , sweet , and Spirituous , but if long kept , or not shut up closely in a Barrel , great part of the Spirits will fly away : in the mean time , by the defect of these , the Saline Particles being exalted , and having gotten a Flux , impregnate the whole Liquor , and make it sowr ; for when Beer , as also Wine , goes into Vineger , it doth not happen because they are wholly deprived of Spirits , ( for so they would degenerate into a tastless thing ) but because the Tartareous or Saline parts , are carried forth to a Flux , and infect the Liquor with their sharpness ; in the mean time , the Spirits being less in power , are depressed , that they cannot resist them . Very hot weather , Thunder , the noise of great Guns , or the tunning it in the open Air , suddenly makes Beer grow sowr , for by these means the Spirits being disturbed in their equal motion , are dissipated ; and in the mean time , the Saline or Tartarous parts , being before separated , and depressed , are moved , and carried forth into a Flux .

Indeed it plainly appears that the Spirituous parts in Vinegar , are not wholly destroyed , but suppressed only whilst the Saline are placed in a Flux ; because from Vinegar , may be Distilled , a Liquor exceeding hot and burning , like the Spirit of Wine , after this manner : With the Distilled Vinegar , a Salt is extracted from Minium , or Lead Calcined , of which you have plenty , and shall distil it in a Retort , the Vinous and burning Spirit is driven into the Receiver ; the reason of which is , because when the Saline Particles of the Vinegar are united with the Salt of the Lead , the Vinous Spirits yet remaining are then freed ; and having obtained their own right , they are urged from their lurking places by the heat of the Fire : but those Spirits are not produced from the Lead , because if you give thereto a more vehement Fire , the Salt of the Lead , will be melted into a Metal .

But we will return to Beer , from whence we have digressed ; to which , how great a perfection happens , by Fermentation , appears by this experiment . If you take Beer new made , not yet purged by Fermentation , and place it to be Distilled in a Bladder or Cucurbit ; only a vapid or tastless water ascends , without any Spirits , and strength at all : but if you proceed after the same manner with Beer truly Fermented , you will have a hot water , and highly Spirituous . And this takes away the objection of some , who say that water being even impregnated with the Meal of Mault , should not be any more boyled , lest the Spirits should exhale ; because the Spirits , before Fermentation , are so obvolved with the more thick Particles of the rest , that they cannot break forth from the Concrete .

The more the Beer is impregnated by the Mault , the stronger it is , keeps the longer without sowring ; which is helpt if Hops be boyled therein , from which at first it grows bitter , but afterwards recovers a grateful sweetness ; the reason of this is because the pores of Liquor , which are empty of the Particles of the Meal , when they are possessed by those of the Hops , the consistency is made more compact , and is more full of Fermentative Particles ; wherefore there is not quickly given any room for the Flux of the Salt . But that the Liquor being at first bitter , afterwards grows sweet , happens for this reason ; because the Spirituous and Sulphureous parts , supplyed by the Meal of the Mault , come not so soon to maturity , because of the others mixed with them from the hops being boyled therein : but when this happens , that they grow to maturity , they easily excel all the others , and impart a sweetness to the whole . Not only Hops being boyled in Beer , keep it long from sowring , but also many other bitter , or sharp things , do the same : for these , forasmuch as they exceed in a Volatile Salt , hinder the flowings of others Salt ; wherefore , some are wont to put into the Barrel , a piece of Sassafrass Wood , the tops of Wormwood , Broom , the Firr-Tree , the rinds of Oringes , also Spices in a small quantity ; by which means , the Drink , tho of a smaller substance , is kept a long while from sowring . Thus much concerning the preparation of Beer , on the consideration of which , ( as also of Bread ) we have stayed long , because the word Fermentation is chiefly due to these . Let us pass next to Wines . Excepting the Blood of Animals , there are no Liquors that grow hot , like Wines ; there is found in none a greater plenty of Spirits , Salt , and Sulphur , or a more remarkable turgescency , or swelling up . The Fermentation of Wines , and the handling of them Fermenting , are wont to be taught among the Vintners or Wine-Coopers , as a secret only to their Apprentices , or the Adepti of their Art . Among them there is delivered a certain Physical Science , or Method of Medicine , by which means , the impurities of Wines are purged forth , their heats attempered , or also their defect , or sickness may be healed . There are many ways to be used , besides that of sophisticating , as a secret , by which depauperated and tastless Wines are sold for sound and rich . But as to our proposition , that the Doctrine of Fermentation might be illustrated , these three things ought chiefly to be considered , concerning Wines : First , Their desaecation or cleaning , and their going into parts . Secondly , Their immoderate effervescency or growing hot , from what causes it is wont to be stirred up , and by what means to be suppressed . Thirdly , The declination of them , when they grow worse : and by what remedies they are kept that they do not quickly pass into a tastlesness or Vinegar .

1. As to First , That Fermentation may beging in the Must , there is not ( as in Beer ) required , the putting to any Ferment , for the Juice being expressed from the Grapes , doth so greatly swell up with active Particles or Principles , that it presently of its own accord , grows remarkably hot : but it is a usual thing in some regions , when the Grapes are trod , to besprinkle them with Quick Lime , by the provoking of which , as a Ferment , the Liquor pressed forth , grows more fervent , and is sooner purged . The Must or new Wine , is at first put into open Tubs , for that they cannot be contained in close Vessels , for their great heat or working , which so boyls up , that water over a Fire grows not more hot : when the Wine is a little cooler it is put into more close Vessels , in which it is further purged by Fermenting . In the purifying , the Spirituous and Subtile Particles greatly shake the more thick dregs , and dismiss them from themselves on every side , that the Mass of the Vinous Liquor , being made free from the mixture of the dregs , is rendred clear and without dregs . The Faeces or Lees of the Wine consist of Salt and Sulphur , with a little Spirit and plenty of Earth ; which whilst the Wines grow hot , being separated by degrees , either by Coagulating themselves mutually , are affixed to the sides of the Vessels under the Species of Tartar , or like Lees or Mother , settle to the bottom . In the mean time the Liquor swimming over them , is very clear and exceeding Spirituous .

Somtimes the defecation or clearing of Wines is hardly brought about , as a Vinous Liquor is not easily freed from the mixture of Tartar : wherefore Vintners are wont to put to the Wines some Bodies that either clear them , or precipitate them , so as the Earthy matter swimming in them , may sooner settle to the bottom : The things which so clarifie Wines are of two sorts : for they have either viscous parts , as Clew , the Whites of Eggs and such like , which stick close to the faeculencies of the Wine with laying fast hold on them , and carry them with themselves towards the bottom : Or else they abound in a precipitatory strength , which while they enter into the pores of the Liquor , thrust forth the more thick Particles from thence , and strike them down to the bottom ; as are the dust of Alabaster , Calcined Flints , and such like .

2. Wines tho at first they were well cleared , yet afterwards they conceive immoderate effervescencies , so that the Tartar , being stirred up from the bottom , it at length mingled with them ; also the Spirits being loosened , now the Sulphureous Particles , now the Saline being too much carried forth , render the Wines unsavory , clammy or sowr . We will consider these things , from what Causes they come to be so , and by what means they are Cured .

Wines very often contract heats , when they are full of Tartar or too rich Lees : For Tartar or Lees , tho separated from the Liquor of the Wine , and depressed to the bottom of the Vessel , yet for that they consist of plenty of Salt and Sulphur , they still send from themselves Fermentative Particles , by the inspiration of which the Wine is kept in an equal motion of Fermentation : and as the Wines are leasurely ripened , so the Salt and Sulphur which lurk in the Tartar , are by little and little exalted ; until at length , being carried forth to a Flox , they infect the Vinous Liquor , with a troubled feces or dregs , and compel it to grow immoderately hot , andn to boil up . Against these too great heats of Wines , there is necessity , that they be presently drawn off or rack'd , from this too rich Lees , and put into another Vessel , or else it comes to pass , by reason of its too great disturbance , the Sulphur being very much exalted , that they become unsavory and ropy ; or the Spirit being lost , and the Salt carried forth to a Flux , they contract a fowrness , and turn to Vinegar .

Neither doth Wine grow more hot than it should do , only from Tartar , or too rich Lees , but by too great agitation , immoderate heat , or by an extraneous or strange Body put to it , and not miscible , or that cannot mingle with it : for by these and other ways , the Sulphureous part of the Wine grows hot , and from thence conceives ceives a fervour , and undue boyling up ; for the setling of which , besides the racking or drawing it off , from one Vessel into another , they use to pour plenty of Milk , into the Pipe or Barrel , by whose mixture the heats and tumults of the Wines are presently appeased ; but as by this means the Spirits of the Wine are very much overcome , it cannot keep long , but soon after degenerates to Vinegar or without tast ; therefore the Vintners are necessitated to sell presently the Wines mended by this Artifice , and very suddenly to draw them off .

These kind of heats of Wines , tho they be timely appeased , before they wholly spoyl the Wines , yet they leave some viciousness , by which the Vinous Liquor is altered from its due colour and consistency , and is mande less grateful to the Palate : for Wines made hot , oftentimes become of a more deep colour , viz. they degenerate from a watery and clear colour , to a Citron or Red , and give to the tast a rankness ; all which indeed proceed , from the Sulphur being too much carried forth and exalted : For these kind of distempers of Wines , they proceed after this manner ; for the mending the colour , oftentimes simple Milk , or boiled with Glew or fine Flour , is poured into the Hogshead or Pipe ; for these procure a certain separation of the exalted Sulphur , and with its whiteness give clearness , or restore the colour to a brightness . Mucilaginous , clammy , or ropy Wines , are amended by the infusion of burnt Alum , quick Lime , Gypsum or Plaster of Walls , Salt and the like ; for these cause a new Fermentation , that the more thick Particles are thrust forth from the rest , and precipitated towards the bottom . The unsavouryness is helped by the same means .

3. As to the third proposition ; Wines are depauperated or made poor , when by a long effervescency the Spirit and more pure Sulphur , being exhaled , the Saline Particles begin to be exalted : in this case their languishing strength is sustained with certain remedies , as it were Cordials .

As the Spirit and Sulphur being too much carried forth , and exalted , is cured by the drawing off the Wines from the rich Lees : So the same being depressed , the remedy is that they be put to a more rich Tartar or Lees : wherefore the Vintners , are wont to pour the depauperated Wines , destitute of plenty of Spirits and Sulphur , and which begin to grow sowr , by reason of the Salts being carried forth to sound and fresh Lees or Tartar ; that they might as it were anew inspired with Spirit and Sulphur , ferment and recover new strength and vigor , besides they make Syrups of generous and rich Wines , with Sugar and Spices , which they pour among the stale and deadish Wines . Further. for Wines turning to Vinegar , they are said to administer profitably , some other remedies . Gratarolus praises with many more , Lard and Swines flesh salted , wrapt in Linnen , and put into the Cask : and truly it is probable that the Sulphureous odor of this doth restrain the Flux of the sowring Salt ; for this end the same Author commends Leek-Seed , Pine-Nuts , blanched Wheat , boiled Wine , Ashes , the shavings of Willow , and many others , for the Salt readily acts on these kind of Subjects , and spends its force ; even as Virgins sick of the Green-sickness , desire greedily to eat such like absurd things , that may satissie the extraneous , and for the most part sowrish Ferment of the Ventricle , but very hurtful to themselves . There remains another kind of Cure , whereby small Wines almost corrupted , and growing vapid or smachless , recover new vigor for a time , to wit , a portion of Rhenish Wine , or others , very Fermentable , is laid up , and hindred from Fermenting , from whence it is made a perpetual Must ( commonly called Stum ) if a little of this Liquor be poured into a Cask of stale Wine , and jogged together , it gives a fresh , and new Fermentation to the whole : so that that Wine will froth and boyl , and shut in a Glass will leap forth ; but the drink mended by this Artifice , is accounted very unwholsom , for that it is apt to stir up an immoderate Fermentation in our blood : wherefore it is prohibited by Edict , that the Wine-Coopers or Vintners make not use of this kind of Sophistication .

It is usual thing also , to stop up close , in Stone or Glass Bottles , for a time , small Wines , and new Ale or Beer , which being afterwards opened , the Liquor ferments so impetuously , that being almost all rarified into froth , it flies forth of the Bottles : which besides contracts such an acrimony or sharp cutting , that it can scarce be swallowed : The reason of which ( as it seems ) is this : The turgency or swelling up , and the notable acetosity , sharpness , or quickness of thse kind of Liquors , proceeds chiefly from the Salt being exalted , and having gotten a Flux ; for when as the Liquor , being full of much Tartar and little Spirit , is shut up close in a Vessel , all the Particles together are forced to be fermented , and when they cannot be separated , and fly away from one another , they do the more trouble one another , and break themselves into small bits ; that by this means the bond of the mixture may be wholly broken ; but the little bodies loosened one from another , and as it were freed by reason of the closeness of the Vessel , are forced together : wherefore when the Vessel is opened , all the Particles at once being ready for flight , like Air suddenly rarified , break forth with noise and tumult ; and because the Saline parts having gotten a Flux , by reason of the plenty of Tartar , are stronger than the Spirit and Sulphur , from thence the notable cutting sharpness is caused in the Liquor .

Cyder comes next to the Nature of Wine , to wit , of the smaller sort , which kind of Liquor , is only the Juice pressed from Apples , and brought to maturity by Fermentation : concerning this kind of Drink , it is worth observation , that if it be made of Summer Fruit , or too much ripened , it will not keep in strength , but presently degenerates into a deadness : but if it be prepared of very unripe , and sowr Apples , it contracts a bitterness , for that the Spirits do not sufficiently arise in this , but give place to the Salt , having first gotten a Flux : but in the other , they are not long enough retained , but wholly fly away , before the mass of the Liquor attains to full Fermentation : but there are Fruits and Apples , exceeding fit for this business , which being indued with a more firm consistency , are not quickly corrupted , neither do they attain their perfect maturity or softness , but of a long time : The Juice of these wrung forth , and put into a Cask , does not grow hot , as Beer , with a great frothy head , but after the manner of Wines , with a noise , like a Pot boyling over the Fire : whilst Fermenting after this manner , it is made clear , the more light recrements , are carried upwards , and remain in the Superficies , as the flowering : but the more thick parts and Tartarous settle plentifully in the botteom ; but the more solid Crust , or Cogulated Tartar , is not fixed to the sides of the Vessel : which is a sign Cyder is a more wholsom Drink , nor so infestous to the nervous stock , because it abounds less with a sharp Salt than small Wines . The Liquor swimming over these Faeces or Lees settling in the bottom , enjoys it as it were its food , and is kept by its inspiration in strength ; from which if it chance to be drawn forth , it quickly grows sowr : for indeed this kind of Drink , is in great danger to be destroyed by the Flux , or sowmess of the Salt : against this il , to preserve it , some are wont to cast into the Caks Mustard Seed bruised , or Mustard Balls , for that the Volatile Salt of this hinders the Flux of the acetous Salt , so that the Liquot thereby presently grows clear , and keeps the longer : another kind of remedy against the sowrness of Cider , is , that as soon as it begins to grow sowr , it be drawn off from its Lees , and kept in close stopped Bottles , with a little Sugar ; for by this means it ferments anew , and because , together with the Flux of the Salt , the Spirits being carried forth , are deteined from flight , a very grateful sharpness is caused to the whole Liquor . Also , almost by the same preparation , and the like process of Fermentation , a potalbe Liquor is made out of Pears , which is however above measure sweet , and if plentifully drunk , renders the Belly loose , as if they had taken Physick .

So much for Fermenting Liquors , whose virtue consists in the Spirit being carried forth , and obtaining the height of perfection : there remains other preparations , whose vigor is placed in the Saline part being exalted , and having gotten a Flux ; among these , Vinegar is of chiefest note , the way of making of which , being wholly unlike the aforementioned , requires a method of Fermentation , very different from those before described : for example , small Wines , or more generous or strong Beer , being put up into the Cask , are exposed in the Summer time , for a long while to the Suns Beams , or else in the Winter , they are kept near a Stove in some hot place ; after this manner , whilst some Spirits evaporate , the rest being put under the yoak , the Saline parts are exalted and infect the whole Mass of the Liquor with their sharpness : but not only Wines long kept , or Stale Beer , out of which the Spirits of their own accord , begin to go away , but fresh Must , or new Beer , pass after this manner into Vinegar ; for the Country-women are wont to place without doors all the Summer , strong Ale , and hghly impregnated with Mault , in a Cask , by which means they make an exceeding biting and most penetrating Vinegar .

Yea after the same manner almost , our kind of Hydromels , Honnied Drink , or Meath are wont to be prepared : to wit , they boyl sixteen parts of Water with one part of Hony , to the consumption of a third part , adding then some Spices , togegether with a sharp Ferment , they place the Cask and Liquor for many days in the Sun , and after wards in a Wine-Cellar . It seems the Sunning of it is used , that thereby the Saline parts being brought towards a Flux , might somwhat restrain the nauseous sweetness of the Hony : and by that means the sweet being tempered with sharpness , a most pleasing tast is afforded to this Drink .

By reason of the sharpness arising from the Flux of the Salt , also very many eatable things are wont to be prepared after various manners ; hence the flesh of living Creatures , and especially of Fishes when they swell with too much Sulphur , are pickled with Salt Brine or sharp Liquors , that the Salt being brought forth , they may become more grateful to the Stomach . It would be a tedious brsiness to insist here on particulars ; but I will in this place describe a certain noted kind of Oaten Broth , Crewel , or Flumery , which profitably nourishes Feverish , also Consumptive and Hectick people .

This kind of Drink , that it many become gratefully sowrish , the Meal of Oats is put into common water for about three days , till it acquire a somwhat sowr tast : then , this infusion is placed upon the fire , and with a Ladle is stirred about until it boyls , and when it rises up ready to flow over the Vessel , it must then be poured forth into a platter , and presently cooled ; it will appear like Gelly , and may be cut into bits ; which if heated soon melts . In this preparation may be observed , that by a long infusion of the Grain , the Saline parts being brought forth , do get a Flux ; then these so impregnate the Liquor that the more thick Particles being by the heat brought into its pores and passages , they are so strictly shut up , that they cannot easily sink down , but that the whole mixture becomes like Gelly .

It would also be too great labour to heap together here , the various Condites and kinds of Pickles , for it would be to describe under that rank the whole Art of Cooking and Diet. For in both the only aim is , that for healths sake and for pleasure , the active Particles in our food . may be placed in their vigor and exaltation ; for so they greatly please the Palate , and by a more easie digestion go into nourishment : for this reason , not only Drinks , and Consections of Corn , and Herbs of a diverse nature and kind are thought on ; but also we variously prepare flesh , both boyled and rosted , and add to them sauces , that the Particles , now the Spiritous , now the Saline , being carried forth to a Flux , might please the tast , with a certain sharpness . Those which are of a more fixed nature , are brought to exaltation , by Sauces made of Sugar , Salt , or Pepper . They are wont to keep some flesh almost to putrefaction , that by that means , the active Particles being place din their strength and motion , may become of a more grateful tast . Here might be in terwoven , a long discourse concerning Medicinal Compositions , but because this subject , deserves a peculiar consideration , I will say nothing more of it here . Let us next see by what motion of Fermentation and Habitude of Principles , Natural Bodies tend towards dissolution ; or what is the progress of every thing to Putrefaction and Corruption .

CHAP. VIII . Of the motion of Fermentation , which is observed in the Death , also in the Putrefaction and Corruption of Bodies .

NAtural Bodies in which Spirit , Salt , and Sulphur , are found in but a mean quantity , do not stay long in the same state : for these active Principles are employed perpetually in motion : As soon as they come together , they tend from Crudity and Confusion towards Perfection , for the fake of which , when they have reach'd the height , they are able to come to , they are not quiet in this point ; but from thence they make hast towards the dissolution of that thing . Those which are more volatile do first of all break forth from the loosened bond of the mixture ; then the rest separate into parts , until the form of the mixture wholly perishes : The Spirit being carried forth to the top , flies away first with the water , and the more pure Sulphur , and by its expiration , diffuses a very grateful odor ; afterwards the more thick Sulphur , with the Salt , being loosened from the band wherewith they were tyed , and having gotten a Flux , by degrees evaporate , and together disperse a very stinking smell : together with these , the water parts flow forth , and the frame of the subject breaks , or falls down into Earth or a Caput Mortuum .

This kind of process may be observed both in natural things , and also in Subjects prepared by Art : Concerning Natural things , the disjunction of the Elements , and their separation into parts , may be seen both in the death of living Bodies , or the extinction of life and vegetation ; and also in the corruption of them being dead , and in their reduction to a rottenness .

As in Vegetables , the growth and maturity depend on the combination and mutual cleaving together of the Principles , so the decay and death depend on their going asunder , and separation , in Plants and Fruits ; being by degrees cxalted from a crude and sowr Juice by Spirit and Sulphur , they come to maturity ; to which a sweet tast and smell , and a pleasant colour happen : then presently the same matter , the Spirit and Sulphur , and the rest of the Elements leisurely flying away from the subject , is soon reduced to a filthiness and rottenness : If after the subtil and more pure Particles of Spirits and Sulphur are flown away , there still remain plenty of Earth and Salt , with some Sulphur , the matter does not putrifie , but grows dry with an hoariness : but if the thick Salt and Sulphur , having gotten a Flux , break forth from the Subject , together with the rest , the bond of the mixture being loosened , presently the external humidity , possesses the spaces left by these , and the Body is resolved into rottenness .

Also all Animals whatsoever , have set bounds of their growth and duration : For they ascend from their beginning , by slow increase , to motion and sensation ; then to the strength and exaltation of Nature : in which point they stay not , but from thence , by equal steps , make hast towards their fall .

If the cause of this kind of limitation be required , we say that Mother Mature hath placed in the primigenious seed of every thing , such a stock of Spirit , Salt and Sulphur , which might suffice for the producing the utmost thrids or lineaments of Bodies : so that the growth and ascent of the thing , to its height or acme is only an evolution , or unrowling of that radical matter , and protension or stretching it self forth into a greater dimension ; in the mean time the little spaces and vacuities , which are made by the protraction of this matter , are filled up by the active Particles , supplyed by Nutrition , which also by a continual series of motion are ripened , exhaled , and give place to others succeeding . As soon as this seminal matter is unfolded and exalted to the height , that it cannot be moved , or expanded further , the matter is then brought to the state of its perfection : from thence some Particles of this Radical substance , together with the secondary supplyed from the Nourishment , begin to evaporate ; and others dayly , and then others , being after this manner consumed , both the solid parts , by degrees decrease in their substance , as also the Nutritious Juice and Blood , even decline for the worse , till by a long wasting , the props of the Body , are made dry or withered , and the blood so depauperated , that it will not suffice for sustenance to the vitalfire : just as it may be perceived in a Lamp , if the Oyl being continually consumed , in its place be put water , the Liquor is rendered poor , and diluted , that it is not able any longer , to cherish at all the flame of the wick .

When the Life of animals perishes , ( either it expires after the aforesaid manner leisurely , and like a Candle or Lamp is extinguished , the Oyl or Tallow being consumed ; or it is choaked by a hasty death , being snatched away by Fate , or the violence of a Disease ) presently the Spirits , with Salt and Sulphur , flowing together in the blood ; and also planted in every part , cease from their regular motion , and are moved into confusion : then they partly exhale from the pores , with the vanishing heat , and partly being shut up within in the Cavities , inordinately Ferment , with the remaining Particles , and make a swelling up of the inwards , and of the whole Body . But afterwards the frame of the solid parts being by degrees loosened , and the Sulphureous Particles , together with the Saline , having gotten a Flux , begin to evaporate ; from thence a strong stink and corruption arise . The active Principles , breaking forth by heaps , do often mutually take hold of one another , and being combined in the superficies of the Carcase , produce Worms : at length when they are wholly exhaled from the Subject , what remains salls into dust .

It is a usual thing for Worms to be generated in Vineger when it is corrupted and lost its strength , which being exceeding small ; and somwhat long and smooth like Eels , swim in the Liquor , and may by the help of Glass be exposed to our Eyes ; these beeing seen , it is commonly said , that the sharpness and pricking of the Vineger proceeds from these little Creatures , which is a vain thought that deserves not a refutation ; for they are only to be found in dead Vineger ; and I pray from whence have they their teeth sufficient for the gnawing of Iron ? But the whole corrosive force of Vineger is more truly referred to the Salf having gotten a Flux : in the mean time those little Creatures seem to be begotten by this means ; it is sufficiently known , that when very many Subjects are brought to putrefaction , the active Principles being thrust out of doors , yet still affecting their old dwelling , remain somwhere about the neighbourhood , and being joyned together , do often produce living Bodies ; wherefore , when moist things putrifie , most often little Worms grow on their Superficies ; but in Vineger the business is a little different , to wit , because the Elementary paritcles are more fixed , therefore when the mixture of the Liquor is wholly dissolved , the active Principles , although loosened , yet breaking very hardly and difficultly from the substance , meet together in the bowels of the Subject , and there mutually cherishing one another , cause those little Creatures in the midst of the waters .

Also the Bodies of living Creatures , being prepared for our Food , are disposed towards putrefaction , if they are put up for some days , till the active Particles are loosened , and begin to be in motion , tending to exhalation ; wherefore both the Flesh becomes more flaccid , and in eating more tender and soft : and if they are kept longer , till the Saline and Sulphureous parts being carried forth into a Flux , do break out , presently a stinking smell and putrefaction is induced .

There are many ways whereby flesh is wont to be kept from putrefaction ; the chief of which are , that it be pickled with Salt or Spices . Things are kept a long time incorrupt and very grateful to the tast , with Salt : Dead Carkases are imbued with Spices , that they may remain a long while in their Sepulchers . As to the first , Brine or salt Pickle hinders the eruption of the Sulphur , and fixes it in the Subject by its embracement , and retains it . Spices , as they consist of very active Principles , stir up a new Ferment in the Subject , the dead Carcase ; and the implanted Elements of this , joyn into the society of their motion , and retain many of their Particles flying away , yet longer in the body : As Salt and Spices are made use of for the preserving long flesh , and Sulphureous things , ( which also preserve all other things from Putrefaction ) so Vegetables , and their Flowers and Fruits are better conserved with Sugar : for this by cherishing the active Particles of the Subject , restrains them within , and besides , renders the Confections , of a very grateful tast .

Minerals , chiefly the solid and hard , because they are indued with plenty of Salt and Earth , with little of Sulphur , and with a less quantity of Spirits , therefore they rarely , or not at all conceive Putrefaction : there is the same reason for resionous things , which tho they abound in Sulphur , with Salt and Earth , yet because there is but a small portion of Water and Spirits , therefore their frame is not easily loosened , neither are they obnoxious to Putrefaction . Among Minerals , Common-water only , falls under this rank : for this , if it stand still , or is kept long in a Vessel , its Salt and Sulphur , though but in a little quantity , having gotten a Flux , begin to evaporate , and together to induce Putrefaction : but so long as water is in motion , these particles are still involved with others , and so by their mutual embrace , are detained from evaporation .

Artificial things and preparations , are no less subject to Putrefacton than Natural things ; for Bread , and all manner of Eatable things or Food , Wine , Beer , and other Drinkable Liquors , also Medicinal Confections , being long kept , first lose their strength and vigor , and then afterwards are Corrupted : concerning which , we may observe these following things .

The more the things are Compounded , and have all the principles conjoyned together , the sooner , and the easier , do they enter into Putrefaction ; wherefore Eatable things , prepared of Flesh , Broths , Decoctions of Herbs , also many Medicines made after the Calenical way , are wont ) unless preserved with very much Salt or Sugar ) to be Corrupted in a short time : In the mean time , Distillations , and Chymical Preparations , which consist of Homogeneous , or not much different Particles , are kept sound a long while .

In Compounded things , if there be too great quantity of water , things sooner putrefie , for so the frame of the mixture is too loose ; so that the fixed Principles cannot take hold of the Volatile , or keep them back from flight : but those in which Spirits abound with moderate Salt and Sulphur , if they are kept in a close Vessel , that they may evaporate but little , continue a long time , as may be perceived by strong or generous Wine . The next to these , are those things which are preserved with Hony or Sugar , or in which the Saline Particles are in in great plenty be Nature .

Many of these , whilst they are corrupted , are either made Moldy or Rank , or they grow sowr , or degenerate into a vapidness , or without tast : things are made Moldy , when the subtil Particles in the exhaling , are deteined by the more thick , and cleaving together by their mutual embrace on the Superficies of the body , grow into a soft Down or Hoariness , even as Moss is brought forth by Stones or Wood exposed to moisture .

Rankness or unsavory Tast , happens chiefly in Sulphureous things , for Oyly and Fat things , by Heat or Age , become Musty or Unsavory , to wit , when the Spirit being very much exhaled , the Sulphureous Particles are two much exalted , and begin to evaporate .

Sharpness or Acidity is induced from the Salt , being to much carried forth and loosened , for when the Spirit is depressed , or exhaled , the Salt being fused , conceives a Flux , and so brings in a Sowrness : hence Wine , Beer , Cydar , also Milk , very many Eatable things , and the Juices of Herbs , when they are long kept , or if they are moved by too immoderate heat of the Air , or shaking , do easily grow Sowr .

Liquid things , degenerate into a vapidness or tastlesness , when the active Principles , are for the most part gon forth , and nothing eminent besides Water and Earth , or of the subtile parts , is left in the Subject .

That I may contract what is aforesaid ; the corruption of every thing , is only the separation and departure of themselves from one another into parts of the principles before combined , ( the bond of the mixture being loosened ) which motion , by reason of the diverse disposition of their breaking forth , ( either with or without a stink ) ends in Putrefaction or Rottenness .

Where Spirits abound , and that there is also plenty of Sulphur and Salt , and the Particles being loosened from their bonds , break forth in heaps ; the mixture putrefies with a stink ; also if it consist of a thick substance , so that all the parts are not rightly ventilated , it conceives a heat from the Putrefaction : in such a Corruption , the stink proceeds from the exhalation of the sharp pointed Sulphur , or made pricking with the Salt : Putrefaction follows , for that the external humidity , enters into the place of the Particles flying away : But the heat is produced by the Sulphureous Particles being moved together in heaps , and being shut up within the Subject , that they gather together , and being united act more strongly . But if there being the Subject a lesser proportion of Salt and Sulphur , so that when the mixture is loosened , the Particles are moved more slowly , and evaporate leisurely ; the Body grows dry , and is reduced to a wasting , without any ill smell , Putrefaction or Heat .

It will not be from the purpose to inquire in this place , from whence some empty Vessels , and more moist bodies , by lying long , conceive a certain stink without Putrefaction ; also other things being put into them , or lying near them , are wont to partake of their Evil ; for which affection , a proper Latin word is not easily to be met with ; in our Idiom it is called Mustiness , and in some sort seems to be designed by the word Mucor , unless that 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 or Mucor , points at Bodies infected with a certain Down or Hoariness , ( which we call Moldiness ) which here never happens . The consideration of this matter is not improperly referred to the Doctrine of Fermentation , for this Tincture or Impression of a stink , unfolds it self far abroad , as if it were a certain Ferment , that the Vessel but lightly imbued with it , infects whatever Liquors are put into it , and infusions of them , even new and often iterated ; we may observe a twofold effect of this thing : For somtimes the Vessels being almost empty , at first vitiated , afterwards infect most Liquors , which they by chance receive , with a musty odor : somtimes more moist compacted , and solid things , being kept long , somwhat close in a Cellar , contract this vice of their own accord ; when in the mean time the contagion is not perceived to be in the place where they were kept ; which things either may become musty , not because they are corrupted , for in most Spirit , Salt , and Sulphur , being yet contained , in the bond of mixture , the frame of the matter is kept whole , but the vice only consists in this , that from the Subjects after this manner disposed , effuvia's as it were aculeated or sharpned fall off , and therefore become ungrateful to our smell and tast .

First , that any Vessel may conceive a mustiness , there seems to be required in the first place , that is in ward hollowness be large , and its mouth narrow ; th wit , whereby a passage may lie open to the outward Air , and rest may be granted to it being entred in : for Juggs with broad mouths , also Bottles close shut , do not easily get this fault . Secondly , that besides the more ample inward hollowness , the sides of the Vessel be indued with pores , and very small passages ; for in these kind of little spaces besmeared with humour , the Air being strictly shut up , remains more quiet , and is apt to stagnate : Wherefore Glass Bottles are not so apt to suffer this evil as Wooden , or Stone Bottles . Thirdly , that some moisture , tho very little , stick about the sides of the Vessel , or in its bottom , whereby the Air being entred may be intangled : for if the Bottles be hung up , with their mouth downwards , that all moisture may drein out , they will never be musty .

In the second place : when Bodies , without any contagion of a Vessel , contract a mustiness or moldiness of their own accord , we may observe , first , that they are of that kind , which consist of Heterogeneous Particles , that is , a mixture of all the Elements together ; because the parts of Vegetables and Animals , and preparations of them , easily receive this evil ; Minerals for the most part remain free from it : Secondly , that there be plenty of humidity in the concrete , for the more dry continue a long while without any hurt : Thirdly , that the Bodies be either kept in a heap unmoved for a long time , or else in some close Cupbord , or Cellar , without Air ; for so Wheat or Grain , in a heap , unless it be often moved , as also all Eatable things , being put up in a close place quickly grow musty .

According to these positions we conjecture , that mustiness is made an affection to a moist inanimate Body , from the ambient Air , being admitted within its pores , and being got in there stagnating , whereby the Elementary Particles of that mixture , being combined together with those sent in by the Air , are exalted into the Nature of a Ferment ; that they diffuse themselves on every side with wonderful activity , and their effuvia's , as it were sharpned , ungratefully strike against the sensories of the tast and smell . When therefore , some Subject becomes primarily musty , a certain portion of the Air placed near , and hindred from ventilation , enters into its pores and passages , and there being intangled with a tenacious matter , is wholly shut up within the substance of that Concrete . From the mixture of the shut-up Air , the implanted little Bodies of the matter , especially the Sulphureous and Saline , acquire new heads ; that afterwards , when they are exactly to be mixed with no other Body , yet very greatly Fermentative , tho intermingled with any other thing , retain their own Nature , and being diffused through the large substance of the matter , infect the whole ; to wit , they dispose by that means , the Particles of that new matter , that they being armed with sharp points , bring in like manner a trouble to our senses : But in the mean time , from the mustiness , whether primarily arisen , or received by Contagion , the mixture of the thing is not dissolved , nor the Principles dissipated ; yea those things which are wholly tastless , do scarce at any time become musty : the musty smell depends chiefly on the active Principles , disposed by a peculiar rite , by the involved Air and their effluvia's ; wherefore if they almost wholly fly away from any Subject , that is rendred almost incapable of this affection .

There may be observed a certain likeness between mustiness and an Empyreuma , or tast of fire or burnt-too , for as in this , the Particles of the fire being intangled , and included by a tenacious matter , by their long ftaly there , pervert the implanted little Bodies of Salt and Sulphur , from wherece their effluvia's , strike our Senses with an ingrateful sharpness ; moreover , being mingled with other things , they affix to them , the disposition of their pravity ; so in mustines , the Particles of the Air , being obvolved with a viscous matter , and stagnating , they change by their presence the Saline and Sulphureous little Bodies , from their due temper , whereby they being as it were gifted with sharp preckings , do strike bitterly our sensories , and being exceeding Fermentative , diffuse their Odor to others : the alteration being either way contracted , can scarce be blotted out , by any mixture with other things , or emendation by Art : The chief means of helping of either , is by placing it in a reciprocal trajection , viz. Empyreumatical things , or tasting of the fire , are to be a long while exposed to a more moist Air , whereby the Particles of the Fire may exhale : and musty things are to be held to the Fire , or put to such things which may sweeten their Nature , to wit , quick Lime , Sulphur , or Srygian waters , by which the parts of the included Air are driven away , and so the remaining little Bodies of the mixture are wont to recover their pristine state ; wherefore , if musty Liquors are distilled , the water falling into the Receiver , will be deprived of that stink : But the smatch of Fire or Empyreuma , is not so easily mended by this Artifice .

So much for Fermentation , and the motion of the Principles , for as much as within the Confines of the same Subject , they dispose it , either to maturity and perfection , or to wards dissolution and corruption . It now follows to treat of the motion of the same kind of Particles and Principles , for as much as some of one Body do act on others of another Body , and by dissolving the mixture , do wholly draw them forth , and send them outward , or by precipitating it cause them to go into parts .

CHAP. IX . Of the motion of Fermentation , as much as is to be observed in the Dissolution of Bodies .

FOR the Solution of Bodies , there are two great solvencies , or Menstrua , which exist from Nature , to wit , Water and Fire : Fire , if it be next and immediately applyed , destroys most Bodies , drives away the Princlples one from another , and as it were dissipates them into Air , Earth only , with a little Salt , being left behind ; if it be mediately applied , it brings awsy some Particles , so that in the mean time others remain : After which manner it serves chiefly for Distillations , and Chymical Operations , and is also used in the Preparation of necessaries for our Food , both about the Boyling and Rosting of Meats . Water does not so readily destroy Bodies , but it draws forth some parts from the Subjects , and receives them into its own Bosom , and firmly retains them for various uses : But as it does not easily penetrate every Body , but leaves almost untouched those which are of a more fixed Nature , various ways are thought of , whereby the Menstruum of water is made sharper , and is rendred fit for the dissolving of any Bodies whatsoever . For by means of the Bodies , which it ought to dissolve , and of the parts which it ought to receive in it slef , it is armed as it were with some Weapons ; with which it is able to unlock any Subject , and to possess now these , now those Particles . The Menstruum of water is sharpned with Spirit , Salt , or Sulphur : to wit , either with each of these , or with more of them joyned together ; we will first speak of the watery Menstruum , with the various sharpning of it , and afterwards of the fiery dissolvent .

Common water most casily dissolves the more simple Bodies , except sulphur ; and hides their Particles , in its pores and passages ; it readily receives Salts of every kind , and easily imbibes Spirits ; it loosens the frame of Earth , and cherishes its more theder little bodies , in its embrace ; but it is hardly mixed with Fat , and Oyly things , and receives not their Particles , but by the coming between of others , but drives them forth to its Superficies , as not miscible , or thrusts them down to the bottom .

Water in some measure enters the more compounded Bodies , whose frame is somwhat loose ; and then receives into its bosom , some not simple Particles , but resembling the nature of the whole mixture : hence most Vegetables , also parts of living creatures , and some Minerals , being put into common water , do impregnate it with a certain virtue ; and from most Metals , by a long maceration , it takes away some strength , though but small . Some Bodies are dissolved by water , which yet a Sulphureous or Spirituous Menstrua leave almost untouch'd ; as the Gums Tragacanth , Arabic , &c. also Salts and Sugar .

The first and most common way of sharpning , whereby simple water may more easily enter the Bodies to be dissolved , is , that it be furnished with fiery Particles , or darts of adventitious heat ; for so it is driven more deeply with a certain force , into Bodies , and destroys some thrids , as it were the smallest mites , in their most inward recesses . Wherefore we are wont to boyl for a long while , the matter to be dissolved in water , or at least to infuse it in warm water , by which means , the more tenuious , and certain subtil Particles , which resemble the nature of the Subject , are easily drawn forth , and impregnate the water , with the virtue of the whole mixture .

So much for the simple , or natural Menstruum of water , to wit , for as much as its activity is wont somtimes to be promoted , by fire or ascititious heat . But this cannot be so simple , but that it contains in it self some Particles of another kind ; as many be gathered from its easie Putrefaction ; for oftentimes it is impregnated with Spirituous , Sulphureous , or Saline breathings , contracted from the Air or Earth , that for the drawing forth the tinctures of very many things , somtimes it excels an Artificial Menstruum ; for that Acidulous or Spawish waters , Mineral waters , Rain water , and May Dew , are of frequent use among Chymicks , for the remarkable faculty of dissolving , with which they are strong . Besides , 't is a vulgar observation , that some waters most easily dissolvs Sope , and being throughly mixed with the same , causes in the liquor a great spume or froth ; such , if they be rubbed between the fingers , feel soft and gentle ; but other waters , which being handled with the hands , are more harsh , refuse the mixture both of Sope and Oyl , and so are accounted unprofitable for the washing of Cloaths : these sort of waters , if they should be evaporated in a Glass , oftentimes affix a Crust to its bottom and sides ; because they are impregnated , more than they ought , with Saline Particles , with which , when the Saline parts residing in the Sope combine , the Sulphureous are carried away , and they being excluded the pores , are thrust forth as not miscible , to the top of the Liquor . When Flesh is boyled in these waters , it grows very red ; which tincture indeed being thence contracted , is a sign , that those waters are somwhat imbued with Vitriol , or some other kind of Salt . But we will pass to Artificial Menstruas , in which the watry Liquor is furnished with Spirit , Salt , or Sulphur , being gathered apart , or many of them together .

The Spirituous Menstruum of water is made , when from a Body swelling with Spirits , a clear and limpid water is distilled ; as from Wine , or strong Beer , or other Bodies truly Fermented , and brought to exaltation : The kind of dissolvent is hardly to be had so sincere , but it is mixed with the Particles of more pure Sulphur , and somtimes of a volatile Salt . The former kind of Liquor is called Spirit of Wine , which being subtil , and very penetrating , easily enters the Bodies , and parts of Vegetables , and also of living Creatures , but hardly Minerals , or not at all : it extracts from many things , not any Particles , or resembling the Nature of the whole mixture , ( as common water ) but chiefly Spirituous , and Sulphureous , the rest being almost untouched ; wherefore , it is wont to be used for the resinous magisteria of Vegetables , ( which it draws fofth almost sincere or without mixture , under the form of Cum or Resine ) in the mean time , it is not so fit as common water , for the extracts of Plants , which are not so indued with Sulphur : from Sulphureous things , as Benzoin , Sulphur , Olibanum , Styrax , Amber , and the like , it draws forth excelent Tinctures : It dissolves the fixed Salts of Herbs , also of Pearls and Coral , before prepared with Vinegar , by a long digestion , and receives their Tinctures into it self : it leaves Sugar , and Gums , being dissolvable in water , almost untouch'd . But there is another Spirituous Menstruum , that is sharpned with a volatile Salt , such is the Liquor which is distilled out of blood , Harts-horn or Soot ; it is far stronger than the former , and cuts most Bodies , except Metals , into parts , and oftimes destroys the forms of the whole mixture : yea it most excellently dissolves secondarily , the most fixed Metal , to wit , Gold , being first reduced into a Calx , by its proper Menstruum , and reduces it into a Tincture , or potable Liquor .

They are accounted Sulphureous Menstrua , which are brought forth of Sulphureous Bodies , under the form of an Oyl : these are prepared , either by distillation , such as are chiefly the Oyl of Turpentine , Juniper , and the like ; or by expression , such as are wrung forth of Olives , Almonds , and other Fruits , or Seeds of Vegetables . Things distilled are of more efficacy , than preparations by expression ; either of them draw forth some Particles , from Vegetables , or Animals ; by the vertues of which , these Oyls being impregnated , they are made fit for Medicinal use . Yea they are conveniently enough made use of , for the extracting of the Sulphureous Particles of Minerals , which somtimes they draw forth sincere or unmixt : But if Oyl of Turpentine , or Lin-seed Oyl , draws forth by dissolving , the combustible part of common Sulphur , in the mean time , the remaining Saline parts , and untouched by the Menstruum , grow into Crystals ; as is obvious to every one , in the preparing the Balsam of Sulphur .

Mineral Bodies , in which the bond of Concretion chiefly depends upon Sulphur , as are the Fire-Stone , Antimony , common Brimstone , and the like , are in some sort dissolved by a Sulphureous Menstruum , which draws forth of the Body , Particles of the same kind , the Saline being almost untouched : wherefore Oyl of Turpentine , Linseed , &c. draw forth a Tincture from these ; in the mean time , Saline Menstrua such as are distilled Vinegar , or Stygian waters , profit little for the dissolving their Bodies : but that these , unless before Calcined , hardly are touched . But on the contrary , where the frame of the mixture consists of a Saline bond , such as are Iron , Copper and the lik , Saline Menstrua , as Aqua fortis , Spirit of Vitriol , Salt , &c. receive in the dissolving , the Particles of the same Nature into themselves , the Sulphureous being almost untouched . This plainly appears , in the solutions of Metals , but chiefly and remarkably in Camphire , which Stygian waters reduce into a Liquor , in form of an Oyl , swimming on the Menstruum ; to wit they dissolve its frame , and receive some Saline parts , on which the Concretion depends , into themselves ; in the mean time the Sulphureous being untouched , they are gathered together apart , on the Superficies of the Liquor . There is somthing to be wondered at concerning Antimony : to wit , that its Concretion being very irregular , that Mineral becomes exceeding unlike , not only to other mixtures , but also to it self ; for it is very lax , nevertheless much compacted ; it lies open to the least injuries , yet is almost impervious to the greatest , so that it may equally number its losses , with its Victories : some of its Particles lie so loose , that they are brought away by any Oyly Menstruum , or by a common lixivium or Lie : others in the mean while do so pertinaciously stick together , that Aqua Fortis cannot touch them , only Aqua Regia being poured upon it can know it ; which so strongly resists it , that the fume raised up from thence , presently obscures the whole Room wherefore there seem to be in this , parts wholly of a different Nature , some imperfectly mixt , viz. Earthy and Sulphureous , which are easily loosned by a fit solvent ; in the mean time others wholly Metallic , perfectly mixt , coming near in some sort to the Nature of Gold it self ; which therefore are only to be dissolved , by a fit Menstruum of Salt .

The Saline Menstrua are of divers kinds and natures , viz. of Vegetables , Animals , or Minerals . Among Vegetables are eminent , the sowr juices of Fruits and Herbs , Counterfeit Vinegars , acid Liquors distilled out of ponderous Woods , as Guaiacum , the Oak , and Box ; in all which , the Saline Particles having gotten a Flux , either by Art or by Nature , give a notable sowrness : or the Vegetable Menstruum consists of Salts of Tartar , or made by the cineration of Herbs , and dissolved , which by the Fire are very much whetted , and acquire an acritude ; in these the Saline Particles are fixed , and in a condition opposite to a Flux . To the rank of Animals I refer the Spirit of Urine , Harts-Horn , &c. which although they are impregnated with Spirits , yet the take their chief forces from a Volatile Salt . But the strongest Saline Menstrua , are drawn forth of Minerals , such are acetous Liquors , which are most strongly forced by fire , out of the Salts of Nitre , Sea-Salt , Alumn , Chalcarth or Vitriol , and such like .

Those which are drawn out of Vegetables , as Vinegars , and acid Liquors do best of all dissolve Corals , Pearls , Shells , and Shelly substances : because in these there is great plenty of Alcalizat Salt , with which the fluid Salt , which abounds in those kind of acetous Menstrua's , desires to be most strictly united ; wherefore they being applyed to the body to be dissolved , enter its pores and passages , loosen the Complications of the Particles of the Alcalizat Salt , and snatch them into their own Embrace . Even after the same manner , the fluid Salt in a Vegetable Menstruum , approaches the Volatile Salt in the Horns of Animals .

These kind of Menstrua's do corrode some Mettals towards the Superficies ; but do not so potently unlock their bodies by diffolving , as Stygian waters , some Sulphureous subjects , being before loosened by Calcination , do enter aptly enough , and from thence carry forth Saline Particles . Wherefore , for the Salt of Tinn , Lead , Antimony , Soot , and others , being first reduced into a Calx , we use distilled Vinegar .

The Salts of Tartar , and the fixed Salts of Herbs , although they serve for praecipitation , rather than dissolution , yet because they consist of sharp , and very penetrating Particles , they are of egregious use : For watry Menstrua's are chiefly sharpned with these , for the extracting of the Tinctures of Vegetables . And altho bodies which abound with an alcalizat Salt , as Pearls , Coralls , &c. are left wholly untouched by reason of the Homogeneity or agreeableness of the parts in either ; and that also , they but little gnaw , only on the Superficies , being put upon Mettals , and grow together with their Salt , and Sulphur into rust ; yet Sulphureous bodies they readily enter , so they be loosened by the fire , and unlock and pull assunder their joyntings or complexions ; wherefore , for the making of the Milk or Magisterium of Sulphur , the Salt of Tartar most excellently conduces .

Saline Menstrua's are most strong , which are forced by distillation out of Minerals , to wit , out of Vitriol , Niter , Sea Salt , Alumn , Arsenick ; Acetous Liquors are distilled either from these single , or from many of them mixed together ; which as they are of the highest sharpness , like to fire , readily enter most bodies , but chiefly Metallic bodies , and such as consist of a Saline bond , and dissolve them easily into most small parts . These Liquors are only Saline Particles , which being driven by the force of heat , from the embrace of their Earth , having gotten by that means a Flux , are converted into water : as actual fire chiefly assaults Sulphureous bodies , and by destroying the body draws to it self the Consimilary parts ; Stygian waters ( which are also called potential fire ) easily pull assunder bodies , which very much abound with Salt , as Mettals ; and break them , inviolable by fire , into most minute parts .

Concerning the Solutions of Minerals , we may observe , that their frame is not easily destroyed , or loosened into parts , as other Concretes of Nature ; but for this , most stong Menstrua's , and those chiefly Acetous , distilled from Salts , are required ; the reason of which is , for that the Concretion of Minerals , depends mostly upon great plenty of Salt , binding the rest of the Particles , as with a bond ; wherefore their substance is more solid , more hard , and compact , and only gives place to a Saline Menstruum . When any Mineral , or Mettal is dissolved , the fluid Particles of the Salt , in the Menstruum , most easily enter the most strict Complications , of the fixed Salt in the mixture , and impervious to any other solvent , loosen them from their binding , and snatch them into their Embraces : after this manner , the Particles of the Salts being united , and dilated by the Liquor , are hidden in the pores and passages of the Menstruum ; and together with these , stick , and are also supped up , by the Menstruum , the more pure and minutely divided bodies of Earth or Sulphur , which were in the mixture ; in the mean time , the more thick , and more stufed with Earthiness , are praecipitated to the bottom of the dissolving Liquor : wherefore Gold and Silver are wholly devoured by the Menstruum ; but Iron , Lead , &c. and also Metallick recrements , send forth from themselves , in the dissolving , Heterogeneous Particles , as so many offscourings : when Minerals are broke into parts by this means , the divided Particles , and most minutely broken , ( so long as they equally cohaere with the Parti-of the fluid Salt , which are in the Menstruum ) being dispersed through the Liquor of the Menstruum , and hidden in its pores and passages , are supped up , and rendred invisible . Yea also , the humor of the Menstruum being taken away , the remaining Calx , which consists of the Particles of a mixt , and fluid Salt , combined together , is dissolved in any other Liquor : but if after a Metallic solution , the fluid Salt be drawn off , from the Particles of the thing soluted , or by Calcination , it neither poyses any Liquor it is put to , with a new adjection of fixed Salt , nor do the little bodies of the thing soluted fall through the pores of the Menstruum , nor are they lastly supped up , by any Liquor added to them .

But that among Metals , some are corraded by any acetous Liquor ; in the mean time others , as Silver and Gold , require a peculiar solvent , as it were to be unlocked by an appropriat Key : and what is more wonderful , common Aqua fortis , which eats Silver , leaves Gold altogether untouch'd : Gold , and has no power upon Silver : The reason of those may be thus understood : Gold and Silver are more compact Metals , very much cleansed from earthy matter ; wherefore they are not broken into parts by any solvent , but only by those kind of Menstruas , which consist of a Salt homogeneous or agreeable with them . But as the frame or substance of Silver depends upon a Vitriolic Salt , and that of Gold , on an Armoniac Salt ( or of a more perfect kind , to wit , such as is wont to be most strictly complicated with Sulphur ) hence Aqua fortis , so long as it is strong with a Vitriolic Virtue , combines with the Salt of the Silver , and therefore unlocks its frame or substance , but doth not loosen the concretion of Gold , which depends upon an Heterogeneous bond : If that to this Menstruum , Sal Armoniac be added , the power of the Vitriolic Salt is blotted forth , and the Saline darts of the solvent are made fit only for the Gold , the Silver being untouched .

When Minerals are corroded by acetous Menstrua's , we are not therefore to think , the same always to be resolved into Elementary parts : that the Salt and Sulphur of them , may be had sincere or unmixt , by this means ( altho some boast , that they are easily able to shew such Analyses of Mettals ) for that it appears to our observation , and frequent experience , that many of these are of so compact and solid a Concretion , that they cannot be broken , but into integral parts : as for example , Gold and Quicksilver , after what manner almost soever handled , when they are reduced into manifold Calxes , will at last by a strong fire acquire their proper forms : viz. the Saline Particles of the Menstruum , loosen the bond of Concretion , whereby the most minute integral parts of the mixture stick one to another ; but the same solvent , is not able in all things , to break assunder the Copula of the first mixture , whereby the Elements are mutually bound together : so that for the most part Metallic Calxes , are only little bodies of the Concrete , broken into most small little Globes , being involved by the Saline Particles of the Menstruum : Wherefore , fire being applyed , those corrosive Salts being pulled away from their Embrace , are wholly driven away ; then the Metallic little bits , or dust , as so many little particular Globes being fused , by the intense heat , coming together into one Mass by melting , resume the Species of the Metall : wherefore , they who commonly affirm , that the Salts of Minerals for the most part , are only the Saline Particles of the solvent , conjoyned with the Metall , reduced as it were into fine flower , without doubt speak truth in the preparations of Sol and Mercury , or of Gold and Quicksilver ; also the Salt or Sugar of Saturn or Lead , is nothing else : But that sweetness comes only from the Vinegar ; for if in the distillation 〈◊〉 Vinegar , the joyning of the Vessels are closed with Clay , and Salt , Chaulk and Horse-Dung , on the Superficies of this , grows together a most white Salt , wonderfully sweet , in every thing like to that Sugar : but from some , viz. from Iron , Copper , and Silver , are prepared fictitious Vitriols , which are for the most part Saline : For that the same , by distillation , amy be forced into acetous Liquors , as the Metallic recrements .

Besides the solvence hitherto recited ( which , by means of the Particles , which are strong in them , act upon a peculiar and determinate matter ) I know that Chymists do boast wonderful things , of a certain universal Menstruum , by whose inspiration every body what ever , may be easily reduced to its Principles , or first Elements : And tho Helmont have bragged , that he had attained to this Secret by his own Labour , and now dayly the Adepti of Chymistry , do aspire to this end ; yet the hopes and endeavours of most , have failed them in this work , even as in the Philosophers Stone . There are also some other famous Menstrua's , viz. The Aqua vitae Tartarisated of Quercitan , and his Philosophic Vinegar , which are of noted use in the preparing of Medicines ; but since I know nothing , or any strange thing they have done , in the dissolution of Bodies , we will pass them over .

So much concerning solvent Menstrua : about bodies to be dissolved , a certain provision should be instituted , whereby indeed their complections may more easily be unlocked , and cut into most minute parts : Wherefore the Concrete is now pounded into powder , now cut into little bits , that the way might lye open for the solvent , to its most inward recesses . If that the frame of the subject be harder , and more strict , that it will not give place , but of a long time , to the Menstruum , before the disslolution is begun , there ought to be administred some aperitives , or openers , whereby the concretion may be first loosened , and somwhat opened : wherefore , the tincture of Steel , is more easily extracted , if its filings be sprinkled with the juice of Limons , or the Spirit of Vitriol : in like manner Harts-Horn , or the shavings of Ivory are handled when we would have the decoctions of them quickly made : when formerly I have been very solicitous about this thing , viz. that I might render the more hard bodies easily soluble , in any Menstruum , and that I had especially tryed many things about Iron ; after several experiments , at length by a certain chance , and almost thinking of somthing else , I found out a preparation , whereby without any Corrosive , or Acid Liquor , by the mediation only of a gentle heat , the body of Iron is opened , that being reduced into powder , gives immediately a tincture , to any Liquor , that neither Salts themselves , are sooner dissolved in common water : By this means , I am wont to prepare suddenly , in great quantity , Mineral waters , which exactly resemble our Tunbridg Spaws ; and to render Wine , Beer , Milk , or Whey , with no trouble Chalybeated . By this means , Syrrops , Tinctures , Extracts , or Magisteria our of Steel , are most easily to be had . Moreover , plainly by the same Artifice , Corals , Pearls , Eyes , and Claws of Crabs , and all shelly things , are prepared , that their powders presently impart to any Menstruum , a tincture , or the virtues of the whole Concrete . And in this preparation , no strange quality is introduced to the Subject , nor its own proper quality lost .

When I had by this means , learnt to unlock all Bodies whatsoever , consisting of a Saline bond , presently from the Analogy of this , was made known the means of unlocking Subjects , whose Concretion is wholly Sulphureous : for I am wont so to prepare common Sulphur , that its powder immediatly impregnates any Liquor , with the tincture and virtue of Sulphur . The Spirit of Wine , suddenly contracts a deep colour , and very red , that being put into it . Common water by the infusion , or decoction of the same Powder , is rendered clearly Sulphureous , and gilds Silver , and by this means , from that Tincture , a praecipitation being made of White Wine , or Vinegar , the Milk of Sulphur is easily prepared , in great quantity . Out of Sulphurated Wine by this infusion , I make a Syrrop , than which there is scarce found a more excellent remedy , in the distempers of the Thorax . By this means , Tinctures , Extracts , Magistries , are prepared from Sulphur , with no labour , and without any smatch of the fire . By the same way preparations from Amber , Benzoin , and other Sulphureous things , easily dissolvable in any Menstruum , are composed . But enough and too much of this : we will now pass to the other great dissolvent of Nature .

CHAP. X. Of the Nature of Fire : and by the way of Heat , and Light .

WE may almost pronounce the same thing of Fire , what the Philosophers of old did of the first Matter , to wit , that it was potentially every where , and in all things ; but in none , in act . For among these sublunaries , Fire hath got no existence of its own Nature , or certain means of duration : It is produced almost in every Subject , but is retained long in none , but it suddenly vanisheth , and expires : yea unless some external accidents , oftentimes should concur for its production , I think it had not at all been in the world . Some have dreamed , that its Sphear is scituate under the Moon : but this was introduced only , for the making the Hypothesis of the four Elements : for such a thing seems consonant neither to Sense , nor Reason . That we may rightly search out the Nature of Fire , we must seek in what Bodies it is chiefly to be found , and how they are disposed ; and then we may proceed to the unfolding its essence .

The Subjects most convenient both for the producing , and the maintaining of Fire , are of that kind , in which there are very many Particles of Sulphur , and but only a moderate portion of Water , Salt , and Earth : for these do hinder its inkindlings , and being plentifully poured on it , extinguish it being inkindled : Wherefore Bituminous , Fat , and Oyly things , quickly take flame : so also Chips , Straw , light and dry Wood : in the mean time , Metals , Minerals , the glebe of the Earth , Dung , wet Straw , and green Wood , are hardly , or not at all to beinkindled .

Secondly , we observe , that all the time Fire continues in the Subject , Sulphureous Particles fly away in heaps , and from the departure of these , the substance of the burning body is by degrees destroyed ; in the mean time , very much of Salt and Earth , remains in the form of Ashes , after the burning .

There is a third observation , that when the Sulphureous Particles are wholly , or for the most part flown out of any Subject , the burning wholly ceases , and the form of fire is quite destroyed ; nor can it be renewed in the remaining matter , wanting of Sulphur .

Fourthly , we will note , that somtimes some Bodies conceive a burning without the advention of another fire , only by their own effervency , and by the intestine motion of the implanted Particles , and of their own accord are reduced into Ashes ; as when wet Hay is layd up close , it first grows hot , then afterwards breaks forth into smoke and flame ; or the Wheels and Axeltrees of Carts or Wains , being heated by too great agitation , are inkindled .

According to these positions , we may affirm , that the form of fire , wholly depends upon Sulphureous Particles , heaped up in any Subject , and breaking forth from it in heaps : and that fire is no other thing , than the motion and eruption , of these kind of Particles , impetuously stirred up . For Sulphur is of an exceeding fierce and untamed Nature , whose little bodies , when ( the yoak of the mixture being shook off ) they begin to be thickly heaped together , diffuse themselves on every side like a torrent , break whatsoever obstacles are in the Subject , destroy whatever comes in opposition , or fling it down headlong . Nor do the only unlock their proper Subjects , but also lay open the gates and doors of any other Subject near , that they can reach to , and there incite to the like fury , all the consimilary Particles of Sulphur , and provoke them to an eruption : wherefore fire every where inkindles fire .

The Sulphureous Particles , while they , heaped together within the confines of their Subject , or on its Superficies , are agitated with a rapid motion , but are detained by the Embrace of other little Bodies , from a more free eruption , and more aggregated , constitute the form of fire ; as is to be seen in burning Coals , or in glowing Iron ; but when these sort of Particles fly away by heaps , from the same Subject , and bound together , they produce flame , which is only an heap , or rather a torrent , of the Particles of Sulphur flowing together , and conjunctly flying away : if Watery , Earthy , and Saline Particles , are commixt with the Sulphureous breaking away , and are able to disjoyn and separate them , only smoke is excited ; which afterwards , the Sulphureous little Bodies more plentifully breathing forth themselves , and getting together , breaks forth into flame .

The inkindling of Fire happens very many ways . The first and most simple is , when from hard bodies struck one against another , but oftenest from a Flint struck against Steel , sparks of fire break forth ; which being received in Tinder , made of a Linnen Cloth burnt to blackness , dilate themselves , and then a Match or Sulphurated thing being applyed , they cause the inkindling of a flame . Secondly , a fire often happens in dry Wood , and dry things , when by the too great attrition of the parts , and agaitation , being made hot , they conceive an inkindling of their own accord . And thirdly , when Bodies abounding with Sulphur , as Hay , or Flax laid up wet , ( of which mention was before made ) grow hot of their own accord , and afterwards are inkindled . The fourth way , is the most usual , of introducing fire into any Subject , that it may be inkindled by another fire . We will a little more consider the several processes of these .

1. Hard Bodies struck one against another , shake forth little sparks of fire : as a Flint with Iron , or with a Flint ; Indian Canes , the Fire Stone , and many other things . The reason of this is , because the Particles of Sulphur , which reside in the Superficies of a hard Body , if they are smitten by another hard Body , are not able to go back inward , ( because in hard things there is not afforded any cession of the parts , from place to place ) nor can the smitten Particles of Sulphur evaporate by degrees ; but that by reason of the vehemency of the stroke , they are necessitated to break forth in heaps : Wherefore , when by this means , many of them are moved together , and are aggregated , they exhibit the apparition of fire , The sparks being received into the half-burnt Linnen or Tinder , are dilated into a greater fire , for that the Sulphureous Particles , in such a Subject are eminent , and are brought as it were to the very top it self of eruption or breaking forth , wherefore by the least spark being moved or stirred up , a way being made they fly away .

The very same reason is for Wood being made hot , and afterwards fired , by too great attrition ; by which means , the Axeltrees and Wheels of Chariots , or of Mills , are frequently fired : for the Sulphureous Particles , being by this means very much moved , are more thickly heaped together ; and when , having as it were made an Army , they are able to remove , or strike away the rest , they presently break forth in Troops , and by their going away cause a burning .

In Hay or Dung laid up wet , the Particles of Sulphur very much abound ; which having gotten the watery Latex for a Vehicle , run themselves into motion : but when for want of Ventilation , they cannot by little and little exhale , being straitned within , and so brought into their exaltation , they are able to joyn more one to another , and mutually to incite themselves : then afterwards , being very much heaped together , they unfold themselves more largely , and begin to break the Dens of the Subject , and so produce a burning . For it is to be observed in any Subject , when the Particles of Sulphur , being more slowly moved , fly away by degrees , neither heat , nor fire , but only a dryness , and leanness , succeed . But if they are more rapidly moved , than that they may be able to exhale leisurely , a heat is stirred up in the Subject : then if yet they are agitated more vehemently , and impetuously , and being more thickly agglomerated or heaped together , they break forth in heaps , a deflagration or flame follows the heat .

Fire being inkindled in any Subject , enters and inkindles , whatever Sulphureous thing is next it . For as Saline Menstrua , viz. Stygian waters , assault Metals , stuffed with Mineral Salt , and loosen their Saline Particles , as being of kin , from the mixture ; so also the Sulphureous Particles , being inkindled , break whatever Sulphureous Particles are next them , and stir them up into the like motion of burning , with themselves .

Thus much concerning the nature and production of Fire : it remains that we next inquire into the effects of Fire , and also concerning its virtue and efficacy ; to wit , what kind of Bodies it dissolves , and by what means ; and also for what uses it serves for . The chief effects of Fire are Heat and Light ; either of them are excited by emanations , or Effluvia , sent from an inkindled Body ; but after a far different manner : for truly , heat is most often produced at a distance , without light ; also light , without any sensible heat .

Heat , forasmuch as it belongs to the sense of the touch , is conceived , when a certain passion is induced in the skin , or any other Organ of the touch , whereby the little Fibres and Nervous parts are drawn asunder , moved into light Spasms or Convulsions , and somtimes ( if the stroke be vehement ) suffer a solution of the union . This is wont to be done , either by the bringing near of Fire , or of another Body made hot by Fire , or by some other means . For from either , the Sulphureous or warming Particles being excited , into a more rapid motion , and breaking forth by heaps spread abroad , which , as so many little darts , being thrust into our skin , or other Sensory of the touch , either by tickling gently , they bring to it a pleasing sense of heat ; or by striking it more grievously , the troublesom sense of burning or scorching .

For the effect of heat , Fire is applyed to Bodies , eith immediatly , and so either for the sake of Burning , Rosting or Boyling ; or mediatly , viz. by the interjection of another Body . Bituminous things , Coals , and other things dug out of the Earth , also Vegetables and chiefly their Leaves , and Woods , are burnt , for heat , necessary for human uses , and for the producing , and conserving it . Stones are burnt for Lime ; Vegetables for the preparing of Salts . The flesh of Animals is wont to be Rosted , and the Fruits of Vegetables ; whereby they may become better food for men . For by Roasting , the superfluous humidity is evaporated , and the Sulphureous parts being stirred by the neighbouring heat , are placed in their vigor and exaltation , by which means , they afford a more grateful food to the Palat , and of better digestion to the Stomach . By fire Metals are fused or melted , and most Minerals , whereby they are either very much purified , or they are better formed into various figuresby Smiths . Metals , and very many Minerals , also Salts , although they are not inflamed , and take a firing ( because they abound with less Sulphur , than Salt ) yet by a violent fire , they glow , and suffer a fusion ; for that the Sulphureous Particles of the Fire , enter the Saline little Bodies , tho most compact , and dissociate them for the time ; which however pulled one from another , presently the fire being exhaled , come again together , and are strictly united .

Secondly , when fire is mediatly administred , the Particles of the soluted Sulphur , and heaped together into fire , are dissociated , as when a cloud is dispersed into most little drops of Rain : wherefore they lay aside the form of fire ; but tho dispersed , they easily pass through any impediment , and induce a sufficient strong heat to every Subject . By this means , fire is accommodated to very many uses , the chief of which , and the more accustomed , are , elixation or boyling , digestion , and distillation .

In Boyling , the Particles of heat do pass into a watery Menstruum , and being united with its Particles , insinuate themselves deeply into the thing to be boyled : whose superfluous humidities they carry away , digest the crudities , and carry them into a state of maturity . Boyling is instituted , either that the Liquor might be impregnated with the strength of the thing to be Boyled , or that the thing to be Boyled might be made tender , by the Liquor entring into it , and its Particles exalted : for Meats and all Eatable things , are rendered more grateful to the Palate by Boyling , even as well as by Rosting .

Digestion is very much used in Medicines , that their more slow Particles , may be carried to a greater activity ; and somtimes , that they being too fierce might be fixed , and rendred more mild .

The most noble use of heat , or of mediat fire , is had in distillations ; for the Particles of heat , do pull away some Particles of the Subject from others , ( as it were by a Spagyric Anatomy ) they resolve all Bodies , into their parts and principles . But the consideration of this thing , is too laborious and hard , to be inserted into this Tract.

As heat respects the Sensory of the Touch , so Light that of the Sight , and affects it so after a proper and peculiar manner , that nothing at all is discerned , besides the rays of light , direct , or reflected : for the various appearances of Colours , and the divers proportions of Bodies , and whatsoever we see with our Eyes , is only light ; to wit , either proceeding directly , or strait from a lucid Body , or retorted from another Body , to the Eye , and so formed into various figures and colours . The consideration of Light , contains in it self , very many stupendious things , and is of deep speculation ; which are not however proper for this place : It will suffice to take notice here , of a sew things , concerning its Original , Motion , and Perceptibility .

Light is wont to be distinguished , either that it is Etherial , which flows from the Sun and Stars ; or Elementary , which only proceeds from a fired Body , enkindled into a flame . It seems , that either is only flame enkindled in a greater dimension , and dilated into a most thin composition : for it appears to the sense , that from Sulphureous things being inflamed , ( as for example ) from a burning Candle , most thin Effluvia's . or most small divided little Bodies perpetually do spring ; which being diffused into an Orb , and stretched forth into right Lines , as it were from the Centre to the Circumference , are still expanded on every side , in a great heap , and fill all the space within the Sphear of its activity , with a luminous ray . The Particles of the flame , which first fall away or depart from a lucid Body , are still driven forward by those following behind ; and so these also by others ; and so by a continued Series of Particles of the flames still succeeding , the beams of light are formed , and are thickly or closly directed into all parts .

The motion of these is exceeding swift ; like streams of water , breaking forth with a force , they pass through the medium in the twinckling of a Eye , and , as those waters , if the motion be cut off near the Spring , most swiftly vanish . When the Rays of light come directly from a Luminous Body , they constitute a medium , only clear or lucid , without the appearance of any colour or image : when the same Rays meet with a solid Body , they do not pass rightly through it , but being either broken off , they are drowned or lost , or else they are reflected and leap back or rebound , as when a Ball being cast against a Wall , with a continued motion is struck back , upon other parts , according to the Angles of what stopped it . The Rays of light , reflected from other Bodies , being fallen into the Eye , represent the Images of visible things , and the varieties of colours . For as the superficies of visible Bodies are rough , and indued with little pores , and innumerable eminences , or risings up , hence the Rays of light , being most thickly impacted in them , and reflected from every part , according to all the ways of inclinations , and directions , as for as they go , do meet together round about , into very many tops of Cones , in which the beams proceeding from the whole object , as from a base , represent the image or similitude of the whole ; and in these kind of images , the medium is every where planted , that wherever the Eye is placed , it beholds the image of the same thing , though not wholly after the same manner . But forasmuch , as the beams of the same light , being impacted in every Body , and variously refracted and distorted , about its rough and unequal superficies , from thence reflected as it were with turnings and windings into the Eye , they cause the diverse Phaenomena or appearances of colours , to appear . For colous , and images of things , do not exist in their own nature , but as it were spectrums , only from another place , change their apparitions by the Rays of light . When dark night brings thick darkness to this inferior world , things are not perceived but by the Touch , and lose all their appearances : when the Sun revisits the Hemisphere , he brings forth a new Creation of things ; and the whole Atmosphere is filled at once , with a sudden and manifold progeny , to wit , with infinite images of Bodies , and appearances of colours .

Therefore Light does not only illustrate the medium , that sight may be made , as some would have it ; but it also creates the very objects of sight , and introduces them into the Penetralia or inward parts of the Eye , yea to the most inward recesses of the Brain . This doth the same Office for the Eye , as the Intellect doth for the Soul , to wit , it forms the Ideas or Images of Bodies , and renders them perceptible by the visive faculty . Light only is able to penetrate the Coats and Humors of the Eye , to move the little Fibres of the Optic Nerve , and to stir them up into an act of senfation . Because the Images of things , being forged by the Rays of light , variously reflected , and meeting together on the tops of the Cones , are stayed within the Pupil , or dark spot of the Eye ; they seem as objects in a close Chamber , admitted by a small hole , to be represented to the lefe : and the Concave or Convex Glasses , whereby the parallel beams are broken , or the inverse reduced or brought back , do egregiously supply the humors placed in the Eye , beyond the industry of human Art ; by the help of which , the image of every object is painted , near the thin skin of the Eye , in its just figure and proportion : and then , from the motion , which this Image impresses on the little Fibres of the Optick Nerve , the act of sight is performed in the Brain . Thus much for Heat and Light , the Speculation of which , tho it may seem to be altogether besides the Doctrine of Fermentation , yet forasmuch as by the motion of these kind of Sulphureous Particles , many other Physical Operations also performed , a brief mention of them ought not to have been overpass'd in this place . But before we shall lay aside quite the consideration of Fire , it will be here worth our while to inquire concerning some Subjects , as it were irregular , to wit , in which fire shews admirable virtues , and beyond its common manner : of this sort , are among Simples common Sulphur , and Sal Nitre ; among Compounds , Gun-Powder , and Aurum Fulminans .

Concerning common Sulphur we may observe , that it quickly catches fire , heat it immediatly breaks forth into flame such ( as nothing besides ) that by its deflagration it puts out the Kitchen fire , that it sends forth a blueish flame , and whitens all objects with its Smoke or Soot . If you behold the matter of this Subject , or the parts of which the mixture is composed , its Spagyrical Analysis will exhibit , great plenty of pure Sulphur , a moderate quantity of Vitriolic Salt , a little of Spirit , Water and Earth . For when common Sulphur is dissolved , by the Spirit of Turpentine , the Sulphureous part impregnates the Menstruum , with a very deep Tincture , and the Saline grows into Crystals : or when it is fired under a Bell , the Sulphur wholly burns , in the mean time the Salt being resolved , and having taken a Flux , is fixed about the sides of the Vessel , and so exhibits a Liquor , most like the Spirit of Vitriol , or rather the very same . To which add , if you mingle the Oyl of Vitriol , and Antimony together , and distill it in a Retort , a Yellow Sulphur , just like the common , will be Sublimed in the neck of the Retort .

I say therefore , because there are very many Particles of Sulphur in this Concrete , and that they lie loose and unbound in the mixture , ( to wit , neither divided and separated by the coming between of Earth , or Water , nor much bound together by Salt ) therefore they are of a most prompt motion : wherefore by the least spark of fire , they break forth from the loose frame ; and because very many run forth adoors together , therefore not a naked fire , as in every Combustible thing besides , but first of all and immediatly a flame is inkindled . It s flame becomes blueish , because 't is almost pure Sulphur that burns , not mixed with the Particles of Water and Earth , as it is in Wood or Straw . The very same thing happens to Spirit of Wine being inflamed . It extinguishes the Kitchen fire by reason of the little Bodies of Vitriolic Salt left behind ; and the same being eventilated with the flame and fume of Sulphur , gives a white colour to things ; the like to which , the Effluvia's , exhaled from the Spirit of Vitriol , or Stygian Waters , do effect .

Concerning Sal Nitre , we will take notice , that it is not to be inkindled at all by it self ; but to be melted by an intense fire : but being mixed with any Sulphureous things , it breaks forth into a flame , with a certain force and explosion : For being added to common Sulphur , Antimony , or Tartar , it burns with a thundering noise ; also if you put into melted Nitre , a burning Cole , or Wood , the flame is exploded round about , with a wind , so that the matter put in is flung up and down here and there , and often times flung clear out of the Vessel : by this kind of deflagration , what is Nitrous is consumed , the fixed Salt ( which is Tartar ) remains . When Nitre is distilled , Sand or Brick dust , is mixt with it in a double quantity at least ; otherwise the Nitre melting is not at all loosened into a vapor . In the distilling the vapor sent forth is very red ; so that the Receptacle shines with a splendor , as if a flame were shut up within it : a sharp corrosive Liquor is stilled forth , which dissolves most Metals ; also Gold .

These things being truly weighed , it seems that this mixture consists chiefly of aboundance of Salt , and a little Sulphur , but these not fixed and idle , but either exalted , and ready for motion , and not without a certain resistance bound together : to wit , the Sulphureous little Bodies , being rouled about by the Saline , and as it were strictly pressed , still endeavour to get forth ; but being strictly bound within , they are not able to rise forth by their own strength , or endeavour : but as soon as , by the mixture and inkindling of another Sulphureous Body , the Particles of the Salt are disjoyned , and their Prisons unlocked , presently the included little Bodies of Sulphur , as it were breaking Prison , fling themselves forth with violence , remove every Obstacle , and strike the Air violently with a sudden eruption .

The reason why fire doth not inkindle Nitre , being inclosed in a Vessel , but only melts it , when in the mean time , any Sulphureous matter being fired , makes it to flame forth with a noise , is , because the little Bodies , which fall away from the fire , enter the Nitre , make it a little loose , and dissociate the concretion of the Salt , but not so loosen it , that a way may be made for the included Sulphur : but by the addition of Sulphureous things , the Saline compaction is more dissolved , and is so far unlocked , that the Particles of the inclosed Sulphur fly away all together , and being freed from their straightness , do hugely stretch themselves abroad , and seek greedily an immense space .

That there is plenty of Sulphur in Nitre , besides its deflagration , the Genesis of it sufficiently testifies ; for it is beget chiefly in places , where the Sulphureous Excrements of Animals abound . The use of it in agriculture argues the same thing , because the fertility of the Earth depends very much upon it : And to this also , the flaming colour , shining in the distilling may persuade .

From these premises , it will not be difficult , to unfold the nature of Gun-Powder , used in Warlike Instruments . For the sudden firing , and vehement explosion of it arise , for that those very many , and almost infinite Particles of Sulphur , which constitute that fire-dilating Body , being fired , fly away together in a moment ; all which breaking forth at once , a force being made , and desiring a most free and ample space , for their expansion , violently move the Air , and all obstacles , and so are exploded or thrust forth with a noise . There is in this mixture , common Sulphur put , because its Particles are loose , and ready for motion , and therefore apt to move a quick inkindling : there is added Charcoal dust , because in that also , the little Sulphureous Bodies ( as is seen in Tinder , that is made of half burnt Linnen ) are brought to the very top of eruption ; and therefore these presently conceive an inkindling , and both these being fired , and opposed to the Nitre , they quickly loosen its frame , and send forth the Sulphureous Particles inclosed in it ; which indeed break forth from their impediments with a force , and as the blast of a Bellows , encrease the strength of the whole in firing . The Charcoal dust is added in a moderate quantity ; though it abounds with Terrestrial matter , yet by reason of the Sulphur being carries forth in it , it accelerates the deflagration of this mixture : For the Coal and Nitre being beaten together , is sooner fired , and with a greater explosion , than Nitre and Sulphur : But if the Coals be added to this Composition , ( as they are wont to make it for Cannon and great Guns ) in a greater quantity than it ought , and improportionate to the Nitre , the immediat firing is somwhat retarded , by reason of the interjection of the Earthy matter ; and it happens , that the Sulphureous little Bodies therein , apt to be too hastily inkindled , are a little disjoyned , and so the substance of the infused powder , takes fire successively , and by parts , and not all at once .

The reason of Aurum Fulminans does not so manifestly appear : but it seems wonderful , that the Calx of a Metal , otherways inviolable by fire , should be brough into a powder , one grane of which , if it be but lightly heated by fire , is exploded with so great a force , and yields such a noise , that is an hundred fold beyond Gun-powder . I know many deduce the cause of this , as in Gun-powder , from a Nitrous-Sulphureous mixture : For they suppose the Nitre drawn forth from the solvent Menstruum , to joyn together with the Sulphur of thE Metal , and so the powder from thence prepared , to get that fulminating force . But in truth , if this matter be better thought on , it will appear far otherways ; because this golden thundring powder , is not at all inkindled , as preparations of Nitre with Sulphur : for if fire be put to it , it goes off only successively , by grains , nor as in Gun-powder , doth the whole fulminate at once ; but being put into an Iron , Silver , or other convenient Vessel , and for some time heated , by a sudden fire , at length all the Particles being stirred together into motion , it is exploded with a mightly noise ; but yet being explosed , it yields neither flame nor sparks neither is the Gold lost . For if this powder fulminates in an open Vessel ; whatsoever is of the Gold , remains after the thundering , in the form of a purple powder ; and may be gathered up . That the genuine cause of this may be extricated , there are some things to be observed , concerning its preparations , which will give no small light .

For the making of this powder , it is altogether requisite , that a solution of Gold be made with a Menstruum , impregnated with Sal Armoniack , or at least Analogical to it : for I have tryed it in vain with the Spirit of Nitre , Salt , with the Bezoartic Spirit , and some others . Then next it is requisite , that the Calx be precipitated with Oyl of Tartar ; for if the same be brought into a powder , with Silver or Mercury being cast in , it loses its thundring force . Also , if the Liquor of the Tartar , be too precipitately poured in , that with the great heat , a repercussion of the thing soluted be made , it often loses its fulminating virtue : but a precipitation being leisurely made , the powder setling in the bottom is washed away , by the often pouring on of warm water , which , though it be most often washed and dryed , far exceeds the weight of the dissolved Gold .

According to these positions , in seems most likely , that whilst the Gold is dissolved by an appropriate Menstruum for this business , some little Bodies of Sal Armoniack , ( or some other resembling it ) being greatly akin to the Gold , do most strictly cohere with its Particles ; which then by the Salt of Tartar leisurely in the precipitating infused , are more fixed , and more strictly tyed fast together : and then the explosion of this powder , or Solary Calx , is nothing else than a violent eruption of those kind of Salts , from the Cohesion or Embrace of the Gold . For when the powder prepared after this manner ; is brought to the fire , or is otherways made hot : the heat causes the Sal-Armoniack Particles , or others of the same nature affixed to the Solar , to dissociate ; which notwithstanding , ( when they hardly depart one from another ) are not pulled asunder , but by a strong and continued heat : yet afterwards being pulled asunder with a certain force , by reason of the sudden and violent breaking off , they strike the Air impetuously , and so cause a most strong noise , for their bulk . But in the mean time , if the explosion be made under a Silver Spoon , you will see a separation made of either Particles , here the Solar of a Purple colour , there the Saline of an Ash colour . But that this powder doth not make a noise , unless it be leisurely precipitated with the Oyl of Tartar , it is because some Particles of the Salt of Tartar , being before bound together with the Sal-Armoniac Particles , do couple together , by which means all are more strongly combined : For the Salt of Tartar being pounded with the mixture of Nitre and Sulphur fixes their Particles for a time ; that this Composition is not presently inkindled by heat ; but afterwards is exploded with a strong noise . And powder prepared after this manner seems to imitate the Nature of Aurum Fulminans : and it is probable that from other Minerals dissolved and precipitated by reason of the strict Cohesions of the Salt with the Metallic matter , and their violent abruptions , thundering Calxes may be prepared . That truly the preparation of this chiefly depends on the Combination of the Salts , it appears , because , if in the Precipitating ( as I have known it somtimes to have hapned ) the Oyl of Tartar , being too hastily infused , the Complexion of the Salts is dissolved with the Metallic matter , the powder falls in small quantity to the bottom , and of a very Purple colour , whose grains are fragments of almost most pure Gold , and therefore they do not fulminate at all : afterwards in that precipitated Liquor , very many slender Crystals grow together , which are indeed the Salts , having suffered a Divorce from the Metal . Besides , That the Salt of Tartar , trings somthing to the preparation of this powder , it is a sign , because those things which take away the fulminating force from this , are of the same Nature , which chiefly work upon the Salt of Tartar ; as a beating it together with common Sulphur , Spirit of Salt , Oyl of Vitriol , or of Sulphur : for these grow hot , and greedily desire to be joyned with the Salt of Tartar , and so they call it away from the Embraces of the Gold ; by which means the Combination of the Salts , with the Particles of the Gold , is loosned , and therefore loses its Gun-like force . What is commonly said , that this powder will be presently inkindled , or exploded , by a most light heat , or by shaking it in an Iron Ladle , is nothing true , as appears to me , for I have often tryed it . Nor is it more worthy of belief , what is said , that this only forces downwards , and breaks the thickest hollow Pipes with its force ; in the mean time , that it doth not move or shake any thing laid over it , because long since I made tryal after this manner ; two grains of this being laid in a Silver Spoon , I covered with a Doller , then a Candle being held under the Spoon , upon the explosion of the powder , there followed a great noise , and there was a little hollow made in the bottom of the Spoon , almost through , and the piece of mony was carried up with a force to the Cieling , wherefore , when this Aurum Fulminans is explosed , its force is diffused round .

Altho vehement heat , and incited , and also the emission of Smoke and Soot , depends for the most part upon fire ; yet somtimes we perceive it to be produced in some subjects , and that in a very high degree , without its being actually inkindled . A most known instance of which thing is , quick Lime sprinkled with water : which also Stygian waters shew , being mingled with Iron , the Butter of Antimony , and with the Salts of the stagma of Vegetables . The learned men , Gunter , Conringius , Hogelandus , and almost all that have touched on the Doctrine of Fermentation , have delivered the effects of this Nature , as especial examples of Fermentations , wherefore it will be worth our labour , to inquire somthing concerning each of them : but on this condition ( which I also have observed in other disquisitions ) that I willingly let alone the opinion of others ; for a Traveller had rather drink at the Fountains themselves : I will then as briefly and succinctly as I can dispatch the business .

Quick-Lime is made of the Lime Stone , also of many others ( excepting only such which consist of a reddish and as it were sandy grain ) being Calcined in a close Furnace , for many days , with a reverberating fire : by this means , the frame of the mixture is loosned , that it goes into a friable matter , or that may be crumbled , which by reason of the high astriction or binding Nature , in which it excels , serves most excellently for the making of Cements for Walls : This Calx or Lime being taken from the Furnace , reteins still the form of Stone , and seems cold to the touch , but water being poured thereon , it swells up , and grows wonderfully hot , sending forth smoak , that it burns all Bodies that are put into it , besides it falls of it self into a white dust : To which Particles this motion and heat ought to be ascribed , viz. whether to those implanted in the Lime stone , or to the others acquired by the fire , doth not easily appear : but that we may loose this knot , if we can , I have instituted this Analysis of quick Lime . I put about half a pound of it into a large Cucurbit , then water being poured thereon , I fitted the little Head with a capacious Receiver , by and by , within five minutes of an hour , the matter began to swell , and to grow very hot ; then a smoak , and a breath being raised , all the Vessels became so hot , that I could scarce touch them with my hands . A clear water Distilled forth into the Receiver , about six Ounces , which was not sharp , but of a Styptic or Astringent sweetish tast ; the remaining powder in the Cucurbit , I boiled with common water , and the Lye thereof made , I endeavoured to boil away with a gentle Fire ; while it did evaporate , there gathered together on the Superfices of the Liquor , a white and crusty little skin , also of a sweetish tast , and the same being taken away , presently a new one succeeded ; the humor being at last wholly exhaled , there remained in the bottom nothing that was sharp or salt .

We may Collect from this , that this heat doth not proceed from the implanted Principles of the Lime stone , viz. either Saline or Sulphureous however moved within themselves : for only a sweetish Salt was to be found in it , which was also Volatile ; and it is a sign that there is not much Sulphur in the Limestone , because by a long Calcination , the form of the mixture is not quite destroyed , nor its substance wholly broken : wherefore , it is very likely , that whilst these stones are burnt in the Furnace , some Particles of Fire do strictly cleave to the Saline , and so reside in that mixture , as it were strangers ; which whilst they lie a sleep , and continue idle , and being separated one from another , by the coming between of Earth , although they are very many , do not raise up heat ; For all heat depends upon motion : but when water is poured to it , those fiery Particles , being thrust out of their Cells , flow together , and fly aways by heaps from that Inn ; so breaking forth by Troops , they cause a very intense heat , and because diluted with water , only a smoak , and not an actual Fire .

It is a sign that little Bodies of fire , or fiery Particles , do stick a long while in matters Calcined , because Iron Instruments , according as those Particles are driven forth of their pores , more or less , leisurely or by heaps , become soft or hard ; tough or brittle : morover it is observed , that bricks or fresh Earthen Vessels being dipped in water , cause a certain hissing ; also Tobacco Pipes , if one end be put into water , and the other brought near to the Ear , yield a certain sharp noise and rumbling : add to these , that fixed Salts being Calcined , or having suffered a Flux by the Fire , become far sharper ; also Stygian waters , by reason of those kind of little Bodies involved therein , which afterwards leisurely evaporate , perpetually send forth sharp fumes : and when these are poured upon Saline Calxes , not only an Ebullition is raised , by reason of the disagreeing Particles of the Salts , which strike one another mutually , whereby they might be more strictly combined ; but besides , heat and smoak succeed , which for the most part arise from the fiery Particles being shuck out of their Dens . But it is not easie to give a reason why quick Lime , and no other Concretes , retain so copiously those kind of fiery Particles , and yield a strong heat , water being poured on them .

T is plain enough that when the Sulphureous Effluviums of Fire , ( forasmuch as they are most penetrating ) enter all Bodies whatsoever , brought near , affect them affer divers manners : those which are more lax , and stuffed with active Principles , are destroyed wholly by burning , and because their substance decays , the fiery Particles , as Soldiers in a City spoiled by themselves , do not continue long in the ruined place , but go farther , and move their Tents : but where the Concretion of the Subject is very compact , and that its Elements cannot be so pulled in pieces by the fire , that they rather grow stiff , as is seen in Metals , Glass , Bricks , and other things made hard , either by boiling , or fusion ; the fiery Particles entered in , being received in an incommodious Inn , presently go forth again ; and therefore few are wont to stay in mixt things of this kind , or in things fused , or Calcined : but if fire be so applyed to the more hard Concretes , of which sort are most stones , and shelly Concretes , that the bond of the mixture be unlocked , some parts , viz. the Watery and Sulphureous are driven away , and so some spaces are made hollow , very fit for the receiving any stranger ; in the mean time , that the frame of the matter be not wholly destroyed , but that it may continue its compacted and stony form , which flows not away together with its Particles , and ever threatens its ruin ; in such a Subject , chiefly the Particles of fire , possessing the spaces of the parts flown away , copiously remain ; and there cleaving close to the Saline little Bodies , being detained one from another , by the coming between of the earthy , lie quiet ; which notwithstanding afterwards , being violently driven from those Inns , are able to produce by their eruption , an intense , and almost fiery heat : in the mean time those Saline little Bodies , are so loosned , by the long familiarity of the fiery , and by the embrace of one another , and of the strangers , that they become Volatile , and being diluted with water , for the greatest part evaporate with it ; and the remaining Salt , because also Volatile , and having suffered almost a divorce from all the rest of the Principles , is both sweetish , and becomes desirous of Conjunction , and astringent ; and therefore also is of excellent use for plastring of Walls .

But that Stygian waters , being poured upon the Stagmas of fixed Salts , produce heat , and the same mixed with Iron , or the Butter of Antimony , stir up a mighty ardor , with a blacking smoak , the reason seems plain . As to the Stygian waters and fixed Salts , it may be said that both these Concretes are only Salts , having got divers states by the fire , and so either being very much stuffed with fiery Particles ( which are the most minute atoms of Sulphur : ) But they being confused together , do forthwith rush into mutual embraces , and because the Particles of either , are made unlike , therefore , whereby they may be more strictly united , there is made a great attrition of parts , and together an excussion of the fiery Particles , from whence the great ebullition , with a heat is excited : when the same Menstrua , are poured on Iron , or the Ice of Antimo , the Salts of either come together , and shake forth the fiery Particles , and also the Sulphureous Particles , before implanted in either Subject ; which flying away in heaps , cause a smoak with a heat , but not a flame .

CHAP. XI . Of the motion of Fermentation , as it is to be observed , in the Precipitation of Bodies .

WE have hitherto treated of the Solutions of Bodies ; it remains now that we speak of Precipitation , this is performed only in Liquids , which , when as they are stuffed with Heterogeneous Particles , are compelled by a matter Precipitating those Particles , to separate one from another , and to obtain for their substance , divers places and conditions : wherefore , since in this operation , there is an agitation and motion of parts , its consideration ought to be referred to the Doctrine of Fermentation .

Precipitation is performed , either in Natural things , as thiefly in Milk , Blood , Urine , and perhaps in some others ; or in Artificial things , which are of a diverse Kind and Nature : but they may be described and ranked in a certain order , according as the Liquor to be Precipitated , or Precipitating , is either Spirituous , Sulphureous , Watery , or Saline : besides , according as the Particles separated from the rest , are either Elementary , ( viz. either Sulphureous , Earthy , or Saline ) or Integral , which participate of the Nature of the whole mixture , and are only very small portions of

There are two common and known ways of Precipitation , whereby is made from Milk , both Cheese , and Butter : As to the first , if any sharp thing be poured into warm Milk , the thicker and Chcesie parts , presently separate from the serous and thinner , and are gathered together into a thick substance . The reason of which consisits in this : Milk has a somwhat thick consistence , and its pores and passages are very much beset , with the thicker ( to wit the Cheesie ) contents ; wherefore when somthing more subtil and penetrating , ( as is Rennet ) passes through the Liquor , it easily thrusts forth the more thick Particles , with which the pores were possessed ; which then mutually Embrace one another , and are separated a-part from the thin , and Eheyie Liquor . When Milk is kept long to a sourness , it is Precipitated after the same manner , without Rennet , by warming it over the fire . For in stale Milk its Saline parts get a Flux , then being stirred up by the fire , supply by their own soumess the turn of Rennet , yea it is not improbable that the fluid Salt in the Rennet provokes the Saline Particles of the Milk , into a Flux , and that for this reason chiefly its Coagulation succeeds : for that the Saline parts having gotten of their own accord a Flux , so bind the pores of the Liquor , that the more thick Contents are willingly exterminated from them : wherefore we do say , for that reason , the same thing happens , when a Flux of the same Salt is caused by some thing else put into it . But that the Coagulation of Milk happens , not only by reason of the passages and pores being possessed by a strange Body , the sign is ; because the Salt of Tartar , tho exceeding Precipitatory , effects nothing , of this , and this effect is excited almost only by sour things . Sugar hinders the Precipitation of Milk , and many other Liquors , because it restrains the Flux of the Acetous Salt , and as it is easily Soluble , and its Particles are soft and blunt , they extrude not the former Contents implanted in the Liquor , but fill all vacuities , that afterwards there is no space whereby another Precipitating Liquor may unfold it self , and break into anothers quarters .

But Country people are wont to make Butter of the Flowers or Cream of Milk , kept for the most part to a sourness , only by shaking or Churning it . The reason of which ( as it seems to me ) is this : in Cream there is great plenty of Sulphur , with which also a mean portion of Salt and Earth is mixed , as may be conjectured , both by the sourness of the Liquor remaining of the Butter , or the Butter-Milk , and by its thicker consistency . In this mixture , the parts both Saline and Sulphureous are in motion , and a Flux : but as the Liquor is thicker they cannot presently fly away : wherefore it remains , that if the bond of the mixture be further loosned , they will separate into parts , and that first the Sulphureous Particles , which exceed the others in power , are Congregated together with a mutual embrace ; wherefore these two things , the Churning of the Cream performs , viz. it brings the Sulphureous parts by their often obvolution together , whereby they do the better intangle themselves , and muturally ensnare one another ; besides it breaks their mixture with the rest . For this reason , in the Winter time , ( when Cream is thinner , and abounds less with Sulphur ) Butter is hardly made . Besides the admixtion of Salt or Sugar wholly hinders its making ; because by the coming between of those little Bodies , the Sulphureous parts are hindred , from a mutual adhesion .

The chief Precipitation of the blood , which is performed within a living Body , is made in the Reins ; where , not without the strength of a certain Coagulum or Rennet , the serus matter is separated from the rest of the blood ; just as Whey from Milk : For which reason Diuretical things are of the same Nature , as those which bring a Coagulation to Milk ; and therefore , because they more Precipitate the blood by susing it , they cause a large profusion of urine . The blood being sent forth of the Vessels , separates into various substances , by its own disposition : whilst it is warm , it is variously Precipitated , by some Liquors poured to it , ( in like manner Urine ) not without a pleasant Spectacle . If you pour upon warm blood the spirit of Wine , Harts Horn , Soot , Vitriol , or other Liquors , chiefly Spirituous or Saline , a wonderful Ebullition and heat is stirred up ; whence we may conjecture after what manner it grows turgid , in Feavers . But before the rest . the Salt of Tartar , and a Solution of Alum , procure both in Blood and in Urin , a great perturbation of the Liquor , and falling down of the parts : for these disturb all the Contents in the pores and paffages of the Liquor , and by their astriction , very much lock them up for a long time .

Precipitation in Artificial things is of greater note and use : for this for the most part floolws Dissolutions , and succeeds them as it were by a certain right of Order ; becaust this takes out to their Jaws , and as it were lays by , the prey , which all Menstrua take by dissolving . According to the diversity of the Menstruum , and of the Body dissolved , Precipitation also variously happens : but in some Subjects there are two chief remarkable things , concerning the manner of Precipitation , to wit , the soluted Particles , immersed in the pores and passages of the Menstruum , are wont to fall out of them ; either by reason of the narrowness of the conteining space , or else by reason of the Contents being increased in weight and bigness : for in some the pores of the Solvent , being either leisurely bound up , or beset with a strange Body , shut forth from their Cells , the little Bodies of the thing soluted , and send them to the bottom ; as may be observed in Sulphureous Solutions , or such as are made of the whole mixture of integral parts , in a thin Liquor ; which are disturbed , and lay away their Contents by external cold , simple water , or at least by any Acid infusion . After this manner resinous Tinctures , also of Sulphur , Olibanum , Benzoin , and the infusions and decoctions of Vegetables , also Urin , Milk , and Blood , are wont to be Precipitated : but in several others , besides that the pores , and passages of the Menstruum , are either leisurely drawn together , or possessed by a new guest , also somthing new grows to the Particles of the thing soluted from the Precipitating matter , whereby being increased in weight and bulk , they can be no longer sustained ; but that they are necessitated to sink to the bottom . This is chiefly seen in the Saline Solutions of Minerals , which are only Precipitated by the Salts ; whose Particles presently cleave to the little Bodies of the thing soluted , and increase their substance , that presently they descend to the bottom by their own weight : For in Saline solutions , the little Bodies of the thing soluted , are strictly bound together by the fluid Menstruum , with the Saline Particles ; and the Particles run hastily and are heaped together into the Embraces of the same fluid Salt , from the Precipitating infusion of the fixed Salt : wherefore , when these three , ( to wit , the little Bodies of either Salt , and of the soluted matter ) do cohere together , they constitute greater grains than can be eontained in the narrow spaces of the Menstruum , and therefore being thrust out , they fall down towards the bottom : That this does truly happen after this manner , the great affinity , both of the fluid and fixed Salt , is a sign ; that the Particles of both being placed near or mixed together , are presently combined in one : also , because many solutions of Minerals , are presently Precipitated by a fixed Salt , but not by Vitriol or Alum being put in , which do much more bind , and stop up the pores of the Liquor . Thirdly , it appears clearly even to sense , because that the matter put for a Precipitate , far exceeds the thing soluted in bulk and weight , and is impregnated by the fixed Salt adhering to it , But these being thus disposed , we will descend to the particular cases of Percipitations , forasmuch as Precipitation is made manifold , to wit , according to the diversity of the Menstruum , of the soluted matter , and the Precipitating infusion .

Simple water , though it do not well sustain the Particles of the mixture which it receives into it self by infusion , or Cohesion , yet hardly sends them away by Precipitation . For the pores of this Menstruum are too open and loose , wherefore the Precipitating matter , doth not easily strike the little Bodies of the thing soluted : in the mean time , by reason of the more loose frame of the Menstruum , some parts of the soluted Body sink down ; others of their own accord evaporate , from whence that Liquor doth not long keep the Virtues or Tincture , with which they are impregnated by another . As some more thick parts and Terrestrial may be thrust down to the bottom , or otherways separated , we put in the Juice of Limons , or some acid thing , or boil in it the whites of Eggs , to wit , that whatsoever is thick might cleave to their viscous substance .

Spirituous and Sulphureous Menstrua , being impregnated with the Sulphureous Particles of the thing soluted , easily lay by their burthen ; for they are Precipitated by common , or any Distilled water ; as is seen in Sulphureous and Resinous Tinctures of Sulphur , Scammony , Benzoin , Frankincense , and others of that kind prepared by the Spirit of Wine , or Oylof Turpentine , which presently grow Milky , by Water or Phlegm being infused . For in these sort of solutions , the pores are wholly possessed , that they admit nothing besides the thing soluted , and besides , both the Liquor , and soluted Matter are so thin , that they easily give place to any thing else being infused .

When Menstruas of this kind are filled with Saline Particles , as we may observe in the Tinctures of the Salt of Corrals , of Tartar and such like , Precipitation does not presently succeed from common water , but from an Acid Liquor , as the Spirit of Vitriol , Salt , &c.

Saline Menstruas impregnated by the solutions of Stones or Metals , are most easily Precipitated by Saline Particles , and scarce by others . The chief Precipitatory Liquor , is the Salt of Tartar , or of Herbs burnt to Ashes , deliquated or melted ; for this strikes back the Particles of every soluted thing whatsoever , and sends them headlong to the bottom ; to wit , forasmuch , as it passes through every where , the little spaces of the solvent , and sticking to the Contents , increases them in bulk , that they more easily fall out of the pores of the Menstruum , bound also together with their own weight .

What fluid Salt ( as Vinegar , Stygian waters , &c. ) dissolves , the same a fixed Salt precipitates ; and on the contrary : because Salt of Tartar being melted , most excellently penetrates common Sulphur , and receives the Tincture ; which then is precipitated by a fluid Salt , viz. by the Spirit of Vitriol , and the like : which indeed does not happen , by reason of the disagreeing Particles of the Salts , and mutually opposing one another ; but for that the same are greatly of kin , and rush into mutual Embraces : for from hence , the little grains of the thing soluted , by reason of the cohering of both the Salts together , being increased in bulk and weight , are more readily thrust out of the little spaces of the Menstruum , and descend to the bottom . We will in this place , more sparingly insist upon instances of this nature , because the more full handling of them belongs to the Chymical Work .

Precipitation is not only observed in the separation of a more thick matter , from a serous latex , and in the settling of the disturbed parts towards the bottom ; but somtimes the Particles shut up within the pores and passages of the Liquor , are so small and subtil , that being Precipitated , they are not discerned by the sight , neither do they quickly descend to the bottom ; but from their situation and position , being variously changed , the colour , and consistency of the Liquor , are diversly altered . I was wont in times past , to sport with the solutions of Vegetables and Minerals , which being made by themselves , were clear like Spring water , and appeared bright , being commixed , shewed now a Black colour , now a Milky , Red , Green , Blue , or some other kind . The solution of Saturn , ( or Lead ) being made with distilled Vinegar , appears bright like common water , if you add to this Oil of Tartar , like clear water , the mixture straight grows White like Milk . If Antimony calcined with Nitre , be boiled in Spring water , the straining seems clear , and almost without smell , which yet being dashed by any Acid thing . presently acquires a deep yellow colour , with a most wicked stink . Common water being imbued by an infusion of Mercury Sublimate , is presently tinged with yellowness , by Oyl of Tartar dropped into it . Quicksilver and Sal Armoniack , being beaten together , and Sublimated in a Matrace by the heat of Sand , go into a white powder , this being soluted by melting shows like to clear Spring water , which yet being smeared upon Brass or Copper , appears like Silver ; and being lightly rubbed on brasen Vessels , renders them as if they were perfectly silvered . A solution of Calcined Tin , being put to melted Salt of Tartar becomes bluish . A clear infusion of Galls , being mixt with a solution of Vitriol , makes Ink ; if you add to this Spirit of Vitriol , or Stygian water , the black Liquor is by and by made clear like Spirit of Vitriol , or Stygian water , the black Liquor is by and by made clear like Spring water ; and this Oil of Tartar reduces again to Ink. And what is more wonderful , if you write on Paper with the clear infusion of Vitriol , and frame any Letters ; what you so write presently vanishes , nor is there any marks of the Characters left : but if you smear over the Paper with an infusion of Galls , presently the Letters may be read , as if wrote with Ink ; which yet , with a Pen run over , dipt in Spirit of Vitriol , you may put quite out at once wetting , and then again reder them , with wetting them with another Liquor of Tartar . The Sky-colour Tincture of Violets , being dashed with Oil of Vitriol , becomes of a Purple colour : to which , if you add some drops of the Spirit of Harts Horn , that Purple colour is changed into Green . Brasil Wood , being infused in common water , leaves a very pleasant Tincture , like to Claret Wine ; if you pour to this a little distilled Vinegar , the Liquor appears clear like White Wine : a few drops of Oil of Tartar reduces it to a deep Purple colour : then if the Spirit of Vitriol be poured in , it becomes of a pale yellow , like to Sack ; if you add the Salt of Lead , being soluted by deliquation , the mixture grows presently Milky : by this means you may imitate that famous Water-drinker , who having swallowed down a great deal of Spring water , was wont to vomit forth into Glasses placed before him , diversly coloured Liquors , resembling the ideas of divers kinds of Wines : for Glasses being medicated with the aforesaid Tinctures , ( so lightly that they may not be perceived by the standers by ) will not only cause the water poured into them , to imitate every Wine , but will exhibit the very Proteus himself of the Poets , changed into waters , and from thence putting on all colours , and infinite forms .

If a Reason of these kind of appearances be asked , it ought to be sought in the minute Particles , contained within the pores of every Liquor ; which as to their site and position , being diversly altered , by another Liquor infused , transmit variously the Rays of Light , many ways break or reflect them , and so make divers appearances of colours . For when the Rays of Light pass through almost in right Lines , they make a clear colour like Spring water ; but if in their passage , they be a little broken , the Liquor grows yellowish ; but being more refracted , they cause a red colour ; if they are bowed back , so as to be drained , or that they cannot shew themselves , a dark or black colour arises ; but if they are again reflected , to the outmost Superficies of the Liquor , they create the image of Whiteness : after this manner we might variously Philosophise about other colours , and their appearances , the diversity of which , and sudden alterations in Liquids , depend chiefly on Precipitation : because , as the Particles conteined in the Liquor , are driven somtimes more near by another infusion that they clasp themselves together ; somtimes are ordered into other series of positions , the diverse representation of colours is made . For Liquor being impregnated with little Bodies or Atoms , or this Nature , most minutely broken , seems as an Army of Soldiers placed in their Ranks , who now draw into close Order , now open their Files and Ranks , now turn to the left , now to the right hand , as is diversly shown in the exercising of Tacticks , or the Art Military . When two clear Liquors being mixed together shall make Ink , it is because the Particles conteined in either , approach near one another , and as it were placed in their close Orders hinder the passage of the beams of light : when afterwards , this Ink is made clear by another Liquor poured in , it is because the new Bodies of the thing put in , disperse abroad the former close joyned Particles , and drive them as it were into their open Orders .

CHAP. XII . Of the motion of Fermentation , as it is to be observed in the Coagulation , and the Congelation of Bodies .

OOagulation and Congelation of Natural Bodies , no less than their Solution , depend only on these our Principles . The improportionate mixture of these , and the exaltation , and powerfulness of some above others , are the cause of either . Sprit and Sulphur being loosned from the bond , do not only pull assunder the proper Subjects , but the set upon whatever is next them ; and where they are mighty in number and strength , they affect nothing more than divorces and separations from the rest of the Principles , and suffer no delay : but on the contrary , Salts love to be united to the rest , and to be made into hard and solid substances ; and being destitute of the Company of the rest , presently to enter into new Friendships , and desire only not to be joyned to any opposite . If at any time they are more impetuously moved , either by their own disposition , or being soluted , they destroy the substance of others , this thing seems to be done for this end , destinated as it were by Nature , that they might find out Subjects agreeable to themselves , and having through War obtained Peace , they might at length be more strictly united to them : wherefore when Saline Menstruums corrode Stones or Metals , they are Coagulated with their Particles , and grow together into diversly figured Crystals .

When we here treat of Coagulation , we do not take this word after the usual manner : to wit , as it is wont to be vulgarly usurped , when Milk is become congealed , that is , departs from its simple and equal Liquor into Heterogeneous substances , viz. Cheese , or Curds and Whey , or thick and thin ; in like manner , when blood or other humors go into parts after that manner , they are said to be coagulated : also , we have elsewhere given this sense , to this word , tho to speak properly , these sort of motions ought rather to be referred to Precipitation than to Coagulation . But here we would have to be understood , by the term Coagulation , an alteration in Bodies of the same kind , as when things at first tender and soft , grow hard , into a stiff , and as it were stony matter : or any thing is said to coagulate , when Saline little Bodies being dispersed abroad in any Subject , begin to be congregated and joyned together , and from thence united , either among themselves or with Earth , produce out of a soft and fluid substance , a hard and compacted . This may be perceived in the shells clearly stony , of Fruits and Seed ; in Bones and Horns of living Creatures , in Shells and Shelly scurffs of Fishes ; all which indeed very much abound with an Alcali Salt , or the same Volatilized . Among Handicrafts , or preparations from human Industry , the Crystalisation , Vitrification of Salts , or making of Glass , also the baking of Pots and Earthen ware , ought to be referred to Coagulation .

But it is properly called Congelation , when the Saline Particles , coming from elsewhere , strictkly bind together the Subjects on which they fall , fix the Particles variously moved within the substance of the mixture , and gather them together , that by that means the whole becomes stiff , and as it were stony . We may behold these kind of effects in Ice and Frost , by which soft Mud , or fluid Springs of waters grow stiff , into a very Marble substance . Also the same is manifestly beheld , among the Operations of Art , in the confusions of some Salts , and mutual Concretion in Sublimating ; by which means , they go into a substance , now like to Ice , now to Snow . To which may be added the Artificial turning of water to Ice , which is performed by the mixture of Salt and Snow ; but the instances which we have remarked in either of these , about the Works of Art , we will in this place briefly run through , and a little consider the reasons of them , and the ways of being done .

The Crystalisation of Salts , is procured after this manner ; Salts of every kind are throughly dissolved in common water , and their Particles being dispersed through the whole mass of the Liquor , wholly disappear ; afterwards , if this liquor be somwhat evaporated , that its passages and pores be somthing bound together , the little Bodies of the Salt close one with another , and mutually take hold of themselves , and joyn together , the outward cold binding them , and are figured in the midst of the water , into Crystals proper to their Nature . By this means Sal Nitre into Pyramids , Sea Salt into Cubes , Alum into eight cornered Figures , Sal Armoniack into six cornered , and other Salts are formed into other Figures of their own accord , after a constant manner .

If the Reason of this be sought after , we say that these kind of Salts are not simple Elements , but Bodies made up of abundance of Salt , with the other Elements mixed with them in small quantity ; which even as other Natural Concretes , are allotted by the first Creator , peculiar manners of figurations , according to the surpassing strength of Salt and Spirit , and commixion with the rest . For in determining the Figures of Natural Bodies , Spirit and Salt are as the Rule and Compass in describing Mathematical Figures : Spirit , as the moveable Foot of the Compass , or as a Pensil in the hand of an Artist , variously excurs and draws here and there diverse fashioned lineaments . But salt ( as the applyed Rule ) moderates the excursions of the other , and determinates them , and restrains them within the confines designed by Nature : when the Spirit is more powerful than the Salt , there happens a greater variety in the Figuration of things , as in Vegetables and Animals ; because the Spirit running forth more largely , forms very many Marks of its Pourtracture , and describes Bodies not in right Lines , but intorted , and very much variegated . Where the Salt Lords it over the Spirit , as in Mineral Concretes , and chiefly Saline ; Bodies grow together in less adorned Figures , and are accounted the first and more simple , and of that sort , as the Mathematical descriptions in right Lines or Circles . For those Salts , are as it were second Elements ; and from the implanting of them in Bodies , the proper and native Figures of things , very much depend ; and therefore they themselves are primitively imbued by Nature with a certain Elementary Configuration , ( so that according to Plato , God in truth exercises Geometry ) and the first regular Figures are formed in the more simple , that things compounded of them , might arise furnished with all manner of variety of figures .

The fixed Salts of Herbs being prepared by Calcination , because they are almost destitute of the Fellowship of Spirits , do scarce go at all into Crystals , nor are they coagulated , but by a long evaporation . Sea Salt containing a very little Spirit , with great Labour goes into Cubes . Next to this Alum , guifted with a little more Spirit , is more easily coagulated , and grows into more elaborate Figures , viz. eight cornered Sal Nitre , swelling with spirit , is most easily coagulated , and is framed into a more perfect Figure , viz. Pyramidical ; which consists of both Spherical , and Right Lines . But Volatile Salt , ( such as is distilled out of Urine , Blood , and the Horns of living Creatures ) being associated with a plentiful Spirit , is drawn into Concretes , very much varying , which imitate now the Horns of Staggs . now the Figures of Plants . Out of Mercury , with Salt , or the Calx of Silver , by an Amalgama , in the midst of the waters a Silver Tree is formed , with Stock , Trunk and Branches , painted to the Life . It is a usual thing in the Winter time , for the Air , impregnated with Saline Vapors , and fallen on the Glass Windows , to be condensed into most fair Firgures of Trees and Woods . So much for the Crystallisation of Salts : The other Species of Coagulation , is Vitrification , of which we will speak next .

Vitrification ( which is also said to be the last mutation of Bodies , of which Nature is capable , and from which there is no going back ) depends upon a fused Salt , and united to an Earthy matter , even to its smallest Particle : for when either matter is fused , by a most vehement fire , and divided in its smallest parts , the Bodies of either , being put into a Flux , are by so strict a marriage joyned together , that afterwards they are never to be pulled assunder .

There are many ways , and diverse provisions of Vitrification , to wit , of Sal Alcali , with Sand or a sandy matter fused together by a violent fire , common Glass is made ; which is transparent , both by reason of the abundance of Salt , and of the clearness of the Sand ; for if you behold the little Sands of which Glass is made , with a Microscope , each of their little Globes appear , ( as they were Glassie Gems ) clear and shining . Wherefore Salt promotes ; the fusion of that clear matter by fire , and then is admitted into its most strict embraces being fused .

Besides Glasses of diverse Colours and Consistences are made of Minium , the Calx of Tinn , Antimony , and some other Minerals , ( when the Sulphureous part doth first fly away ) fused , now by themselves , now with Flint or Sandy matter . The reason of all which consists in this ; that Salt and Earth , being most smally broken by a violent fusion of fire , and being divided as to their least Particles , catch hold of one another , and so are bound together , by the most strict bond of the mixture . The Coalition or Coupling of these , is never to be dissolved , because there is wanting within in the mixture , other Principles , which might unlock the frame of the Subject : yea Salt and Earth , being joyned by the mediating fire , do so intimately cohere , that they affect not divorces of themselves , nor suffer them from another .

The baking of Earthen Pots and Bricks , is of kin to Vitrification ( or making of Glass ) whereby moist and soft Clay is stifned into a very stony hardness : But in these , there is greater plenty of Earth , and less of Salt ; wherefore they are less brittle , and not transparent . Concerning these we say , that by the fire mediating , and as it were handying the smallest , broken , and divided Particles of Salt , are married to every Particle of the Earthy matter , and with them grow hard , into as it were a stony substance , and that not easily to be resolved . Also in these kind of matters , prepared by human Industry , we imitate indeed , with an excellent Artifice , the Concretions of Bones and Stones , made by Nature in divers Families of Animals , Vegetables , and Minerals .

As to what respects Congelation ; Salts of a diverse kind , do often meet together , and grow stiff , into as it were a new substance : But this happens many ways . Of these , some Salts being mixed together , presently grow together into Crystals : for the Acid Spirits of Minerals being added to the Salts of Tartar , or those made of the incineration of Vegetables turn into a white Coagulum like Snow , and with a spumeous or frothy Heat : The reason of which is , that the Particles of the Salt , having gotten a Flux , take hold of other Salts in the Spirit , Alcalisate by melting ; but by reason of the first Particles of either , being made unlike , there arises a strife ; then form the same consociated in one , that white settlement is made .

Not unlike the same manner , these Acetous Spirits , to wit , of Vitriol , Nitre , Salt , and others being mixed with Metals , while they corrode them , are Crystallised together with their Saline Particles : so the Spirits of Vitriol , Nitre , also Stygian waters , ( which are only Salts having gotten a Flux ) are formed into most elegant Crystals , in the dissolving of Silver , Iron , Copper , and other things . For Salts , even as Sulphur , being loosned from the mixture , dissolve other mixtures , and greedily desire to be united with the Homogeneous Particles of the same Subject .

There is another manner of Congelation , when Salts being mixed with some other matter , are elevated by Sublimation out of their Subjects , and then congeal the Particles of that new matter , which they carry away with them , and grow together with them ( like a Meteor ) on high : after this manner the Salts of Vitriol , Nitre and Sea-Salt , being sublimated with Mercury , are congealed as it were into a snowy substance : The same being sublimed with Antimony , go into a matter like Ice . After this manner the Natural Congelations , by which some Minerals , and chiefly Vitriols and Sulphurs , are begot in the Bowels of the Earth , may be imitated . For of Iron and Copper are prepared factitious Vitriols , which are very like the Natural : Of Antimony Sulphur is made , which answers to an hair our common Sulphur in taking fire , colour and smell : for example pour Oyl of Vitriol , to the height of a fingers breadth , upon pulverised Antimony ; and let it be distilled in a Retort in a Sand Furnace , a yellow Sulphur will be sublimed in the Neck of the Retort , that cannot be discerned from the common Sulphur : which is a sign that the Concretion of Sulphur is made in the Earth , when some Sulphureous Mineral is corroded by the Salt of Vitriol , whose Sulphureous parts are congealed by the same Salt . This also is an Argument , that Oyl of Sulphur , which is separated , by inkindling under a Bell from the Sulphureous matter , is nothing else but Vitriolic Salt , nor doth any thing differ from Oyl of Vitriol .

Artificial Congelation concludes instances and examples of Congelations : to wit , whereby common water , or any Liquors being put over the fire , or in an Hot House , are suddenly congealed into Ice : 't is a common way , and vulgarly known , Salt being mixed with Snow and Ice , and agitated or shaken in a Vessel put into water , suddenly the water about the sides of the Vessel will be frozen . This will be done if you make tryal of it , either with common Salt , or Sea-Salt , Nitre , or also with Vitriol , Alum , Sal Armoniac , or Mercury Sublimate : For Salt of every kind , being put to Snow or Ice , loosens their mixtures , and sends away the Nitrous and Congelative Particles from the Subjects ; which presently being immersed in the neighbouring water , Congeal it , as if they were freshly blown from the North.

What is more admirable ; let a dish with Snow be placed over hot Coals , and in the middle of the Snow put a Glass full of water : as the Snow is melted by degrees by the fire , the water shall be frozen : for the Nitrous Particles , being driven away by the heat , by their departure , they are dashed against the neighbouring water and congeal it .

And thus much for FERMENTATION in general , and briefly of its various parts ; it had been almost an infinite Labour , and from our purpose , to heap up instances in so diffuse a thing . Those hitherto brought , however chosen out of Natural Philosophy , were fit to wait upon the following Medical dissertation , that we may more happily know the Original , Progress , and State , as also the Remedies and Cure of Motions , and Mutations , in Causes , which variously happen to all kind of Bodies , and somwhat respecting the Tumults , which from thence are begot in the human Body , from the blood being irritated , and the rest of the humors ; to which exercise , God willing , we will now proceed .

FINIS .

OF FEAVERS .

CHAP. I. The Anatomy of the Blood ; and its Resolution into five Principles : A comparing it with Wine and Milk .

THE Doctrine of Fermentation being explicated , it remains that we handle the chief Instance or Example of it , to wit Feavers . For it seems that a Feaver is only a Fermentation , or immoderate Heat , brought into the blood and humors . It s name is derived from Februo ( or Purgament , which also is derived from Ferveo to be Hot ) which word indeed is commodiously put to every Feaver , for that the blood in this Disease grows hot , and besides , by its fervor , as working must , it is Purged from its filthinesses . But that this Fermentation or Feaverish effervescency , may be rightly explicated , these three things are to be considered . First , What the Fermenting Liquor is ; whether only blood , or any humors besides . Secondly , In what Principles in the mixture , and in what proportion of them , this Liquor consists . Thirdly and lastly , By what motion and turgescency of those parts , or Particles , of which the blood is made , the Feaverish effervescency is stirred up . These being thus premised , the Doctrin of Feavers shall be delivered , not from the Opinions of others , but acccording to the comparisons of Reasons , picked ( tho from ours , yet ) from diligent and frequent observation , and confirmed by certain Experiments ; all which however , I willingly submit to the judgment of the more skilful .

It plainly appears , even to the sense , that the Blood doth hugely boil up and rage in a Feaver , for every one ( tho rude and unskilful ) being in a Feaver , complains of the blood being distempered , and of the same growing hot in the Vessels , and as it were put into a fury . Also , besides the blood raging in the Veins and Arteries , it may be lawfully suspected , that that juice with which the Brain and Nervous parts are watered , is wont oftentimes to be in fault ; for when this Liquor is seen to be carried back from the blood , into the Nervous stock by a constant motion , and certain Circulation , and from thence through the Lymphatick Vessels , into the Bosom of the blood , it is probable , if by reason of a taint contracted from the blood , that humor be depraved in its disposition , or is perverted from its equal motion , that from thence , the Rigor , and Pain , Convulsion , Dilerium , Phrensie , and many more symptoms of the Nervous kind , usual in Feavers , do arise .

After the Blood and Nervous Liquor , two other humors , for that being apt to grow hot , fall into our consideration , viz. The Chyme or nourishing Juice , continually coming to the Mass of Blood , and the serous Latex , perpetually departing from the same , which tho they be the first and last Liquors separated from the Blood , and distinct from it , yet being confused with it , they ought to be esteemed as its associate parts , or complements : For the nourishable Juice being fresh brought , is accounted the Crude part of the blood , and to be assimilated ; and the Serum , its stale part , and to be carried away . And after this manner , so long as either are Circulated with the blood it self , in the Vessels they participate of the heats of the first begotten blood , and oftentimes occasionally begin them , or increase them being begun : but by what means these things come to be done , is declared hereafter in their proper places . As to the rest of humors , which are only the recrements of the Nutritious juice , or the blood , when they are included , either in their proper Receptacles , or constrained in the narrow spaces , in the Viscera , neither wash the several parts of the Body with a continual lustration , as the blood or Nervous Liquor , or the other humors but now recited , are to be exempted from this rank ; somtimes perhaps they may be the occasional cause that the blood doth conceive an undue Effervescency , or that it persists in it longer ; but it is only the blood , ( with the Nervous Liquor , the alible juice , and Serum associates ) which boiling up above measure , with its heat , and stirred up with a rage through the Vessels , diffuses the preternatural heat , and induces the formal reason of the Feaver : but how this comes to be done , is not to be known plainly , but by a more near beholding the Nature of Blood , and as it were an Anatomy made of its Liquor .

There are in the Blood ( as in all Fermentative Liquors ) Heterogeneous Particles which as they are of a diverse Figure and Energy , remain a long while in the mixture , by their mutual opposing one another and subaction , the motion of Fermentation is continually conserved ; as is perceived in Wine , Beer , and other Liquors : then , if the mixtion of the Liquor be somwhat unlocked by the adding of Ferments , the Native Particles being freed from their bonds , do yet more swell up and induce Fermentation , with a more rapid motion and heat : which is seen in a familiar Experiment of the Chymists , viz. when fluid Salts are mixed with Saline Liquors of another kind ; from thence a great heat and ebullition are stirred up . Wherefore we ought to inquire concerning the Blood , of what Particles it consists , that it should be fit to Ferment , ( as Wine , Beer , and other Liquors ) of its own Nature : then by the help of what kind of Ferments , both its Natural and Feaverish heats are performed , with warmth , and a more quick motion .

The Mass of the Blood by the opinion of the Antients , was thought to consist of four humors , to wit , Blood , Phlegm , Choler and Melancholy : and it was affirmed , that according to the eminency of this , or that humor , diverse temperaments are formed ; and that by reason of their fervors or exorbitances , almost all Diseases do arise . This Opinion , tho it flourished from the time of Galen , in the Schools of Physicians , yet in our Age , in which the Circular motion of the Blood , and other affections of it were made known , before not understood , it began to be a little suspected ; nor to be so generally made use of , for the solving the Phaenomenas of Diseases : because these sort of humors do not constitute the blood , but what are so called ( except the Blood ) are only the recrements of the blood , which ought continually to be separated from it : For in truth the Blood is an only humor ; not one thing about the Viscera , and another in the habit of the Body ; nor is it moved at one time by Phlegm , and another time with Choler , or Melancholy , ( as is commonly asserted ) but the Liquor growing hot in the Vessels , is only Blood , and wheresoever it is carried through all the parts of the Body , it is still the same , and like it self . But because by reason of the abundance of the implanted heat in some , and because of the smalness of it in others , the Coction of the Aliment is now quicker , now slower performed in the Bowels , and in the Vessels ; therefore the temper of the Blood ( tho but one , and always the same Liquor ) becomes diverse : and according to the various disposition of this , it may be said that men are Choleric ; Melancholic , or of another temperament . Besides , because whilst the Blood is made in its Circulation in the Vessels , some parts continually grow Old , and others are supplied anew , hence from Crudity , or too much Coction , there is a necessity that what is excrementitious should be heaped together : which notwithstanding by its effervescency , ( as by the working or depuration of Wines it comes to pass ) it is separated from its Mass , viz. the watry humor , fixed in the Bowels , or solid parts , is it which is called Phlegm : some Reliques of adust Salt and Sulphur , being separated in the Liver , and received by the Choleduct Vessels are called Choler ; the Earthy feculences being laid up in the Spleen , are termed Melancholy . In the mean time , the Blood if rightly purified ought to want Choler , Phlegm and Melancholy : even as when some Wines , or Beer are purified , the more light Particles are carried upwards , which constitute its Flowers or Head ; and the dregs are prest down to the bottom , which grow together into Feces or Tartar : yet none can truly say it , Wine or Beer is composed of Froth , Tartar , and a Vinous Liquor , But as these humors , commonly so called , are made out of the other Principles , viz. Choler out of Salt and Sulphur , with an admixtion of Spirit and Water ; and Melancholy , out of the same , with an addition of Earth ; and as the blood is immediately forged out of these kind of Principles , and is wont to be resolved sensibly into the same , I thought best , the common acception of humors being laid aside , to bring into use these celebrated Principles of the Chymists , for the unfolding the Nature of the Blood and its affections . There are therefore in the blood as in all Liquors , apt to be Fermented , very much of Water and Spirit , a mean of Salt and Sulphur , and a little of Earth . The blood being loosned by putrefaction , exhibits the same separated and distinct . Also in the blood contained in the Vessels , or being fresh let out from them , we may discover their energies and effects : besides when in the Food , whereby we are fed , by the juice of which the Liquor of the blood is made , these same are implanted , no man will go about to deny that the blood also is made from them : wherefore I will briefly run through these , and endeavour to shew by what means the Consistency , the Properties , and the Affections of the Blood are made by them .

1. Spirits ( which readily obtain the chief place ) are a subtil , and greatly volatile portion of the blood . Their Particles , always expansed , and endeavouring to fly away do move about the more thick little Bodies of the rest , wherewith they are involved , and continually detein them in the motion of Fermentation . The Liquor of the blood , continually boils up with their effervescency or growing hot , and equal expansion in the Vessels , and the rest of the Principles are contained in an orderly motion , and within the bond of the exact mixture ; if any Heterogeneous thing , or unagreable to the mixture , be poured into the bloody Mass , presently the Spirits being disturbed in their motion rage , shake the blood , and force it to grow hugely hot , until what is extraneous , and not missible , is either subdued , and reduced , or cast out of doors . By the irradiation , or rather the irrigation or watering of these , the Bodies of the Nerves are inflated , the Functions of the Viscera , and also the Offices of motion , and sensation are performed : from the want of Spirits , also from their motion being depraved or hindred , arise great vices of the Natural oeconomy or Government . The more quick motion and effervescency of these in the blood , ( above what is in Wine ) chiefly depends upon the Ferment of the Heart ; because , whilst the blood passes through the Bosom of the Heart , its mixture is very much loosned , so that the Spirits , together with the Sulphureous Particles , being somwhat loosned , and as it were inkindled into a flame , leap forth , and are much expanded , and from thence they impart by their deflagration , a heat to the whole . By reason of this kind of expansion , and suffusion of heat , there is made a continual expence of Spirits , which being rarified , as it were inkindled , continually fly away , and are evaporated forth a doors : and as long as we live there is made a continual reparation of these by aliments , chiefly the most delicate ; which contain in themselves very much of Spirit and swelling matter : from which juice being drawn by digestion , and collated to the blood , is assimilated to it and fills up its defects . When the Blood of Animals is distilled , the Spirits ( like Aqua Vitae ) ascend of a limpid colour , they are made very sharp and pricking by the adhesion of the Salt ; yet they are not so easily drawn off as the Spirits of Wine , but that there is need of a more intense fire to force them , because they are hardly driven from the fellowship of the thicker parts , with which they are involved .

2. That there is plenty of Sulphur in the blood , it is plainly seen , because we are chiefly fed with Fat and Sulphureous Aliments , also the Nutriment from the blood , carried to the solid parts , goes into Sulphur and Fatness . It is most likely , from the dissolution of this , that the red Tincture of the Blood doth arise : for Sulphureous Bodies , before any others , impart to the solvent Menstruum , a colour highly full of redness ; and when by reason of too great Crudity , the Sulphur is less dissolved , the blood becomes watery and pale , that it will scarce dye a Linnen ragg red . The Mass of blood being impregnated with Sulphur , and together with Spirits , it becomes very Fermentable : which however , whilst it enters the Ventricles of the Heart , there suffers a greater effervescency , or rather accension ; and on the Particles chiefly Sulphureous , being inflamed ; and thence diffused through the whole , the lively and vital heat in us depends . When the Sulphureous part is carried forth , and doth too much luxuriate in the blood , it perverts its disposition from its due state , that therefore the blood being either depraved , or made more bilous or Cholerick , doth not rightly Cook the nourishing juice ; or being inkindled throughout , it conceives heats and ardours such as arise in a continual Feaver . For the Sulphur being too much exalted ; and swelling more than it ought , stirs up great heats in the blood : and they whose-blood is more plentifully impregnated with Sulphur , are most obnoxious to Feavers . By reason of the Particles of this being incocted with the Nutritious juice , and from thence carried to the solid parts , fatness , softness and tenderness , come to out Body . From the Flesh or Blood putrefying , by reason of the abundahce of evaporated Sulphur , a most evil stink breaths forth : In the distillation of Blood , Sulphur ascends under the form of a blackish Oyl , which also by reason of the Empyreuma , stinks most wickedly .

3. That Salt is in the blood , is evinced by the Salt ; which , tho fixed , is drawn forth , by being eaten , from Vegetables , and from other eatable things , at first less volatile , afterwards by the most excellent digestion of Nature , and Circulation , is highly volatilised ; that it passes through , not only without a remaining Caput Mortuum , all the members and parts of our Body , but also the blood being exposed to distillation , ascends the alembic , and leaves the dead Head as insipid earth : If at any time the Saline Particles are not rightly exalted in the Blood , by reason of ill digestion , but remain crude , and for the most part fixed , from thence the blood becomes thick and unfit for Circulation , so that obstructions are begot in the bowels and solid parts , and serous Crudities are every where heaped together : But if the Salt be too much carried forth , and suffers a Flux , the Spirit being depressed , or deficient , a sour and bitter disposition is given to the blood , such as is observed in Scorbutical people , and those sick of a Quartan Feaver . Also from the Salt , for this reason being variously coagulated , the Stone , King-Evil , Gout , Leprosie , and very many other Chronical Diseases arise . But when Coction being rightly performed in the bowels and Vessels , the Salt is duly exalted , and being associated with the Spirit , is volatilised , then by reason of its mixture , the Liquor of the blood more equally ferments ; also is defended from Putrefaction , Stagnation and Coagulation : Also the Saline Particles , bridle the fiercenesses of the Spirits , and especially of Sulphur ; wherefore , those who have their blood well filled with a Volatile Salt , are less obnoxious to Feavers : also hence those who often are let blood , are more apt to Feavers .

4. Besides , There are in the blood ( as it is a thick humour , and hath a gross consistence ) many Earthy Particles : from hence also , it s too great Volatilisation is as it were supported , and it s too hasty accension hindered : even as Charcoal-dust , is added oftentimes to Gun-Powder in a greater proportion , that all its parts may not take fire at once , and too soon . Further , from the Terrestrial Particles of the blood and Nutritious Juice , the bulk and increase of the Body proceeds . Lastly from the distillation of the Blood , a light and friable Caput Mortuum , is left in great plenty .

5. Upon the watery part of the blood depends its fluidness ; for from hence its stagnation is hindered , and the blood is circulated in the Vessels , without growing thick or stiff : also it s too great conflagration , and adustion is restrained , and its heat attempered . When blood is distilled a clear and insipid water is drawn off , at least in a double proportion to the rest ; for from hence the matter of Urine , Sweat , and every humid Excrement , for the most part proceeds .

What things were but now asserted , concerning the Principles of the blood , and the affections to be deduced thence , will better appear , if we consider consider a little the blood according to its sensible parts , and shall comkpare it with other Liquors which are in dayly use among us . Those sort of Liquors , which have a very great Analogy with the blood , are v.z. Rich Wine and Milk . As to the reasons of Fermentation and growing Hot , it is most fitly compared to Wine , as to its consistency , coagulation , and departure of the paits one from another , it is likened to Milk .

In the first place therefore , it is observed of Wine , that so long as it is shut up in the Vessel or Pipe , its subtil and spirituous Particles , do perpetually agitate , or very much shake others more thick , break them , and render them fit for an exact mixtion ; what is heterogeneous , and unfit for subaction or mingling , is separated by its growing hot : In the mean time the purified Liquor greatly fermenting is in perpetual motion , whereby all the parts ( as Atoms variously moved up and down , in a beam or streak of light ) do stretch themselves forth onevery-side , and contend with a constant rowling about , from top to bottom , and from thence to the top again . By the attrition and refraction of the Particles very many Effluvia of Atoms , go away from the Liquor , which if the Vessel being closely shut , they are kept within ; the Liquor grows too excessively hot , and oftentimes causes the containing Vessel to burst in picecs . Blood , much after the same manner being shut up within the Veins and the Arteries , is urged with a constant Circulation : The Vital Spirit makes subtil , breaks , and exactly molds the more thick Particles ; what is heterogeneous , and not mixable , it expels forth of doors ; in the mean time by the refraction and kneading of the parts , Effluvia of heat do constantly stream forth , and evaporate through the pores ; which being shut in , if transpiration be hindred , presently by reason of the too great boyling of the blood a Feaver is inkindled .

Secondly , we will observe concerning Wines , that they grow turgid , or swell up , if any extraneous thing , and of a Fermentative Nature , be poured to them ; yea somtimes , that they are moved more than ordinary of their own accord . For , when by a long digestion , the Sulphureous part of the Wine is too much exalted , it conceives a greater heat than it ought , and ( unless presently appeased ) perverts the disposition of the whole Liquor , with its swelling up . It seems to be for the very like reason , that the Feaverish heat which is wont to be introduced by reason of the same Causes , is stirred up in the blood , as shall be shown in the next Chapter , where we treat of the Motion and Heat of the blood .

The third Observation , or comparing of the Blood with Wine , shall be of this sort : Wines ( as also many other Liquors , as for example , Beer , or Sider ) have their times of crudity , matruation , and defection . For when they are first made , the Spirituous parts are so obvolved by the others more thick , that they shew themselves but little , and put forth almost nothing of strength or virtue : and as the other Particles , are not yet subtilised , nor truly concocted , the whole Liquor remains crude , and of an ungrateful tast , and if put to distillation , not any Spirit ascends . From this state it comes by degrees to perfection , and when the Spirits being extricated from their intanglements , obtain their own right , and have subtilized and exalted the more thick Particles of the rest , the whole mass of the Liquor becomes Clear , Spirituous , Sweet and Balsamick . Lastly , when by a long Fermentation , the Spirits are consumed , and begin at length to fail , the state of defection is induced , whereby Wines , and other Liquors , either pass into a tastlesness , or at last the Salt and the Sulphur being too much exalted , are made sowt or unsavory . In like manner the blood also , while it is Circulated in the Vessels , may be considered according to this kind of threefold disposition : First , in the making or crudity , which has relation to the Chyme new made in the Viscera , and freshly poured to the blood ; the Particles of which , like to unripe Fruit , are crude and undigested . Secondly , In the persect state or maturation , which belongs to the blood being sufficiently wrought , and made Volatile , according to all its Particles after it is inspired by Ferments , and its inkindling in the heart exalted . Thirdly , in its defection , which respects the blood ; after it hath burned forth , and its Spirituous parts are very much flown away , and the rest growing old and poor , have need to be removed ; and so they are either the Reliques of Salt , which are with the Serum strained forth continually by the Urine ; or they are Particles of Salt and Sulphur , boyled and baked together , which are strained forth by the virtue of the Liver into the choleduct Vessels : or lastly , they are dregs and earthy recrements of the blood it self , which are carried into the Spleen , and there ( as it were a Caput Mortuum , exalted by a new digestion ) go into a Ferment , at length to be transmitted to the blood . Whilst after this manner , the generation of the blood , and its due maturation are truly dispatched , it is pleasingly circulated within the Vessels , neither wanting in motion or heat nor inordinately troubled with them . But if either the supplement of the nourishing Juice , be not made agreeable with the rest of the blood , nor assimilated with it , but that either by reason of the defect of Concoction , it is washed into a very crude humor , or because of its excess , it is rosted into a burnt matter ; or if the blood growing old , does not lay aside what it casts off , and give way to a new Nutritious humor ; I say , by reason of these kind of Vices , concerning Sanguification , or the making of blood , the blood is variously perverted from its due temper and equal motion , and now becomes Watery and Cold ; now Sharp of Salt ; now Acid , Austere , or by some other way degenerate , and somtimes obnoxious to stagnations , and somimes also to immoderate heats .

We may observe these kind of degrees of crudity , coction , and defection , in the blood , both of the sound and of the sick : in healthful persons after a more plentiful repast , Surfeit , or hard drinking , when too much of Serum or of Juice , is poured to the blood , its whole mass being too much diluted with a crude humor , becomes more watery and less spirituous ; wherefore men are rendered sluggish , and unfit for motion or exercise . In sick persons the Phlegmatic Constitution of the Body , induces such a crudity of the bloody mass , as is discerned in the White Dropsie , the Dropsie , Pica or longing Disease , and the Chlorosis or Green-sickness . Also the state of this kind of crudity , comes in an intermieting Feaver , and in truth is the cause of the Feaverish accession , viz. by reason of the dyscrasie of the blood ; the nourishing Juice being heaped up , is not assimilated to it , but for the most part goes into a crude , or otherwise degenerate matter ; with which , when the mass of the blood is filled to a plenitude , swelling up it brings on the fit .

The state of Maturation , Concoction being finished , happens in healthful persons , some hours after Eating , especially in the morning , to wit , when the supplement of the Chyme , is spiritualised , and as it were enkindled in the whole , by reiterated Circulations : for then men are made more nimble and lively , and more ready for studies , or any business .

The state of Defection , is in the blood of sound men after fasting long , hard labor , and want of Food , for then the Vital Spirit being very much evaporated , the mass of the blood begins to become as it were lifeless , wherefore they presently languish , and are made weak . Moreover , the blood by a too long Coction is burned , and grows bilous , from whence those accustomed to want Food , or fasting , for the most part become sad and melancholic . Some Diseases habitually induce such a disposition of the blood ; such are the Scruvy , the Yellow Jaundies , the Cachexia ( or evil state of the Body when the nourishing Juice turns to ill humours ) long Feavers , and most Chronical Diseases , in which , the whole mass of blood , passes from from a Spirituous , into either a sowr , sharp , or austere Nature .

diagram of the brain

Figura II d2 .

de medio s vid pag: 414

diagram of the brain

Figura Ia .

de medio T vid pag: ●●

It is sufficient that we have hitherto drawn a parallel of the blood , from which comparison with Wine and Milk , may be gathered what sort of Particles and Substances , it comprehends in it self , viz. Spirituous , and very agil or nimble , ( such as generous or rich Wine has ) for the heat and motion ; and besides soft and tender ( such as are in Milk ) for the nourishment of the Body . Yea also , this Analogy of it with Wine and Milk , is yet further confirmed by the use of them in our diet , out of which the blood is generated ; forasmuch as Milk is the best and most simple Aliment , and with it Infants , and Children , who have need of a plentiful provision of blood are nourished chiefly : But Wine copiously begets vital Spirits before all other things , and being weak and fallen , excellently restores them , wherefore it is wont to be esteemed instead of Nectar for old men , or those of ripe years .

The Nature and Analysis of the blood flowing within the Vessels , being opened after this manner , the Nutritious Juice deswrves yet our consideration , being supplyed from the blood , and separated out of the mass of blood , for the nourishment of the solid parts , and cleaving to them ( whereby it may be the better assimilated ) like Dew . For the Nerves , Tendons , and the rest of the solid parts of the whole Body , are washed with a certain alible juice . The Vital Spirits , having obtained the Nervous Bodies for a Vehicle of this , blow them forth at length , and expeditiously execute the actions of Sense : also that humor coming upon the solid parts , and assimulated with them , inlarges their bulk and growth . This is not a place to inquire after the Origine , Birth , and manner of the dispensation of this : If shall suffice only , that we have noted , that it is supplyed from the mass of blood , and ( as it is rendered highly probable by the most Learned Doctor Glisson , and Doctor Wharton , ) after it hath past through the Nervous part by a certain Circulation , what remains , being now made as it were poor , and lifeless , is sent back by the Lymphatic Vessels , to the blood . Whilst this Juice , being little cocted , or purged from dregs , is sent from the depraved blood , to the Nervous parts , t is wont variously to irritate them into Cramps and Convulsive Motions ; also , no few Symptoms in Feavers , arise by reason of the depravation , and irregular Motion of this Juice , as shall be more largely laid open in another place .

CHAP. II. Of the Motion and Heats of the Blood .

SO much for the anatomy of the Blood , as to its primary Elements and Constitutive parts , into which it is sensibly wont to be resolved ; also as to its Affections , which appear clearly , by the comparing it with Wine and Milk : it remains for us next to enquire concerning the motion of the Blood , both Natural , ( viz. by the help of what Ferment , and by what swelling up of parts , it is Circulated in a perpetual motion through the Vessels ) and preternatural , viz. for what Causes , and what fury of parts , when it boils up above measure in the Vessels , and conceives Feaverish Effervescences . These being rightly unfolded and premised , we will enter upon the Doctrine of Feavers .

Concerning the Natural Motion of the Blood , we shall not here enquire of its Circulation , viz , by what Structure of the Heart and Vessels , it is wheeled about after a constant manner , as it were in a water Engine ; but of its Fermentation , viz. by what mixtion of parts , and mutual action of them together among themselves ( like Wine fermenting in the Ton ) it continually boils up . And this kind of motion , ( as it were truly an intestine war of the blood ) depends both on the Heterogenety of the parts of the blood it self , and on the various Ferments , which are breathed into the mass of the blood from the Bowels .

As to the first : those things which have altogether like Particles do not ferment , wherefore , neither distilled waters , Chymical Oils , Spirits of Wine , or other simple Liquors are moved , as hath been already observed : but I have said , that Blood , according to the Nature things quickly irritable , doth consist of a proportionate mixture of the Elements ; in which Spirits , for that they are very nimble , continually strive to expand themselves and to fly away : but being intangled by the more thick Particles of the rest , they are detained in their flight . And being detained after this manner , they toss about , break to pieces , and very much subtilise the more thick little Bodies , by which they are hindered ; they volatilise the Salt , otherwise fixed ; by a most minute kneading , and by the adhesion of it , they perfectly dissolve the Sulphur , compacted in it self , and not miscible with the rest , and boil it in the Serum . They break the Earth , even to its smallest parts , and mingle it with the rest . But in the mean time , by the striking and molding the Salt and the Sulphur , Effluvia's of heat plentifully proceed , which being mixed with the rest , and on every side diffused , increase the motion of the Fermentation . And after this manner all being most minutely broken and diluted with watery Particles , they constitute the Liquor of the Blood : which , whilst in the Vessels , as Wine shut up in a Pipe , continually ferments , and , according to all its Particles is in perpetual motion .

But the Fermentation of Wine , and of Blood , differs in this : that in Wine there is no wasting of the old parts , and a coming again of new ; but the Liquor being shut up in the Vessel , remains still the same : but ' its otherwise in Blood , in which some parts are continually destroyed , and in their place others are always generated anew . In Wine , the times of crudity , maturation , and defection , are distinct , and are successively performed in the whole ; In Blood , that threefold state is celebrated at the same time 〈◊〉 parts : Fermentation being once begun in Wine , is continued even to the end , but In Blood , because it is washed still with crude Juices , it ought still to be renewed ; by which means , the Nutritious Particles , not of kin , are assimilated to the rest of the Latex ; wherefore , for this work , besides the Fermentation once begun in the blood , there is need of some Ferments , which may continue the same , otherwise about to leave off .

That Ferments are required for the making of Blood , this is an Argument ; that when they are wanting by Nature , they are with good success supplyed by the work of Art : for fixed Salts , Alcaly Salt , Extracts , Digestives , Openers , and especially Chalybeate Remedies , help for this reason , that , as it were by a certain Ferment , they restore anew , the weak , or almost extinct Ebullition or Boiling of the Blood .

As to what respects the Natural Ferments , very many may certainly be formed , and in divers parts , or hid in the Bowels : for any humor , in which the Particles of Salt , Sulphur or Spirit , being much exalted , are contained , puts on the Nature of a Ferment : after this manner , the flowring or dregs of Beer or new Wine , being kneaded with Meal , and the mass kept to a sowrness , come under this rank , by which new Beer , and the like Liquors , as also the mass of Bread , are most excellently Fermented . In like manner in the Ventricle , a sowrish humour participating of exalted Salt , there helps concoction : and in the Spleen , the feculencies of the Blood from Salt and Earth being exalted , go into a Ferment .

How much vigor comes to the Blood from the Womb and Genital parts appears from hence , because by the privation , or evil disposition of them , follow , in Maids the Green sickness , in men , barrenness or loss of virility , want of Beard , and a shrill voice . But the chief Ferment , that serves for sanguification , is established in the Heart ; for this is the chief fire-place , in which the cruder Particles of the Chyme , are as it were inkindled , and acquire a volatileness : which thing may be confirmed by many reasons , but especially by its effects , which we suffer in the precordia , as often as the Blood ferments more or less than it ought to do : for when it is too much inkindled in the Heart , it is agitated impetuously , as it were by fires put under it ; the signs of whose immoderate Ebullition are , a deep pulse and vehement , then almost an intolerable heat in the Precordia , with a vehement thirst ; on the other side , when the Fermentation of the blood is lessened in the Heart , we are affected with an anhelous , and difficult respiration upon any motion ; as may be perceived in the Dropsie , Cachexia , and Yellow Jaundice : the reason of which is , not because the Lungs are stuffed , or filled full of a tough or clammy matter ; but because the blood doth not rightly ferment , in that Repository of Fermentation ; wherefore , being fallen into its Bosom , it is not presently Rarified ; nor doth it soon leap forth into the Lungs , but being apt to stagnate , and remain there , causes an oppression of the Heart it self ; for the helping of which , frequent breathing is made , that the blood being let forth into the Lungs , succour might be brought to it : but if by motion or exercise , the blood be more provoked into its Ventricle , than can be derived by respiration , or the pulse , into the Pneumonic Vessels , there is danger of choaking . The like happens in those that are dying : when the pulse is very small , and the blood being heaped up in the Heart for want of Fermentation , begins to stagnate and to clodder , we then breath deeply , with a noise and elevation of the breast ; to wit , the blood with the ultimate endeavour of Nature , and the whole force of the Lungs , as long as it is able to be done , is emptied forth into the Lungs , lest residing in the Heart , it should wholly choak it .

Therefore , Motion and Heat , in the Blood , depend chiefly on two things , viz. partly on its own proper disposition and constitution , by which , it being forged very greatly with active Principles of Spirits , Salt , and Sulphur , of its own accord swells up , or grows turgid in the Vessels , even as Wine in the Ton : and partly on the Ferment implanted in the Heart , which very much rarifies the Liquor passing through its Bosom , and makes it to leap forth with a frothy heat : that the blood , which is quietly instilled to the Heart through the Veins , running gently like a River , from thence leaping forth through the Arteries , ( like a Torrent ) with noise and rage , might be carried forward , to all the parts of the whole Body . By what means this is done , though it is not easie to explicate Mechanically , yet the manner , and some not improbable reason of this thing are delivered by most Learned men , Ent , Cartes , and other . They suppose indeed , as it were a fire to be set in the Chimny of the Heart , which presently inkindles the blood infused through the Veins , ( even as a flame put to Wine burns it ) which being so inkindled , by its deflagration ( like lightning ) passes most swiftly through the Arteries : so that heat , a most rapid motion , and Effluvia sent by Perspiration , are wont to proceed from the accension of the blood in the Heart only . Hogelandus affirms , that there is a Ferment hid in the Bosom of the Heart , that compels the Liquor of the blood to boil up , and to grow hot , with heat , and a plentiful emission of Soot , just like Spirit of Nitre , when it is poured on the Butter of Antimony : so that the blood flowing in gently through the Veins , being forthwith Rarified into spume and vapour by the serment of the Heart , runs very impetuously through the passages of the Arteries . T is almost the same thing , whether it be said to be done , either by this , or by that way : for the alteration which the blood receives in the Heart , may be equally deduced from a flame , or a Nitrous Sulphureous ferment , there supposed to be placed . Because , whilst the blood slides into the Ventricles of the Heart , presently the frame of the Liquor is loosned , and the active Particles , especially the Spirituous and Sulphureous , the bond of the mixture being broke , do leap forth from the rest , and strive to expand themselves on every side ; but being kept in by the Vessels , and being forced together with the remaining Liquor , through the open passages of the Arteries , they rush with violence , and swelling up by the way they can find , and by that means , diffuse Effluvia of heat , through the whole body : there is little difference , whether this expansion of the Particles of the blood , and exertion into the liberty of motion , be said to be done by Accension , or by Fermentation , forasmuch as by either way , the frame of the blood may be so unlocked , that from thence the Particles of Spirit , Salt , and especially of Sulphur , being incited into motion , ( as it were by an inkindled fire ) may impart heat to the whole Body .

But this Rarefaction , or Accension of the blood in the Heart , very much depends upon the disposition and constitution of the blood it self : for if its Liquor be rightly cocted , being made volatile , and ( like rich Wine ) brought to maturity , it then Ferments there after its due manner , whereby the soluted Particles of the Spirits and Sulphur , diffuse an equal , and moderate heat to all parts . But if the blood , by reason of an ill manner of feeding , and want of Concoction , be crude and watry , then it is less inkindled in the Heart , and from thence follow a frigid intemperance of the whole , difficult breathing and wheesing , with a weak pulse , and languishing ; as in Cachectical people , those distempered with the Green Sickness , and such as are about to die , may be perceived : but if the blood becomes too luxuriant , and apt to grow turgid , by reason of plenty of Sulphur being carried forth , or of its Effluvia being restrained , or of eating hot things ; either its Accension or Fermentation in the Heart , is very much in creased , so that from thence a Feaverish heat , and greater effervescencies than usual , are stirred up in the whole . This various Fermentation of the blood in the Heart , according to the various temper of the same , may be illustrated by the example of Wine : fresh Must , that is yet crude , though it be boiled , or put on the fire , will not burn ; but this being purified and brought to maturity , is easily inkindled , but sends forth a small flame , and quickly out . The same at first growing hot , or otherwise warmed , if inkindled , is greatly inflamed , and for the most part is consumed by its burning .

Whilst the Blood , after this manner being rarified , or inkindled in the Heart , and from thence growing hot , through the passages of the Vessels , is resolved into minute parts , some little bodies depart from its loosned frame , which refuse at last to be united , and fitted with the rest of the Liquor : but these are of a twofold Nature ; either thin , which like smoke form the burning fire , or Effluvia from a Fermenting Liquor , do evaporate from the Liquor of the Blood , by a constant Diaphoresis , through the breathing holes of the Body ; or more thick , which like ashes left after burning or the settling dregs after Fermentation , ought to be soon strained from the mass of Blood , and to be carried forth of doors : for otherwise , by their confusion , they produce notable perturbations in the Blood . Whereby the Blood growing more hot , is dissolved in the Heart , therefore these recrements , both Fuliginous and Earthy , are more plentifully heaped together ; and when by reason of too great congestion , they cannot be presently subdued and secluded from the mass of Blood , they bring forth a swelling up of the Blood and Feaverish Heats .

Concerning the Motion , Heat , and Natural Fermentation of the Blood , in the equal tenor of which , the means of our Health consists , what hath hitherto been spoken , shall suffice . We will treat a little more largely of the preternatural , or too great effervescency , on which the types , and Paroxysms of Feavers depend : I call that too much , or Preternatural Fermentation , when the Blood , ( like a Pot boiling over the fire ) grows hot above measure , and being rarified with a swelling spume , distends the Vessels , excites a more quick pulse , and like a Sulphureous Liquor having taken fire , diffuses a burning heat on every sied .

This kind of motion or Fermentation of the Blood , will be best of all illustrated by an example of Wines growing hot . For Wines , besides the gentle and equal Fermentation , by which they are at first purified , at some times do so remarkably grow hot , and boil up , that they fly out of the mouth of the Vessel , and if they are closely stopped up , cause it to burst in pieces . After this manner , as if struck with fury , unless they are immediately drawn away from the Tartar ; or their Lees into another Vessel , they will not cease from growing hot , until the Spirit being very much loosned , and the Sulphur or Salt too much exalted , they are either made unsavory , or degenerate into a sowrness .

Such an Effervescency in wont to be stirred up for two causes chiefly : First , When any extraneous thing , and not miscible , is poured into the Ton , ( so some drops of Tallow , or Fat , being dropped into the Cask , will produce this motion ) or secondly , when Wines being enriched with too rich a Lee or Tartar ( by reason of the Sulphureous parts being above measure exalted ) conceive heats of their own accord , and exceedingly boil up . For in whatsoever substance Sulphur abounds , and its Particles being loosned from the mixture , consociate together , and are bound close in one , there such immoderate heats are procured .

After a like ( tho not wholly the same ) manner , whereby Wines grow hot , the boiling up of the Blood is induced , to wit , either what is forein , and not akin to the Blood , is mixed with it , that when it is not assimilated , is wont to cause a Perturbation , and growing hot , until that Heterogeneous thing , is either subdued or cast forth of doors ; and the Particles of the Blood being confused and troubled , are at last shaken forth , and that they get again their former place and position in the mixture . Or , Secondly , the Blood grows hot above measure , because some Principle , or its constitutive Element , ( viz. Spirit or Sulphur ) is carried forth beyond its Natural temper , and becomes enraged ; whereby indeed the Particles of this or that , being not agreeable to the rest , are loosned from the mixture ; being loosned , they become more violent than they ought , shake much the Liquor of the Blood , and bring forth a heat , which is not allayed , till the Blood being as it were inflamed , burns forth with the long fire of a Feaver . By either way , whether the Blood grows hot in the Vessels , by reason of the pouring in of a thing not miscible , or by reason of the rage of the Spirit , or Sulphur being carried forth , because from thence its frame is more loosned , therefore it is more inkindled in the Heart ; and the active Particles first loosned from the Ferment there implanted , do grow exceeding hot , leap forth from the mixture , and disperse on every side by their motion , a strong heat , and as it were fiery : but yet with this difference , that the Effervency , which depends upon the mingling of some extraneous thing with the Blood , is for the most part short , or renewed , which , when what was Heterogeneous is separated or subdued , is quieted of its own accord , and the shaken parts of the Blood , and put out of order , casily return to their Natural site and disposition . But the Ebullition which arises from the inordination of the Spirit or Sulphur being enraged , is continual ; to wit , here the whole mass of the Blood is so loosned , and dissolved from the strict bond of the mixture , that as an Olly Liquor having taken fire , it ceases not to grow hot , or to be inflamed , till the Particles of Spirit , or Sulphur , or the Combustible matter , be for the most part burnt out .

There remains yet a third manner of Preternatural Fervency , whereby the Blood is subject to alteration , which happens not to Wine , but most often to Milk ; viz. when at any time , from a Morbific cause , a coagulation of its Liquor is induced , so that its substance is poured forth , and goes into parts , and there is a separation made of the thick and earthy from the thin ; by which means the Blood is not fitly circulated in the Vessels , but that its congealed portions , being apt to be fixed in the extream parts , or to stand still in the Heart , do interrupt the equal motion , or grievously hinder it : For the sake of the restoring of which Effervency , greater are wont to be stirred up in the Blood , to wit , such as happen ordinarily in a Plurisie , the Plague , Small-pox , or the Venereal Disease .

CHAP. III. Of Intermitting Feavers or Agues .

BY the Premises which we have spoken of already , concerning the Anatomy , Motion , and Heats of the Blood , there now lies open an easie passage to the handling of Feavers . The Notions which are commonly set forth , concerning a Feaver , out of the force and Etymology of the word , I here purposely omit : It may be described after this manner , that it is , An inordinate motion of the Blood , and a too great Heat of it , with burning and thirst , and other Symptoms besides , whereby the Natural oeconomy or Government , is variously disturbed . As we have remarked already , conceming the growing hot of the Blood , so now we do of a Feaver , that indeed , its accession is either short , and by fits , which is therefore termed Intermitting ; or else great , and long protracted , which is called a continual Feaver . We will first speak of the Intermitting Feaver .

Tho an Intermitting Feaver , in our Popular Idiom , is known by a proper Name , and is distinguished contrary to a Feaver commonly taken , yet because it hath too great Effervency of the Blood joyned to it , it is to be called a Feaver . It is peculiar to this , from a continual Feaver , that it hath certain remissions , or times of intermission ; that every fit begins with cold or shaking , for the most part , and ends in Sweat ; that the accessions or coming of the fits , return at set Periods , and certain intervals of times , that a Clock is not more exact . Wherefore , we will first discourse concerning this Feaver in general , what fort of heat of the Blood it is which continues its fit , and from whence it is raised up . Secondly , Wherefore the fit appears equally with cold and shaking , as with sweat following . Thirdly , What may be the cause of the Inmission , as also of its certain set Periods . Fourthly and Lastly , Are added some irregularities of Intermitting Feavers , as when now cold , now heat or sweat is wanting ; or when the Periods are wandring and uncertain , when the Remission or space of Intermission , is not equal , but now comes sooner , now later , and sometimes redoubled : and I will endeavor to shew the reasons of these : and of other Phenomena or appearances , which variously happen in this Distemper . These being laid open , we will go on to unfold in the next Chapter , the division of an Intermitting Feaver , and the kinds of it .

As to the first : The Effervency of the Bolld in an Intermitting Feaver , ( or Ague ) for the time of the fit , is as violent and strong as in a continual Feaver : wherefore , it is concluded , that the parts of the Blood , among themselves , or some Heterogeneous thing being mixed with it , do strive together , and Ferment above measure . But there is required , that they may Ferment , or too greatly boil up among themselves , that some Principle , as chiefly Spirit or Sulphur , being too much exalted and enraged , do appear above the rest ; which , when it cannot be yoaked with them , brings in a continual strife and heat : but from this cause , a continual Feaver draws its rise , because such an Ebullition of the Blood , being once begun , is not suddenly allayed , and when it is appeased , it does not afterwards presently return . Wherefore for an Intermitting Feaver , 't is to be supposed , that some Heterogeneous thing is mingled with the Blood , whose Particles , when they are not assimilated , make so long an Ebullition of the same , till either being kneaded , they are rendered miscible , or being subtilised , are shut forth of doors . Wherefore , such a matter being brought under , or shut forth of doors , the fit ceases , and when this matter springs again , it stirs up a new Ebullition , and so a new fit is brought on .

Concerning this Matter , which being mixed with the Blood , induces the periodical Heats , and the other Symptoms of an Intermitting Feaver , 't is very ambiguously , and diversly disputed among Physicians , where it is generated , in what seat or place it lodges , and by what means it so exactly observes , the times of its Motion , and Ebullition . But it would be a work of too much labour and tediousness , to recount here all the Arguments , of the Ancients , and Moderns , to reduce them into order and to weigh their reasons ; Wherefore , doubting , I propose what has come into my mind , when I thought deeply of the matter , and submit to the judgment of others .

Of necessity there is somthing , which brings in the Heat of the Blood exactly periodical , that is generated in our Body at the several periods , or accessions of the Feaver , always in a set measure , and equal proportion , and is communicated to the mass of Blood ; with which when the Blood is filled to a plenitade , it forthwith grows turgid , and conceives an heat : But this is supposed to be either an Excrementitious humor , stiding down into some Mines , which by degrees , and at a set time , being brought to an increase , and moved , Ferments with the Blood : or it is the nutritious Juice , supplyed from the matter of Food , and delated in weight and measure , which , when it is not assimilated , by neason of a desect in sanguification , being heaped up to a fulness , for its own expulsion , induces a turgency in the Blood . The reason of Intermitting Feavers , is commonly explicated by the former way , and the causes of the Intermission , and set times of approach , are fetcht from the nature of the Humor , and the seat , or place where it is cherished . The Nest , or Mine of this Disease , almost by an unanimous consent , is fixed on the first shop of the Body , and from hence the reason of the Intermission is fetched , and the continual difference of an Intermitting Feaver : but they affirm the matter to be Choler , Phlegm , and Melancholy ; and as these humors are said to putrifie slower , or sooner , so the Feaverish courses , are said to be absolved , in the space of the one or more days . But this Opinion , after the Circulation of the Blood hath been made plainly known to all , is deservedly rejected . For when the Blood never stagnates in the Vessels , but washes every place with a perpetual motion , and continually carries away their filth , it is implssible that the Mine of this Disease should subsist in the Mesaraick Veins , where it is commonly asserted to be : as to what belongs to the cavities or dens , for the heaping up of the humors in the Viscera , It ueither appears , by what means such should be formed without a Tumor or Imposthume ; nor by what instinct , such humors , shut up in their Nest , do increase , are consumed , and lastly spring forth again , at so exact intervals of times . Besides , what is affirmed concerning Bile , Phlegm , and Melancholy , and of their periodical motions , we hold wholly suspected ; because these sort of humors , are not afforded sincere , such as are described in the Schools : but the Blood , having gotten a various disposition , now being hotter , now colder , its nature imitates the qualities of such humors ; or in its Circulating , it lays aside its Recrements , which being deposited in little Chests or Vessels , are falsely believed to be Morbific , and Preternatural humors . Wherefore , as the nutritious Juice , is the only humor wherewith the mass of Blood is dayly refreshed , and its supplements are made still in measure , and proportion , without doubt , the periodical heats of the Blood , are to be drawn from the accession and commixtion of this .

I have already remarked concerning the Particles of the Blood , a triple state of crudity , maturation , and defection : to wit , the nourishing Juice , supplyed from the dayly Food , comes crude , is mixed with the Blood , and being for some time Circulated , is assimilated to is , and is ripened into a perfect humor : afterwards growing stale , it goes into parts and is laid aside . Whilst after this equal manner , the Blood is continually restored , and its losses repaired , it very quietly Ferments , without any trouble , or immoderate heat , and is circulated within the Vessels ; but if the supplement of the nourishing Juice , is not ( as before ) ripened , nor goes into Blood , by a perfect digestion , its Particles being confused with the Blood , remain as it were some Heterogeneous thing , and not exactly akin , in the mass of Blood ; with which , when it is filled to a plenitude , the Blood forthwith grows troubled , and conceives a Feaverish heat , whereby the fresh supply of this depraved Juice , is either overcome or cast forth of doors . I say therefore , from the first instant , in which the nourishing Juice is not assimilated with the Blood , its Particles , tho mixed with it , are as yet Circulated with it , without any great tumult or perturbation , and so afterwards till the mass of the Blood is filled with them to a turgency : but then it quickly boils up , and conceives a heat : almost after the same manner , as new Beer put into Bottles , which , if they are closely stopped , that nothing may evaporate , is at first contained in those Vessels , without heat or force ; afterwards when the Effluvia being still restrained , the mass of the Liquor swells up , notably Ferments , and by reason of the force of Fermentation , oftentimes makes the Bottles fly in pieces : also this happens at a set time , and in the space of so many hours , as in an Intermitting Feaver , the Liquor arises to its height of turgescency .

There yet remains a difficulty , for what cause the nutritious Juice , being consused with the Blood , is not assimilated , but degenerates into an heterogeneous , and Fermentative matter : I suppose this to be done , for the most part , not by the default of the Aliments , nor yet of the Bowels , but by the vice of the Blood it self . For the Blood , even as Wine , somtimes passes from its native and genuine disposition , into an acid , sowr , or austere disposition ; and because the Blood makes Blood , it comes to pass , that when it is departed from its due temper , it easily perverts the provision of the nutritious Juice , by which it should be repaired . What that disposition of the Blood is , and by what means contracted , shall be told hereafter , when we speak of the kinds of Intermitting Feavers , and of their evident , and Procatarctick causes . The Heat , or Effervescency therefore of the Blood , which constitutes the fit of an Intermitting Feaver , depends only upon the assimilation of the nourishing Juice being hindered ; the Particles of this being commixed with the Blood , are not ( as before ) ripened , nor are made into perfect Blood ; but by the mixture of these , the mass of Blood ( as it were new drink ) is imbued with little Bodies greatly Fermentative ; when the which are more thickly heaped together , and the Blood is filled with them to a swelling up , it presently grows hot , and a mighty agitation , and strife of the Particles is made , by which , they break , and subtilise one another , till at length the vital Spirit getting the dominion , and the rest being brought under , what is extraneous is thrust forth of doors , from the company of which , the Blood being freed , the remission , and intermission of the aguish fit follows ; but afterwards from a new supply of this Juice , a new fit is brought on .

Secondly , As to the shaking , or cold preceding the heat , in this Distemper , I say , when the Particles of the nourishing Juice , do proceed from a state of crudity , towards maturity , but do not attain it , they contract a notable sowrishness , with which they greatly prick , and haule the nervous parts , and cause the sense of cold : even as new Beer , which being stopped close in Bottles , passes from a sweet into an acid and nitrous tast , that for the cuttingness and cold , can scarce be swallowed . When therefore , the Particles of this sort of crude Juice , being indued with a Nitrous sowrness , do fill the mass of the Blood to a fulness , or to a swelling up , and when they being more thickly heaped together , begin to enter into a Flux , they first of all strike down the Vital Spirits , with their sharpness , and somwhat overthrow their heat ; wherefore the Blood Becomes colder , and is more slowly circulated : yea , and by reason of the defect of heat , the sense of cold is perceived in the whole Body , and a pulse very rare exists . Moreover , when the nervous and solid parts , are watered with this sort of acetous Juice , for their last nourishment , by the Flux of this , which happens together with the turgescency of the Blood , these sensible parts are pulled , and irritated into Tremblings and Convulsions . And this without doubt is the true and genuine cause of the cold and shaking , which are excited in a fit of the intermitting Feaver ; to wit , the Flux , and swelling up of the nourishing Juice , degenerated into a Nitrous matter , with which the Spirits and heat being suffused , are blunted , and the Nervous Bodies being provoked , are moved into tremblings . But afterwards , when these Nitrous Particles being thrust forth , from some part , into the Superficies of the Body , the Blood is somwhat freed from their weight and oppression , the Vital Spirits recollect themselves , and begin to shine forth ; but from thence a most intense heat succeeds , because , both the mass of Blood , by reason of the growing hot with the Feaverish matter , being loosened , and also its mixture being laxed , the Sulphureour Particles are more plentifully inkindled in the Heart ; and because ( the pores of the skin , being possessed by the same matter , thrust forth towards the circumference of the Body ) the vaporous Effluvia are restrained within , which do more shake , and make hot the Blood , that heat persists still in the Blood , until that Fermentative matter being wholly burnt out , and together with the adust recrements , remaining after the burning , being fully brought under , and subtilised , and involved with the Serum , insensibly evaporates by sweat , or transpiration .

Thirdly , These things being premised , it will not be hard to shew the reasons and causes of the intermission , as also of the set periods , viz. the intermission follows , because all the Morbific matter is dispersed in one fit , and so till new be substituted , there is a necessity that a remission follow . But new matter begins to be begot , of which the last fit failed , to wit , the mass of Blood being but now emptied , receives the nourishing Juice , and perverts it ( as before ) by reason of its defect of due making of Blood , and of Concoction , into a Fermentative matter ; but its little plenty , stirs up little or no trouble , or Fermentation ; but when the Blood is filled to a swelling up , it presently ferments , and is in Flux , even as when new Beer , or new Wine , shut up a long while in a Vessel , at length , at a certain time , boils up , and leapes forth at the mouth of the Vessel .

But that the Fits , or Accessions , do for the most part come again , at set intervals of times , and that so certainly , that a Clock is not more exact ; the reason is , because the nourishable Juice , is for the most part supplyed from the Viscera , to the Blood flowing in the Vessels , in an equal measure and manner ; for tho we do not dayly take exactly , so much meat and drink in weight and dimension , yet , because we for the most part eat at set hours , for the satisfying the Appetite , from the things eaten , and the mass of the Chyme heaped up in the Bowels , an equal portion of the nutritious Juice is conveyed to the Blood through the Milky Vessels : wherefore , if at such hours , so much of the nutritious humor is poured into the Blood , which increasing to a fulness , and swelling up , it brings on the fit that day : certainly , this being finished ; in the space of the same time , sufficient matter is laid up , for the following fit : But if errors in feeding be committed , and that the sick indulging their Appetite , eat more plentifully or inordinately , the approach of the fit anticipates the wonted hour , by reason of the Bloods being filled sooner with the Feaverish matter ; if that the sick are abstemious , and more sparingly take their Food , the intermission is drawn out longer .

If it be yet asked . wherefore the periods of intermitting Feavers , be not of one kind , and of the same distance , but that some repeat or come again dayly , others on the third or fourth day ? The cause is the diverse constitution of the Blood , to wit , whereby it is perverted from its due temper , now into a sourish , now into an acid or sharp , or into an austere or harsh disposition . By reason of the diverse evil constitution of this , the alible Juice , being fresh carried , departs more or less from maturation , and is perverted into matter , apt sooner or later to ferment . When the Blood has acquired a sour , hot , and bilous disposition , I suppose that some part of the nourishing Juice is ripened into perfect humor , and is assimilated with the Blood , and so goes into Food , to be carried to the solid parts , and is affixed to them ; but the other part of it , from the Blood being too much cocted , and depraved , is changed into a Feaverish matter , and supposing , that half of the nutritious Juice is after this manner perverted , in double the time , in which it is said to have a full Concoction in our Body , ( that is after eight and forty hours ) this kind of Fermentative matter , rises to a plenitude , and turgescency , and then induces the fit of a Tertian Feaver . If that , by reason of the austere , and pontic nature of the degenerated Blood , ( in which a fixed Salt , with an Earthy Faces is exalted too much ) and therefore apt to ferment more slowly , only a third part of the nutritious Juice is corrupted , then in three times the space of the aforesaid time , the fit is induced ; that is , after seventy two hours , in which , the period of a Quartan , is wont to be concluded . But , if by reason of a greater infection of the Blood , almost the whole supplement of the nutriticus Juice is perverted into a Feaverish matter ; then in the space of that time , in which the plenary coction ought to be absolved in the Vessels and habit of the Body , ( that is after twenty four hours ) this matter arises up to the motion of turgescency , and brings on the Quotidian fit . And hence it comes to pass , that in a Quartan Feaver , strength and courage do not presently fail , whilst in a Tertian , the sick are wont to become more weak ; but in a Quotidian Feaver , they are sooner brought into languishing , and greatest weakness : to wit , in each , as more or less of the nutritious Juice goes into the Food of the Disease , so much also is drawn away , from the strength and firmness of the Body . But more fully of these , when we treat of the several kinds of Intermitting Feavers , and the Causes of them .

Against the equal Circuits of these Feavers , it is argued : that for the most part , the fits do anticipate the set time of the day , by the space of some hours , and sometimes also come after it . But in truth , this objection is taken away , if the times of intermission be computed , not by days , but by hours ; for so the intervals which but now seemed to be now sooner , now longer protracted , will appear for the most part equal , by this Rule ; forasmuch as in respect of the day , it is said a Tertian Feaver , somtimes prevents the wonted time of its accession , two , three , or more hours , or comes after it ; in the mean time , every circuit exactly repeats or comes again , every time , after so many hours . Wherefore the chief differences of Intermitting Feavers , consist in this only , that the time of the accession in one Feaver , comes more swiftly , and in another more slowly , viz. now at twenty four hours distance , now at thirty four , now at seventy or the like .

From what hath been said , ( unless I am deceived ) it clearly appears , what the Effervescency of the Blood is , which constitutes the fit of an Intermitting Feaver , from whence the fore-runners of cold and shaking , and lastly , what may be the reason of the intermission , and of the set periods . But that these , and many other appearances of this distemper , depend upon the evil disposition of the Blood , and because of the depravation of the nutritious Juice , and not from humor , lurking in some mine , will yet more manifestly appear , from the collation of the signs and symptoms , which are to be met with , worthy of note , in this distemper : then secondly , from the Procatartic , or more remote causes being truly weighed , which are wont to induce this distemper : and thirdly , and lastly , from the ways of the Crisis , and Cures , by which this Disease , either ceases of its own accord , or is driven away , by the help of Medicines .

First , Among the Signs , the Pulse and Urine , deserve the chief consideration : The Pulse , the cold fit coming on , is very rare , and low , which clearly argues , the Heat , and Vital Spirits in the Blood , to be as it were overwhelmed , by some crude matter , not easily combustible , just as a fire inkindled on the Hearth , and then covered with green wood , glows very slowly , and flames forth little , which afterwards , the crude humor being blown away , breaks forth into an open and very strong flame : so also , the Blood , the crude matter , which is in Flux , being somthing overcome , or dispersed , is very much inkindled ; and what remains in the Blood is burnt up , when fermenting with the Particles of it , and induces a most violent heat , with thirst ; wherefore the Blood growing impetuously hot , is urged with a vehement , and most swift Pulse : otherwise , it being too much heaped together in the Heart might cause the danger of choaking .

As to the Urine ; that is imbued ( especially in a Tertian Feaver ) with a deep colour , and as it were inflamed , also when the Contents are wanting ; which seems to denote a scorching of the Blood , and too adust temper : moreover , in this Distemper , different from others , the Urine , for the most part is ill , when the Patient is pretty well , and on the contrary ; forasmuch as all the time of the intermission , it is at a great distance from its natural state , it becomes filled with a red colour , and thick , being exposed to the cold , and lays down a plentiful sediment , like to Bole-Armoniack ; which is of necessity to be so done , because in the whole interval of the remission , the Feaverish matter is circulated with the Blood , and there rises to maturity , with a secret increase . But in the middle of the fit , when the heat , and burning are at the greatest , the Urine is laudable , and comes more near to the natural , viz. the Fermentative matter , being sent to the Circumference of the Body .

The symptoms preceding the fit , confirm the same thing ; for many hours before the fit begins , a perturbation of the humors , and blood , is perceived ; an Headach , Vertigo , sparkling of the Eyes , unquiet Sleep , &c. which plainly shew , the Blood first infected with the Fermenting matter , and the assault of the fit to be only so long deferred , until the mass of the Blood is filled to a swelling up , with the same kind of matter : The fore-runners of the approach of the fit are , now a paleness at the ends of the Fingers , or Toes , or in the Nails , somtimes a Convulsion , or numness ; now a coldness , and pain in the Loins and Thighs , and somtimes a shivering and trembling invade the whole Body , which clearly shew , the Blood in the Arteries and Veins , and also the thin Liquor in the Nervous parts , first to conceive the motion of Fermentation , and this Effervescency , not to be excited from any other fire-place , or mine . If it be objected , that the sick are most often infested with Vomiting , about the time of the fit ; from whence it may seem to be concluded , that the chiefest hurtful matter is established in the Ventricle , and in the first passages , especially , when this distemper is chiefly cured , by the timely taking of a Vomit ; I confess , very great Vomitings are somtimes stirred up , in the fit of an intermitting Feaver ; but this more often happens , because in the Feaverish shivering , the membranes of the whole Body are pulled ; wherefore the Ventricle also , as it is a very Nervous part , is distempered with a Convulsion , and having from thence contracted a Spasm , casts forth upwards whatsoever lurks in its bosom . Besides , if that the Choler-bearing Vessels , swell up with Bile or Choler , by the same Convulsion also of the Viscera , the Bile is pressed forth into the Duodenum by the Galish passage , and is emptied into the Ventricle , and there , by its fierceness , provokes yet to more cruel Vomiting , wherefore for the most part , the vomiting which is excited for this reason , follows the shaking only . But that the Choler was not in the Stomach before the fit troubled it , but only pressed forth from the Choleduct passage , by the Spasm and Convulsive motions of the Viscera , and poured forth into the Ventricle , appears from hence , because if a Vomit be given in the midst of the interval , between the two fits , little or nothing of bilous matter will be drawn forth ; besides , this bitter humor is of that fierceness , that it cannot be long contained in the Ventricle , but presently it will procure the pain of the Heart , and Vomiting . Besides this sort of Vomiting , excited in the shaking fit , somtimes a Vomiting is provoked in the midst of the burning fit , or in the sweat , the cause of which is , the redundancy of the bilish humor in the Blood ; of which if there be greater plenty , than what diluted with Serum may be sent forth by Sweat , a great part of it , whilst the Blood is circulated about the crevises of the Liver , is laid aside in the Choleduct Vessels ; which , when being filled to a distention , exonerate themselves , and send away the Choler to the Intestines and Ventricle , and there a Convulsion being presently stirred up , somtimes Vomiting is provoked , and somtimes the Belly becomes loose , and the Stools liquid . In this Year 1657. I observed very many affected after this manner , for when after an hot and dry Summer , about the middle of Autumn , an Intermitting Feaver generally raged , the sick were wont suddenly to grow very ill , in the middle of their hot fit , and somtimes also in their sweating , and the Sweat being struck in , to be taken with Swooning ; but shortly after , when a Choleric Vomiting followed , they were eased .

Not only the signs and symptoms , but the Procatartic or more remote Causes of this Disease , clearly indicate , that it takes its rise from the temper of the Blood being changed : because Intermitting Feavers , are most frequent in the season , and places , in which the Blood receives the greatest alteration from the Air , viz. either in the Spring , when the vernal heat shutting out the Winters cold , causes the Blood , before benumed , and apt to be more slowly moved , to begin to flourish , and luxuriate in the Vessels , and from thence , to get a bilous and hot temper : or in the Autumn , when the Blood being torrified , or roasted by the Summers heat , and therefore its Spirits very much depressed , and Salt and Sulphur exalted , acquires now a sharp and Choleric , now a binding and austere disposition : wherefore , at this season , Feavers , now Tertian , now Quartan , are frequent ; besides , in some places , there is that constitution of the Heaven , that on all men whatsoever , there comes either a Tertian or ( more frequently ) a Quartan Feaver ; although in the first offices , where the Mine of the Disease is commonly believed to be lodged , there be no congestion of humors , by reason of an ill manner of living , or sickly disposition . Yea , they most easily fall into this Disease , who have their inwards firm and strong , and who abound with a lively heat : on the contrary , those who by reason of a weak Concoction , heap up Crudities in the first passages continually , that they are prone to the Dropsie , or Cachexia , remain free , for the most part , from this Distemper ; to wit , the Blood being made more watery , ( like Wine degenerated into a tastless substance ) is altogether unapt to be fermented .

No less , doth the Cure of Intermitting Feavers seem to prove this our Assertion , whether it be Natural and Critical , or Artificial , and performed by the help of Medicines . As to the first , Intermitting Feavers are wont to be terminated , after a twofold manner . The first is , when from the fits themselves , the temper of the Blood is altered , and oft times is reduced into its Natural disposition . For when in every coming of the fit , very much of Sulphur , and adust Salt is burnt out , and exhaled by Sweat , the Liquor of the Blood , by that means , becomes more temperate , and less torrid : wherefore , oftentimes this Disease is cured , at six or seven periods , and of its own accord ceases : but if it be longer protracted , and that the Blood being somwhat changed , from the sharp and bilous temper , or disposition , is not restored to its Natural temper , somtimes it degenerates into an Acid , Watery , and also Pontic or saltish temper , from whence a long Tertian Feaver passes into a Quotidian , or a Quartan ; also oftentimes , because the Blood is greatly depraved , by the long continuance of this Feaver , the Jaundies , or the Scurvy , or the Cachexia follow . The other manner , whereby this Disea●● is terminated , is , when the change of the Air , or the Country , brings a notable alteration of the Blood : for so Feavers begun at the times of the Equinoxes , are ended about the time of the Solstices ; also the sick , traveling into another Region , often grow well .

As to the cure of it , by the Institutions of the Medicines , it uses to be done two ways , viz. Empirically , and Dogmatically ; and in this Disease , Empirical remedies , sought from Quack-salvers , and old Women , are more esteemed , and oftentimes do more than the prescriptions of Physicians , administred after the exact method of cureing .

Empirical Remedies , which are said to cure Intermitting Feavers or Agues , are of that sort , which drive away the approaching Fit , without any Evacuation : and are either taken inwardly , or are outwardly applyed , where the Pulses chiefly beat , viz. For the most part , they are bound either to the region of the heart , or to the hand-wrists , or to the soles of the feet ; these sometimes are so commonly known to help , that some have warranted the sudden cure of this Disease , by these Remedies , under the pain of some Forfeiture : Wherefore it is worth our inquiry , how these operate , and by what way or means they stop the Feaverish accessions . It is clear , First , that those which are outwardly applyed , do immediatly impart force , and action to the Blood , and Spirits ; and when they drive away the Fit , by preventing , without the Evacuation of humor , or any matter of necessity , the reason of this effect consists only in this , that by the use of these sort of Medicines , the turgescency or swelling up of the Blood , with the Feaverish matter , and Fermentation are stop'd ; to wit , from the Medicine tyed about the Body , certain little Bodys , or Effluvia are communicated to the Blood , which do very much fix , and bind together the particles of it , or also , as it were precipitate them , by fusing and shaking them ; and by either way , the spontaneous growing hot of the Blood , is hindred : as when cold water is put into a boyling Pot , or as when Vinegar , or Alum is flung into new and working Beer , presently Fermentation ceases , and the Liquor acquires a new tast , and consistency , whereby it becomes fit to be drunk , as if it had been kept to ripen a long time . But that these Ague-stoppers do work after this manner , it is plainly seen , because those which are of principal note , do excell in a Styptic , and binding force , or else with a precipitating virtue ; hence Sea-salt , Nitre , Sal-gemmae , the Juice of Plantan , Shepherds-burse , any binding Herbs pounded with Vinegar , and the like , bound to the wrists ; the root of Yarrow , Tormentile , also Campher hung about the neck , are said to take away this Disease : yea , those also which are taken inwardly , are of the same rank ; The Juice of Plantan , Red-rose water , Alum , for that they fix , and constrain the Blood , a decoction of Piper , Sal Armoniac , or of Wormwood , Spirit of Vitrial , also a-sudden passion of anger , or fear , forasmuch as they precipitate the Blood , by fusing and shaking it , do oftentimes hinder the Agues approach : even as the Concussion , and shaking much , any Liquour , or the infusion of astringent things into it , hinder its spontaneous Effervescency and rage . It is usual with some Empiricks , for the cure of Agues , to tye a little knot in a Linnen rag , or a piece of Paper roled up , so strickly to the wrists , pressing hard upon the beating of the Pulse , that the circulation of the Blood is somewhat hindred , and by this means , the Aguish fit coming on , is driven away . Very many by this way , I have none to be most certainly cured of a tedious sickness ; the reason of which seems to be , that whilst the Blood is hindred from its motion in any part , it grows more tumuluous in the other parts ; and so , by this perturbation , stirred up in the whole Blood , the spontaneous Effervescency of the Liquor , being about to follow , is hindred . But that the Fit , by this , or ony other means , being once hindred , does not afterwards easily return , the reason is ; Because , if this Feaverish , and depraved matter , be contained longer in the Blood , it is afterwards cocted , and in some measure ripened : and therefore the Blood does not ( as before ) altogether pervert , either this , or the provision coming to it anew , but begins to digest and assimilate it : besides , when the Fit is once stop'd , its custom is broke , by the instinct of which alone , Nature oftentimes repeats those her Errors : for , as when it has once made a fault , it is wont more readily to do ill after the same way ; so when it once omits its fault , it more easily accustoms it self to do better .

The dogmatieal cure , is instituted for the most part , by Vomitory and Purging Medicines , also with the letting of Blood ; with which the sick are miserably tormented , and the Disease seldom profligated or driven away ; that deservedly , this Distemper is called the shame of Physicians ; but Tertian Feavers are sometimes carried away by a Vomit given just before the coming of the Fit , which indeed happens ( as I think ) for the reason before mentioned . For I have said , That the cause of a Tertian Feaver , is an evil disposition of the Blood , whereby it passes into a sour and bilous Nature ; and therefore it doth not rightly assimilate the nutritious Juice brought to it , but changes it into a Fermentative matter ; wherefore , if the Bile or Choler be copiously drawn forth of the Blood , that Cholerick and hot intemperance is very much taken away , and that Fermentative power ceases of it self , But Emetick Medicines do chiefly perform this , for if they operate strongly , a Convulsion is not only brought to the bottom of the Ventricle , but also the Duodenum , with an inverse motion , is drawn together towards the Pylorus , and the Cholerby a continual thrusting forward , being squees'd forth from the Choleduct passage , is poured into the Ventricle , which is presently cast out by Vomit ; which being copiously performed , the galish bladder is almost emptied , and after that , it becomes a receptacle , that draws forth , and separates the bilous humor , or the particles of adust Sulphur and Salt plentifully poured into the Blood ; the next Fit sometimes is by this means prevented , not because the mine of the Disease is extirpated by Vomit , but because an Evacuation and motion is excited , contrary to the Feaverish motion , and for that reason , the spontaneous Effervescency of the Blood is prevented . Also by this means , sometimes the Disease is taken away after the Fit , because this way , the Blood is fully cleared from the bilous humor . It is worthy observation , that in a Quartan Feaver , Vomits profit nothing , and seldom in a Tertian , unless administred presently at the beginning , whilst the Feaverish disposition is yet light , and not fully confirmed .

Concerning Intermitting Feavers in general , there yet remain some Irregulars of them , to be explicated , which vary from the wonted manner : for unless these unusual appearances be solved , this our Hypothesis will seem to be defective , and to halt in one part . First therefore , they are wont somtimes to lack the cold or shaking fit . This Intermitting Feaver is frequent in Autumn , whose fits are wont to exercise the sick , only with heat , and that most Violent , and in many they come with great Vomiting , but no Sweat or Cold ; then after four or five periods , upon the coming on of the fit , the sick are wont to be chil , and presently after to quake , and in the declination to sweat : The reason of this was , because , from the very hot Summer , the Constitution of the Blood was become sharp , and very much burnt : Wherefore , the Particles of the crude Juice , being commixed with it , were presently terrified or made hot , and scorched ; that they did not at first , ( like new Beer ) grow hot with an Acrimony , and then afterwards blaze forth ; but a turgescency being stirred up , ( like dry wood laid upon a fire ) presently the whole took fire , and broke forth into flames ; but afterwards , the Liquor of the Blood being fired by several fits , became less torrid , that the depraved Alible Juice was not presently torrified , but passed into a Nitrous matter , and fermenting with a sharpness , which at first swelling up , induced the sense of cold to the whole Body . When the cold fit was begun , for the most part Sweat concluded it : which indeed hapned , because the Blood being made more watery , is more easily resolved into vapour , with the Feaverish matter , even as a watery Liquor is more easily drawn forth by distillation , than what is Oily , or of a more thick consistency .

It often happens , in the declination of this Disease , when the fits begin to lessen , that the sense of cold and shaking , by little and little are diminished , and at length vanish , and the fit only troubles the sick , with a light burning : The reason of which is , because at this time , the Blood being somwhat restored , towards its natural state , begins to concoct and ripen the crude juice ; so that a great part of it is assimilated : but some Excrements , being heaped together in the Blood , bring forth as yet a light burning : but when the Feaverish Particles , do not participate of the Nitrous Acrimony , the Fermentation of the Blood is induced without any shivering , by which , what was extraneous burns forth , is either subdued , or carried forth of doors . Somtimes also , in the declination of this Disease , the fits appear without any burning , only with a light cold : The reason of which is , because the Morbific matter , being rather Nitrous , than Sulphureous , when it is in Flux , does somwhat blunt the Natural Heat ; and by that means is dissipated , and vanishes , without any great deflagration .

There is yet a great doubt concerning the intervals of the periods , which somtimes seem to be double in the same Feaver , that the first Accession answers to the third , and either perhaps comes in the morning ; and again the second to the fourth , and both happen in the Evening ; and so forward : wherefore , the Feaver bearing this figure , is wont to be named a double Tertian , or Quartan , of which it doth not easily appear , how they should be done , if the fits depend upon the evil disposition of the Blood , and from thence on a Congestion to a Turgescency of the depraved Nourishing Juice : for which cause , they commonly affirm , that this double figure is stirred up , or draws its original from a double Nest , or Mine ; but to me it seems most likely , that in this case , somtimes it happens for the Feaver to be simple , and of one kind , also its types or figures to be alike , and all congruous one to another , but the error to arise , because the interstitia of the periods , are not computed by hours , but days : For when as , the beginnings of the fits are distant one from another , not exactly twenty four hours , but either sixteen , or thirty hours , in a Quotidian ; and in a Tertian , not forty eight , but forty , or fifty six , more or less , or thereabouts ; it comes to pass , that every other fits , happen before , and the others after Noon . To which also may be added , that the different manner of eating , which the sick use , very often produces great inequalities of figures : that somtimes the fit is redoubled twice in a day , as I have often observed in Cachectical men , or full of ill humors , and living disorderly : but it doth not seldom happen , that Intermitting Feavers , repeat fits , which do neither observe the same distance , nor bear altogether the figure of the same mode . I have many times observed in a Quartan Feaver , that besides the set comings or Accessions , returning on the fourth day , about the same hour ; some wandring and uncertain fits , did infest the sick ; that somtimes on the day preceeding , the wonted fit , somtimes on that following it , another fit ( tho lighter ) was excited anew , with shivering , Heat , and Sweat , exactly like the figure of an Intermitting Feaver ; and nevertheless , the primary Accession returned at its accustomed time . This for the most part , is wont to happen , either from diet evilly instituted , chiefly from surfeit , and drinking of Wine ; or else from Medicines wrongfully administred : The reason of which ( unless I am deceived ) consists in this . The mass of Blood , being wont to be filled to a swelling up , with the Fermentative matter , at a set time , often , by reason of some errors in eating and drinking , heaps up more matter , than can be easily dissipated in one fit ; and when it unequally Cooks the same Fermentative matter , it often happens , that it first shakes off its superfluous , or more thin part , as it were by a certain skirmish , in a more light fit , but dispels the more thick , ( after the primary Accession ) as yet remaining in the Blood , by a Feaverish Fermentation arising anew . And when the fits , in an Intermitting Feaver , redouble after this manner , either become more remiss , for that the same matter in either , is only divided ; and eventilated by two accessions . Besides , when this Fermentative matter , or Nutritious Juice , depraved in its circulation , is continued , partly in the Arteries and Veins , with the Blood , and partly in the Nervous stock , and solid parts , it may happen , that both humors do not ferment at once , but a great part of one may be dispersed in one fit , and then a great part of the other , in another fit .

CHAP. IV. Of the kinds of Intermitting Feavers , and first of a Tertian .

WE shall easily accommodate to our Hypothesis , delivered in the former Chapter , concerning the nature and beginning of Intermitting Feavers , all the Phaenomena which belong to it , and the reasons of them . But as those which are of this sort , do not observe the same space of Intermission , or of return , and their figures , as to the appearances of their signs and symptoms , do not altogether happen after the same manner ; therefore according to the diversities of these , and especially from the distance of the fits , the various species and differences of Intermitting Feavers , are assigned . The chiefest division of them is , into Tertian , Quotidian , and Quartan : We shall here remark the chief things worthy of note concerning each of them .

It is called a Tertian Feaver , not which is accomplished at the distance of three days ; but inclusively from the day in which one Fit begins , from thence the other returns on the third . In the mean time , if the Fits be sometimes longer , viz. protracted almost to twenty four hours , and the Remissions anticipated also by their accessions , or comings of the Fits , the space is oftentimes less by a night and a day . This Disease is commonly distinguished into exquisite and spurious ; The exquisite or exact Tertian Feaver is , which begins with a vehement shaking , to which succeeds a sharp and biting heat , which goes off in sweat , and its Fit is finished in twelve hours , and that the perfect intermission follows ; In the spurious or bastard Tertian , the cold and heat are more remiss , but the Fit is often extended beyond twelve hours , yea often to eighteen or twenty . These differ as to the various disposition of the Blood , which is in the former more torrid and sharp ; therefore perverts the alible Juice from Crudity , towards an adustion , wherefore a more vehement Effervescency is stirred up ; but as the matter more equally burns forth , it is sooner finished . In the latter , besides the adustion , the Blood abounds with too much serous humidity , wherefore , the nourishing Juice degenerates into a Crude matter , and therefore less apt to be overcome , and to burn forth ; wherefore , its Fit is gentler , and more unequal , but is not finished but in a longer space .

The Essence therefore of a Tertian Feaver consists in this ; That the Blood ( like Beer brew'd with too high dry'd Mault ) being too sharp , and torrid , does not rightly subdue , and ripen the alible Juice , which is taken in from crude things eaten , but very much perverts it into a nitrous-sulphurous matter ; with which , when the mass of Blood is filled to a swelling up , like new Beer stop'd up in Bottles , it conceives an heat : From the flux of this nitrous matter , which blunts the heat , and vital spirits , and pulls the nervous parts , first the cold , with shaking is excited ; then the vital spirit geting strength again , this matter growing hot in the Blood , begins to be subdued , and inkindled in the heart ; from whose deflagration , an intense heat is diffused thorough the whole body ; then its reliques being separated , and involved with serum , are sent away by sweat .

This torrid Constitution of the Blood , consists in this , That 't is impregnated more than it ought , with particles of Sulphur and Salt ; wherefore , the Procatartick causes , which dispose to this Disease , are an hot and bilous temperament , a youthful age , hot dyet , as an immoderate use of Wine and spiced Meats , but especially in the Spring and autumnal seasons of the year , when the Blood ( as all vegetables ) is apt to flower , and to ferment of its own accord . By reason of these occasions , the liquor of the Blood , is want to be thorowly roasted , and to be changed into a cholerick temper : and when it departs from its natural Disposition so much , that it perverts the nutritious Juice , into a matter plainly Fermentative , the beginning of this Feaver is induced ; which sometimes happens from this intemperance being leasurely increased and brought to the height ; but more frequently , an evident cause raises up this disposition into act , and we ascribe the origine of this Disease to some notable Accident . Wherefore , lying on the Ground , or taking cold after sweating , or transpiration being any ways hindred ; also a Surfit , or a perturbation of the Stomach , from any thing inordinately eaten ; and lastly , What things soever stir up an immoderate heat in the Blood , bring the lurking disposition of this Disease into act : for that , from every such occasion , the nutritious Juice , being heaped in the Blood , and somewhat depraved , conceives a Flux , and departing from the rest of the Blood , ferments with a nitrous sharpness , then being inkindled and shaken by the Spirit , and vital heat , it induces the Fit , with a very strong burning .

A Tertian Feaver , is wont to be more frequent in the Spring , at which time , the Blood is livelier and richer , and therefore more fitted for this kind of Feaverish distemper . If this Feaver being taken , be ended within a moderate time , t is commonly said to be a Medicine , rather than a Disease ; which is partly true , because , by this means , the impurities of the Blood burn out , the obstructions of the Viscera are discharged , and in truth the whole body is ventilated , so that 't is wholly freed from every Excrementitious matter , and the seminary of growing Diseases . But if this Disease be long protracted , it becomes the cause of many Sicknesses , and of a long want of Health . For from hence the mass of the Blood is very much deprived of the vital Spirit , and ( like Wine too much fermented ) in a manner grows lifeless : wherefore the Jaundice , Scurvy , or Cachexia , follow this Feaver , being long er'e it be cured For by its frequent Fits , the vital Spirit very much evaporates , and because it is but little restored by things eaten , the Blood therefore becomes weaker , and almost without life : In the mean time , the particles of Salt , and Sulphur , are carried forth more , and exalted ; from whence , the Blood is made shap , and salt , and so more unfit for Circulation and Transpiration .

Moreover , This Disease being long protracted , oftentimes changes its Figure , and from a Tertian Feaver , becomes either a Quotidian , or sometimes a Quartan : then sometimes from either , it returns into a Tertian . The reason of this is , the disposition of the Blood being variously changed : which at first being sharp , and bilous , had perverted the nutritious Juice , by that means , that it arise to a fulness of swelling up on the third day ; afterwards , by the frequent Deflagration , becoming less sharp , or in truth more waterish , it grows far weaker as to its Constitution , so that it doth very little , or not at all assimulate the nourishable humor , and ripen it , and by that means , the increase of the Fermentative matter is made sooner , and the Fits return daily : or else , the Blood from a sharp and bilous intemperance , ( the constitution of the Heaven , or the year , bringing on this alteration ) is changed into an austere , or saltish , and therefore more slowly perverts the nourishing Juice , and the increase of the Feaverish matter , gathering together more flowly , it doth not conceive the Fits till on the fourth day : but if either , by the means of Physick or Dyet , the temper of the Blood is reduced from either Dyscrasie , towards a bilous , the periods also are altered , and they resume the figure of a Tertian .

Certain symptoms are wont to come upon a Tertian Feaver , which are commonly esteemed for the Crises of this Disease ; and in truth sometimes , these appearing , the Distemper either clearly ceases , or begins to abate of its wonted fierceness . But these kind of signs , are chiefly these three viz. The Erysipelas , or an Eruption of pimples in the Lips , the yellow Jaundice , and an Inflamation , or swelling suddenly excited , in this or that part of the body : very often there happens after three or four Fits to the Sick , little ulcers , with a crusty scab , to break forth about the Lips , and altho there be no coming away of any matter , in all the body beside , yet from hence they presage , that the Feaver is about to depart , which sometimes the event proves true . But indeed sometimes , I have observed , that the hoped for effect has not succeeded , but that the Feaver pertinaciously , and for a long while hath afflicted them , when their Lips have been broken out . But as to what respects this Symptom , it seems to arise , for that the Blood having got a more free Diaphoresis , it not only thrusts forth adoors , the more thin , and smokie recrements , but also the more thick ; and when the same , in other parts more easily exhale thorow the more open Pores , they stick in their passage about the Lips , by reason of the skin being more strictly bound together ; and because the vaporous matter , abounds in particles of adust Salt , and Sulphur , being fixed in the skin , it there hinders Circulation , and therefore induces Pustles , and little Ulcers ; perhaps the more hot breath , which is breathed forth from the mouth , and nostrils , may contribute something to this Distemper , forasmuch as it scorches , and burns the Blood , and Juices flowing thither : wherefore , it may be said , That this eruption of Pustles , denotes only a more full Diaphoresis in the whole , by which , the more thick , as well as the thin recrements of the adust Blood , evaporate forth of doors . For I have known in some , from a Tertian Feaver , little welks like the small Pox to break out in their whole body , that if by this more plentiful Ventilation , as it were a purging , the Blood be so freed , that it recovers its pristine disposition , the Feaver is cured : But if ( as sometimes it happens ) some recrements , tho more thick , break forth , yet others stay within , and still cherish the Feaverish disposition , those little Ulcers , argue only a greater taint of the Blood , and pertinacy of the Disease , therefore it may be observed , when that scabs break out in the lips , if the Feaver does not presently abate , that it will be more grievous , and tedious for the future .

Sometimes the yellow Jaundice comes upon a Tertian Feaver , and cures it ; ( which Hippocrates has also taken notice of ) the reason of which is , because , when the Blood has got a sharp or bilous disposition ; that therefore it had perverted the alible Juice , and from thence had heaped together excrementitious matter , it is oftentimes freed by that Dyscrasie , when by a sudden Secretion , the recrements of adust Salt and Sulphur , are more plentiful purged forth . This the Choleduct vessels being irritated by Physick , or of their own accord , and so pouring out plentifully the Bile , from the Blood , do often perform : because Vomiting , Purging , and especially a Diarrhea or L ask , very much conduce to the cure of this Disease , yea sometimes , the Blood it self , putting forth of its own accord , thrusts forth the bilous recrements , as its off-scourings , and in the circulating puts them forth in the skin , and so inducing the yellow Jaundice , cures this Feaver .

When an Inflamation , ( as sometimes t is wont ) comes upon this Distemper , the Ague is commonly said to fall down into the part distempered with the Tumor . But that by such a breaking forth , this Disease is cured , 't is no wonder ; because the Blood by this means continually lays aside out of his bosom , the provision of the degenerate nutritious Juice , and transfers it to the distempered part ; and therefore , the degenerate and fermentative matter in the mass of Blood , does not easily arise to a fulness of swelling up : wherefore , the Belly being perpetually loose , hath by degrees helped some , for that the Blood by this means , readily casts forth its burthen , now growing low , and not having a more full increase yielded to it : sometimes also , a Deaf ; ness suddenly arising , the Tertian Feaver has presently ceased , to wit , by reason of a continual translation of the Feaverish matter , from the bosom of the Blood , into the head .

If that the Tertian Feaver , within a short time , neither by the free accord of Nature , declines by degrees , that it doth clearly cease within seven or ten periods , nor is cured by any of the aforesaid means , nor is removed by the help of Medicine , but that after ten or twelve Fits , the sick are still grievously afflicted , it will be a very hard task to cure it : because the Blood , from the continual heaping of the Feaverish matter , and by the frequent burnings , becomes at length so depraved , that it concocts nothing truly for the nourishment of the Body , and for the sustaining its strength ; neither is it able to shake thorowly out of its bosom , the impurities and excrements , whereby the Disease may make a Crisis or separation , but in truth , the same growing in strength every day , the Blood , besides its Dyscrasie or evil disposition , begins to be hurt somewhat in its mixture ; wherefore , more frequent Fits infest them , nor does a perfect Remission come between , but that the sick being very weak and languishing , are almost continually Feaverish , with thirst and heat : when it is come to this pass , unless they are succour'd by remedies from Art , or that the change of the Place , and Air , bring timely help , this Disease often ends in death .

As to its cure : the method of healing is commonly directed to this one scope , to wit , that the mine of the Disease may be extirpated , and that the Feaverish matter may be eradicated out of our Body , without any cherisher remaining , or fear of relapsing ; wherefore , Vomits , and Purges are diligently Instituted , which when profiting nothing to the cure , but that the Patients strength is very much broken , the sick are lest by the Physicians , and the business is wholly committed to Nature . The Intentions ( as it seems to me ) ought to be of this sort : First , a restitution of the Blood , to its natural Temper . Secondly , a prevention of the depravation of the nourishing Juice , as much as may be . Thirdly , an Inhibition of the Feaverish Fermentation , that the Fit may not be excited . And these Indications take place , not only in a Tertian Feaver , but in any other intermitting Feaver besides : which yet are to be performed , not by the same ways and remedies , but by several , according to the diversity of the Disease , of the condition of the sick , and of the symptoms chiefly urging . However in the curing of this Disease , there is more to be attributed to Nature , and to a good order of Dyet , or way of Living , than to Physick .

1. Concerning the first Intention , to wit , that the Blood may be reduced to its natural Temper , Vomits , letting of Blood , and Purging are of great use : especially , if they be celebrated in the beginning of the Disease . Vomitories help , both for that they Purge the Ventricle , that the first Concoction may be better performed , and by that means the nourishing Chyme may be more purely supplyed , for matter of the Blood ; but chiefly , for that by plentifully pressing forth the Bile , form the Choleduct passage , they empty the Galish bag , as by that means , the Bile is poured forth more full from the mass of Blood ; and so the Blood is purified , from the recrements of adust Salt and Sulphur . The opening of a Vein , cools and ventilates the Blood , as by that means , t is less torrified , or scorched , and is circulated more freely in the Vessels , without danger of burning . Also Purging , plentifully draws forth , and by provoking expresses , or squeeses out , the Bile , from the galish Vessels , and consequently from the mass of Blood . For this end , ( to wit , the reduction of the Blood ) Digestives bring help , the more temperate Vinegars , or Acetous things , forasmuch as they fuse , and alter the Blood , and do attemper its fervor . Somtimes also , the change of the Soil , and Air , notably amends the evil constitution of the Blood , before all other Remedies whatsoever .

The second Intention , is excellently performed , by Dyet , and an exact manner of living ; which in this Disease ought to be slender and sparing : wherefore it is commonly said , Starving is the best Remedy for this Disease : and it appears by common experience , that by a more spare eating , the coming of the Ague fit , is very often prolonged , beyond its wonted Custom . There are especially two things to be observed , concerning Eating and Drinking : The first , that the food be slender , that nothing Sulphureous or Spirituous be given , for so the Conflagration of the Blood will be lessened ; then secondly , that the Fit approaching , or urging , nothing of Aliment be taken , wherefore , in fasting the Fit is lighter , and sooner finished .

As to the third thing proposed ; the Inhibition of the Feaverish Fit , is instituted by Remedies , which stay the Fermentation of the Blood . But tho this Remedy seems Empirical , and unmethodical , and very failable to Physicians , yet I have found these Feavers to be very often cured by this means , when Medicines have profited nothing : What they are , and by what means , without the suspicion of Witchcraft , they afford help , for the curing this Disease , is before noted . We shall here only advertise you , that the use of these is most profitable after Physick , and opening a Vein , if there be need of it ; and unless these be reghtly performed before-hand , those other rarely stop the Fit . But Vomiting , Purging , and breathing a Vein , unless they be presently celebrated after the beginning , yield little help , yea , more often are wont to hinder : For whilst the Blood is strong in vital spirit , its evil disposition , may with easie labour be corrected , or amended : wherefore , if the Bile , about the beginning , be copiously drawn forth , or the Blood eventilated , it is reduced to its natural Complexion ; but afterwards , in the progress of this Disease ( the Spirit being now very much exhausted , and the Salt and Sulphur too much exalted ) if these kind of Evacuations be administred , they do more debilitate the disposition of the Blood : and therefore it is clear by observation , that the Tertian Feaver , is rarely or never cured , by these Remedies late administred , and often passes into a Quotidian . I my self have known some , in the Spring time , being strong in very good health , from a more strong Emetick taken for prevention sake , causing a violence by the Evacuation , to have presently fallen into a Tertian Feaver ; and others , for some time cured of this Feaver , when they had taken a strong Purge , for the carrying away of the remains of the Feaverish matter , upon it to have fallen into a Relapse . It may be readily said , that the mine of the Disease , being before at quiet , was stirred up , and brought into Act , after this manner by the Medicine : But if you consider this thing rightly , it may rather be said , that from the strong Medicine , the disposition of the Blood was very much hurt , and when at first it was prone to a bilous Dyscrasie , that it hardly did assimilate the alible Juice , from this evident cause , it forthwith degenerated , that it wholy perverted the Nutriment , into a Fermentative matter , and so conceived the Feaverish disposition . It is a common opinion , that a Tertian Feaver can scarce be cured , without a Vomit , wherefore some Medicasters , are wont under the pretext of the necessity , to give to all whatsoever , labouring with this Disease ( tho languishing and weak ) and Emetick Medicine not without great danger of life : and those whom they judge wholy unfit for such a Medicine , they leave as not easily cureable to Nature . But ( as I have often found the contrary by experience ) this sort of practice is evilly instituted ; yea , I rather judge , for the cureing of a Tertian Feaver that Vomits are rarely or never to be required , unless in a strong Body , and very easily prone to Vomiting , and when the Ventricle happens to be burthened , with excrementitious matter , but instead of it , that a gentle Purge , by which the load of the humors may be pleasantly brought away may be of better use : because , a Purge in this case , doth the same thing as a Vomit , to wit , it evacuates the choleduct Vessels , that the Bile , being plentifully exhausted from the Blood , the Feaverish Dyscrasie is mended . But when the galish humor , being emptied forth into the Ventricle , is cast out upwards , from thence there is great hurt brought to the stomach , and a mighty perturbation excited in the whole Body : But if that humour be inticed downwards by a gentle Purge , it is sent forth of doors , without any trouble . Then , if to a gentle Purge , once or twice repeated , be added a very slender dyet , without flesh it often answers the preservatory Indication , that there needs no other Remedies , for the taking away the cause of this Disease ; but that these being rightly performed , shall render beneficial those things , which being either inwardly taken , or outwardly applyed , stop the Feaverish accession . By this sort of plain and easie institution of Medicine , viz. A Purge of the infusion of Senna , and Rhubarb , a slender dyet , and a Febrifuge or Ague-resisting Topick , laid either to the wrists , or the breast , I have known very often , and in very short time , Tertian Feavers cured , without the use of any other destroying Physick : yea , a thin dyet only , with Amulets timely administred , hath very happily cured Big-bellied women , and also very weak old men , whose strength could not bear Purging . I have so often made tryal of this method , with good success , that I doubt not , but that a Tertian Feaver , may as easily be cured , as any other Disease , if it be at the begining handled after this manner , viz. before the temper of the Blood be more hurt , by an evil manner of Dyet , or by Medicine untowardly administred . For the truth of this thing , I will relate this following History .

A certain noble young man , indued with a bilous Temper , had caught an intermitting Tertian Feaver ; upon the approach of the Fit , he Vomited forth much yellow and greenish Choler , then he was troubled most grievously , for many hours , with a great pain of the Heart , and most strong Heat and Thirst . On the day of the intermission there was taken from this person , with whom I was by chance , by my prescription , eight ounces of Blood , and in the afternoon was given an Emollient Glyster , he also used a most slender Dyet , ( viz. only made of Barly ) He took every night going to sleep , this Opiate , viz. Conserve of Roses vitriolated half a dram , of Diascordium a scruple , also every morning of the Salt of Wormwood a scruple , in a spoonful of the Juice of Orange : but when these did not succeed ( for the Fit returned somwhat more remiss , but with cruel Vomiting , as at first ) besides , for that this sick person , extreamly abhor'd a Vomitory Medicine , ( because not long before this , from a very gentle Emetick , he had Vomited almost thirty times , until being distempered with the Cramp , and Convulsions , he was brought into great weakness , whit hazard of his life ) therefore , the day following the aforesaid Fit , I gave him a Potion of an infusion of Senna , Rhubarb , and yellow Sanders , with Salt of Wormwood , in Spring-water , by which he was Purged ten times , with ease : In the morning after , and three hours before he expected the Fit , I put to his wrists an Ague-resisting Medicine , and took from him six ounces of Blood , by which means , he mist his Feaverish Fit , and then being again Purged after the same manner , became perfectly well .

If that the Tertian Feaver , by reason of the evil Constitution of the sick , or because of errors in Dyet , or committed by Physick , hath more deeply rooted it self , that after a long sickness , the Fits still grow worse , and the sick extreamly languish , with want of Strength , Thirst , and almost continual Heat , want of Appetite , wakeings , weak Pulse , high colour'd Urine , and very full of Contents , the Curatory method ought to be a little otherways instituted ; In this case , first it is to be endeavour'd , that the Dyscrasie of the Blood , may be taken away ; wherefore , the sick are to be fed , with slender Aliments only , as Barly broth , or Grewel , with opening Roots boiled in it , ( flesh-broth being wholly laid aside ) the Belly is to be kept loose , ( if need be ) with the use of Emollient Clysters ; besides ( Purges being omitted ) only digestive Medicines , which fuse the Blood , and bring away gently the serous Impurities by Urine , also comforting Remedies , which corroborate the Viscera , and cherish the Spirits , are chiefly to be insisted on . To this end , Apozems are fitly to be prepared , of Herbs , and Roots gently Diuretic , also Opiats help very much , of temperate Conserves , with Sal Nitre , or the fixed Salt of Herbs , with shelly powders , and the Spirit of Vitriol mixed together . When the disposition of the Blood is somwhat mended , that the Urine is clearer , and less coloured , also sleep quieter , with a remission of thirst , and heat following ; then may be profitably administred , Remedies to stop the Feaverish fit : wherefore Ague-resisting Amulets may be applyed to the Wrists or to the Soles of the Feet ; also the powder of Peruvian Bark , or of somthing instead of it ; or also of the Barks of the Ash-Tree , Tamarisk , or Gentian , with Salts mixed with them , and drunk in White-Wine : after the comings of the fits are taken away , and the sick being to get strength , and desire Food , and in some measure to digest it , gentle Purges may be of use : but let the sick still abstain , from a more plentiful Diet , or participating of Flesh , and they will shortly after recover perfect Health without any violent Purge or Phlebotomy .

CHAP. V. Of the Quotidian Intermitting Feaver .

BEcause of its affinity to the Tertian Feaver , and likeness of fits , the Quotidian ( or dayly ) Feaver comes next , viz. whose Accession is wont to return every day . It is the opinion of some , that this sort of Feaver , is only a double Tertian , and doth arise from a dispersed matter , having gotten a twofold Nest ; to which I cannot assent , and I suppose its begining is to be attributed , to a peculiar Dyscrasie of the Blood . In this the symptoms of cold and heat , are more remiss , but its is longer continued , and oftentimes it is wont to last eighteen or twenty hours : This Feaver for the most part follows a Tertian , for when the Vital Spirit is very much flown away , by the frequent deflagration of the Blood , and ( the Feaverish disposition still remaining ) the Blood is made weaker , it doth not concoct the nourishing Juice , or ripen it , but perverts almost the whole into a Fermentative matter ; wherefore it comes sooner to its increase , and is gathered together to a plenitude of swelling up , within double the time , than at first . But because the congested matter , participates equally of crudity , and adustion , therefore the heat of the burning is lesser , and more unequal , and ( like green wood laid on the fire ) slowly burns ; for which reason the fit endures longer .

Somtimes it happens , that a Quotidian Feaver , doth arise without a Tertian going before , viz. when a Feaverish disposition , falls upon a Cacochymic Body , or full of evil humors , and stuffed with depraved Juices ; for then the Blood , being poor in Spirits , perrverts in a greater measure the nutritious Juice , and in a shorter time , gatheres to a fulness of swelling up : But that which begins an every days Ague , oftentimes changes its figure , and becomes a Tertian ; just as a Tertian , often goes into a Quotidian , because between these Feavers , and their causes , there is a great vicinity ; and the constitution of the Blood being a little chaged , it makes a transition from one to another . A Quotidian Intermitting Feaver , is not so easily cured as a Tertian : For whether it comes at first simple , or follows upon another Intermitting Feaver , it is still excited from a stronger cause , and argues a greater dyscrasie of the Blood , which will not presently give way to Remedies . But also , if this Feaver be of long continuance , or comes upon another Chronical Disease , it has most often adjoyned to it , besides the taint of the Blood , the infirmities of the inwards : to wit , the Blood being spoiled , easily affixeth its impurities , by degrees heaped up , on the Viscera , whilst it passes through their Meanders : from hence it is , that in a Quotidian Feaver , the weight of the Ventricle , an extension of the Hypochondria , Obstructions , or Tumors , now of the Liver , now of the Spleen , or Mesentery , are joyned together ; but these kind of distempers , are not the cause of the Feaver , ( as is commonly believed ) but only its product . Wherefore , in this Feaver , besides the simple method of Cure , which is shown in the Tertian , many other intentions or coindications , come under consideration : to wit , that the Ventricle be cleansed from its load of humors , the stuffings of the Inwards freed , Infirmities corroborated ; and that together with these , the Dyscrasie of the Blood may be mended , and the Accessions of the Feaver may be restrained , must by all means be endeavoured ; from whence , by reason of these kind of various intentions , we come to the Cure by a longer way : In this case , Vomits ( if strength will bear them ) are of benefit before all other Medicines : also Purges , whereby the assiduous supply of Excrementitious matter , may be drawn forth , are often to be repeated : Besides these , digestive Remedies , openers of Obstructions , such as restore the Ferment of the Viscera , and Blood , and correct their evil dispositions , are frequently to be administred . Wherefore , the fixed Salts of Herbs , and their Extracts , Acid Spirits of Minerals , and somtimes preparations of Steel , do very much help : concerning these main things , the task will be hard , when by reason of the manifold evil , many things are to be done together , yet by reason of the assiduity of the Feaverish fit , there is leisure for the sick to use few only . In Distempers so complicated , tho the reason of the method requires , the impediments to be first removed , and then to Cure the Disease , yet I have known , this kind of Feaver , beset with many other distempers , in a Body full of humors , often Cured , without method , and by an Empirical way ; viz. after a light provision of the whole , Ague-resisting Remedies being outwardly applyed , have at first stoopped the Feaverish fit , that then there was time , for the Curing the other distempers , and more happy occasions of healing were granted . I lately visited a Noble Lady , who being long indued with a Cachectical habit of Body , a month after her lying in , being weak and languishing , was taken with a quotidian Intermitting Feaver ; after six or seven fits of it , her strength was so much cast down , that she could scarce rise out of , or sit up in her Bed ; nor able to take never so little Food , tho very slender , but upon it , most grievous molestations were raised up , in her stomach ; besides , the Region of her Ventricle , and left Hypochondrium , was wholly beset , with a hard shining tumor , and cruelly painful : by reason of her strength being mightily cast down , there was no place left for Evacuation , but the use of Clysters ; also her Stomach , being very weak , loathed all other Remedies , unless very grateful , and only in a very small quantity . In this difficult case , circumscribed between narrow limits of Curing , I counselled these few things , to wit , that twice in a day , she should take this mixture , viz. The magisterial water of Earth-worms two Ounces , of Elixer Proprietatis twelve drops . Moreover , I ordered to be applyed to her Ventricle , a Fomentation , of the Leaves of Sea-Wormwood , Centaury , Southernwood , with the Roots of Gentian , boiled in White-Wine , in an open Vessel : also , that after the Fomentation , a Cake of Tosted-Bread , and dipped in the same Liquor , should be worn upon her Stomach ; besides , Ague-resisting Medicines were ordered for her wrists ; and with these Remedies only , she mist her Ague fit , on the third day , and remained free from it afterwards ; then , by the use of Chalybeat Remedies , she became perfectly well , within a short time .

CHAP. VI. Of a Quartan Feaver .

IN a Quartan Feaver , the period is longer than in the rest ; to wit , which is extended to the fourth day inclusively ; also its continuance uses to be longer , and its cure harder : because this Disease is protracted for many months , yea , oftentimes for years , and seldom , or scarce at all , is cured by Medicines .

The Fit , for the most part , begins with cold , and shaking , to which a very troublesome heat succeeds , but more remiss than in a Tertian : Sweat for the most part concludes the Fit . At the first coming of the Disease , the Fits are more grievous , and very infestous , and keep the sick in their Beds ; yea , they make them lose their strength , and vigour of Body : But afterwards , the trouble is more easily born , so that the Fits are suffer'd out of Bed , and somtimes in a Journy , or being about any business . If it continue long , it induces the Scurvy , or Hypochondriac distemper , and involves men in an unhealthful condition .

The causes which dispose to this Disease , are first , the constitution of the Soil and Air , because this Distemper is proper to the fall of the Leaf , or Autumn , that you rarely find this Feaver to begin , but about that time : also in some places , especially about the Sea-coasts , this uses to be general , or common to the Region , and to come upon those living there , or Strangers coming thither from elsewhere . A declining age , which is past its acme or height , also a melancholick Temper , and which , by reason of an ill manner of living , is obnoxious to the Hypochondriac Distemper , cause this : besides , long Feavers of another kind , and Chronical Diseases , often pass into a Quartan Feaver .

According to these positions , and rightly weighed , it may be said , that a Quartan Feaver , even as the other intermitting Feavers , depends upon a vitious disposition of the Blood ; to wit , because the nutritious Juice , being by degrees delated into the Vessels , is perverted into a Fermentative matter ; and the effervescency of this , heaped up even to a fulness of swelling over , constitutes the Fit of the Quartan Feaver . But as in this Feaver , there are some things , which are peculiar from the rest , we will inquire , what kind of Dyscrasie of the Blood it is in this Disease , distinct from the others , and by what means it excites , the very remarkable Symptoms .

The opinion , which is commonly had concerning this thing , is very far from truth : almost by the consent of all , the Essence and beginning of a Quartan Feaver , is ascribed to a melancholick humout , heaped up somwhere in the first passages , and there periodically Putrifying . Instead of this , we affirm , that in this Disease , the Liquor of the Blood , doth pass from a sweet , spirituous , and balsamick , into an acid , and somwhat austere Nature , like Wine growing sowre : to wit , there is too great a want of Spirits , and the Terrestrial , or Tartareous part of the Blood , ( which consists chiefly of Salt , and Earth ) is too much exalted , and being carried forth into a Flux , induces the sourness of the mass of Blood . Even as Beer , being disturbed by Thunder , and infected with a troubled lee or dregs , grows sour . The Blood , after this manner degenerated , from its native disposition , doth not rightly dress the alible Juice , and assimilate it to it self , but perverts it into an extraneous matter ; with which , when it is satisfied to a fulness , in the vessels , and the nervous parts are watered by the Juice , from thence arising , a Flux of this matter , and as it were a spontaneous effervency follows , by which indeed , the Feaverish Fit is induced , with shivering and heat , as is wont to be in a Tertian .

In a Quartan Feaver , the periods have longer intervals , because , when the Dyscrasie of the Blood is become sourish , and therefore less violent and hot , it perverts the alible Juice without strife , or tumult : wherefore , it assimilates some of it , and the depravation of the rest , does not so far recede from its natural state , as in a Tertian , and from hence , its congestion to a plenitude , is made longer , and almost in another half of that time , in which a Tertian rises up to a Turgescency : And therefore , those taken with this Feaver , are indifferently well , and are strong ; which is a sign , that the nutritious Juice is less depraved ; also , the Fits are made without cruel burning , because the nutritious humor , is perverted into a fermentative matter , without great adustion .

But why this Disease is so hard to be cured , and so pertinaciously infests the sick , the cause is , the melancholic constitution of the Blood , which is not easily to be taken away , and yields almost to no Remedies . The cholerick disposition of the Blood , is mended by the frequent Deflagration , and ceases often of its own accord , even as too rich Wines are depressed , by their own growing hot , and are wont to be reduced into their due state : but this melancholick Dyscrasie of the Blood , in which , with a want and defect of Spirits , Salt and Earth are too much exalted , ( as when Wines grow sour ) is most hard to be restored , and is almost of the same labour and difficulty , as to put again life , and a vinous Spirit , into Vinegar : For that the Blood , depraved after this manner , may be restored , it will be needful , that its whole mass should be volatilised and as it were made Spiritual anew : wherefore , in this case , evacuations profit not a jot , yea , by more depauperating the Blood , oftentimes the strength is cast down , beyond help : but they had need to exalt , and make volatile what is fixed , and to promote a Transpiration , or Spiritualisation , in the whole mass of Blood : From hence it is , that in this Disease , the change of the Air and Region , most often brings help , before all other Remedies : For the Spring following , oftentimes takes away those Quartan Feavers , that had arisen the Autumn before : which without doubt happens , because the changed condition of the Air , is wont to alter for the better , the evil disposition of the Blood : also for the same reason , the change of the place , most often cures this Distemper , inexpugnable to all Physick .

If it be demanded , wherefore this Disease chiefly begins in the Autumn ; and rarely in the Spring , or Summer time ; I say , the Autumnal time doth most fitly produce this kind of Feaverish disposition of the Blood , for when very much of the Spirit , and Sulphur , hath flown away by the Summers heat , and that what is left begins to be bound up by the cold ; the Liquor of the Blood , ( as Wine growing sour by too much heat ) easily degenerates into a saltish , and acidulous or sharp Nature : This also , the Sea air , by infecting the Blood and Spirits , with saline Vapours falling on them , easily procures : yea , also the affinity of this Disease , with the Scurvy , and Hypochondriac distemper , plainly shews , the evil disposition of the Blood to be in fault , whereby it becomes salt , and earthy , with the want of Spirit .

Concerning Quartan Feavers , the last year was so abundantly fruitful of observations , that many might collect by ocular Inspection , whatever belong to this Disease ; for when the most hot Summer was past , about the end of it , an Epidemical Feaver ( of which in another place you shall have a description ) followed ; then the Autumn coming on , when that Disease had ceased , a Quartan Feaver began very much to rage ; that in very many places , the fourth part of the people was taken with it : neither did it only infest old men , splenitick and melancholick men , but of every age and temper , also Infants , Children , and young men ordinarily : which was clearly a sign , that this Distemper had drawn its rise , not from a melancholick humour , heaped up , by the default of the Spleen , but from the Dyscrasie of the Blood , brought in , through the intemperance of the year : for the mass of the Blood , after too great heats , even as Wines after immoderate effervescencies , was made fit to grow somwhat sour , or to get an austere disposition , and so also prone to this sort of Feaver , as is already shewed .

If the Remedies , which for the Curing of this , have been made tryal of , both by Physicians and Empericks , were collected together , their description would swell into a great Volumn ; but altho there is instituted , a manifold provision of Medicine , against this evil , yet very few are cured in the Autumn . In some , about the begining of their sickness , before the Disease has taken too deep root , a Vomit hath brought help ; but in most , all manner of Cathartics , tho an hundred times repeated , have profited nothing . In whom the evil had deeply implanted it self , the sick received no help , from the most studied Medicines made use of all the Autumn . But when at this time , I perceived the ordinary method of Medicine , was administred in vain , I proposed to a Noble Virgin , requiring a sudden Cure , by any means , to be performed , that if she would indure a Flux at the Mouth , for some days , from a Mineral Medicine , by that means , it might be hoped , that the Disease would be profligated . When she had readily assented to this , I gave her a gentle , and very safe Medicine , by which a light spitting only was provoked , and that finished within twelve days : As soon as the Salivation began , she mist her fits , but at those times they were wont to come she felt a perturbation in her whole Body , with an oppression of the Heart , and dread of swooning , but after the spitting was finished , she appear'd very well ; and when again after two months space , she was troubled with some light fits of this Disease , from an Emetick pouder , twice or thrice taken , she was wholly cured without relapsing .

After the winter Solstice , this Disease began to rage less , and to cease in some of its own accord , and in many others , to be easily expung'd by the use of Physick : because at this time , the Dyscrasie of the Blood , contracted by the Summers heat , is wont to be blotted out leisurely , by reason of the cold of the Winter , and the mass of Blood growing old , as it were to put off its old spoils , and to be reduced towards its natural State . But those , who were of a melancholick temper , or had their viscera , and especially the Spleen , evilly affected , or that used an ill manner of Dyet , received no change at this Tropick , but to the next period of the year , viz. to the vernal Equinox , or the Spring , kept the Disease ; and then in most , the Blood being either restored of it self , or its intemperance more easily mended by the use of Remedies , this Distemper was seen to be overcome : But in the mean time , many old men , and such as were full of evil humours , or otherways unhealthy , ordinarily dyed , in all that space of time , of this Disease ; also some liv'd , who could not shake off its yoak , tho the Summer Solstice were past . But altho very many had labour'd with this Feaver , as it were Epidemical , almost thorow the whole year , yet none ( that I know ) contracted it first in the Spring , and very few grew well of it during the Autumn , that in truth , I do not doubt , the Dyscrasie of the Blood , to be the cause of this , and the cure to consist in the change of it .

The Remedies , which most often brought help , ( as appeared at least to our observation ) were of this sort , which did restrain the Feaverish Fit : for the evils of the disposition of this sort , which did restrain the Feaverish Fit : for the evils of the changed , if now the habitual custom of the Fits were broken off , Nature recollected her self , and easily recover'd the pristine state of health , by her own endeavour . And this kind of intention , ( to wit , the inhibition of the Fits ) tho somtimes performed by Vomits , given a little before the coming of the Fit , ( for these did not rarely stop the Feaverish motion of the Blood , by raising up another motion contrary to this ) yet this Indication is far more certainly , and indeed happily effected , by the use of those kind of Medicines , which do not altogether , evacuate from the Viscera , but induce , either a certain fixation to the Blood , or a precipitation of the Feaverish matter , for a time . Wherefore , those whom I undertook to cure , in the Spring , and afterwards ; I handled ( and in most with good success ) with this method ; a provision being made of the whole , somtimes with an Emetic Medicine , somtimes with a Solutive ; I was wont three hours before the Fit , to lay a peculiar Ague-Medicine to the wrists , and together , to give them to drink in Sack , an Ague-resisting pouder , and to order the sick to be kept in Bed in a gentle sweat : It seldom hapned , but at the first , or second time , the Feaverish Fit , was by this means restrained , and then , by the same Remedy , somtimes reiterated , the Disease at last wholly ceased . To this kind of practice , ( besides our experience ) the use of the pouder , of a certain Bark , brought of late from the Indies , seems to give some Faith , and approbation ; which is said , most certainly to cure this Disease ; but the vertue , or operation of this , without any evacuation , consists in this only , that it hinders the coming of the Feaverish Fits .

Concerning this Peruvian Bark , because of late it hath begun to be in use , there are some things to be said , which offer themselves to common observation . The common manner of exhibiting this is , that two drams of it beaten to pouder , be infused in Sack , or Whitewine , in an open Glass , for two hours , and then upon the coming of the Fit , the Patient being put to Bed , that the liquor and pouder be drunk up . This potion often takes away the approaching Fit , yet oftentimes tho taken after the wonted manner , it prevents the next , however , either in the first , second , or third period , the Fit is inhibited , and the Disease seems to be cured , it is often wont to return , within twenty or thirty days ; then this pouder being again exhibited , the Disease is for a time deferred about the same space , and by this means , I have known many sick of a Quartan , to have suffered some few Fits only , a whole Autumn , and Winter , and so to have detained the enemy in his precincts , till the Spring coming on , the disposition of the Blood is altered , for the better , by the help of the time of year , and of other Physick , and so this distemper vanishes by degrees . Those who by this means , have procured these frequent truces of the Quartan , have liv'd chearful , lively , and ready for any business , when otherwise , being weak , and pale , they were brought into languishment , and a vitious habit of Body : scarce one of an hundred , hath tryed this Medicine in vain , yea , if but half , or a lesser quantity , viz. the weight of but one dram , taken , it very often takes away the Fits , and suspends the same , a shorter space only ; neither is it any matter , whether it be taken in strong , or small Wine , unless with the respect , to the disposition of the sick : because in a more hot temper , it may be profitably taken in distilled Water , or Whey ; also , a clear infusion of it , the more thick substance being cast away , produces the like effect , but of shorter durance : I have taken care to reduce this powder into Pills , with the mucilage of Tragacanth , with a little cost to the sick , to be given to some ; after what manner soever it is taken , unless , to those loathing and abhorring every Medicine , it causes no manifest evacuation , and takes away the Fit , almost from all ; neither is it only in a Quartan Feaver , but in the other kinds of intermitting Feavers , to wit , in every one where there is any remission coming between , given with good success . It is commonly ordered , that a gentle Purge should be taken before this , but in some who are very weak , and keep their Beds , this powder being taken carefully , without any previous Medicine , hath procured laudable effects . In the mean time , I will ingeniously confess , that I have not seen an intermitting Feaver quite cured , by this Bark , once taken : nay , rather the Fits not only of a Quartan , but of a Tertian , and Quotidian Feaver , wholly overcome easily by other Remedies , seeming to be driven away by this powder , have constantly return'd after a short time . For this Reason , they who suppress intermitting Feavers , otherways easily curable , no necessity urging them , by this Medicine , for a little while , only seem to institute a deceitful Medicine , and do no more than those , who skin over a rotten ulcer , which will shortly break out again ; in truth , in some cases , the use of this will be requisite , viz. when by thy too great assiduity of the Fits , the spirits of the sick are cast down , truces are by this means procured , by which Nature may recollect her self , and afterwards may be more able to fight against this potent Enemy : also , that a Quartan Feaver , during the Autumn and Winter , may pass over with little trouble , this Bark is profitably administred : But those , who expect a longer resting time , from the assaults of this Feaver , are bid to take this powder in greater quantity , and more often , to wit , that they should take two drams , three several times one after another , whether the Fits return or no ; by this means , they remain longer free , yet they retain within , the Enemy still , tho asleep .

If it be demanded , concerning the Nature of this Bark , and the virtue in suppressing the fits of Intermitting Feavers , it is not to be dissembled , that 't is very difficult to explicate the causes of these kind of effects , and the manner of working ; because , there is not found as yet in any Subject , besides , the like efficacy ; but from a singular experiment , a general Reason is not to be rightly fitted : however , from the appearances diligently Collated , we will deduce some Theses in order , which may make at least some steps towards , if not obtain the verity of this thing .

It is to be noted therefore , in the first place , that this Medicine , being inwardly taken , especially exerciseth its force and energy on the mass of Blood ; because , it does not at all irritate the Viscera , neither causes in them any excretion , or trouble ; besides , whilst it communicates its virtue to the Blood , it doth not at all put forth Antifeaverish property ; wherefore , not always the next following fit , but the second , or the third , is prevented , by the same being taken : and for this reason , that it may sooner affect the Blood , it is a usual thing , to drink the Liquor , very much impregnated with the same powder , for so its Particles are more easily conveyed into the mass of Blood . Secondly , the virtue of this Bark , being impressed on the Blood , stays in it for some time , and that either shorter or longer , according as either a greater or lesser portion of the Medicine was taken inwardly ; for the Particles of this , being confused with the Blood , are a long while circulated with it , and by how much the longer they stay , by so much the more they affect its mass , and produce a longer effect : for though Aliments , and some other things taken in , for that they are presently overcome by the native heat , put off whatever they have of virtue , within some few hours , this being then assimilated or sent forth adoors , they cease to operate : yet some Medicines being taken inwardly , because they are not easily tamed , nor cast forth of doors presently , by an irritation stirred up , they remain for many days very active , and hold a long time the Juices , and the Blood , in this or that manner of Fermentation , this may be observed of some Medicines , also of Poysons , and Counterpoysons , the once or twice taking of which , for some days , is wont to affect our Bodies for a longer time ; for 't is an usual thing with Cathartic Medicines , when they work little by Vomit , or Stool , to break forth after many weeks outwardly , in Pustles and Wealks : yea , if Death be avoided , from the drinking of Poyson , every body knows , that the virulency will lie hid , a long time in the Blood and Juices . In like manner also , this powder , and perhaps very many other things inwardly taken , altho they seem asleep , yet continue to act , on the Spirits and Humors .

Thirdly , altho this Medicine acts immediately on the Blood and Humors , yet it takes not wholly away , the Feaverish Dyscrasie , implanted in them : for , as soon as its force is consumed , and all its Particles are flown away , from the mixture of the Blood , the Distemper being only suppressed for a time , at length rises up , and repeats its fits after its wonted manner , but forasmuch as Nature , by the space of this cessation , becomes stronger , therefore , after the Relaps , the fits ( not as before ) but on the third or fourth day , according to the first figure of the Disease , are wont to return .

Fourthly , It is remarked , that this Remedy , does not stop the Feaverish accessions , as the ordinary Ague-resisters or Febrifuges , by fixing , or also by fusing the Blood ; for then the next fit always , and not the second , or third following after , is prevented .

According to which positions , that we may instead of a Corollary , subjoin some things concerning the manner it self of working , whereby this Medicine seems to act ; we say , it is most likely , that when the Particles , proceeding from the same being taken , are throughly mixed with the Blood , they compel it into a certain new Fermentation , by which , whilst the Particles of the Blood are continually agitated , they are wholly hindered , that they cannot heap up any Excrementitious matter , or enter into Feaverish turgescencies ; for , as after the biting of a mad dog , or stinging of any venemous Creatures , the Blood it self , and nervous Juice , are a long while impoysoned , yet lest they should conceive presently great irregularities , Counterpoysons being taken , do hinder their Liquors , by retaining them in another Fermentation ; the use of which , if so long continued , whilst the virulent little Bodies are quite flown away , no horrid symptom is to be feared , from that evil being contracted ; but if the strength of the Remedy , being too sparingly given , be first consumed , forth with the Venom repullulates , and the old Poyson , thought to have been exploded , is at length brought into act : by the same way , when the Blood , having gotten a vitious disposition , perverts the Alible Juice , and whereby it might more rightly expel it , heaped together to a fulness , conceives Feaverish swellings up ; this Peruvian Bark being beaten , and administred , by the Commerce of its Particles , so agitates the Blood , tho distempered with an evil disposition , with a new excited Fermentation , and alters it , that it in some measure concocts the nourishable Juice , and continually evaporates its Recrements , that they are not heaped together as before , into the matter of a fit : But , when the Particles of this Remedy , are wholly flown away , from the company of the Blood , and the whole virtue consumed , the evil disposition of the Blood , before contrancted , at length rises up , and so the Feaverish fits return , after their wonted manner . Somtimes perhaps it happens , that whilst the Feaverish fits are suppressed , by the use of this powder , by reason of the season of the year being changed , or by the help of another Remedy , or by the endeavour of Nature it self , that Dyscrasie of the Blood may be mended , by degrees , and so the Feaver may at length vanish , of its own accord . This I have known to happen , but very rarely , because almost with the same certainty , by which you expect the Feaverish fits to be suppressed , by that powder , you may afterwards look for their return .

As to what appertains to the sensible qualities , with which this Bark is noted , it appears to abound with bitterness , and a certain stipticity , that it seems to the tast , to have the likeness of Savor , which is in most Conterpoysons , as the Root of Gentian , Serpentary , Contrayerva , &c. for what are bitter in act , are strong in excellent virtue , for the suppressing the force of preternatural Ferments ; yea , the Root of Gentian , which is likest to this Bark , was in times past of famous use , for the Curing of Quartan Feavers . But now , altho this Peruvian powder , be the only Alexiterion or Counter-poyson , as yet found out against a Quartan Feaver , to wit , that inhibits ( tho only for a time ) its fits , and of other Intermitting Feavers , yet it is not to be doubted ; but that there are in the world , other Medicines extant , which are as good Ague resisters ; and it is hoped , that led by the example of this new invention , we may be excited , to the finding out the virtues of Herbs , almost as yet unknown : so , whilst we shall insist on the trial of several , and the Empirical be joyned to the Rational Medicine , without doubt the Cures of the Quartan Ague , and of other invincible Diseases , may more happily be accomplished ; which therefore I promise more willingly to this Age , or at least to the next , when being led by the Analogy of this Book , I have found out a Medicine , for the profligating of Feavers , of use not contemptible , it not being long since variously tryed , which also I am wont to give to the poorer sort , instead of somthing else , with good success .

CHAP. VII . Of continual Feavers .

A Continual Feaver is that , whose fit is continued for many days , without intermission : It hath its times of remission , and of more fierceness , but never of intermission ; the burning is now more remiss , now more intense , but still the sick are in a Feaver , until by the temperament , or insensible growing well , the Disease is wholly Cured . Concerning this , it behoves us to inquire , what Effervescency of the Blood it is , which causes a continual Feaver ; then , by what ways , and from what causes , it is wont to be excited : also , how it differs from that , which is in Intermitting Feavers . And these being performed , we will descend to the Species of Continual Feavers .

There are many ways , by which the Blood growing hot , induces a continual Feavear , the chief of which may be reduced to these Heads : The first way is , when the more spirituous , and subtil Portion of the Blood , becomes too hot , and is distempered , with a certain burning , which therefore agitates the other parts of the Blood , and incites it into a certain rage , so that the Sulphur , or the Oily part of the Blood , is more dissolved , and more inkindled in the Heart , also , for that cause , there is among all the Particles of the Blood , a certain syncrisis , contrariety , or perturbation , by which in truth , being confused , and put out of order , they are not able quickly to be extricated , and reduced into their former posture , wherefore , a heat and burning more than is wont to be , is stirred up in the whole Body : but when the Spirits are only in fault , their heat and disorder , are wont within a short space , to be allaied of their own accord , therefore , this Feaver is often terminated within a day , and is rarely continued beyond three : and therefore , is called an Ephemera , or a Feaver of a day , or Synochus of more dayr ,

2. The second manner , or degree of growing hot , is when the Sulphureous or Oily part of the Blood , being too much heated , conceives a Fervor : for then , it both grows immoderately hot in the Vessels , and being very much inkindled in the Heart , produces by its deflagration , a very strong heat in the whole Body . Indeed the Blood , as to its temper , mostly depends on the condition of the Sulphur ; when by reason of crudity , the Sulphur is less dissolved , the Blood is made watery and cold , and is moved slowly in the Vessels : but if the Sulphureous , or Oily part of the Blood , grows hot , beyond its Natural disposition , presently it becomes fierce , and improportionate with the rest , so that , almost the whole being acted , as it were into a flame , by the Ferment of the Heart , compels the mass of Blood to grow immoderately hot , and to boil up . For as when Wines , indued with a rich Lee , are stirred up into an heat , by the too rancid Sulphur ; or as Hay , laid up too wet , by reason of the want of Ventilation , conceives of its own accord a burning , the Particles of the Sulphur being loosned from the mixture ; in like manner , when the Blood is not rightly ventilated , but being restrained from Evacuation , by reason of the admixtion of some hot thing , or a more plentiful sanguification ; or for some other cause , the Particles of the Sulphur begin to be thickly gathered together ; presently , all its Liquor , immoderately boils up , by the Sulphurs being loosned , and inflamed in the Heart , and this kind of Feaver is induced , which is called a putrid Synochus ; notwithstanding which appellation , tho of many rejected , for that the Blood so long as it is in motion , doth not putrifie ; yet forasmuch , as in this Feaver , the mixture of the Blood , is somwhat loosned , by the Sulphur being too much exalted , and the mass of its Liquor being changed , from its Natural disposition , tends toward putrefaction , therefore , the term of a putrid Feaver , as hath been anciently used , may be still , with good reason , retained .

3. The third degree of growing hot , ( and which constitutes a distinct kind of continual Feaver ) is excited , from a certain malignant , and invenomed Ferment , by which , when the mass of the Blood is imbued , and the Spirits , and the Sulphureous part together , conceive an heat , and their burning is not sooner appeased , than that either that malignant matter be consumed , and cast forth of doors , or else a certain coagulation , and as it were putrefaction , of the Blood , from its corruptive venom is induced , by which , both circulation is hindered , and the Vital Spirit extinguished . This malignity is wont to arise , either from a certain contagion received from without , or from some infection begotten within us ; according to these ways the malignant Feaver , Small-pox , Measels , and also the Plague , draw their beginnings , and by their contagion , far and near set upon many .

There are therefore three degrees , or manners of growing hot , by which , the kinds of continual Feavers are determined . From the subtil portion of the Blood made hot , or the Ebullition of the Spirits , the Ephemera arises , as also the Synochus of one or more days ; by the Sulphureous , or Oily part of the Blood , being too hot and inkindled , the putrid Feaver is stirred up , then thirdly , upon an invenomed taint , infecting the Blood , and congealing its Liquor , malignant Feavers depend . In every one of these , by the depravation , or rather corruption of the Alible Juice , fresh carried into the Blood , the various fits , inequalities , and critical motions arise . But before I enter upon the several kinds of a continued Feaver , it is requisite for me , to consider , how the growing hot of the Blood , in a continual Feaver , differs from that other , which constitutes Intermitting Feavers .

I say therefore , that the growing hot of the Blood , in an Intermitting Feaver , depends only , upon the commixtion of a certain Fermentative matter , and not rightly miscible , with the Blood , and on its growing up , to a fulness of boiling over . Because of this heat , with the Blood in the Vessels , and of the deflagration in the Heart , the fit is induced ; because of its growing cool , the intermission follows , that in the coming between of the fits , neither the Spirits , nor Sulphur , become outragious , but the bond of the mixture being kept whole , the Liquor is circulated in the Vessels , equally , and without trouble : on the contrary , in a continual Feaver , the disorders of the Spirits , and of Sulphur , of either , or both together , by their proper Ebullition , also without the mixture of any other , stir up the Ebullition of the Blood ; wherefore , there are required , for an intermission , besides the difflation or colling of the Excrementitious matter , a deflagration of the inkindled Blood , and a reduction of it to its due Temper .

The Constitution of the Blood in a continual Feaver , is of the same sort as of Wines , when they grow hot upon too rich a Lee ; to wit , are mighty in Spirit , and grow turgid with exalted Sulphur , and therefore they conceive a Fervor , and greatly boil up , of their own accord , without the mixture of any other thing . In an Intermitting Feaver , the Blood is moved after that manner , as Wines , when they conceive an heat , because of somthing poured to them , that is not miscible with them : Moreover , in this Feaver , the disposition of the Blood is of that sort , as of Wines , when in their decay and declination , they become ropy , unsavory , or acid , to wit , in which the Spirit is depressed , that in the mean time , either Salt , or Sulphur , or both together , appear above the rest , and infect the whole Liquor with their disorder . An Intermitting Feaver , for the most part , is free from danger , because the constitutive parts of the Blood , altho they should somwhat change their disposition , however , keep the bond of mixture , and whilst they are in power , are circulated equally in the Vessels , yea they pervert the nutritious Juice , into a matter , not altogether besides Nature , but rather infesting , with its fulness and turgescency . In a continual Feaver , besides the intemperance , the mixture of the Blood , and constitution of the Liquor , are somwhat loosned , and its corruption easily follows ; wherefore this Disease often ends in death : further , the nourishing Juice is depraved , into a matter wholly vitious , and altogether infestous to Nature .

CHAP. VIII . Of the Ephemera or Feaver for a Day .

I Have said , the least degree of heat , which induces a continual Feaver , is placed in the subtil , and Spirituous part of the Blood , being too much agitated and heated ; for this , like the Spirit of Wine , boils up on every light occasion , and conceives a fervor , by a too great motion of the Body , or perturbation of mind , by the ambient heat as of the Sun or vapours , by hot things taken inwardly , as the drinking of Wine , and the eating of peppered meats , and being irritated by such like . For the Spirits of the Blood , easily take fire , and being impetuously moved , are not presently appeased , but they move throughly other Particles of the Blood , variously confound , and snatch them , into a rapid and disorderly motion ; also from this motion of the Spirits , the Sulphur , or Oily part of the Blood , is more boiled forth , somwhat more dissolved , and somthing more fully inkindled in the Heart , by which means , an intense heat is raised up , in the whole Body . But forasmuch , as Sulphur is inkindled , and inflamed only by small parts , and not in the whole , that fervor of the Spirits is quickly appeased , and ceases : wherefore , the Feaver which is excited by this means , for the most part is terminated , within twenty four hours , and therefore is called an Ephemera , or a Feaver of a day . If that by reason of a greater heat of the Spirituous Blood , it is prolonged further , it rarely exceeds three days , and is called an Ephemera of more days , or a Synochus not putrid : but if it should happen to be lengthned beyond this time , this Feaver easily passes into a putrid , viz. from the dayly Ebullition of the Spirituous Blood , the more thick Particles of the Sulphur , at length begin to take fire , and involve the whole mass of Blood , in its Effervescency : even as the Spirit of Turpentine , being shut up in a Cucurbit , and being put into a Sand Furnace , if it be forced with a moderate heat , boils up gently , as the Blood in a Feaver of day ; but if the heat be made more strong ; the Liquor grows impetuously hot , till it breaks forth into a flame , to which the inflamation of the Blood , in a putrid Feaver , may be very aptly compared .

The Days Feaver , and Synochus simple , rarely begin without an evident cause : Besides what hath been but now said , immoderate Labour , Watchings , a sudden passion of the mind , a constriction of the pores , a Surfeit , also a Bubo or inflamed Sore , a Wound , the coming down of the Milk in Child-bearing Women , are wont to induce them ; The procatartic Causes , which dispose to this , are an hot temper of Body , an active habit , a sedentary life , and disuse of exercise .

The chief beginnings of this Disease , depend upon the presence of the evident cause : for either , little Bodies of extraneous heat , being confused with the Blood , like water boiling over the fire , make it to boil up ; or this Feaver is induced , by motion , or by reason of transpiration being stopped ; even as Wines made hot by motion , or when too closely stopped in the Ton , are put into a Fervor : but what way soever an inflamation is first excited , presently the Spirits become enraged , and being moved hither and thither , compel the Blood to boil up , and to be inlarged into a greater space , with a spumous rarefaction : wherefore , the Vessels are distended , and the membranous parts hauled , hence follow pain , chiefly in the Head and Loins , a spontaneous weariness , and as it were an inflation of the whole Body . If that , with the Spirit of the Blood , a certain Sulphureous part , be also in some measure inkindled , a sharp heat is diffused through the whole , the Pulse is vehement and quick , the Urine red , also thirst , watchings , and many other symptoms infest , the reasons of which are added hereafter .

Concerning the Solution , or Crisis of the Ephemeran Feaver , and of the not putrid Synochus , three things are chiefly requisite : viz. a removing of the evident cause , secondly a separation , and a scattering of the depraved , or excrementitious matter , from the mass of Blood : Thirdly , a quieting of the parts of the Blood , and a restitution of them , to their natural and equal motion and site . According as these succeed , now more suddenly , now more slowly , and difficully , this Disease is finished in a shorter , or longer time .

1. The evident cause , which for the most part is extrinsick , is easily removed , and the sick are wont , presently to avoid the presence , or assiduity of that thing , and do perceive a sense of any thing that is hurtful ; none taking a Feaver from Wine , will still indulge the drinking of it , as soon as any one grows more than usually hot , in a Bath , or the heat of the Sun , 't is a trouble to them to stay longer .

2. As to the Excrementitious matter , which ought to be scattered , and separated from the Blood : this is either brought from without , as when the Blood is infected by surfeit , drinking of Wine , sitting in the Sun , or from a too hot Bath , with Effluvia , or little dry , and Fermentative Bodies ; or this matter is begotten within , as when its Liquor is stuffed with recrements , or adust Particles , from the deflagraton of the Blood . Either of these matters , ought to be searated from the Blood , to be dispersed , and either by sweat , or insensible breathing forth , to be thrust out of doors , before the Feaver be appeased ; wherefore , when as the pores are bound up , and transpiration hindred , the Ephemeran Feaver is longer protracted , and somtimes passes , from a simple Synochus , into a putrid .

3. The evident cause being removed , and this degenerate matter dispersed , there is required for the remission , a quieting , and reducing into order , the parts of the Blood ; for diverse Particles of the Blood , being after this manner confused ; and by reason of the Feaverish heat , carried up and down , they do not presently get again the former order of situation and position ; but it is needful , that they be by degrees extricated , and by little and little restored , to a just mixture .

Although this Disease , after the removing of the evident cause , for the most part ceases of its own accord , within a while , yet some Medicinal Remedies may be administred , with good success , especially , when there is danger , lest the Ephemeran Feaver , should pass into a putrid , The chief intentions should be , to suppress the fervor of the Blood , and to procure a more free transpiration ; to the which conduce , first a breathing of a Vein , a slender diet , or rather abstinency , cooling drinks , and a bringing away the filth of the Belly , by Clysters : Sleep , and Rest , greatly help , above all the rest ; which , if wanting should be procured in time , by Opiats , and Anodynes .

Verily , altho the Histories , and Observations of those , distempered with an Ephemeran Feaver , contain in themselves nothing very rare ; yet I shall subjoin an example or two , in this place , whereby the delineation or type of this Disease , may be illustrated .

A certain young Gentleman , about twenty years of Age , endued with a strong habit of Body , by the immoderate drinking of strong Wine , fell into a Feaverish distemper , with thirst , heat , and with a great burning of his Precordia ; being let Blood , he drank a great quantity of fair water , and upon it presently a plentiful sweat following , he grew shortly well : In this case , the more thin portion of the Blood , being heated by the Spirits of the Wine , fell into a rage , caused the whole mass of Blood to be shaken , and its frame to be loosned , more than t was wont ; and for that reason , that hapned to be more dissolved , by the Ferment of the Heart , and to be as it were inkindled by the active Particles , loosned from the mixture ; until the Vessels being emptied by Phlebotomy , the raging Blood was cooled , and by the drinking of the water , its fervor was attempered ; then the hot Effluvia , being involved , together with the adust matter , with a copious Serum , and sent away by Sweat , the Blood at length recovered its due temper . Moreover , an ingenious young man , of a sedentary life , and also very much addicted to the Study of Learning , when he had for somtime exercised himself , beyond his strength , in the hot Sunshine , he began to complain of the pain of his head , a want of Appetite , a heat of his Precordia , and of a Feaverish distemper all over ; to whom , ( for that he was wholly averse to Physick ) I ordered an abstinence from all things whatsoever , unless from Small-Beer , and Grewel ; on the second day , and so more on the third , the symptoms remitted , by little and little , on the fourth , he went home freed from the Feaver , without any Medicine .

CHAP. IX . Of a Putrid Feaver .

SO much for a Continual Feaver , which is rasied from the most simple heating of the Blood , or its lowest degree of inordinate heat ; that which depends on a greater degree of heat follows , viz. when the Oily or Sulphureous part of the Blood , being too much heated , swells up above measure , and as it were forced into a flame ; and therefore from the similitude , by which humid things putrifying , conceive an heat , this kind of Ebullition of the Blood , because it induces an immoderate heat , is called a putrid Feaver : which name ought to be retained without injury , because that in this Feaver , the Synthesis of the Blood , ( as is wont to happen in putrifying Liquors ) is very much unlocked . When the Spirits only grow inraged , ( as in an Ephemera ) the frame of the Blood is somwhat set open , and loosened , that it is more dissolved , by the Ferment of the Heart , than is wont , and more Particles than naturally use to do , leap forth , and diffuse a more intense heat ; but yet the mixture of the Liquor , as to its chief parts , is conserved . But when the Sulphureous matter taking fire , grows hot above measure , the bond of the mixture , for the greatest part , is loosed , that its Principles are almost wholly drawn away , by the Ferment of the Heart , and the active Particles , being loosned from the mixture , break forth as it were into a flame . Wherefore , the Liquor of the Blood being after this manner rarified , in the Heart , and as it were inkindled , is from thence carried , through the Vessels , with a most rapid motion , and disperses very many Effluvia of heat , from its deflagration . Hence , the whole mass of Blood , ( like water put over the fire ) continually boiling , distends the Vessels , pulls the Brain and Nervous parts , raises up Convulsions , and pains in them , very much destroys the Vital Spirits with its heat , wasts the Ferments of the Bowels , hinders the Offices of concoction , and dispensation , often depraves the nourishing Juice , destinated for the Nervous stock , that from thence exceeding great disorders of the Animal Spirits follow ; yea almost perverts the whole oeconomy of Nature .

The course of this Disease shews it self after this manner ; It rarely begins without a procatartic cause , or previous disposition : to wit , the Sulphureous or oily part of the Blood , is first too much carried forth , and exalted beyond its due tenor , which afterwards , either of its own accord , ( like Hay not eventilated ) begins to grow hot , or by the coming of an evident cause , it is forced into a preternatural heat . But when it grows turgid in the first place , by reason of the admixtion of a crude Juice with the Blood , now a shivering , now heat infests , which shew themselves unequally , like fire , which is covered with green wood , sends forth now smoak , now flame : But at length , the fire glowing more largely , as here the victor fire spreads it self abroad , so there ( sooner than said ) the whole mass of Blood is inflamed , and is urged at once with heat , and a most swift motion : Nor is this immoderate heat of the Blood appeased , before its active particles being loosned from the mixture , and then successively inkindled in the Heart , are wholly burned out , which doth not happen , but in the space of many days . And then at length this Feaver ceases , when the remaining Liquor of the Blood , the Spirit and Sulphur being very much consumed , being made lifeless and poor , is fit only for a weak and small fermentation . From this kind of deflagration of the Blood , and also of the alible Juice , ( by the same fire burnt out ) the recrements , or little Bodies of torrified matter , are heaped up in the Blood ; which yet do more promote its fervor , and ebullition , and for a time , increase the Feaverish distemper . After the Blood hath very much burned forth , and these kind of little Bodies , are gathered together to a fulness of swelling up , the vital Spirit endeavors a soparation , and tries to concoct , and to overcome , ( what it may ) these adust recrements , and then , having put a great many of them into a swelling up , a Flux being risen , strives to shut them wholly out . And indeed , in the subaction , and seclusion of this matter , chiefly consists the event of this Disease ; for if the vital Spirit being strong , the Bloody humor ( when it hath sufficiently burned forth , and shall be freed from these adust particles ) should recover its pristine tenor , whereby it is made fit for motion , and a due fermentation in the Heart , the sick tends towards health ; but if , by a long deflagration , and an inextricable confusion of the morbific matter , the liquor of the Blood , being wanting of Spirits , and more pure Sulphur , or those same ( by the impure mixture growing ill ) being as it were put under the yoak ; is rendred so lifeless , that it is not any longer rarified , by the ferment of the Heart , or inkindled ; by degrees , its heat , and motion , together with Life it self decays .

The procatartick causes , which dispose to this Disease , are , an hot and humid Temper , an active habit of Body , a youthful Age , the Spring time , or Summer season , a high and rich Dyet , besides the often drinking of rich Wines , a sedentary and idle life , a Body full of gross humors , and suffed with vitious Juices ; but above all the rest , it appears by observation , that the frequent letting of Blood , renders men more apt to Feavers ; wherefore it is commonly said , from whom Blood is once drawn , that unless they do the same every year , they are prone to a Feaver . The reason of this is , ( unless I am deceiv'd ) by the frequent letting of Blood , the Sulphur is more copiously gathered together , in the mass of Blood ; in the mean time , the Salt ( which should bridle it , and hinder it from raging ) by this means is drawn away ; for the Blood , the older it grows , becomes so much the more Salt , the Salt of all the Elements not evaporating . But by how much the more the Blood abounds in Salt , by so much the less it aboungs in Sulphur ; for Salt eats and consumes the Sulphur , and makes it evaporate : wherefre , they who are lean , and abound with a Salt Blood , are less prone to Feavers . But when , by the letting of Blood , the ancient Blood is drawn forth , in its stead another more rich , and more impregnated with Sulphur , is substituted ; so that it becomes less Salt , and more Sulphurous . Hence it is , that those who often let Blood , are not only prone to Feavers , but also wont to grow fat , because of the Bloods being more impregnated with Sulphureous Juice .

The evident causes , which deduce the latent disposition of this Feaver into act , are of the same sort , which procure an Ephemeran Feaver , and simple Synochus ; in this rank chiefly come , Transpiration being hindred , and Surfeiting . By reason of the effluvia being restrained , the mass of the Blood being increased in bulk grows turgid , and conceives Fervor , as it were from a certain ferment , inspired anew , and curelly boyls up ; from thence , presently the pores are more obstructed , by the infartion of the effluvia , and the frame of the Liquor being loosned , the particles of the Sulphur , exuberating in the Blood , leap forth from the mixture , and are inflamed by the ferment of the heart , as it were by fire put to them , and so they enkindle a very intense Feaver . But from a Surfeit , both an immoderate fermentation is induced in the Blood , and also a nitrous Sulphureous matter , apt for adustion , and an inkindling is conveyed , as it were food , to the burning Blood .

In this Feaver , four times or seasons are to be observed , in which , as it were so many posts , or spaces , its course is performed : These are then , The Beginning , the Augmentation , the Height , and Declination . These are wont to be finished in some sooner , in others more slowly , or in a longer time . The beginning ought to be computed , from the time the Blood begins to be made hot , and its Sulphur to conceive a burning , until the ardors , and burnings are diffused , thorow the whole mass of Blood . The Increase or Augmentation , is from the time , that the Blood being made hot , and inkindled thorow the whole , burns forth for some time , and its mass is aggravated with the Recrements ; or burnt Particles , which increase the fermentation . The state , or standing of the Disease , is when ( after the Blood has sufficiently burned forth , and its burning now remits ) the long vexed Blood , like a noble wrestler , when his adversary is a little yielding , recollecting all his strength , endeavours a bringing under , and a separation of that adust matter , with which it is filled to a plenitude , and also , a Crisis or separation being once or oftner attempted , an expulsion of it forth of doors . The Declination succeeds after the Crisis or secretion , in which the Blood grows less hot , with a languishing fire , and either , ( the vital Spirit being as yet strong ) overcomes what is left of that adust and extraneous matter , and by degrees puts it forth , until it is restored to its former vigour ; or , whilst the same Spirit is too much depressed , the liquor of the Blood , is still stuffed with adust recrements , and therefore becomes troubled and depauperated , that it neither assimilates the nourishing Juice , nor is made fit for an accension in the heart , for the sustaining the lamp of Life .

1. When therefore any one is taken with a putrid Feaver , the first assault is for the most part accompanied with a shivering or horror : for when the Blood begins to grow hot , there is a flux made , and a swelling up of the crude Juice , freshly gathered together in the Vessels , even as in the fit of an intermitting Feaver , heat , and somtimes sweat follow , upon the shivering , by which , the matter of that crude Juice is inkindled , and dispersed : afterwards , a certain remission of the heat follows , but yet from the fire still glowing in the Blood , a lassitude , and perturbation with thirst , and waking , continually infest : A pain arises in the Head , or Loins , partly from the ebullition of the Blood , and partly from the motion of the nervous Juice being hindred ; also a nauseousness , or a vorniting offends the Stomach , because the Bile , flowing out of the Choleduct Vessels , is poured into it , and a Convulsion from Vapors , and from the sharp Juice brought thorow the Arteries , is excited in the Stomach . In the mean time , altho the heat be more increased , and inequal , it is not yet strong , because the Blood as yet abounding with crude Juices , is only inkindled by parts : and therefore burns out a little , and then ceases , and at last returns ; like a flame that is made by wet , and moist straw . In this condition for some days , the Disease remains , the Urine is more red than usual , by reason of the Salt , and Sulphur being more dissolved , and infected with the serum ; It still retains its Hypostasis or substance , because the Coction and assimilation are not altogether depraved ; it appears greater than ordinary , in its sediment , which is yet easily separated , and falls to the bottom of its own accord . At this time , they may let Blood , and administer Physick by Vomit , or Purge , so it be done without any great perturbation of the Blood : it often happens , from these kinds of evacuations , timely performed , that a greater increase of the Disease is prevented , and the Feaver as it were killed in the shell . The limits of this stadium or space , are variously determined , according to the temper of the sick , and other accidents of the Disease ; somtimes , the first rudiments of this Feaver , are laid in a day or two ; somtimes the beginning of the Disease is extended to more ; if in a corpulent Body full of Spirit , Juice , and hot Blood , or it happen in a youthful Age , and very hot season , if the disposition to a Feaver be potent , and the evident cause coming thereupon be strong , the Feaverish heat , being once begun , quickly invades all the Blood , and on the second or third day , having rooted it self , the Disease arises to its increase ; but if the Feaverish indisposition , be begun in a less hot Body , a Phlegmatic temper , or a melancholy , and in old age , or a cold season , the entrance is longer , and scarce exceeds the limits of this first stadium or space , before the sixth , or seventh day .

2. The increase of this Disease , is computed from what time , the burning of the Feaver hath possest the whole mass of Blood : that is , the Sulphur , or the oily part of the Blood , having been long heated , and growing fervent in parts , at length , like Hay laid up wet , breaks forth , after a long heating , all at once into a flame ; the Blood at this time cruelly boils up , and very much inkindled in the Heart , by its deflagration , diffuses as it were a fiery heat thorow the whole Body , and especially in the precordia ; hence the sick complain of intolerable thirst , besides a pain of the head , pertinacious wakings , and oftentimes a delirium , Phrensie , and Convulsive motions infest : all food whatsoever is loathsom , either it is cast up again by Vomit , or if retained , being baked by too much heat , it goes into a Feaverish matter ; besides , there happens a bitterness of the mouth , an ingrateful savor , a scurfiness of the Tongue , a vehement and quick Pulse , an Urine highly red , and for the most part troubled , full of Contents , without Hypostasis or laudable sediment ; when the Blood is at this time almost wholly inkindled by its deflagration , it begets great plenty of adust matter , ( as it were ashes remaining after a Fire ) with which the serum being very much stuffed , renders the Urine thick , and big with Contents : Also the Blood , being filled with a load of this , to a rising up , is irritated into Critical motions , by which this Feaverish matter , ( if it may be done ) being brought under , and separated , is shut out of doors ; and indeed , this state of the Feaver induces that , in which a Judgment is discerned , between Nature and the Disease , the strife being as it were brought to an aequilibrium ; and therefore the evacuation , which follows from thence , is called the Crisis .

The state therefore , or height of a putrid Feaver , is that time of the Disease , in which Nature endeavors a Crisis , or an expulsion of the adust matter , remaining after the deflagration of the Blood . To this is required , in the first place , that the Blood hath now for the most part burned forth ; because in the midst of its burning , Nature is not at leisure for a Crisis , nor is it ever prosperously endeavored , nor in truth procured by Art with good Success . Secondly , that the spirit of the Blood , doth first , by some means subdue this adust matter , or Caput mortuum , separate it from the profitable , and render a period to the expulsion , for otherways , tho a copious evacuation happens , Nature will never be free from her burthen . Thirdly , that this matter , be gathered together in such a quantity , that by its turgency , it may irritate Nature to a Critical expulsion . If these rightly concur , a perfect Crisis of the Disease , for the most part succeeds , in which , even as in the Fits of intermitting Feavers , a Flux being arisen , whatsoever extraneous and heterogeneous thing , is contained in the bosom of the Blood , is exagitated , then being separated , and involved with serum , it is thrust forth of doors ; when any thing of these is wanting , the Crisis , for the most part , is in vain , and not to be trusted , and rarely cures the Disease . For if in the midst of the burning , before the Blood hath sufficiently burned forth , an evacuation happens , by Sweat , a Lask , Bleeding , or any other way , the adust matter is not all separated , or else , if for the present , it be drawn away for the greatest part , the Blood more largely flaming out , presently substitutes new , and will renew the Feaver again , that seemed to be vanquished : If that this matter , not being yet overcome , nor brought to a fulness of rising up , be irritated to an expulsion by Nature , an imperfect , and partial Crisis only follows ; and when the first indeavor of excretion shall be in vain , rarely a perfect , and curatory succeeds after that one time .

The Crisis in a continual Feaver , is almost the same thing , as the Fit of the intermitting Feavers . For as in this , when the mass of Blood , is filled to a fulness of swelling up , with the particles of depraved alible Juice , and fitted for maturation , there are made a Flux , secretion , and expulsion out of doors of that matter : so in a continual Feaver , from the deflagration of the Blood , and alible Juice , very many little Bodies of adust matter are gathered together , with which , when the Blood is aggravated , and is at leasure , a little from the burning , it overcomes them , by little and little separates them , and then a Flux being raised up , endeavors to cast them out of doors : wherefore , as the Fits of intermitting Feavers come not but at a set time , and after so many hours , so also the Critical motions , happen from the fourth day to the fourth , or perhaps from the seventh day to the seventh , for in this kind of space , the Blood being inkindled burns forth , and with its burning makes an heap of adust matter , as it were ashes , which being troublesom to Nature by their irritation , induces Critical motions .

Therefore , what some affirm is not true , That the Crises depend altogether on the influences of the Moon , and Stars , and follow their Aspects , Quadrations , Oppositions , or Conjunctions : because the Critical evacuations are only determined , by the gathering together , and the swelling up , of the adust matter . For , as soon as the Blood is at leasure , from the deflagration , and being filled with the particle of that adust matter , is able in some measure to overcome , and separate them , presently a Flux , or swelling up being risen , it endeavors to thrust them forth by any way ; which , for that they are easily to be separated from the Blood , and the breathing places of the skin are sufficiently open , being involved with serum , are sent away with sweat . And this is the best way of the Crisis , which if it rightly succeeds , very often , wholly , and at one time , perfectly cures the Disease without danger of relapse : To this next , follows the Crisis , which which is endeavored by the Hemorrhage or bleeding at nose ; for this matter , as it were the flowring , being moved with the Blood , ( if it be not cast forth by sweat , by reason of a less free transpiration ) is transferred from the heart , into some remote part , and frequently is cast into the head , by the impetuons rapture of the Blood ; where , if a passage be open , from the private holes opening into the nostrils , the morbific matter , leaps forth of doors , with a portion of the Blood . But otherways being oftentimes fixed in the Brain , brings a phrensie , delirium , or other grievous , and tedious Diseases of the head ; yea , t is to be observed , that almost in all continual Feavers whatsoever , when they are hardly or imperfectly cured , so that the Blood is infected , for a long time with the Feaverish matter or adust recrements , that from thence , the nervous Juice ( as it seems ) contracting an infection , pertinacious distempers , to wit , watchings , also Deliriums , Tremblings , Convulsive motions , and long adhering weakness of the nervous parts follow . Also , there are other ways of Crisis , by which Nature endeavors , not at once and wholly , but by little and little , and by parts , to expel the Feaverish matter ; now by Urine , now by Vomit , or Stool , now by breakings forth , and buboes , or biles ; by what way soever , that it may be done with a good event , it is required , that the deflagration of the Blood be past , and that the adust matter be concocted , and rendered fit to be separated .

The state or standing of the Disease , is therefore not one , and simple , nor always happens after the same manner , but with a various difference of symptoms , and tending to far different events . But by a prudent Physician , a Prognostication is expedient to be given , in what space of time , the Disease will come to its height or standing , and what end it will have .

If the Feaver be vehement from the beginning , and suddenly invades the whole mass of Blood with a burning ; if it urges constantly , and equally without any remission , with a ferocity of symptoms ; for the most part , the Blood will so much burn forth , in the space of four days , that the adust matter , will arise to a fulness of swelling up , for the making a Crisis . But if its beginnings are more slow , and the accension of the Blood often interrupted , the Feaver will come to its acme or height , about the seventh day . If it should begin yet more remiss , the standing of the Disease is wont to be drawn out , to the Eleventh or Fourteenth day . In the mean time it is to be noted , that as the Fits of intermitting Feavers return at set times , so the Critical motions in continual Feavers , ( but for the most part they observe the fourth day : ) for altho the Crisis may be perfectly prorogued to the fourteenth , seventeenth , or perhaps the twentieth day , because all things , requisite to the full curing of the Disease , do not sooner concur ; yet in the time betwixt , more light motions happen , by which the Feaverish matter arising leisurely , to an increase , is a little emptied , and as it were cut off by parts , until Nature may be able to enter upon its more full discussion ; but when the great provision of the adust matter , in the burning Blood , is heaped up in the Vessels , Nature , unless otherways disturbed , on every fourth day , being tyred with the plenty of matter , trys to shake off part of its burthen by a certain swelling up : wherefore , for the most part , the Critical motions happen on the fourth , seventh , eleventh , and fourteenth days , not by the direction of the Planets , but by reason of the necessity of Nature .

As to the event , whether the Crisis shall be good or not , certain foreknowledges are taken , from the strength of the sick , the Pulse , Urine , and other signs , and concourse of symptoms : If the sick appear with some strength , the fire of the Feaver urging , hath a strong and equal Pulse , if the Urine be of a moderate consistency with some sediment , with a separation of the Contents , and easily falling to the bottom , if the Disease shall make its progress , without great Vomiting , Watchings , Phrensie , Convulsive motions , and suspition of malignity , the standing will be laudable , and to be expected with a good Crisis : if the contrary to these happen , viz. that presently strength is cast down , and that the sick is obnoxious to frequent Swoonings , Convulsions , a delirium , with a weak intermitting or unequal Pulse , if pertinacious watchings , intollerable thirst , and Vomiting continually infest ; if the Urine be thick and troubled , without sediment , or sinking down of the parts , if , the burning yet troubling , Nature is provoked to critical evacuations , a very dangerous state of the Disease is imminent , nor may there be hoped for any thing of good from the Crisis .

Concerning the Crisis of a Putrid Feaver , we will here subjoyn a particular Prognostication , in which , though the things , which from the beginning did appear , might promise a most desired event , a very deadly one is imminent ; I have often observed , in a Putrid Feaver , which begins slowly , and with a small burning , if the Urine be red , and when rendred presently troubled , and thick , which is not precipitated , neither by the cold , nor of its own accord , puts down a sediment , and if at the same time , the sick lie for many days without sleep , tho quiet , and that they toss not themselves up and down , their condition is in danger : and the suspition will be more , if in the mean time , they are neither troubled with a strong Feaver , nor infested with thirst , or with a very troublesom heat ; because those distempered after this manner , are incident for the most part , about the state of the Disease , to a delirium , Convulsive motions , and oftentimes fall into madness , from which they are quickly cast into death ; an when these symptoms arise , the Urine is altered , from a thick and red , into a thin and more pale Urine . It seems in this case , the mass of Blood , beink taken with the Feaver , not to grow turgid , so with Sulphur exalted to the height , as Wines or Beer are wont in their Effervescencies ; but ( the Salt , and the terrestrial Lee or Dregs , being stirred together with the Sulphur ) to be affected after the same way , as Wines and Beer , being suddenly disturbed with Thunder , and growing sour ; wherefore , altho the Blood does not presently conceive an immoderate heat from the Feaver , yet its disposition being changed , it wholly depraves the Juice destinated to the Brain , and Nervous parts , and therefore , about the beginning of the Feaver , pertinacious watchings happen , then the state growing urgent , the oeconomy of the whole Nervous stock is perverted . Melancholic persons are most obnoxious to these sort of Feavers , in whom the unruliness of the Sulphur , are a little restrained , by the Salt , and Earthy dregs being stirred up with it , notwithstanding which , all being leisurely carried forth , break forth afterwards , with a greater slaughter .

When the Disease shall come to the standing , either the business is done at one conflict , and from thence with a manifest declination , there is made a translation to life , or death , or there are made frequent skirmishes , between Nature and the Disease , and critical motions are often attempted , before the victory is yielded to either party .

1. As to the first , If after the Blood hath sufficiently burned forth , with a good precursion of signs and symptoms , and its burning hath remitted , the adust matter being equally brought under , and subtilated , arises from a full increase , to the motion of boiling up ; and Nature being free from any impediment or depression , is strong with able strength enough , for the decertation or strife , the Feaverish matter , for the most part , is exterminated at one motion of its flowring or putting forth , and the Blood being freed from its fellowship and infection , soon recovers its former vigour .

2. But if Nature is stirred up , to a critical motion , before the Blood hath perfectly burnt forth , or that adust matter is prepared for excretion , altho , as to the rest , things are in a moderate condition ; yet from hence , but an imperfect Crisis follows , by which indeed , somthing of the lead or burthen , with which the Blood is oppressed , is drawn away ; notwithstanding presently another springs up afresh , in its place , and then at set times , ( perhaps in four , or seven days space ) like the fits of intermitting Feavers , the critical motions are repeated , the second , and perhaps the third time , before the strife being ended , the matter openly inclines to this , or that party .

3. But when , with the preceeding evil appearance , of signs and symptoms , the burning of the Blood yet urging , the critical motion is provoked , without any coction of the Feaverish matter , somtimes Nature is overthrown at the first conflict , nor doth she recollect herself , but yielding her powers overcome by the Disease , is precipitated into death . Nor is the business much better , when the Crisis is at first imperfect , and in vain , celebrated , without any ease to the sick , and from thence , the next to this succeeds worse , and then in another , and perhaps another conflict , the Disease prevails , until the strength being wholly broken , and cast down , there is a plain end of life .

Thus much concerning the state and Crisis of the Disease , on whose good or improsperous success , the event of the Disease depends ; the declination of the Feaver , takes its period of this , of which we must speak next .

4 Altho the Declining of the Feaver , for the most part , is taken in the better part , that it denotes the condition of the sick growing well of the Disease , in which the Blood being almost freed from its Effervency , recovers leisurly , strength and spirits , that were lost , and expels what extraneous thing is left remaining in its bosom ; yet , in a genuine enough signification , it may be used for that state , when from an ill Crisis , or in vain , the Blood being depauperated , and infected with an extraneous and Feaverish mixture , still declines for the worse , until at length ( like Wine changed into a lifelessness ) being made wholly unable for circulation , and accension in the Heart , it calls on death . Therefore , in this place , the name of declination signifies the condition of the sick , and of the Disease , which follows the standing , whether it tends to life , or to death ; whether the Feaver , or life it self of the sick , at this time , declines .

As to the times of declination , it will be worth our labour to inquire , what the temper of the Blood may be , and what turns of alterations it has undergone , as often as from a good , or bad Crisis , there has been made a progress of the Disease , towards Health , or Death . To wit , first , what the disposition , or condition of the Blood and Spirits may be , from a good Crisis , and with what alterations , its spoiled Liquor recovers its former vigor . Secondly , what their temper is , from an evil Crisis , and by what degrees it still tends to worse ; and lastly , how they are , when from a doubtful state , and long weakness , the sick hardly get up at length , and recover their health .

The vice , or depauperation , which the Blood hath contracted from the Feaverish heat , consists in this : The Spirit very much evaporates , and is lost : the Sulphureous part is too much scorched , and is much wasted by the deflagration , and from its burning , the adust matter ( as it were the Caput Mortuum ) is left , with the Particles of which , the mass of Blood is aggravated , and debilitated ; in the mean time , the Saline and earthy parts , are too much exalted , even as is wont to come to pass in Wine , or Beer , by the use of too much Ferment . The Blood , by these ways being spoiled , evilly assimilates the provision of the Nutritious Juice , yea also , by reason of the roasting of the Sulphur in the Heart , or defect of it , not rightly Fermenting , or inflamed , it untowardly dispenses the Vital Spirit , in the mean time , from the adust matter , and Salt too much exalted , it grows more fervent than it should , and more wasts it self .

1. From a good Crisis , the Spirit , tho made weaker , yet gets the upper hand , wherefore , what is left of the Feaverish matter , it by degrees overcomes , and expels ; and concocts , and affimilates ( so what is brought be thin or slender ) the Nutritious Juice : from thence , the mass of Blood is amended anew , with Spirit and Sulphur ; and the Blood which now being Salt and sharp , did continually grow hot , acquires at length a Sweet and Balsamic Nature , and being quickned with a lively motion and heat , rightly performs the offices of life and sense .

2. From a bad Crisis , the business is otherways , the Liquor of the Blood ( like Wine too much Fermented ) degenerates , almost into a vappidness or lifelessness ; its Spirit is greatly deminished ; the Reliques which remain , are intricated , and as it were overwhelmed , with the Particles of adust matter , from whence there is yet a continual growing hot remaining in the Blood , yet without concoction , or assimilation , of the Abible Juice , or separation of the profitable , from the unprofitable : The benign Sulphur , and the Food of the Vital flame , is much consumed , so that the Blood is less inkindled in the Heart , than it ought to be ; in the mean time ; from the adust recrements , and also the Salt , and Earth being too much carried forth , it perpetually burns in the Vessels , with thirst and heat . And because it is dayly depauperated , the Spirit and benign Sulphur being wasted , and more infected , with the Salt , and Earthy dregs being too much exalted , its Liquor in a short time becomes tastless , and is made unfit for circulation , and for the inkindling in the Heart , for the sustaining the Vital fire : wherefore there is a necessity that life be lost , even as the flame of a Lamp is extinguished , when instead of the wasted Oil , a Salt and Muddy Liquor only supplies it .

3. From an imperfect and doubtful Crisis , when the sick being weakned by a long imbecillity , become not well , but of a long time , the business is after this manner . The Spirituous and Sulphureous parts of the Blood , are very much consumed , by the slow deflagration ; the remaining Liquor , being not Purged from the adust recrements and feculencies , is rendred very impure ; but when there is yet remaining , somthing of Oil for the Vital Lamp , nor Spirits are altogether wanting , for the subduing the Feaverish matter , the Blood is still circulated , and ( tho but smally ) is inkindled in the Heart : yea , and by little and little the Spirits recollect themselves , set upon the matter remaining of the Feaver , and what they are able , begin to overcome it : then by a pertinacious assiduity , or coction , like a flame , wavering and half extinct , among green wood , at length rise up victorious , and restore anew , both with heat and motion , leisurely renewed , a quick and lively Fermentation , in the Heart .

So much in general of the Feaver called Putrid : it remains , before we descend to the kinds , and particular Cases of it , that I recount the symptoms , and signs chiefly notable , in the course of this Feaver , and subjoyn the reasons , and causes of them , and their manner of being done .

CHAP. X. Of the Symptoms , and Signs chiefly to be noted , in a Putrid Feaver .

THE Symptoms , coming upon a Putrid Feaver , altho they argue , the oeconomy of the whole Body , to be for the most part depraved , and the disposition , and functions of some part , or Member hurt ; yet , the accidents , which a Physician ought chiefly to consider , about the Diagnosis of this Disease , and its Prognosis to be rightly instituted , may be referred to three casses or common places ; to wit , they have respect to the Viscera of Concoction , viz. the Ventricle , and Intestines , with their Appendixes : Or secondly , to the humours , flowing in the Vessels , viz. the Blood in the Arteries and Veins , and the thin Liquor in the Nervous parts , together with the chief springs of either , viz. the Heart , and Brain ; or lastly , these symptoms respect the habit of the Body , with the various constitution of the pores , and the extension or emarceration of the solid parts . They , who would exactly observe , the course of this Disease , and would fitly draw out Curatory intentions , may take notice of these three heads of symptoms , and carefully consider , what alterations may happen in these , as it were distinct Regions , according to the different times of the Feaver .

1. Troubles , and disorders , such as nauseousness , vomiting , want of Appetite , indigestion , a looseness , a scurfiness of the Mouth and Tongue , a bitter savour , are wont to infest about the Ventricle , and first passages , in the whole course of this Feaver . These , for the most part , are attributed to the humors , first heaped together in the Stomach , and there putrifying : But besides , that the recrements of the Chyle , being throughly roasted , by too much heat , degenerate into an hurtful matter , very often , these kind of accidents happen , for that the Purgings , and the filth of the Blood , and Nervous Juice , whilst they grow hot , are carried inward , and being deposited in the membranes of the Viscera , provoke Convulsions , and also make a filthy heap of vitious , and very infestous humor . I have often observed , that about the beginning of the Feaver , the Blood growing hot , laid aside its recrements even inwardly , with a benefit to the sick , where , altho great molestations did arise about the first passages , yet the burning was therefore more mild , the Pulse moderate , and the Urine laudable , and these being after this manner in a Feaver , quickly grew well , with a slender diet , and the use of gentle evacuations . But if in this case I should administer a vehement Cathartic , for the extirpating the humours , that Natural Purging of the Blood being hindred , presently the Feaver became strong , with a red Urine , and troubled , a deep Pulse , Watchings , and other horrid symptoms : also , oftentimes after the state of the Disease , by this kind of interior Lustration or Purging , the adust matter , and excrementitious , is separated from the Blood . Hence , somtimes a Lask , somtimes a scurfie covering of the Mouth and Throat , follow : Wherefore , there is need of caution , about the accidents which happen in the first passages , lest that whilst we oppose them , we should pervert the motion of Nature ; and lest whilst we fortifie these parts , against the course of the Morbific matter , we untowardly keep the same shut up , in the mass of Blood .

The Symptom chiefly to be considered , about the Bloody mass , are , an heat diffused through the whole , a burning of the Praecordia , thirst , a disorder of the Pulse , a red ruine , a spontaneous wearisomness , a loss of all strength , out of which rightly considered , these things following may be known , viz. what the manner of the heat is , or with what tenour the burning Blood flames forth ; what times of remission , or of increase , its Effervescency observes , in the deflagration ; whether it retains its Crasis , or mixture whole ; for the burning of it , and circulation of it inkindled , what strength of the Heart will suffice , and what space the Vessels may require ; so long as the Blood burns , what plenty of adust recrements it may heap up , by what means it may overcome , separate , or at lest endeavour to separate the same , and lastly , what way of a Crisis it endeavours , and with what success .

The accidents , which have a respect to the thin Liquor , with the Brain , and Nervous Appendix , are , disorders concerning sleep and waking , a debility of the whole Body , a trembling , shivering , pains , Convulsive motions , Cramps of the Viscera , Stupifaction , Phrensie ; and the observation of which suggests , what the temper , and constitution of that thin Liquor may be ; by what means it waters , and influtes the Nervous parts , and performs its circutes through them ; how the Animal Spirits execute the functions of the Viscera ; what the state of the Brain may be , whether it remain free from the incursion of the Feaverish matter , or whether it be not in danger of being overwhelmed , by reason of its critical metastasis or translation .

Concerning the habit of the body may be observed , what may be the reason of sweating , and the manner of it ; whether only by vaporous Effluvia ? or by sweats ? or also by little wealks ! whether the flesh falls away on the sudden from its wonted bulk ? Or whether it retains it self a long while ? What the colour of the Face is ! And the vigor or habit of the Eyes ? from these well laid together , the course of the Feaver may be best of all measured ; at what time it will come to its hight or standing ? Whether Nature will prevail over the Disease or not ; with what manner of separation , and with what success she will endeavor the expulsion of the Feaverish matter ; also by these signs may be learned , by what degrees the Blood growing hot , and often congealed , doth tend towards Putrefaction , or Corruption ; whether it does any thing concoct the alible Juice poured to it ; or whether or not it presently casts forth of doors , all its provision by sweat , as often happens in the declination of this Disease .

By these symptoms and signs , a yet more plentiful Indication may be had , if first it be known , upon what causes the several species of them depend ; and by what provision , they are wont to be raised up in our Body : wherefore I have thought it worth our labour to recount particularly the chief of these ; and to explicate the reasons of them , and their ways of working . But the symptoms , chiefly to be observed in a putrid Synochus , or continual servor without intermissions , are , an heat in the whole Body , a spontaneous weariness , a burning of the Precordia , intolerable thirst , an ardor , and scurfiness of the Tongue , or Jawes , a pain of the head and loins , pertinacious watchings , Phrensie , Convulsive motions , a Syncope , Heart-burning , Vomiting , Nauseousness , want of Appetite , a Loosness , a Flux , with which , not all at once , now with these , now with those , this Disease is wont to be beset .

1. Heat , which is felt sharp and biteing , in the whole Body , depends upon the too great effervency of the Blood , and the accension of it in the Heart : For the Sulphureous or oily part of the Blood , being exalted , and taking an heat , is inkindled in the heart , in a double proportion , more than it was wont ; wherefore , it copiously diffuses , by its deflagration , effluvia of heat thorow the whole Body . When the Sulphur is less dissolved , and inkindled in the heart , as in the green sickness , or the white dropsical Disease , &c. Heat is wanting in the whole : but in a Feaver , when te Sulphur too much burns forth , Heat superabounds . For heat , depends not only upon the actual inflamation of the Sulphur , or the firing of it , but an intense heat is excited without fire , in many mixtures , where the particles of Sulphur are dissolved by corrosion , or are more thickly heaped together for want of ventilation ; wherefore , when Iron is corroded by any acid mineral Spirit , or when Spirit of Nitre is poured on the butter of Antimony , a mighty heat with a fume is produced ; in like manner when Dung , or Hay laid up wet , are kept from ventilation , grow highly hot : it is the same reason , why the Blood burns above measure in Feavers , to wit , the particles of the Sulphur , being too much exalted and made hot , are more thickly heaped together in the Vessels , and are more dissolved , and as it were inkindled by the ferment of the Heart ; wherefore , they every way diffuse heat , being loosned in the bond of the mixture , and every where stretched forth or expansed .

2. A spontaneous weariness or lassitude , is felt in the whole Body : to wit , by reason of the Vessels being distented with the boiling Blood , also the musculous flesh is very much stuffed with Blood , and a copious breath , that it is made less fit for motion , as they who are sick of an Anasarca , have their limbs very unwealdy by reason of the aboundance of serous humor : besides , in Feavers , by reason of the inflamation of the Blood , the Juice , which is sent for a supply to the nervous stock , departs from its due temper , that it becomes little fit , for the actuating the Body .

3. The burning of the Praecordia is made , by reason of the Blood being more copiously enkindled in the Chimny of the Heart , which from thence boiles forth into the Lungs , with great ardency ; wherefore , by how much the neerer this Region is to that fire place of heat , it is pierced therefore with the greater burning .

4. An almost unquenchable Thirst is caused , both from the glowing heat in the Praecordia , also by reason of the sharp and hot particles of the Feaverish matter , affixed to the ventricle , in the circulating of the Blood ; which indeed , desire to be washed , even as salted and spiced meats , being plentifully eaten , or also strong , or sour things , rouled in the mouth , or throat ; for this kind of distemper , calls for a more free swallowing down of Drink , as a member too much heated the pouring on of cold water .

5. The ardor , and scurfiness of the Tongue , and Jawes , as also oftentimes an accretion of a certain white , or yellow , or black filth , happen without doubt , because of the heat , and soot , exhaled frmm the Ventricle , and Lungs , burning with heat : but the Tongue grows white , as often as that humidity , ( with which it is naturally much imbued ) is dried up , and parched , and so the exterior skin of the Tongue , is as it were roasted , by the burning heat , from hence also it becomes scurfie ; which is also seen in healthful people , when it happens , that the Tongue is scorched by broth , or any other very hot suppings ; in like manner , as when the Tongues of Animals are boiled , for the use of the Table , their skin becomes white and sharp or rugged . For whether the spittle is drawn from the maxillary glandulas , ( as the doctrine of the most ingenious Wharton hath first made known ) or any other humor from the glandulas of the Jawes , or elsewhere ; yet because , by the reason of the heat , and dryness , it grows too thick , and becomes clammy , also then the outward skin of the Tongue grows nevertheless white ; but also it is covered with a certain filthy glew , to wit , because that humor , by reason of its thickness , may smear the Tongue , but cannot wet , or moisten it : but if it happens , that the Tongue is inwardly suffused , with a bilous humor , or outwardly tinged ( as comes to pass by the use of Choler-abounding Vomits ) then its hairy nap , being spongy , imbibing the yellow poyson , exhibits also the like colour . If that lastly , the heat be so strong , that it burns the Blood , and inkindles a fire , more ardent than usual , it follows , that from the fire place of the Heart , the breathing places through the Lungs , scarcely sufficing for the ventilating so great fire , soot or smoak is raised up , which being smitten to the furnace of the Pallat , strikes against the Tongue , as it were in a reverberatory , and infects it with blackness . But this same kind of blackness , ( ans as other filthinesses of the Tongue ) is most conspicuous in its middle parts , because the more exterior compass , is cleansed by its frequent rubbing against the gums and palate .

6. Somtimes it happens in Feavers , and especially about their declinations , that the Tongue , palat , gums , yea the cavity of the whole mouth , and throat , are covered over with a certain viscous matter , as it were a whitish crust ; which being often wiped off , presently new springs again , and unless by rubbing diligently , and washing the mouth , this crusty matter be frequently wiped away , the sick are in hazard of being choaked . This kind of distemper , is most often excited in Children newly born ; for they are wont , for the most part , within fourteen days with an external growing hot , to be sprinkled thorow the whole skin , with broad and red spots ; if that this suffusion of redness , do not freely break forth , or vanishes away sooner than it ought , for the most part , this whitish curst follows , in the parts of the mouth . This symptom , when it troubles Infants , after this manner , is wont to be ascribed to the fault of the Milk , to wit , that being to sharp , it induces the ulcerous distemper of the mouth . In those sick with Feavers , it is commonly attributed to thick vapors , and soottie , elevated from the ventricle : But to me it seems most likely , that in either , this distemper arises , from the impurities of the whole Blood , ( and perhaps in some measure of the nervous Juice ) deposited about these parts : for , as often as in the mass of either humor , any extraneous thing intimately mixed , is contained , that it is not to be dispersed by sweat , nor easily sent away by Urine , that , most often , is fixed , with the serous filth about the mouth ; from whence Catarrhs , tumors , and troublesom spittings are caused : For when for the chewing of the meats , the salival humor in this place ought to be plentifully suffused ; nature very often endeavors to send forth of doors , what is superfluous , or otherways troublesome , by these usual ways of excretion . Hence from Mercury being taken , when both the Blood , and nervous Juice , are abundantly stuffed , with its most smally divided particles , and endeavor to thrust them forth , being involved with serum , because they are not able to exterminate those mercurial little Bodies , being intimately confused , neither by sweat , urine , or by any other ways , what is remaining , they endeavor to expel thorow the Arteries , and other passages , which supply the mouth with spittle , the same being involved with the serous Latex . Also in like manner , in Feavers , when from a long deflagration of the Blood , the adust matter is very much heaped together , of which no small part remaining , after the Crisis , is yet confounded with the Blood , and nervous Juice , being fixed either to the brain , or to some other place , from them it is at length supped up again , 't is most probable , that this matter , is throughly roasted , by a long concoction , and so becomes almost like Glew , thick , wherefore , being not able to be dispersed , neither by spittle , or insensible transpiration , nor to be separated by the urinarie passages , but at length leisurely runs out , by the little Arteries , and other passages of the spittle , lying open into the Palat , as the most usual way of excretion , and forthwith by reason of its thickness grows into that glewiness . The same reason holds in Infants , whose Blood being made impure , by filths contracted in the Womb , presently it endeavors to purifie it self , by that exterior putting forth , which if it do not rightly succeed , by reason of the thickness of the matter , immediatly the viscous impurities , are exterminated by this way , as the more open . I have known some , in the declination of a Feaver , to whom , not only this kind of Crust of gummy matter , has hapned in the parts of the mouth , but a copious salivation , as if they had taken mercury , with a stinking of the breath , also a swelling of the Tongue , and Gums , hath been raised up for many days .

7. The pain of the Head , in Feavers is excited , because of the Meninges of the Brain , being pulled or hauled with vapors , and with a sharp Blood , and hot ; for the Blood being impetuously moved , by reason of the direction of the great Arterie , is carried in a greater plenty to the Head , than to the lower parts ; because the passage , from the bosom of the Heart to the head , is strait , from the same , to the inferior members , oblique , and as it were reflected ; wherefore , as the membranes are very sensible , and that there the Blood is stopped , and reverberated , in its rapid course , it is no wonder , if cruel headaches are excited in Feavers . Besides , this impetuous flowing of the Blood , wherewith ( as it were by a certain Ramming ) the membranes of the Head being distended , ake grievously ; also somtime , Headaches arise , by reason of the nervous Juice , ( which is supplyed from the burning Blood ) being too sharp , and pricking : wherefore , when the membranes , and nervous parts , are watered , with the same , they being pulled by its acrimony , are moved into Pains and Convulsions .

8. In like manner also , the other distempers of the Head , as watchings , delirium , Phrensie , Convulsion , &c. arise , somtimes from the Blood being in a rage , and so stirring up inordinate motions in the Brain , and somtimes also , from the nervous Juice being depraved , and therefore made inproportionate , to the regiment of the Animal Spirits : But most often , these kind of symptoms are frequent in Feavers , by reason of the translation of the Feaverish matter , from the bosom of the Blood , into these parts . For the Blood , being full of the adust recrements , remaining after the deflagration , endeavors ( like the flowring of new Wine ) to subdue , and exclude them from its Company , by every manner of way ; which , a Flux being arisen , when it cannot expel by Sweat , Urine , or bleeding , it oftentimes tranfers , to the substance of the Brain , and there fixes them : and from hence chiefly , the aforsaid distempers , when they are fixed , and firmly rooted , draw their original , when as the lighter , and that are easily moved , often proceed from the afore-recited causes .

9. Convulsive motions , happen in Feavers , for divers causes : somtimes , because of the matter being heaped together in the first passages , which there haules the membranous parts , with its notable pravity , and then , by the consent of the nervous stock , the Convulsion is presently Communicated to the beginning of the Nerves , in the Brain , and by that means draws aside now these , and now those parts : by which means , Worms abounding in the Viscera , sharp humors being stirred , and strong Medicines , induce Convulsions : or secondly , when the Feaver , is a partaker of some malignity , so in the small Pox , Measels , or the Plague frequently Convulsions happen ; to wit , because the Blood is altered , from its benign and natural temper , into a destroying and venomous , by which the Nerves , and their beginnings , are pierced , and forced into Convulsions . Also , oftentimes without the suspition of malignity , in a putrid Feaver , Convulsive motions are induced , by reason of the translation of the Feaverish matter , to the Brain , as was but now intimated : so I have often observed , when the Disease is not presently cured with the Crisis , the sick ly by it , with a tedious sickness , and are made obnoxious to tremblings , and Convulsive motions . Thirdly , and lastly , for the most part in every Feaver , which terminates in Death , Convulsive motions are the sad forerunners of it ; which I think to happen , not only from the malignity of the matter , with which the nervous stock is pulled and pierced , but because the Spirits , very much exhausted and debilitated , do not sufficiently blow up , and distend the Bodies of the Nerves , wherefore , being released from their wonted extension , and tonick motion , they are however by a more weak indeavor of the Spirits , agitated into a disordered motion .

10. A syncope or swooning , is wont to be raised up several ways in Feavers , but chiefly for these three causes , to wit , either from the mouth of the Ventricle being distempered , which part , as it is interwoven with a manifold texture of Nerves , is very sensible , and because from the same branch of the sixth pare , little shoots of Nerves , are equally derived to the heart , and to the Ventricle , of the Orifice of the Ventricle , so implanted with Nerves , be distempered , with any great trouble , it is also Communicated to the heart , and either the motion is stopped in it , or at least an inordinate one is excited , whereby the equal Flux of the Spirits , and the Blood , is interrupted for a time . I knew one in an acute Feaver , taken with a frequent swooning , which distemper wholly ceased , after he had cast forth by Vomit , a long and smooth Worm . Secondly , a syncope also , is somtimes induced , because the invenomed matter is circulated with the Blood , which suddenly fixes , and extinguishes the vital Spirits , and congeals the Blood it self , that it is apt to stagnate in the heart , as usually happens in the Pest , small Pox , &c. of which we shall speak particularly hereafter . Thirdly , a syncope is wont to happen , by reason of the more rare texture of the Spirits , which as they are very tender and subtil , are easily unbent , by any immoderate motion or pain : so I have known some , who being quiet in bed , have found themselves well enough , but being removed from one place to another , presently have swooned away .

11. The pain of the Heart happens in Feavers , when the Ventricle , and especially its Orifices , by reason of the manifold insertions of Nerves , being very sensible , are beset with a sharp and bitterish humor , or else with an acid , and corrosive ; for hence a pain and trouble arises from the acrimony of the humor , after the same manner , as when the sphincter of the fundament is afflicted , in Cholloric dejections , with pain and molestation .

12. By reason of the same cause , Vomiting , and nauseousness are wont to be excited , to wit , by the Ventricles being beset , and irritated to a Convulsion , from an extraneous matter , and not akin to it self : Such an excrementitious matter , may be gathered together in the Ventricle , by three ways ; for either the aliments , partly by reason of a want of an acid ferment , by which they should be rightly Cooked , and partly by reason of the burning heat of the Ventricle , are roasted into such a Corruption ; or Secondly , this kind of matter , is laid up in the Ventricle , from the Arteries , terminating in its Cavity , as uses to happen in the small Pox , the Plague , and malignant Feavers ; or Thirdly , meer Choler , being pressed forth from the Choleduct Vessels , into the empty intestine , by reason of an inverse motion , and as it were Convulsive , of that intestine , it is poured into the Ventricle , want of Appetite , also happens , by reason of the Ventricles abounding with vitious Juices , and because the acid ferment , is wholly perverted , by the scorching heat . These kind of distempers of the Ventricle , and Viscera , somtimes arise from an excrementitious matter , ( to wit , alimentous , degenerated in the concoction ) heaped together , a long while before the Feaver , in the first passages , which not seldom becomes , the occasional cause , of the Feaver it self : but somtimes , nauseousness , want of Appetite , Vomiting , pain of the Heart &c. are the immediate products of the Feaver ; for when the day before the sickness , those distempered , have been well enough in their Stomack , as soon as the immoderate heat of the Blood was induced , whilst it boiled up above measure , both the Effluvia , and the recrements , being wonted to be evaporated outwardly , also the bilous humor , flowing out of the Choleduct Vessels , are poured into the Ventricle ; by which , its Crasis is overthrown ; also the Reliques of the Chyle , and other contents in the Viscera , are egregiously depraved ; from whence , the aforesaid Distempers draw their Original .

14. No less frequent a symptom in Feavers , is a Diarrhea , or Flux of the Belly , which somtime happens about the beginning of the Disease , and arises ( for the most part ) either from the Bile , flowing forth of the Coleduct Vessels , into the Duodenum ; or from the recrements of the Blood , and Nervous Juice , poured forth from the Arteries , and the passage of the Pancreas , into the intestines . All the aforesaid humors , ( but especially the Choleric ) when they are supplied in abundance , often Ferment with the mass remaining of the Chyme , that the same swelling up with a spumous rarefaction , irritates the intestines , and provokes to the motion of excretion : somtimes also , about the standing of the Disease , and in the declination of it , a Lask is excited ; and so , either Nature being Conqueress , the more thick purgings of the Blood , are this way critically sifted forth ; or being overcome , the Flux of the Belly , is the effect , and sign , of the Viscera wholly losing their strength , and firm tenour . It somtimes happens in a Feaver , that the Belly is always bound , that it is not at all loosned , but by Physick , and tho the sick take nothing but liquid things , for many days , the stools are still of a solid consistence , and hard , this seems for the most part to be done , when the Blood growing sharply and exceeding hot , like fire , consumes the humidities , wherever they flow , and draws to it self , out of the Bowels , the watery matter , by a Copious emission of vapours , and presently makes it to be evaporated outwardly : wherefore , the thicker part , being left in the intestines , is made firm , from the scorching heat as it were a Caput Mortuum , remaining after distillation .

A Dyssentery is a distemper , so frequent in continual Feavers , that some years it becomes Epidemical , and not more mild than the Plague kills many : The cause of it is wont to be , not any humor produced within in the Viscera , that corrodes the intestines with its Acrimony , ( as some affirm ) but a certain infection impressed on the Blood , and so intimately confused with it , that , under the form of a vapour , or a sincere humor , it cannot be pulled away from the Blood : wherefore , the thrusting forwards , towards the intestines , unlocks the little mouths of the Arteries , and makes there little Ulcers , and exudations or flowings forth of the Blood , like as when from the Feaverish Blood , Pustles and inflamations break forth outwardly , with a flowring towards the skin : But it is most likely , these dysenteric distempers , which accompany Malignant , or Epidemical Feavers , arise from a certain coagulation of the Blood , as shall be more fully declared hereafter .

And here also , among the symptoms of Feavers , might be recited , what are wont to appear outwardly , in the superficies of the Body , as are Spots , Whelks , Buboes , Carbuncles , &c. but because these belong after an especial manner to a Malignant Feaver , therefore we will forbear in this place , from the consideration of them , until we shall speak of the Plague , Small-pox , the Pestilential , and Malignant Feaver .

The Pulse and Urine shall conclude here the troop of symptoms and signs in a Putrid Feaver , which are much heeded , for the finding out , both the state and the strength of the sick : For , as there are two things , by which our life is propped , viz. Heat inkindled in the Heart , and concoction to be made in the Viscera , and Vessels , because the Pulse and Urine , best show the alterations in either , induced in a Feaver , therefore from hence , a most certain judgment is taken of this Disease , about to end , in Death or Health . I think it is not needful , to speak of these at large , or to recount the several causes and differences of either : It will suffice for me to note here , the chiefest things of them , and what are worthy of consideration in the course of Feavers . And first of all the Pulse is consulted , as it were a Thermometer or Weather-Glass , constitued by Nature , that from thence , the heat inkindled , in a Feaver might be meted ; which if it should be more strong , stirs up a great ebullition or boiling up of the Blood , the Artery beats more strongly and quicker , so long as the Spirits are in strength ; then they being a little exhausted , the more strong Pulse is remitted ; which however is compensated with swiftness , and is made quick , and small . If the Feaver be gentler , and is troubled with a lesser burning , the Pulse also declines less , from its Natural condition , and the moderation of this , in the whole course of the Disease , denotes the truces of Nature . Neither doth the Pulse only , betray the forces of the Feaver , as of an Enemy , but shews also plainly the strength of Nature , and her ability of resisting . So long as the Pulse is laudable , the matter goes well , and it shews good hopes ; but from the evil state of this , a bad omen is shewn , and a despair of Health . So without a frequent , and diligent examination of the Pulse a Physician connot make a right judgment or Prognostication , or safely prescribe Physick .

1. As to the first thing , it ought to be known ( as much as may be ) what every ones Pulse is , according to its Natural Constitution ; for it is in these stronger , in those weaker : then it is to be considered , in every moment of the Feavers , by what degrees it is distant from its Natural state : for now it is somtimes more vehement , and argues the Feaver to grow stronger ; now it is depressed , below its wont , and denotes the Spirits and Strength dejected .

Those whose Pulse in Health beats weakly and languishing , when taken with a Feaver , if they have a small and weak Pulse , it is not so evil a sign , that we should presently despair of their Health : In whom the Pulse is by Nature strong and vehement , if after the Crisis of the Disease , it hath scarce a moderate vigour , tho it be not wholly weak , it argues the condition of the sick to be suspected , and not safe .

If from the begining of the Feaver , before the Blood has flamed out , or if a Crisis being made , when part of the burthen is drawn away , or at another time , without an evident cause , the Pulse becomes weak , it portends evilly : but if after long watchings , or great evacuations , the Pulse is made a little weaker , Health is not therefore to bedespaired of , because the strength cast down by these means , or overwhelmed , may be restored , and the Spirits renewed .

When the Pulse is suddenly altered for the worse tho the sick seem to be better , as to the rest of the symptoms , you may forespeak the said prognostication of Death ; and so contrariwise , altho most horrid symptoms urge , and yet the Pulse is laudable , Health may be yet hoped for . If in a strong man , that hath a Feaver , the Pulse is very small , and creepingly , or becomes like the motion of Ants , death is at hand .

2. In the exhibiting of Medicines , cautions and rules of no small moment are taken ; Purging and Vomiting are forbid , by the pulse being too quick and violent ; also by being low and depressed ; because , whilst the Blood is too fervent , evacuation helps little , because both what is hurtful is not separated , also for that by the perturbation , the strength or spirits , are more debilitated . But when the spirits are broken , and strength cast down , Medicines cast them more down , and somtimes wholly overthrows them . Wherefore , when a Physitian thinks of evacuation , upwards or downwards , he first examines the pulse , and goes about this work only , when Nature is strong and quiet ; that she may at once be at leisure , for the operation of the Medicine , and may have sufficient strength .

Nor is there less need of circumspection , in sweating Medicines and Cordials : which , if administred in the Feaverish fit , do too much strengthen , the former violent motion of the Heart , and oftentimes break its strength ; also , when the Pulse is very languid , if hot and strong Cordials are administred , ( as when a small flame is troubled with a more strong blast of wind ) life is easily extinguished ; wherefore , t is a vulgar observation , that Cordials often accelerate death , for that by too much troubling the Blood , they sooner beat down strength .

There is yet the most need of the caution , and direction of the Pulse , in exhibitiug narcoticks ; for these , ( because they perform their work by extinguishing , and fixing the too fierce vitalspirits ) if used in a weak or inconstant Pulse , either by diminishing the vital spirits , render them wholly insufficient for the Disease , or by suffocating them too much , cause a perpetual sleep : wherefore , in a languid , unequal , or formicating or creeping Pulse , opiats are to be shun'd , more than a mad Dog or a Snake .

An unequal , and intermitting Pulse , has a most evilreport , from the writings of Physitians ; yet , altho of an ill note , does not so certainly portend death , as a weak Pulse : for I have known many , to have recovered , tho by those kind of signs condemned to the Grave ; because the inordination of the Spirits , and the Blood , may be more certainly and easily composed , or allayed , than their dejection restored .

2. The inspection of Urines in Feavers , before all other Diseases whatsoever , hath more of certainty , and is of greatest use : for from hence , the conditions of the sick , and of the Disease are best known , and the medical intentions , concerning what is to be done , are better directed ; what observations , and rules , concerning this thing , are vulgarly set forth , are so many , that it would be almost an infinite labour and tediousness to recount them all : it will be sufficient here , to note the chief of them .

Concerning the Urines of persons in Feavers , there are chiefly to be considered , the colour , consistency , contents , and subsidency or setling . The colour of the Urine , shews the measure , or excess of heat in the Blood ; which , as it is increased , and becomes more remiss ; the Urine also is more , or less red ; the cause of which is , the ebullition of the Blood or the effervescency induced from the Feaver , to the Blood ; by reason of which , the particles of Salt , and Sulphur , implanted in the Blood , humors , and solid parts , are more dissolved , and incocted with the serum , and impart to it a redness ; even as , when Salt of Tartar , and common Sulphur being mixed one with another , and boiled in water , impart a deep red colour to the Liquor .

The Urines of some , are highly red , when they are but a little , or lightly Feaverish : and on the contrary , the Urines of others , labouring with a Feaverish burning , are less coloured . Who abound with lively heat , and a very hot Blood , or are obnoxious to the Scurvy , phthisis , or hypochondriac distemper , when by taking cold , condensation , surfeit , or drinking of Wine , they are troubled by any little Feaver , they render a Urine strongly red : for that the particles of Salt and Sulphur , remain exalted in their Blood , and before half loosned ; wherefore , there is a necessity , that the Feaver urging , they are more boiled in the serum ; on the contrary , they who are indued with a cold temper , with a faint and weak Pulse , being taken with a Feaver , with a greater effervescency of the Blood , render their Urine less coloured .

The consistency , contents , and subsidency of Urines , being put as it were upon the same thrid , depend all of them , on the adust and recrementitious matter , which is remaining in the Blood , after the Feaverish deflagration : if there shall be plenty of this , the consistency of the Urine becomes somwhat thicker , and after it has stood , it is troubled by the cold : but if there be a lesser quantity of this , or otherways derived than to the Reins , ( to wit , by sweat , or is called away by a critical translation , to this or that part ) the consistency is made thinner , and the Liquor remains clear . Also the particles of this matter , do inlarge the contents of the Urine , which shew themselves diversly , according as the nutricious Juice , is now somwhat cooked , and assimilated by the Blood , now altogether perverted , and carried into a putrifaction , some signs of concoction , and assimulation , shew themselves , in the Urines of Feaverish persons , now a laudable Hypostasis , now some marks and rudiments of the same : A want of Hypostasis , and the confusion , and perturbation of the Urine , denote the concoction vitiated , But as this matter is more or less roasted , in the Blood , the contents are now of a pale , now of a red colour , like oker . By reason , that the recrements , confounded with the Blood , either the Spirit being strong , begin to be overcome , and separated , or the same being depressed too much , they are less able to be separated , also the contents of the Urine , are wont to be more or less , sooner or slower separated , from the rest of the Liquor , and to sink down towards the bottom .

As to the Prognosticks , to be taken from the Urine , we may take notice , that the colour of the Urine being somwhat more remiss , the consistency mean , the contents few , and the subsiding free or easily collected into a Cloud , portend good : on the contrary , a deep red , a thick and troubled confistency , thick and cloudy contents , which slowly or scarce at all sink to the bottom , denote a very great heat , plenty of adust matter , and its being brought under , and secretion , difficult or frustrated .

As to the Medicinal directions , the business depends on this , that we attend , by the frequent inspection of the Urine , the motion of Nature , and be helpful to the same ; neither is it to be moved , by purge or sweat , but when a certain hypostasis of the Urine shews signs of concoction and separation . I thought it needless to say any more here concerning this matter , because those things are more largly handled elsewhere , in a proper place , which belong to Urines .

CHAP. XI . Of the Kinds , and Cure of a Putrid Synochus , or contitinual Feaver .

ANd thus much for a Putrid Synochus in general , in which is described its formal reason , according to the accidents and symptoms which are commonly observed in its Figure ; there are besides , ( I shall not say species but ) some varieties , or irregularities of this Disease , in which , this Feaver somtimes declines from this common Rule , and by reason of some accidental Distempers , gets new names and distinctions .

In the first place therefore , a Putrid Synochus is wont to be divided into Symptomatick , and essential ; It is called Symptomatick , which draws its beginning from some other Distemper , or Disease before excited in the Body , so that the Feaver , is only a symptom , coming upon that other Disease : of which sort is accounted , what depends upon the squinancy , plurisie , the inflamation or imposthume of the Lungs , or any imposthume from a wound , or ulcer in a principle part , or its neighbourhood , of which we think a little otherways , viz. That truly no Putrid Feaver is merely Symptomatical ; perhaps it may arise occasionally , from some other Distemper ; but it is founded immediatly , in the Sulphureous part of the Blood being made too hot , and as it were inkindled : for without a Procatarsis , or preceeding indisposition of the Blood , the aforesaid Distempers , rarely , or not at all , cause a Putrid Feaver .

As to what respects the squinancy , plurisie , the inflamation or imposthume of the Lungs , and the like ; I say , that these are the products of the Feaver , or Distempers following it ; but by no means the cause of it ; for most often the evident cause , went before , which produced the Feaverish effervescency of the Blood , as a taking of cold evacuation being hindered , &c. then , altho the sick do not openly grow presently into a Feaver , yet a greater ebullition of the Blood , than was wont , is stirred up , as may be easily conjectured from the Urine , Pulse , and inquietude of the whole Body . After some days , ( nhw sooner , now later ) an Inflamation is brought forth , in one part or other ; the reason of which , may probable enough be said to be of this sort : The Blood , by reason of the effluvia being retained , ( which are like ferment ) is increased in its bulk , and grows more turgid than its wont , in the Vessels ; and when for want of Ventilation , it is streightned in the space of its circulation , it easily springs forth , where it can find a passage , through the Arteries , and being extravasated , from the broken thred of Circulation , it gathers together into a Tumor : and because from this kind of tumor , an heat , and pain , are increased in the part , the Blood is more disturbed in its motion , and so the Feaver , at first inkindled , is more aggravated .

Further , in these kind of Distempers , we may take notice , of a certain aptitude of the Blood to be coagulated , whereby it is made less fluid , so that it is apt to be congealed in the lesser Vessels : even as it is to be perceived in Milk , when it begins to sour , for then it will not be boiled , nor heated over the fire , without coagulation : and in like manner , there is to be suspected in the Blood , a certain disposition to growing sour , by reason of which , it is made more obnoxious to coagulation ; for it easily appears , that in a plurisie , a peripneumonia , the squinancy , and the like Diseases , the inflamation , or extravasation of the Blood , does not always depend on the exuberancy of the Blood , and plenitude of the Vessels : for oftentimes , the Blood is stopped in its motion , with a weak pulse , and a sinking down of the Vessels , and beign extravasated in the side , or elsewhere , causes a most acute pain , yea being driven from one part , by and by its fixed in another : and somtimes it begins to stagnate in the heart it self , and there oftentimes induces a deadly oppression : wherefore , some pluritical people , are wont , when the pains are gone , to complain of a great burthen , and as it were weight , fixed about the region of the Heart : And when we have opened the dead Bodies , of such as have dyed of these kind of Diseases , we have seen the Blood to be gathered together , in little bits , or oblong gobblets , in the secret parts of the Heart , and round about the cavities of the Vessels . But for that these Diseases , are wont to be handled apart from the Feaver , therefore we shall say no more of them here .

It only remains , that we inquire , whether the Feaver which acompanies these Distempers , is to be esteemed in the rank of those , that are called Putrid , or not ? To which we reply , that most often , they are simple Feavers , in which only a subtil , and spirituous part of the Blood is inflamed ; and therefore , if the extravasated Blood may be restored to circulation , by a plentiful detraction of the Blood , or an emptying the Vessels by sweat , presently the growing hot of the Blood is appeased , and the Feaver shortly allayed . But somtimes , when a predisposition , as in a Plethora , or fulness of good humor , or in a great Cacochymie or fulness of evil Juices , brings it on , together with the same kind of distempers , a Putrid Feaver is inkindled , wholly from the same cause .

Among the symptomatick Feavers , is reckoned that which is commonly called the slow Feaver : they who are sick of this , are more than usually hot , especially after eating , any motion , or exercise ; the Urine for the most part is red , the Spirits are feeble ; and strength cast down , as to their appetite , and rest , they are indifferently well , they have neither Cough , nor much spitting , but they daily ( like those in Consumptions ) grow lean , without any evident cause . The fault for the most part is ascribed , to obstructions in some inward , ( as the liver , spleen , or mesentery ) by whose default , the aliment is not well Cooked , nor rightly dispensed . But it seems to me , that this sort of distemper , is immediatly founded in the evil disposition of the Blood , by which it is inclined , into a too salt and sour temper , and therefore is rendred less apt for nutrition , and an equal circulation . For the Blood in the Heart , just like oil in a Lamp , if it redounds too much with saline Particles , is inkindled not pleasantly , and equally , but with a noise , and great evaporation of the parts ; whereby indeed , it is sooner wasted , and exhibits but a languishing , and weak flame . I opened one , somtime since dead of this Disease , in whom the Viscera destinated to concoction , were well enough , but the Lungs were without moisture , and dry , and beset throughout with a sandy matter like Chaulk . Also oftentimes , in this Disease , the Mesentery is beset , the glandules being filled with such a Chaulky matter : But whether the Blood being made more saltish , doth first bring in these kind of distempers of the Viscera , or whether the Dyscrasie , or evil disposition of the Viscera , first brings it upon the Blood is uncertain : it seems probable , that either distemper depends upon the other , and that the causes of either evil are reciprocal .

But the Feaver , which chiefly deserves to be called Symtomatic , is that which is excited in Phthisical persons , from an Ulcer , or Consumption of the Lungs . For the whole Blood , whilst it passes thorow the Lungs , in its circulation , often impresses on this Inward , the ideas of very many Diseases ; and on the other side , receives the same from it , being evilly affected , whatsoever impure thing is conteined in the mass of the Blood , as the flowring of New Wine , is cast forth by extremities of the Arteries ; wherefore , when Nature being made more weak , it cannot transfer its recrements into the superficies of the Body , it deposes them , by a more near Purgation into the Lungs . From hence a Cacochymia , or fulness of ill juices , and many Chronical Diseases , end in a Consumption : in like manner , when the flesh of the Lungs wasts , or abounding with an Ulcerous matter , becomes half putrid , the Blood passing through it , is infected with the purulent matter , or tabid infection , and for that cause , is stirred up into a continual Effervescency , by reason of the confusion of somthing not miscible , and wherefore , it induces an assiduous Feaver , and wholly perverts the Alible Juice . The same reason is , of Feavers , form an Ulcer , or Imposthume , oftentimes raised up in other parts : for these , even as the tabid constitution of the Lungs , cause oftentimes a Consumption , and Hectick Feaver . The full consideration of these , are not for this place , wherefore , we will return , whence we have digressed , to a Putrid Fever properly called , or essential .

The Essential Putrid Synochus , is wont to be divided , into a Putrid ( such as is already described ) into a Causon , or hot burning Feaver ; and besides into a Quotidian , Tertian , and Quartan : The Putrid Synochus , but now delineated , ought to be the rule or square of the rest , to whose type , most Feavers , which are of this kind , are to be composed . As to the rest , but now mentioned , according as they vary their kind , I shall briefly subjoyn .

The Causon , or Burning Feaver , is that which performs its course , with a greater heat , almost intolerable thirst , and other symptoms , arguing a greater inflamation of the Blood : The formal reason of it , by which it is differenced from the rest , consists in this ; that the temper of the Blood is hotter , that is , abounds more with fireable Sulphur ; therefore , when it grows fervent , it is inkindled in a greater plenty , and with its deflagration , diffuses the Effluvia of a most intense heat , through the whole Body : its motion is acute , and quickly comes to its standing , it is compassed about with more horrid symptoms , hath a difficult Crisis , and an even full of danger .

But as to what respects those periods , or fits , in which a Putrid Feaver somtimes is wont to be more cruel , at a set time ; and ( as if intermitting ) now every day , now every third , or fourth day , repeats as it were the Feaverish fit ; the reason of this seems not easily to be explicated : especially , if we reject from this cense , the fewer humors , to the spontaneous motion of which , this distemper is commonly ascribed , concerning this matter , what seems most likely to me , I shall doubtingly propose . In a continual Feaver , there are two chief things , ( as we have already noted ) which for the most part , induce the Effervency of the Blood ; to wit , the exaltation and inkindling of the Sulphureous part of the Blood , then consequently , an heaping together of the adust matter , and remaining after the burning of the Blood , to a swelling up : upon the former the continuance of the feaver , upon the other , its standing , and critical perturbations , depend : to these some times , a certain third thing happens , to wit , a fulness , and swelling up of the crude Juice , from the Aliments newly taken ; which in a continual Feaver , ( as in the fits of Intermitting Feavers ) induces a greater Effeervency , at set intervals of times . But why this does not always happen , nor wholly after the same manner , the reason is this : when the Putrid Synochus is very acute , and the whole Blood almost is quickly inflamed , and highly rages , whatsoever of Nutritious Juice , is poured to the Blood , is presently burnt , and consumed by the fire ; wherefore , little or nothing of it , is conteined in the mass of Blood , of rthe matter of a fit . But if this Feaver be less acute , and the Blood only flames forth moderately , and in parts , the supplement of the crude Juice , is not wholly consumed , by the burning ; but is perverted , by a more gentle fire , into a Fermentative matter , which , when it arises in the Vessels to a fulness of swelling up , conceives a Flux , and by its Effervency , makes stronger the Feaverish heat , before glowing in the Blood , as it were by the coming of new fewel . The flowring of this matter doth not seldom begin with a light shivering , or cold , and somtimes end with sweat : but for the most part , it is exhaled by insensible transpiration . In every fit , besides the provision of the degenerate Nutritious Juice , somthing fro the adust , and burnt matter of the Blood , evaporates ; wherefore , the Crisis of the Disease , is drawn forth longer , that t is hardly cured , under eleven or fourteen days ; yea ( for the most part ) in this sort of Feaver , with fits and remissions coming between , the perfect Cure of the Disease happens , scarcely within twenty days : and somtimes leisurely , without any through Crisis , it remits , and then , by a long declination , it is ended in Death , or Health .

But that this kind of remission , and acerbation or growing more violent , are varied , according to the type of an Intermitting Feaver , that they repeat their turns now every day , now every other day , and somtimes not but within four days , the reason of this is to be sought , from the Doctrine before delivered , of Intermitting Feavers : to wit , that according as the Dyscrasie of the Blood , diversly appears , the suppliment of the degenerate Nutritious Juice , arises to the fulness of swelling up , either sooner or later ; and for that reason , its Effervency , causes now more frequent , now more rare fits in this Feaver .

Concerning the Cure of Putrid Feavers , of every kind , there are four general intentions , on which , the whole stress of the matter depends . First , that the Blood , ( if it may be done ) may be defended from burning , and the flame , or fire inkindled in its Sulphureous part , the wholly suppressed ; which about the first beginning of this Disease , happens to be often brought about . Secondly , that when the Blood having taken fire , cannot be presently extinguished , that at least it may perform its burning more mildly , and with lesser hurt . Thirdly , the deflagration being ended , that the Liquor of the Blood , be freed from the recrements of the adust and burnt matter , and afterwards restored , to its Natural temper and vigor . Fourthly , that the symptoms chiefly troubling may be timely helped , the which , unless taken away , will frustrate the work both of Nature and Medicine .

As to particular Remedies , with which these intentions may be served , there are various prescriptions , and forms of Medicines , not only among Physicians , but also among old women and Emperics , ordinarily in use : from which however , like a Sword in a blind mans hand , used without difference , and exact method of healing , more hurt than good , most often accrues to the sick . There will be no need here to repeat the forms of Purges , Cordials , and of other Medicines , eligantly enough delivered among many Authors : I will add in few words , some chief indications , and Medical Cautions , which ought to be observed in the course of this Feaver , according to its various times , and divers symptoms .

1. At the first beginning of this Disease , the business will be , that the Feaver may be presently suppressed ; and the inflamation of the heated Sulphur , may be inhibited : to which , the opening of a Vein doth chiefly conduce ; for by this means , the Blood is eventilated , and the heated Particles , too much heaped together , and almost ready to be fired , are dissipated one from another : as when Hey , apt to burn , if exposed to the open Air , its firing is prevented . Besides , let a slender diet be instituted , in which nothing Spirituous or Sulphureous ought to be administred ; The Viscera , and first passages should be freed from the load of excrementitious matter ; wherefore , Clysters are of necessary use ; somtimes also Vomits , and gentle Purges ; by which , somtimes timely and with judgment administred , the Feaver presently after the beginning , is extinguished , the Food of the fire being drawn away . If that notwithstanding this method the burning spreads more abroad , and more and more , dayly snatches hold of the Sulphureous Particles of the Blood ; it must be indeavoured , ( as much as may be ) that the deflagration proceed gently , without great tumult .

2 , When the Feaver is augmented , if the Blood be too hot , and distends the Vessels very much , with a vehement and strong Pulse ; if watchings , a Phrensie , or a pain of the Head cruelly urge , the letting of Blood may be again repeated ; Transpiration ( as much as may be ) should be freely procured , wherefore , let the sick keep in bed , for the most part ; let the diet be sparing , of the most slender Aliments , also drink small , and plentiful , that the burning Blood , may be diluted with a more plentiful Serum : Clysters are administred safe enough , and in truth commodiously ; but Medicines , whether Cathartics , or Diaphoretics , and which too much exagitate the Blood , are to be shunned , with the same industry , as blasts of wind to burning houses : but rather Opiates , and Anodines which fix and bind up the Blood , and Spirits , are to be made use of ; also Juleps , and Decoctions , which refrigerate the burning Viscera , attemper the Blood , and cherish the Spirits , are often to be exhibited : acetous Liquors of Vegetables , or Minerals , also putrified Nitre , because they restrain the rage of the Blood , and extinguish Thirst , are truly convenient . Hot waters , and Spirits , Cordial , and Bezoartic powders , ( so long as the Disease is not malignant ) are not to be meddled with . If that the Blood be unequally circulated , and is carried more towards the Head , than the Feet , Epithemas are profitable , of the warm flesh , or Inwards of Animals , applyed to the soles of the Feet .

3. When the Feaver is at its standing , the motion of Nature is diligently to be attended , whether it will make a Crisis , or not ; Wherefore , nothing rashly is to be attempted by the Physician ; the opening a Vein , or strong Purgation , is wholly to be forbid ; but after that the Feaverish burning is somwhat remitted , from the deflagration of the Blood , and signs of concoction appear in the Urine , if that the motion of Nature be slow , a Sweat , or gentle Purge may be admitted ; which however are better , and safer done , by the Physician , when Nature first , by a critical motion , hath entered upon the seclusion of the Morbific matter . If that all things are crude , and troubled , the Urine yet turbid , without sediment , or separation of parts , if the strength be languishing , the Pulse weak , if there be no Crisis going before , or only in vain , any evacuation , either by Sweat or Purge , is not to be attempted , without manifest danger of life : but it must be longer staid for , that the Spirits of the Blood may recover themselves , may by some means overcome the excrementitious and adust matter , and then by degrees may separate it , and put it forth ; in the mean time , the Spirits are to be cherished , with temperate Cordials , the immoderate Effervency of the Blood ( if it still be ) is to be stopped , and its due Fermentation sustained , which in truth is best performed , by Corals , Pearls , and such kind of powders ; which indeed are dissolved by the Ferments of the Viscera , and then Ferment with the Blood , and greatly restore its weak and wavering motion . In the mean time , ( whilst Nature is labouring ) all obstacles , and impediments are to be removed , and especially the provision of excrements , heaped up in the first passages , is to be brought away , by the frequent use of Clysters .

4 By what way or method , the symptoms chiefly urging , ought to be handled , will not be easily prescribed by certain Rules ; because , they themselves require somtimes to be presently appeased , and quieted , and somtimes to be quickned forward : and what is somthing more , perhaps at another time , they are to be left wholly to Nature . Some of these are too opposed , with gentle and lenitive Remedies , but others with more sharp and irritative Physic : yet in the mean time , it is a precept to be held in all , that you dilligently wait upon the footsteps of Nature : which if it works wrongfully , its disorder is to be reduced ; if rightly , yet too vehemently , to be bridled : If she works rightly yet too slowly , or more weakly than she should , the business will be , that her endeavour may be incited , and helped , by the help of Medicine .

5. In the declination of the Feaver , when after a perfect Crisis , Nature is stronger than the Disease , the business goes well , nor is there much business left for a Physician : It only remains , to propose an exact manner of diet , that the sick may soon recover strength , without fear of relapsing : also it is requisite , to exterminate the Reliques of the Feaverish matter , with a light Purgation . About Diet , they often fall on the Rock of relapsing , viz. by the too hasty eating of flesh meats , or more strong Food , the sick relapse into the Feaver : for when the Viscera are weak , and the Aliments ( unless very slender ) not easily digested , and when also the disposition of the Blood , is weaker , that it does not assimilate the more strong nourishing Juice ; if any thing improportionate is brought to either , the regiment of Nature is again perverted , and all goes ill . Wherefore , those growing well , should for a long time refrain from flesh , and when at length they use it , it should not be unless the Urine shall be like that of healthful people , and no more troubled by the cold : and then indeed it will be safest , to begin with broths made of flesh , and then by degrees , to proceed to more strong Aliments .

6. When from an imperfect Crisis , things are grown doubtful , and remain yet undetermined ; then is the Physicians most difficult task : The motions and strength of Nature are carefully to be waited on , whether it begins to prevail on the Disease , or to yield to it : If signs of concoction appear , and that there is strength , a gentle evacuation , and only by leisure , is to be celebrated . In the mean time , the symptoms most urging , are to be succoured , with convenient Remedies , all impediments to be taken away , and strength is to be sustained ( as much as may be ) with Cordials , and a right manner of living or diet .

7. When from an evil , or no Crisis , all things turn to the worse , and when the Physician almost dispaires of Curing the Disease , he may predict its event suspected , and much to be feared , But yet , he ought not to trust to a naked Prognostication , to hinder all things else , but that as yet , what is in the Medical Art , should be consulted for Health , tho desperate : Remedies may be administred , to the symptoms most infesting ; the Spirits of the Blood almost extinct , may be restored by Cordials . When we despond of Health , life should be prolonged as long as it may , and at least a fair exit procured .

According to the various types but now described , of a Putrid Feaver , I might readily add very many Histories of sick people , and particular observations , made about their Cure ; for these kind of examples are usually met with in our dayly practice , so that they are sufficient to fill a great Volumn ; out of these however , with the good leave of the honest Reader , I will briefly propose some few , respecting the several kinds of the aforesaid Feaver , by which their Doctrine , and Method of healing them , above delivered , may be illustrated .

A Noble Matron , about fifty years of Age , of a slender habit of Body , little stature , indued with a ruddy Complection , when on the fifteenth day of June , by reason of the Summers heat , she had put on more thin Garments , than she was wont , felt herself ill in the Evening ; from thence she was distempered with a nauseousness , and oppression of her Stomach , she felt wandring pains , troulbing her now in her shoulders , now in her back , very thirsty , yet without any immoderate heat : on the second , and third day , almost after the same manner , on the fourth day after a Vomit , Viz. of the infusion of Crocus Metallorum one Ounce given , she cast forth yellow bile four times , and had three Stools , and seemed to be eased : the night following , she slept somthing better : but on the next day , the Feaver being throughly inkindled , she complained of thirst , a burning of the Praecordia , and of a pain , now in her side , now in her back ; presently blood was taken to eight Ounces , her Urine was of a very deep red , thick , and troubled without any Hypostasis , or setling of the Contents , her Pulse unequal , and often intermitting , the following night without sleep : on the sixth day of the Disease , early in the Morning , a small Sweat broke forth , from whence the heat somthing abated , which in the Evening again grew stronger : on the seventh day , a very acute heat , with thirst , burning , an inordinate and intermitting Pulse , as also with a mighty restlessness , and tossing of the whole Body troubled her , on the eighth the symptoms were somwhat more remiss , also in the Urine , some marks of an Hypostasis ; she took that day posset-drink , with Meadow-sweet boiled in it , and sweated plentifully ; and was cured of her Feaver . All the time of her sickness , for Food they gave only smal Beer , Posset drink , Barly broth , or Grewel , also frequently Clysters ; Drink , and a cooling Julep , they gave her at her pleasure .

This Noble Lady , through transpiration being hindred , fell into a Putrid Synochus : the Effluvia , wont to be evaporated through the skin , being retained within , ( together with the Choler flowing out of the Choleric Vessels ) and fixed to the Viscera , did overthrow the dispositions of their parts , and especially gave trouble to the Stomach , and raised up pains and Convulsions , in the parts filled with Muscles and Membranes : the Pulse was unequal , and intermitting , not because of the malignity of the Disease , as in the Plague , but by reason a certain proper disposition of the Heart , by which indeed , its ferment being not well constituted , the Blood growing fervent is not presently equally inkindled , and wholly leaps forth , but a part of the Blood , in flowing in a small , then a greater , and after some turns the graatest proportion , stoping for a moment of time , in the Bosoms of the Heart , produces the unequal and intermitting Pulse . I have known in many others , clearly , the like distemper of the Pulse : to wit , so long as they were free from intemperance , the Pulse was altogether equal , and orderly , but if they were more strongly heated than usually , by any sudden passion of the mind , or too great agitation of the Body , presently they were affected with an unequal Pulse , and between the vibrations or strikings , intermitting perhaps 4 , 7 , 10 , or 20. and as often as they fell into a Feaver , the Pulse shewed it self after this irregular manner . When this habitual irregularity , concerning the Pulse , was not yet made known to me , by frequent experience , I was wont to suspect stil a malignity in the Disease , and to foretel a fatal event , which hapned otherwise .

On the fifth day , in this sick person , the Feaver , although slowly inkindled , came to an augmentation , and from thence past through the rest of the stations with a swift motion : on the sixth a light emptying of the adust matter , arising to a fulness , a sweat being risen , and so a certain remission of the Feaverish heat followed : on the seventh day , this adust matter arising to its height of increase , made the standing of the Disease , to which , at length on the eighth day , a plentiful sweat , with all things requisite to a good Crisis , followed , and perfectly Cured the Feaver : because ( as it ought to be : those three things went before this criticial evacuation , viz. first a full and sufficient deflagration of the Blood , as appeared by the very strong heat , and plainly fiery , continued for three days before : also secondly , a congestion of the adult matter to a plenitude , as was collected by the high disquiet , and tossing about the preceeding and then a certain Pepasmus or Concoction of the same matter , and a begun secretion in the Blood . which a ceasing of the symptoms and signs of Concoction in the Urine , shewed : wherefore , the Copious sweat , coming upon so laudable a sign , so long as there was no suspition of malignity , portended nothing but good .

About the beginning of the year 1656 , a Gentleman endued with all active habit of Body , without any manifest cause , ( unless that being much addicted to study , he used no exercise after it ) became ill ; at first he complained , of a nauseousness and want of Appetite , with a great Headach : on the second day , he was affected , now with a shivering , now with heat , several times reciprocating , besides , with thirst , and burning of the Praecordia , with a scurfieness of the Tongue , and an ingrateful savour . On that day , he took ten drams of an Emetick Liquor , by which he Vomited seven times , and cast up a great quantity of yellow bile , and had four Stools ; the night following he was unquiet , and almost wholly without sleep , and in which the sick person grew more Feaverish , with an increased heat : on the third day , when the aforesaid symptoms were grown worse , he was let Blood to ten Ounces : his Urine was red , thick , and with a copious sediment ; his Pulse quick , and vehement ; at night he sweat a little , with a sort sleep , but disturbed : on the following morning , he seemed to be a little eased : yet in the evening all things grew worse , with most strong wakings , heat , and thirst : on the fifth day , by a lightsweat , the heat somwhat remitted , which yet a little before the evening , returned with its wonted fierceness , The night again was wholly without sleep , with a continual tossing up and down of his Body : In the morning , by a little gentle sweating , he felt a little ease ; in the evening an encrease again of all things more cruelly ; the night also was very unquiet : about the beginning of the next day , a sweat , as before succeeded , and a little more plentifully : on this day was a manifest change towards health ; the heat and thirst was a little less vehement ; his Urine was less red , with some Hypostasis ; thence , for three days , the Feaver leisurly declined ; yet every night he had a certain fit , but more remiss than before on the eleventh day , he sweated more plentifully , and was perfectly Cured : all the time of his sickness , he used a most spare diet , taking truly nothing of Aliment , besides small Beer , and Posset drink made of it ; he somtimes took drink , and cooling Juleps , of boiled Barly , and distilled waters ; dayly , if his Belly was not loose of it self , an emollient Clyster was administred : he used no other Physic besides , to wit , neither Purge nor Cordial . But the Feaver being allayed , he was twice Purged , and from thence quickly grew well .

This Feaver was a Putrid Synochus , as may be conjectured by the shivering about the beginning , and then with continual heat , thirst , watchings , and other symptoms grieviously infesting , for many days : but forasmuch , as its intemperature was exasperated every night , it might be called a continued Quotidian : This Disease , made its first assault without any evident cause , because the Blood being little ventilated , like Wine growing hot of it self , had conceived an ardour , from the exalted Sulphur ; the Choler flowing forth from the Choleduct Vessels , and likewise the Purgings of the raging Blood , being poured about inwardly , ( as it is wont to do for the most part in Feavers ) presently stirred up troubles , and disorders in the first passages : therefore by reason of the excrementitious matter there heaped up , there was procured a depletion , and soon after the beginning , a Vomiting : notwithstanding which evacuation , and likewise a more strong Purging of the Belly by Stool , if administred , the Feaver being wholly inkindled , because they too much agitate the Blood , and disturb greatly the Concoction of the adust Feaverish matter , for that reason bring more damage for the most part than benefit to the sick : The first station of this Disease , viz , until the whole Blood was fired , was extended to the third day ; and then from thence , when the Blood flaming forth was burthened with adust recrements , its greater ebullition , with a frequent endeavour of expulsion by sweat followed : on the seventh day , when the Blood for the greatest part had flamed forth , and the adust recrements , heaped up in its bosom to a fulness of swelling up , began to be troublesom , the critical motion was stirred up : by which nevertheless , that matter not being as yet wholly subdued , nor ready for separation , the Disease was not perfectly Cured ; but after another period , the same increasing , at last being stirred up , on the eleventh day , brought on that other , and perfectly Curing swelling up : in the days between , because , besides the recrements remaining after the deflagration of the Blood , and reserved for a Crisis , also from the Nutritious Juice not presently taking fire , but after a peculiar manner depraved , other matter in the bosom of the Blood , apt to a swelling up , was gathered together ; therefore , from the continual increase , and Flux of this , there hapned to this Feaver continual fits , ( such as are wont in Intermitting Feavers ) on set days , and hours .

A studious young man , about twenty five years of Age , of a dark Countenance , and Melancholic temper , without any manifest occasion , began to be sick , in the Year 1656. At first he complained of a Feaverish distemper with thirst , a spontaneous weariness , and want of Appetite : moreover , on the second day , of a pain in his right side , and a distention of either Hypochondrium , also , with almost continual Vomiting , waking , and very great pain of the Head ; a Physician being sent for , he was presently let Blood to twelve Ounces . In the evening he grew more hot , and was light headed , afterwards , a sweat , tho small succeeding , he was better the next morning : on the fourth day again , he cast up whatever he took presently , also he was troubled with an almost continual endeavour of Vomiting . The exhibition of a Vomitory Medicine , proposed by the Physician , both the sick person , and also his Friends , taught by the danger of it before , rejected . From a Clyster given him he had six Stools , and seemed to be a little alleviated ; also the night following he slept somwhat : on the fifth day he again fell into frequent Vomiting , with intolerable thirst : he burnt inwardly , but outwardly could not be felt any immoderate heat ; because the recrements of the effervent Blood , which ought to exhale through the skin , seemed to stagnate within , and to flow forth into the Viscera . Therefore in the evening , this Bolus was given him , to provoke sweat . Of Conserves of Roses Vitriolate one Dram , of Gascons powder one Scruple , of Laudanum soluted in Balm water one Grain : that night he slept moderately , and by a copious sweat following , the symptoms seemed to be mitigated : Nevertheless on the sixth day , all things again were imbittered , and a through heat , thirst , and burning of the Praecordia , cruelly tormented him : on the seventh and eighth day the Pulse was unequal , and disordered , for the most part he talked idly , and if moved in his bed , fell often into a swound . On the ninth day , the same symptoms stopped , also he was troubled with a contraction of the tendons in his wrists , and Convulsive motions of other parts , that we almost despaired of life . Because that morning Nature seemed to be given over as conquered , she was now to be succoured , with what ever remained of Art . Wherefore , intending a more copious sweat , as the last refuge , I gave him a Dram of Spirit of Harts-Horn , at one time , in a small draught of Cordial Julep ; upon which , being for four hours very unquiet and furious , he could scarce be held in his Bed ; but afterwards sleep creeping upon him , he sweat very much , and the business suddenly came to be out of all danger . On the following night , for the continuing of the sweat , I ordered to be given him , every six hours , a dose of the powder of Contrayerva ; the Feaver , and the Distempers of the Nerves , shortly ceased , and the sick person became well .

This Feaver , as to the manner of its figure , may be called a Putrid Synochus ; which , in this sick person , from the Blood being made hot of its own accord , like Hay heating , and so conceiving an immoderate fermentation , took its original : by reason of the Melancholic temper of the Blood , the heat was less strong , altho the symptoms were otherwise worse , and hapned to be chiefly inimical to the Nervous stock : for the Blood burning forth , as fire in a Furnace , covered with chips , glowed with a most intestine burning : therefore , the sick complained of the heat of the Praecordia , with an intolerable thirst , when in the mean time , the exterior parts were but little heated : for this reason , and because the Body was less perspirable , the adust recrements of the Blood being about to make a Crisis , and which were wont to be dispersed outwardly , at set times , being suffused inwardly , ( Nature being very much oppressed , and perpetually provoked ) brought on cruel , and almost continual Vomitings ; wherefore , when the Feaverish matter was derived to the first passages , by so frequent an endeavour of its expulsion , before the fulness , or concoction , no Crisis followed thereupon . Nor was the sick man the better for that irregular evacuation , yea , the Blood being still made worse in its mixture , began to be corrupted in it self , and wholly to pervert the Nervous Liquor ; from whence , besides the assiduous Vomitings , frequent Swoonings , inequal Pulse , also Deliriums , and Convulsive motions did arise ; but forasmuch , as the mixtion of either humor , and disposition , being not yet wholly loosned , or overturned , the Diaphoretic was administred , which by reason of its great agility , quickly past through both the Blood , and the Nervous Liquor , and a lively , and hasty Fermentation being raised up anew , carried forth of doors their impurities , and extraneous mixtures ; the state of the Disease tending towards Death , was reduced to Health , and by this means , instead of a Natural Crisis , by the help of a supplying Medicine , the sick man , as it were recalled from the dead , quickly recovered Health .

A woman , being about thirty years old , of a strong Body , and Melancholic temper , ( as might be gathered by her very austere manners ) in the third month after her lying in , got cold in giving her child suck , and uncovering herself , and upon it fell presenly into a shivering : To this , a heat more increased than usual , followed , which afterwards , ( a light sweat arising ) quickly remitted . On the second and third day , she was very thirsty , and without Appetite to Food , yet without immoderate heat , that she could scarce believe herself in a Feaver : she lay quiet every night , but wholly without sleep ; her Urine was highly red , and with the multitude of Contents , thick , and cloudy , which however not troubled by the cold , remained still after the same manner , without Hypostasis , or sinking down of the parts . On the fourth day , the heat was inkindled throughout the whole , wherefore , a Physician being then first sent for , about twelve Ounces of Blood was taken from her Arm ; after the letting of Blood , and her Belly the same day copiously emptied , by a Clyster , in the evening she fell into a sweat , by which nevertheless she was nothing eased , and ( tho an Anodine Medicine was given her ) she wore out the whole night , ( as before ) without sleep . On the fifth day , from a Clyster being given , she had three Stools , and felt some ease : her Urine still remained red and troulbed : when Blood was prescribed to be taken from her Ham , the sick obstinately refused , esteeming herself to grow well ; on the following night , when she had lain long without sleep , and unquiet , she at length was troubled with a fit , such as is commonly called Hysterical , after a grievous manner ; and at first , with a certain numness , or sense of pricking , possessing the extream parts of her Body ( especially her Feet , Thighs , and Legs ) she was affected ; and together with a wind , cruelly distending the Intestines , Ventricle , and Hypochondria : she felt in the bottom of her Belly , as it were a certain bulk to creep upwards ; which when it had ascended to the Heart , and thence to the Brain , the sick woman presently was weakned in her Intellectuals , and all the night lay talking extravagantly and idly . On the sixth day , after her Belly was taken down by a Clyster , she returned to her self , and remained in her right mind , and seemed to be indifferently well . But in the Evening when she was moved in her bed , she began to feel the same kind of fit as before , to wit , she had a sense of pricking , as if stung with nettles , in all her body , together as it were a round thing rouling about in her belly , which creeping upwards , distended the Intestines and Ventricle , that she emitted by means of it blasts , and belchings : for ease sake , she required a draught of cold water . Moreover , the Remedies usual in hysterical distempers , as Castor , the smell of Asafaetida , the fume of burnt feathers , ligatures , and frictions of the Legs , and the like were administred , by the use of which , she seemed for the present , free from the aforesaid distemper , and was wholly without it for four hours : but when she lay upon her back in her bed , as she had setled her self to sleep , on a sudden she complained that the same Symptoms , did at once run through her whole Body , and by and by , she fell upon it into a delirium ; houling and crying out , she talked idely the whole night ; the day following , her eyes being open , she lay without speech or motion : again in the Evening , when her Feaver being increased , she grew furious , that she could scarce be held in her bed : and so she remained for three days , now delirious crying out , and wailing , now as it were stupid without motion , or voice ; yet still she was tormented with Convulsive motions , about the tendons of the muscles : on the tenth day , she drew her breath deep , and difficultly , with a weak , and as it were a creeping pulse , and about the middle of the night died .

This Feaver was of the rank of the Putrid Feavers , which nevertheless , by reason of the melancholic disposition of the Blood , ( as we before intimated ) was not very grievous , with heat or burning ; but yet being very much infestous to the Brain , and nervous stock , was more difficult to be cured : The Blood being predisposed to a growing bot , easily contracted the distemper by taking cold , but yet , from the salt , and earthy seculencies , together with the Sulphur being moved , it was not openly inflamed ; nevertheless , burning with an intestine , and as it were shut up fire , it was more notably depraved : Hence , presently from the beginning , the Urine was highly red , and troubled , also she continued wholly without sleep : on the fifth day , the Blood burning forth , and being filled with the recrements , or adust matter , was irritated by its plenitude to an endeavor of excretion ; wherefore , this night , a swelling up being arisen , it transferred its load , not dispersable by sweat , into the head , and there affixed it to the Brain , and nervous stock : From thence , presently , the wonted irradiation of the animal Spirits , being disturbed in the fountain it self , their inordinations first hapned to be felt , in the extream parts ; wherefore , there was a pricking in the whole Body , the Belly inflated , the hypochondria distended , and as it were a certain substance or live thing , ascending upwards , and successively running through the Belly , precordia , and at length the head : For these kind of Symtpoms , arise not ( as it is commonly believed ) always from vapors , lifted up from the Womb , and striving or thrusting upwards ; but , not seldom , from the Brain , and the beginning of the nerves being distempered : for , when the evil is there inflicted , that the animal Spirits nigh their origine , are disturbed in their motion , neither ( as before ) blow up , and distend the nervous Bodies , presently the other Spirits , implanted in the extremities of the nerves , being deprived of their wonted influence , begin to tumultuate , and being moved inordinatly , and towards their beginnings , cause Convulsions in those parts in which they dwell . This irregular , and Convulsive motion , begun in the extremities , by the continued passage of the Spirits , and of the nervous parts , creeps by and by into other parts , and then to others , still to those nearer to the Brain , till at length , ( the whole series of Spirits , like Souldiers being carried successively backwards ) the Convulsions are continued , into the fountain it self of motion ; So as in truth , by this means , the Convulsive motions , are somtimes begun , a most long way , from the cause , or place of the distemper , as by this only argument plainly appears : to wit , as often as the influx of the animal Spirits , is inhibited in the leg , or arms , by a strict ligature , or by leaning hard on them , a fense of pricking , or a cramp , with a numness , is felt , first in the foot or hand , which afterwards successively ascends towards the affected part : wherefore , in this sick woman , by reason of the Feaverish matter , ( to wit , the adust recrements ) fixed on the Brain , by a critical translation from the bosom of the Blood ; and there besetting the beginnings of the nerves , those Symptoms , imitating the histerical distemper were stirred up : by reason of the nerves , ( which are dispersed through the whole Body , by means of the spinal marrow ) being distempered near their original , the fense of pricking begun in the extream parts , by and by is perceived in the whole . By reason of a like hurt , of the sixth pare in the fountain , Convulsions and distentions arise , first in its little branches , most thickly set about the Abdomen : That ascent , as it were of a certain substance , was only a tumefaction of the Viscera , and muscles , successively inflated or blown up , by the Convulsion ; from thence , the same distemper ( by the mediation or coming between of the branch of the same sixth pare ) creeping along more upward , and still more near the Brain , the precordia , and then the head it self , ( as by a certain vapor raised up from beneath ) seemed to be taken ; on the next day , when this Feaverish matter , at first lightly fixed in the Brain , was at length again amended by the Blood , the aforesaid Symptoms ceased for a time : Then soon after ( the Blood again flowing , and deposing its recrements again in the Brain ) the same kind of distemper as before , this sick woman felt to come upon her ; which however , with rubbings , the smell of stinking things , and other Remedies used in the histerical passion , was retarded for four hours , from its assault ; to wit , forasmuch as the animal Spirits , being tyred out by the external object , and irritated into a violent motion , were hindred , that they could not so suddenly conceive Convulsive motions : but afterwards , when that incitation of the Spirits , outwardly exhibited , did cease , the morbific cause still troubling , those Spirits being grievously beset , not successively ( as before ) beginning at the extremities , but on a sudden , all , both in the Brain , and the nervous appendix , were at once acted into Confusion . The Crisis being after this manner attempted , viz. By the translation of the Feaverish matter to the Brain , the event of the Disease , both in this sick woman , and also in others , whose sicknesses I have diligently observed , for the most part hath a mortal success . For the Blood , unless extreamly depraved , and hindred , scarce ever endeavors to purifie it self , by such a Crisis : and as often as it endeavors an excretion by this means , it inflicts on the Brain , and nervous stock , an evil , not quickly , nor easily to be blotted out : also , the mass it self of the Blood , very rarely , by the motion of such a flowring , is rendred free , from the impure mixture of the Feaverish matter .

A learned young man , of a lean habit , and pale countenance , in the coming in of the Spring , being conscious of no error as to his dyet , began to complain of a weariness , and impotency in walking , also of a drowsiness , and sleepiness of his head : on the second day also , he was tormented with thirst , want of appetite , and an heat of his precordia : on the third day , the Physician being sent for , he took a Vomit , by which , when he had Vomited three times , and cast downwards five times , cholerick and hot matter , he became somwhat chearfuller , and the night following slept indifferently well : on the fourth day , he bled a small quantity ; then his thirst , and heat very much increased : his Urine was red , with a copious sediment , and a little hypostasis . But because , after the signs of concoction in the Urine , the endeavour of Nature , as it were oppressed , appeared for separation , without sufficient evacuation , therefore he was let Blood to seven ounces , and he seemed thereby to be very much eased , yet in the evening , all things grew worse , and then for three days , the Feaver seemed still to be increased : on the seventh day , he complained of a great heaviness in his head , and of a darkness , turning about in his eyes : after noon , an hemorrhage or bleeding copiously followed , that for the great loss of Blood ; the sick person had almost lost all his strength , and there was a very great necessity of medicinal help to stop the Blood : For this end , when a vein in his Arm was opened , Ligatures , and proper medicines were applyed , both to his head and belly , and very many other Remedies ( the occasion of hasty curing urging ) prescribed by every body , were tryed in vain ; at length , by the persuasion of a woman , coming there by chance , a red hot Iron was held to his bleeding nose , and on a sudden , from the vapour of the burnt Blood , received into the nostrils , its Flux was stayed ; this Remedy , I afterwards knew used to many , with very good success . This great hemorrhage cured the continual Feaver , to which nevertheless , an intermitting quotidian followed , which afterward was quickly cured , by the method of curing already delivered .

This Feaver , beginning without any manifest occasion , and continued for many days with thirst , and heat , may be called a Putrid Synochus ; which yet without any horrid Symptom , about the beginning or standing , was cured by an easie course , tho at length by a dangerous , and difficult Crisis : The turgescency of the Blood in the Spring time , and together the defect of ventilation in the same , gave the beginning to this : The Blood burning out , with a Feaverish fire , about the fourth day , had heaped up somthing of adust matter ; that flowring it attempted a critical motion , tho with a small hemorrhage : The defect of a more full evacuation , the opening of the vein supplyed for a time , afterwards , the adust recrements being heaped together , in great plenty , the same being not apt to be dissipated by sweat , in a body not rightly perspirable , at the time nature was about to endeavour a Crisis , a mighty bleeding followed . For when the Blood , by reason of the seclusion of the Feaverish matter , is agitated with a critical motion , very many of its particles are loosned from the mixture , so that a greater swelling up being provoked , they carry forth every extraneous thing confused with them : if at this time the breathing places of the skin , be but little open , the masse of the Blood ( as new Wine stopped up in a bottle of a small mouth ) even more notably grows turgid , and because it cannot shake off the Feaverish matter , by sweat , it carries it self forth of doors , together with it , any way it can find ; wherefore , when there lies a most easie passage , for the boiling Blood , through the vessels opening into apertures of the nostrils , from that Port ( like the same new Wine when the vessel is opened ) being inlarged by a spumous refraction , it abundantly leaps forth . The continual Feaver being cured , by this means , an intermitting Quoridian followed , because after a long deflagration of the Blood , and great loss of it , what Blood was remaining , being very much deprived of Spirit , and the Salt , with the left Sulphur being thorowly roasted , easily contracted that kind of disposition , whereby it was apt , not rightly to concoct the alible juice , but to pervert it into a matter very fermentative .

A Matron , about sixty years of age , when she had sat up a certain night , going to bed in sheets not throughly dry , began to be ill , at first she was troubled with a suffocating Catarrh , that by reason of the serous deluge , falling on the sarynx , she could hardly breath ; neither could she sleep ; the next day with a nauseousness , and want of Appetite , with some little excess of thirst and heat : on the third day , an acute pain invaded her in her side , with a Cough , and the Feaver increased : her Urine was red , and clear , with a laudable Hypostasis , an unequal , and an intermitting pulse . A Physician being sent for , she was let Blood to ten ounces , also that day , her belly was copiously loosned by a Clyster : About night the pain vanished , and she slept indifferently : her Urine was then red , troubled , and full of contents : on the fourth day , the Feaver was somwhat increased : In the evening troubled with a Cough very much , and by and by following thereupon the acute pain ( as before ) in the same side ; her Urine being again clear , with an hypostasis : Her pain , from her being let Blood again ceased ; on the fifth day , the Feaver was more remiss , but at night she was unquiet with heat , and a tossing up and down of her body , but without pain . The next morning she sweated plentifully , and was eased ; then using still a slender dyet for some days , and being once purged , she grew well without relapsing . It is worth observation , that whilst the pain troubled her , the Urine was clear , and with an hypostasis , nor troubled by the cold ; which however , the same being allayed , became presently thick , more red , and filled with contents .

This Disease , because of the acute pain in the side , as it were a P●thognomic signe , might be called a Plurisie : but we have here a Feaver , preceeding the pain , and not the product of it ; The evident cause of the sickness was Transpiration being hindred by the constriction of the pores ; The Blood growing hot , by reason of the Effluvia being retained , and also too much abounding with a serous latex , as it were vomiting very much of it , from the Arteries terminating in the Larynx , caused the sense of the suffocating Catarrh : For this kind of distemper ( as also the Cough with great spitting ) arises not , for that the watery humor ( as is commonly said ) falls from the head , into the throat , and lungs ; but because the serous Latex is poured forth , now from the pneumonic vessels , immediately into the lungs , now dropping forth from the Arteries opening into the larynx , falls down on the breast ; on the third day , from the same serous humor , with a portion of the Blood , being fixed in the side , the acute pain arose ; for the Blood beginning to grow fervent , when as yet it did contain in it self a crude matter , and ( as it should seem ) somthing sour , from the degenerate alible juice , deposed the same , ( because it could not cast it forth of doors by sweat ) by a proper lustration or purging through the intercostal Arteries , into the membrane surrounding the Ribs ; and there ( as it is always wont in a Plurisie ) either by coagulation , ( which may be lawfully suspected ) or by the shutting up of the vessels , the Blood being intangled with the same matter , is stopped in its motion ; then being increased in its bulk , by a new coming still of the Blood , it causes a break of the union , and so an acute pain . That in this sick woman , the same kind of matter , disturbing the mass of Blood , with a portion of it extravasated , was fixed about the Pleura , it from thence hapned , because the pain urging , the urine was clear , and not full of contents : then , when the vessels , by reason of Phlebotomie , being emptied , they supped up again that matter , into its mass , before exterminated from the Blood , the urine presently became troubled , and again big with contents : The pulse was unequal , and intermitting , because of the idiocrasie or proper disposition , which she was wont to have in every intemperature : for when I. cured this woman of a Feaver , many years before , her pulse being unequal , and intermitting , had struck a fear in me , and others , of a sad presage , concerning the event of the disease , which however at that time , ( as also in this sickness ) ceased , prosperously , without any horrid Symptom .

A strong young man , and corpulent , after immoderate exercise , about the Summer solstice , and then a sudden cold coming upon the heat , found himself ill : At first , a want of Appetite , nauseousness , and cruel pain of the head , as also thirst , and a more intense heat than usual troubled him ; on the second day , an acute pain invaded him in his right side with a Cough , and difficult breathing ; Blood being presently taken plentifully from the Arm of the same side , that pain remitted somwhat , which yet in the evening returned , being made more cruel by a Cough , and bloody spittle . The night followed , without sleep , and very unquiet : on the third day , he was again let blood , besides Liniments , and fomentations were applyed to his side ; Moreover pouders , Juleps , and antipleuretick decoctions , being taken inwardly , about night the pain almost wholly ceased . Then by and by , he was afflicted with a cruel headach , and a vertigo : on the fourth day , a stream of Blood fell from his right nostril , about two ounces , by which the pain of his head clearly ceased , and the vertigo ; but in the Evening , the pain in the side before distempered , returned with greater fierceness : In the mean time his Pulse was small , and weak , that when it was consulted upon , for the letting him blood again , 't was thought dangerous , lest his dejected strength would not admit of such a remedy : wherefore , Phlebotomie was performed only , in a very small quantity , and a fomentation , and a Cataplasme was prescribed to be diligently applyed to his side ; besides twenty drops of the spirit of Harts-horn , to be taken in a spoonful of Cordial Julep , and the same to be repeated continually , within the space of six hours : He sweat that night very much , and the pain much remitted , his spitting was but little , interspersed with Blood , which , within a day wholly ceased , and the pain also leisurely vanished . The sick man took twice a day , a scruple of the same spirit of Harts-horn , and within a few days , he grew perfectly well , without relapsing .

This Feaver was a simple Synochus , stir'd up from the evident cause , viz. a Constriction of the pores : as soon as the Blood began to be somwhat filled with adust recrements , and so to swell up more , the matter , which should have been separated , by reason of its peculiar evil , was transferred into the Pleura , and being there fixed , compelled the Blood coming to it , to be coagulated , and therefore to be stopped in its circulation , and ( when it could not be received by the veins ) presently to be extravasated : from hence hapned the acute pain in the side , and bloody spittle , by and by , after the beginning of this Disease ; then afterwards , the same matter being thrust out of that nest , which it had got , and being supped up again into the mass of Blood , was fixed in the head ; and there inducing the like stagnation of the Blood , and ( as it is probable ) coagulation , caused the vertigo , and cruel pain ; which nevertheless was quickly cured , by the hemorrhage being arisen , by reason of the extravasated Blood . A part of the morbific matter , being after this manner drawn away , the other part resumed by the Blood , was again conveyed to its usual nest , to wit , the side before distempered ; where depositing its latex , ( to wit , a portion of the Blood ) it did coagulte it again , and compelled it to be extravasated or to flow out of the vessels : For that pain being renewed on the fourth day , with the bloody spittle , from the ebullition of the Blood , too extreamly , and therefore flowing out of the vessels , would not be brought away ; because at that time , the Pulse was small and weak , with a falling down of the vessels , that indeed the Blood was thought to have been run all out of the vessels , for that being coagulated by the morbific matter , ( and therefore tho expulsed the Arteries , yet not being able to be carried back by the veins ) it was stopped in its circulation . Upon this , an acute pain followed , because the Blood being heaped together by its frequent approach , and elevated into a Tumor , made a dissolution of the union ; also , by and by from the beginning , a bloody spittle came upon it , because the Blood being restrained within , in the Body , somwhere in its motion , by reason of the most tender , and easily opening little mouths of the vessels , ran forth into the Cavities ; when to the same outwardly extravasated , by reason of a more thick skin , and the mouths of the little vessels being locked up , no way lay open , unless by its being made and ripened into an Imposthume . The opening of a vein profited in the beginning of the Pleurisie , because it restrained the Blood , somwhere hindred in its circuit , from too great effervency ; but especially , for that , when the vessels were by that means greatly emptied , they did again receive , and render fluent , whatsoever humors were before exterminated , and also the Blood beginning to stagnate in the distempered part . Also , the remedies helping most , about the beginning of this Disease , were of that sort , which hinder the coagulation of the Blood , or dissolve it in the coagulating ; such they are , which abound very much with a volatile , or an alchalisate Salt : to wit , spirit of Soot , of Blood , Harts-horn , also spirit and salt of Urine , the pouder of the claws and eyes of Crabs , of a Boars tooth , or the Jaw of a Pike , are of known use . Among the common people , it is a custom to drink an infusion of Horse dung ; which medicine indeed , I have known often to have brought help , in deplorable cases . In the mean time , all acid things whatsoever , because they more coagulate the Blood , and hinder expectoration , are highly hurtful in this Disease .

CHAP. XII . Of a malignant or pestilential Feaver in general .

BEsides the continual Feaver , which is already described , and which arises from some principle of the Blood being too much carried forth , there is another species of this , which is stirred up , by reason of the Blood being touched with some invenomed Infection , and therefore liable to enter into various coagulations , and corruptions : In which , not only the Spirit and the Sulphur , as in a Putrid Feaver , rage , and compel the Blood to grow immoderately hot , but besides , the mixture of the Blood is presently dissolved , and its liquor goes into parts ; and so most horrid Symptoms , with manifest danger of life , are induced in this sort of distemper . Under this rank , we comprehend malignant , and pestilential Feavers , the Plague , small Pox , and Measles : of which we shall speak presently .

Pestilential Diseases , wander so in the dark , and have an unknown original , that their causes , and beings are seldom explicated , without having a recourse to occult qualities . By the unanimous consent of all , the strength , and power of these are placed in an invenomed matter ; because we perceive , from a pestilent distemper , strength suddenly to be overthrown , and life quickly destroyed , no otherwise than from the drinking of Poyson . And therefore , for the explicating the nature of the pestilence , it will not be besides the matter , first , to inquire concerning Poyson in general , and by what means it distempers our Bodies , then to shew what sort of Poyson is sprinkled in the Plague , and contagious Diseases : which being performed , we will treat particularly of the Diseases but now recited .

Every thing deserves the name of Poyson , which striking into our Body , after an occult manner vehemently hurts the temper , and actions of any part , or of the whole , profligates the Spirits , or perverts their motions , solves the mixtures of the Liquors , and induces Coagulations and Corruptions , destroys the functions and ferments of the Viscera , and so suddenly and hiddenly brings life into danger . of these , which after this manner lie in wait for us , there is a mighty plenty , and very rich provision in the nature of things : oftentimes they are inly begotten within our body ; outwardly they are abundantly supplyed from every Coast , and out of every tract of Earth , water and air , these daily arise out of the distinct families of minerals , vegetables , and Animals , and so mingle themselves with our food , yea with our medicine , that we may complain with Plinie , quod non sit fateri , an rerum natura largius mala , an remedia genuerit . That it was not known , whether Nature had begot greater Evils , or Remedies .

As there is great varieties of Poysons , so , as to their Subjects , and ways of hurting , there is no less diversity of them : for the most Poysons , in their whole substance are said to be contrary to us , that whatsoever they come to , with a burning force , and like fierce fire , they reduce into ashes , yet out of these , some being noted for a peculiar raising of hurt , do more endammage one part or substance than another . The subjects , on which the taint of Poyson , is next and more immediatly inflicted , are twofold ; to wit , the animal Spirits , or the spirituous subtil Liquor flowing in the Brain , and nervous stock ; and the Blood flowing in the Vessels , and heart , when the object is carried only to one , or being improportionate , at one to either , that from thence , the disposition of the Liquors , or of the containing parts , is overthrown , whereby the necessary functions , for the performing of life and sense , are restrained , and this done latently , and as it were unforeseen , these kind of distempers , we ascribe to Poyson .

The nervous bodies , with the animal Spirit , are not invaded wholly after the same manner , by every sort of Poysons ; for they are tormented , now with a Stupor , now with Convulsions , and those of divers kinds , and manners : The bile of a Tarantula causes dancing : A power sent from the Torpedo , by the Angle , or lines of the Net , stupifies the hand of the Fisher . The roots of the wild Parsnip , or the seeds of Lolium or Darnel , being eaten , make men mad : Opium , Mandrakes , Henbane , and the like , cause deep , and somtimes deadly sleep . These and many others , chiefly impress their Poyson , on the spirituous or animal faculty , without any great perturbation of the Blood , or hurt brought to the heart .

There are also some Poysons , which most of all insinuate their malignity , to the mass of Blood ; wherefore , from some Medicines , there have been produced , a yellow or black Jaundice , somtimes a Leprosie , or leprous distempers , and swellings of the whole body , vapours breaking forth from secret hollows of the Earth , also from Coals newly inkindled , often suffocating the vital Spirits , at once congeal the Blood , and stop it in its motion , whereby the flame of life in the heart , could not be continued . How much corruption of the mass of Blood is imparted from the pestilent Infection , is perspicuous to every one , from the spots and Whelks , which are as it were the marks of the blasted Blood .

If the hurt , being first inflicted to either , viz. The regiment of the Heart , or Brain , be more lightly made , it is for the most part cured , without any great offence to either ; wherefore , Convulsive motions , Stupifaction , Lethargie , Melancholy , Paralytick distempers , do not seldom begin with a laudable Pulse , and without an immoderate effervescency of the Blood ; and then , if the distemper does not get strength , leisurely end , and cease . There are other Poysons , which often deprave the Blood , and by dissolving its mixture , corrupt it , in the mean time the animal functions remain whole enough . But if the ferment of the Poyson be stronger , and hath more deeply fixed its roots , presently the Poyson is dispersed , from one Province to the other : for when the nervous parts swell up , with a virulent juice , a portion of the Poyson , is carried with the nervous Latex returning through the Lymphatick Vessels , into the veins , easily into the bosom of the Blood , and infects its mass , with the evil with which it was big : also , from the Blood being grievously impoysoned , the juice , by which the nerves are watered , quickly contract the infection ; hence mad men are in a Feaver , and those taken with a pestilent Feaver , are most often tormented with a Delirium , or Phrensie . Concerning these things , we must consider , what the alteration is , or the impression of hurt , which is inflicted from the Poyson , to the animal Spirit , with the brain and nervous appendex ; and what also , to the Blood , with the Heart and the annexed Vessels : tho here , it is not in the power of humane skill or wit , plainly to shew , or as it were point out with the finger the manner of its being done ; yet we may be able to attain to some little knowledge of this thing , by reasoning , and by comparing it , with other distempers .

Concerning the former , we shall observe , that the subtil Liquor , or animal Spirits , wherewith the Nervous Bodies are blown up , and by whose expansion , sense and motion perform their reciprocal actions , are easily perverted from their tensity , and equal expansion : for as the Nerves are of a soft texture , and the Spirits which abound in them of a very subtil substance , they cannot endure any strong or vehement objects ; wherefore when any violent or improportionate thing falls on them , they are often compelled from their expansion , and excursion into flight , and a running backward , and not seldom into irregularities of motions : wherefore sudden passions of the mind distract them , and drive them into Spasms , and Convulsions ; when the Alible Juice , by which they are repaired , is supplyed too sharp , sour or austere , they suffer now Palsies , and now contractures : If that some object more incongruous , ( such as we have affirmed Poyson to be ) should be offered , whose Particles are indued with such fierceness , or are of such a kind of configuration , that when they grow impetuously hot with the Nervous Liquor , they shake or lose here and there its more subtil or spirituous part , or wholly drive it away , and fix the remaining Liquor either with a styptic force , or by ebullition , force it into inordinate motions ; hence of necessity , evil distempers of the Brain , and Nervous parts arise , viz. somtimes a Convulsion , Trembling , Shivering , somtimes loosnings , or a stupefaction , and other symptoms of more grievous note . What things after this manner infect the Nervous Juice with Poyson , are now more thick , and only when they are applyed in a very Corporeal substance , do inflict their hurt ; now they are thin , and being resolved , even into a vapour or breath , pour forth from a certain little prick , the ferment of Poyson , through the whole Nervous stock . Somtimes the Poyson of some hurtful thing , being eaten , first begins its Tragedy in the Ventricle ; more often by a naked touch , leaves on the superficies of the Body , a virulent taint , which easily and quickly with its ferment , contaminates the Spirits , dispersed through the whole . The Infection , wherever inflicted , either within or without , is more largely dispersed from the extremities of the Nerves , by their easie passage , being from thence brought into consent of the evil , by the very many little shoots of the same branch . Often a more light touch of an invenomed thing , by the finger , or extremity of any other member , presently communicates to the Brain , the received infection , and from thence it is retorted into the whole Body , and the farthest members ; the reason of this is , that both the Particles of the Nervous Juice , and of the same invenomed infection , are so light , and ready for motion , that they pass through most swiftly , as the Rays of light through a Diaphanous medium , the whole mass of one another .

2. As often as the Blood contracts hurt from some Poysonous thing , the Poyson is fixed within ; either slow , and of lesser activity , which does not presently betray it self , nor break forth into cruel symptoms , till of a long time after , it is ripened by a silent fermentation , and hath first infected the whole mass of Blood , as may be observed in some Poysons , which are said to kill at a distance , and not till after some months , or years . Or the Poysons inspired into the Blood , are imbued with a much more acute sting , that from their Contagion , the Infection contracted , presently breaks forth into cruel symptoms , and thereupon follows now a Feaverish effervency with Vomiting , Thirst , and burning of the Precordia , now a swelling up of the whole Body , a discoloration of the skin , oftentimes a breaking forth of whelks , and buboes , and frequently also a sudden loss of all strength , so that sudden death , without tumult , and almost insensibly steals upon one : where by the way it is to be noted , If the Spirits of the Blood , provoked by the enemy , are able to encounter him , and to strive for the victory , this Feaverish ebullition of the Blood is stirred up from the conflict ; but if the Particles of the Poyson , being far stronger , suddenly profligate the Spirits of the Blood , and extinguish life , presently the Bloody mass is corrupted , neither can it be circulated in the Vessels , nor rightly inkindled in the heart .

If it be yet demanded , what mutations , the Blood infected with Poyson , undergoes , either in its substance , or consistency , that , for that reason it is rendered unfit for the sustaining of Life ? I answer after this manner ; some Poysons fuse the Blood , and too much precipitate its serosity , such are Medicines , which by a strong killing Purging , or by a Profluvium of Urine , or a discoloration , or swelling up of the whole Body , or with an eruption of Pustules , cause a very great secretion of the serous Latex ; in the mean time a great ebullition of the mass of Blood is induced , whereby the Vital Spirits are greatly destroyed , the Particles of Salt and Sulphur too much exalted , by the Concoction , and are often so roasted , that a Yellow or Black Jaundies is caused .

There are Poysons of another kind , far more dangerous , which congeal the Blood , and by destroying its mixture , corrupt it , viz. the first induce a congelation to the Bloody mass , and then a Putrefaction : for when the Spirits of the Blood , being overthrown , by the contagion of the Poyson , are dissipated , the equal mixture of the Liquor is loosned ; wherefore the more thick Particles mutually infold one another , and ( like Milk when Rennet is put to it , or growing sowr of it self ) are coagulated apart : hence the Blood curdles in the Vessels , that it is less readily circulated in them : coagulated portions of this , being inwardly diluted , into the bosom of the Heart , are apt to stagnate there , and so to bring forth frequent syncopes , and swounings : being carried outwardly , and in the circulating , fixed in the skin , somtimes being more plentifully heaped together , they induce a suffusion of blackness through the whole , somtimes being more sparingly dispersed , they cause only spots , or Purple marks , like black and blew stroaks , and other appearances of malignity . But the coagulation of the Blood , quickly disposes it to putresaction or corruption ; as is seen in extravasated Blood , which is wont to grow soon black and putrid . For the Spirit being exhaled , the Particles of Sulphur and Salt remaining in the Blood , begin to go apart one from another , and to break the bond of the mixture , from whence follows Putrefaction .

These things being thus premised of Poyson in general , the reason of the method requires that we enter upon the handling of Feavers , which draw their Original , altogether from a malignant , and invenomed infection : and as under this title , the Pest or Plague easily obtains the chief place , I will begin with its consideration , and afterwards , I will speak of malignant Feavers , Small-pox , and Measels , in order . But yet , before I shall propose its definition , I will briefly inquire , of the pestiferous Poyson , what its disposition and Nature may be ; also , from whence it may be born , and lastly , by what means it is propagated into others , by contagion .

For the expressing the Nature of the Plague , Authors are wont to choose some invenomed Bodies , and from their names to frame an Elogy of this most wicked Disease ; wherefore in the definition of the pest , are commonly recounted the Nepelline , Aconital , and Arsenical Poyson : the Lethiferous force of which however , as it consists in a very thick matter , and does not exert or put forth itself but by a Corporal contact , doth not truly imitate the essence of the Pestilential Disease : for this is founded in a Spiritual and Vaporous infection , by which its Effluvia being every way diffused , so potently unfold themselves , that out of the best seminary or seed plot , they quickly propagate a fruitful Crop of death and destruction , By reason of its notable activity , this infection may deserve to be called , as it were a certain quintessence of Poyson ; the very agil and subtil Particles of this , do penetrate all Bodies , and inspire them with its ferment : for either being dispersed through the Air , or hid in a certain tender or cherishing nest , tho they strike against the human Body but lightly , and as it were through a Casement , they easily subdue it ; for both the Animal Spirits , and those of the blood , they quickly infect , and by that means , shortly pour forth the Venomous taint , into all the members .

When a Pestilential Breath or Vapour , hath invaded any one , and that Poyson hath first laid hold on the Animal Spirits , or those of the Blood , or both of them at once , ( as hath been already said of Poysons ) the taint is quickly derived from the subtil and more thin substance of these , into a more thick matter : because it quickly ferments the whole mass of Blood , or of the Nervous Juice , and the excrementitious humors , every where abounding , and from thence is deduced into the solid parts , and fixes the evil in them . If this Disease , first possesses the Animal Spirits , presently the hurt is communicated to the Brain , and the Nervous stock , and especially to the Ventricle , forthwith it impoysons the humour growing in these ; loosens its mixture , perverts the regular motion , and renderr it wholly incongruous , and infestous to the more tender substance of the containing parts : by and by from thence , Cramps and Convulsive motions , cruel Vomitings , pains of the Heart , also Phrensies , deliriums , or pertinacious watchings , are stirred up , about the first assault of the Disease : when in the mean time , the infection not being yet dispersed through the Blood , the sick are not Feaverish , nor are troubled with inordinate Pulse , or Syncope , or appearances of marks ; which symptoms however arise afterwards , as soon as the Blood is infected . If when the Spirits of the Blood are first possessed , with the impoysoned infection , either drawn in with the Air , or attracted through the pores , its ferment is presently dissipated through the whole mass of the Blood , the infested portions immediately begin to be loosned from their equal mixture , to go into parts , and to be coagulated , and the same , being delated , into the bosom of the Heart , are wont there to stagnate , and so to induce a Syncopy , Swoonings , and often sudden Death ; also being carried outwardly , fixed about the skin , to cause Buboes , inflamed risings , and other marks of Poyson ; in the mean time , the sick appear well in mind , nor are they troubled with Delirium nor Convulsive motions . If that from a more strong cause , the hurt is inflicted to both parts at once , the course of the Disease is performed with a more horrid provision of Symptoms , and especially with a Syncopy , and Phrensie at once infesting .

As to what appertains to its rise ; when the Plague first arises in any Region or Country , there is attributed a twofold cause of it , viz. Primary or Metaphysical , also Secondary or Natural , subordinate to that : The very Heathens did acknowledg this Disease , wherever it raged , sent first of all from God , for the castigation of the wickednesses of men , and therefore for its extirpation , they equally made use of Prayers and Sacrifices as of Medicines . As to what belongs to the Natural cause , there are divers opinions . Some will , that the Pestilence newly arisen , be derived from the Heavens , and influences of the Stars only : on the contrary , others have affirmed it only to arise from the internal putrefaction of the humors of our Body : but these endeavour to deduce the cause of this sickness too far off , and these more near than it ought . We will walk in the middle way , and what Reason persuades , and what very many Authors assert , we will place the chief and first seminary or seed plot of this Poyson , in the Air ; because , it seems consonant to Reason , that from the same Fountain , from which the common food of life is had , the beginnings of death , no less diffusive , are to be sought . There is the same necessity for our breathing in the Air , as of Fishes living in the Water ; wherefore , as to waters infected by Poyson , the murrain of Fishes dying in heaps is ascribed ; so men dying of an Epidemical slaughter , without any manifest cause , nothing could kill , besides the infection of the commonly inspired Air.

For the Air , which we necessarily draw in for the continuance of Life , consists of an heap of vapors and fumes , which are perpetually breathed forth from the Earth ; in which the exhalations of Salt and Sulphur , being mingled with the atomical vaporous little Bodies , constitute here as it were a thick cloud : the motions of these are swift and unquiet , they are of a manifold figure , and very much diverse , wherefore some continually meet against others , and according to their various configurations , they cohere with these , and are mutually combined one with another , and from those they are driven , and fly away : from hence the reasons of the Sympathy and Antipathy of every thing , depend . From the diverse agitations of these kind of Atoms , near the superficies of the Earth , this or that tract of the Air , enters into diverse alterations , by which , Bodies , chiefly the living are variously affected : because the intestine motion , of the Particles of every Animal , depends very much upon the motion and temper of the Particles of the Air : forasmuch as these perpetually exagitate those , raise up those lying asleep , repair the loss of those flying away , shake the vital flame with their Nitrosity , and supply it with a Nitrous-Sulphureous Food , eventilates it being inkindled by continual turns of access and recess , and carry away the Soot and Fumes . So long as an apt contemperation happens in either , for motion and configuration , living Creatures injoy perfect health and life ; but if the little Bodies swiming in the Air , be of that sort of figure and power , that are plainly adverse to the Spirits implanted in living Creatures , they loose the mixtures of these , from the rest , from whose Elements they are collected , and pervert their motions ; hence the dispositions of things are destroyed , life profligated , and , the same being scarce extinct , the Bodies undergoe putrefaction ; hence the tops of Trees , or of Corn , being struck with a blast , suddenly grow dry or wither ; hence among Cattel , the murrain often rages , which kills at once whole Flocks ; by reason of this kind of cause , the Seeds of the Pestilence first put themselves forth , and attempt the slaughter of human kind : for as invenomed Bodies in the bowels of the Earth or concreted on its superficies , produce the Arsenical or Aconital mixtures , so these being even resolved into vapour , and heaped together in the Air , create most pernitious Airs , from which Malignant and Pestilential Diseases arise ; the infection , which after this manner Contaminates the Air , the most ingenious Diemerbrochius , a searcher of this Disease , contends , that is only sent ( as the wrath of angry Apollo ) immediately from the angry right hand of God : but this were to multiply without any pretext of necessity ( I will not say beings but ) miracles , and in every Plague to assert a Creation of new substance ; when in the mean time , the virulent product of Minerals and Vegitable , which dayly appear , and of as quite adverse Nature to us , as the Plague , clearly testifie , that there lives hid in the Bowels of the Earth , plenty of invenomed matter , sufficiently fitted for this business . For the little Bodys , which being roled about with earthy matter , do constitute the Poysonous mixtures in the bosom of the Earth , the same being resolved into vapours , will be no less hurtful afterwards , and impress a pestiferous blast to the Air , which they wander through : wherefore , by the leave of so Learned a man , I should say , that it seems not improbable , that the things which first of all affix the seed plot of the Pestilence , to any tract of Air , be the Poysonous Effluvia of fierce Salts and Sulphurs , and ( by the Divine Will instigating ) breathing forth from the bowels of the Earth ; which somtimes , being a long time before shut up , are leisurely exhaled out of Dens and Caverns ; somtimes by reason of the motion of the Earth , or Earthquake , or a gaping of the Earth , they break forth in heaps ; also , of the same kind , are those which ordinarily are breathed forth from the filth of Souldiers in their nasty Camps ; or from unburied Carcases ; or from places , beset with standing and stinking Mud : but the little Bodies after this manner exhaled , obtain their wonderful height , properties , and abilities , by a long putrefaction , that therefore they are incongruous , and heterogeneous to all others whatsoever , and so being received into the Air , ferment it ( as it were a mass of Liquor ) and pervert it from a wholsom and benign , into a most pernicious and wicked Nature .

Some Bodies more easily , others not so readily receive the malignant tincture of the Pestilent Air. Those who by reason of ill feeding are full of evil humors , and who by reason of fulness , have their Blood stuffed with firable Sulphur , receive the Pestilential Poyson , by the lest blast of the invenomed Air , especially if fear or sadness happen , which convey inwardly , and lead to the Heart , as it were by a certain attraction the most light darts of the contagion . On the contrary , those who have their Viscera clean , and the mass of Blood well tempered , and are indued with a strong , and fearless mind , do not so easily receive this infection , and somtimes exterminate it soon , being received .

Thus much for the beginning and divulgation of the Pestilence , according to its first Fountains , and from thence the stream of the infected Air being deduced : it remains for us to speak concerning its propagation by contagion , forasmuch as it is derived , as it were extraduce from some and so to others .

We understand by Contagion , that force or action , by which any distemper residing in one Body , excites its like in another . But as this may happen , either immediately by contact , as when any one lying in the same bed with another , taken with the Plague , or mediately , and at a distance , as when it happens that the infection is transferred from one house to others remote , or also if the Plague come upon any one , after many days or months , perhaps years handling a Garment , or house-hold stuff , brought from an infected house : therefore that the Nature of the Contagion , and its diverse modes may be plainly made known , we will first weigh what that is , which streams from an infected Body . Secondly , how it bears it self through the Medium of its passage . Thirdly , by what means it begets a distemper like it self , in another Body .

1. That from every Body , altho of a more fixt Nature , Effluvia of Atoms constantly fly away , and run forth , which round about constitute as it were a Cloud or Halos , and as it were cloath it , like the down of a Peach , is so much received among the more sound Philosophers , that nothing can be more . But by how much the more any thing consists of active Particles , by so much the more , it sends from it self , little Bodies of more remarkable virtue and energy . Hence the Effluvia which fall from Ambers , are able to move other Bodies from their place : emanations proceed from Sulphureous things , which fill the whole neighbourhood with odors . And so when the Pestilential venom , as hath been already said , is from hence any where fixed , and tho in the smallest bulk , is of great efficacy and operation , there is a necessity , that some emanations , proceed from the Bodies imbued with it , which refer the nature or disposition of the same Poyson and malignity , and diffuse them on every side according to its sphear of activity . But when these little Bodies , which retain the contagion of the Pestilence , as they stream from one Body , are not presently received by another , we shall inquire , how they carry themselves , in respect of their passage , through the medium .

Where we shall presently meet with a difference in those , from many others , for that the Effluvia , which ordinarily evaporate , do not long retain the Nature or Disposition of the Body , from which they flow , but either vanish into Air , or being impacted to other Bodies , are assimilated to them : but those Particles , which fall from a Pestilential Infection , are not easily supped up by the Air , or any other Body , so as they may be wholly destroyed ; but among the various confusions of Atoms , and the dashings of other Bodies , they keep themselves untouched , For this untamed Poyson remains still the same almost , and not to be overcome by others , and tho it consists of never so little heap of Atoms , will not presently vanish ; but with its ferment , imbues the next little Bodies , and so acquires new forces , and gains strength by going ; from whence it lurks a long while in some nest , and after a long time , when it assaults a convenient subject , puts forth it self , and imparting the taint of its Poyson to another , raises up again the Disease of the Pestilence anew , which seemed before to be exploded , and tho from the smallest seminary , sprinkles far and near its deadly Poyson .

For the Pest , brings forth such most sure signs of its contagion , that some Authors contend , that for this reason it only continues among Mortals , and doth never spring up anew , but is only conserved from its nest , and carried from thence , from one Region to another . Histories relate , that the seeds of this have lain asleep for several years , in some Garment or Bedcloaths , and that afterwards , they being stirred , it hath appeared , and hath stirred up anew the Disease of the Pestilence , increasing with a mighty slaughter of men . When by reason of the tinder , or cherishing nest , the Plague is propagated after this manner , at a distance , the invenomed little Bodies , which remain in the infection , being moved , presently leap out , and unfold its Poyson every way , as it were by a certain irradiation : if that they strike against an human body , presently they lay hold on the Spirits , and are by their Vehicle conveyed inwardly , and then by an easie labour , they infect the Blood and Humors , wheresoever flowing in the Vessels , with their ferment , and quickly bring to them coagulations and putrefaction . And after this manner , through the most subtil Effiuvia , is made as it were a certain transmigration of the Pestilential Disease , even as when a shoot being cut off from some Tree , and laid up for a time , and afterwards ingrafted to another Trunk , tho from the smallest bud , it is able to produce a Tree of the same Kind and Nature .

CHAP. XIII . Of the Plague .

THus far we have discoursed of Poyson in general , also of the Pestilence , its beginning and propagation by contagion : it now remains , that we explicate the description of the Plague , its Nature , according to its accidents , and symptoms , most worthy of note ; then some things shall be added , which belong to its Cure .

The Plague may be described after this manner , that it is an Epidemical Disease , Contagious , highly infestous to human kind ; taking its beginning from an invenomed Infection , received first by the Air , and then propagated by Contagion ; which having hiddenly and largely set upon men , causes extinctious of the Spirits , coagulations of the Blood , blastings , mortifications or deadnesses of the solid parts , and with the appearances of whelks , buboes , or carbuncles , as also with the horrid provision of other symptoms , brings the sick in danger of life .

Altho the Plague be one kind of Disease , and its specifical differences , or essential are not found , yet by reason of the divers kinds of accidents , which come upon it , some diversities and irregularities of it are observed , which somthing vary the type of the Disease , tho they change not the species . For first this distemper somtimes is more universal that it rages every where through many Vilages and Cities at once ; but somtimes it is circumscribed in narrower bounds , and only threatens one Region or Tract of Land . Secondly , somtimes the Plague comes simple , and unmixt with other Diseases , wherefore privily , and as it were by surprise , almost without a Feaver , or vehemency of symptoms , brings a secret killing of the sick . Somtimes it is complicated , with a number of other Diseases , that the business is carried with tumult and frequent skirmishing between Nature and Death . Thirdly , the degree of malignity constitutes a great difference ; for the Plague in some places , and times is much more mild , that many of the sick escape ; somtimes it is highly mortal , that most taken are killed , and that scarce one of an hundred recovers .

But because this Disease hides its weapons , and coming on men unawares , kills them suddenly , therefore it shall be our work , that by some signs , as it were watchmen planted , we may know the Clandestine coming of this enemy , altho we are not able to foresee it from afar . Very many signs happen , which foretel shortly a Plague about to come : to wit , if the year keeps not its Temper , but has immoderate , and very unseasonable excesses , either of heat or cold , or of dryness or wet ; if the small-pox or Measles , do every where rage ; if Boils or Buboes , accompauy reigning Feavers . Besides Astrologers are wont , from the Aspects of the Stars , or appearances of Comets , to predict the approaching Plague , but this ought rather to be called a vain conjecture , than a certain foreknowledge . From a preceeding Famine , a most certain presage may be taken , of a Plague to follow , as in the Adage - 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . The Plague comes with the Famine . For the like Constitution of the year , which for the most part , by reason of the Corn being blasted , brings scarcity , is apt also to produce the Plague : also , an evil way of feeding which people in dearths use , eating all unwholsom things , without choice , disposes their Bodies , to the more easie receiving the Infection . Yea , also earth-quakes fresh openings of Caverns , and secret Vaults , by the gaping of the Ground , by reason of the eruptions of malignant and impoysoned Airs , often give beginning to the Pestilence . For indeed , as there is need of great diligence , to foresee , as it were from a watch-Tower , the approaching Plague , so there is no less need of care and diligence , to consider , or take notice of the same , being fresh risen , and the shooting of its first darts : For oftentimes , being too solicitous , we dread vulgar Feavers , if perchance they end in death , for this Disease ; and somtimes being too secure , contemning the Pestilence , by reason of its Symptoms , like to a common Feaver , we apprehend not our danger , till too late ; wherefore , for the more full knowledge of this Disease , we will subjoyn its Signs and Symptoms both common , and Pathognomic or peculiar , and briefly describe their causes , means , and manner of being done .

Besides the signs already delivered , which by a certain demonstration à priori or before-hand , bring a suspicion of the Plague about to come , there are others , the concourse of which , plainly shew its presence , in the sick body : of these , some are common to the Plague , with a Putrid Feaver , some are more proper to this distemper . For the impression of the Pestilence , most often stirs up an effervency of the Blood , and so has frequently a Feaver joyned with it , that among some , in the definition of the Plague , it hath the place of a kind of Feaver ; wherefore , by reason of the ebullition of the Blood , and the hurt brought to the Viscera , presently there follows , a growing hot , a spontaneous weariness , thirst , a burning of the precordia , often great Vomitings , pains of the Heart , torments of the Intestines , a scurfiness of the Tongue , or a blackness , a pain of the head , watchings , Phrensie , palpitation of the Heart , swooning , and sudden loss of strength : tho Feavers are most often beset , with these kind of Symptoms , yet if at the same time , the Plague hath spread in the neighbourhood , and a fear of it hath possessed the minds of men , hence a greater suspition of this evil is caused , especially , because , whilst the Pestilence reigns , other Diseases in any one , leave their proper Nature , and change into it : wherefore , if there happens to the distempers but now recited , a Communication of the same sickness to many , and a frequency of Burials , that it becomes every where very deadly , and spreads largely even by contagion ; and if besides , Buboes , Carbuncles , Spots , or other marks of the pestiferous infection appear , the business is put without doubt , and we may with no less faith denounce it the Pestilence , than when we see an house flaming , with fire breaking through the Raftures , we cry out Fire . But because here is mention made of Buboes , Carbuncles , and of other Symptoms , ( of which we have already spoken , where we treated of Putrid Feavers ) it remains , that we briefly touch the causes of them , and the manner of their being made : They are these : A Carbuncle , a Bubo , Whelks , Inflamations , and malignant Pustles .

Concerning these in common , we say , that they are all produced of the Blood , and nervous juice , touched with the pestiferous Poyson , and coagulated in parts , in their circuit , and distempered variously with putrefaction ; forasmuch as the Spirits , residing in either Liquor , especially in the Blood , are no sooner profligated , by the blast of this malignant Disease , but a coagulation is induced to the remaining Liquor , even as milk growing sour , or when some acid juice is poured to it ; wherefore , portions of it being more grievously touched with the Poyson , they soon curdle or grow into gobbets , and suffer corruption with blackness , like Blood out of the Vessels ; from whence , presently they hinder the motion of the rest of the Blood in the Vessels , and in the Heart , and by means of its ferment , more coagulate it ; but whatsoever by congelation grows into curdled gobbets , unless it be presently cast out of doors , causes death quickly , by restraining the circulation of the Blood ; and being thrust forth outwardly , towards the superficies of the body , it is stopped in its motion , between the narrow windings of the Vessels ; and being wholly destitute either of Spirit , or being struck by a blasting , produces its deadness , black and blew spots , and black or purple marks ; or , by reason of the Salt and Sulphur , being exalted , by the pestilential ferment , and affecting new things , grow together into tumors of a various kind .

A Carbuncle , or Fiery Inflamation , is a fiery Tumor , with most sharp and burning Pustules round about it , and infesting the sick , with an acute pain ; which arising in various places severally , will not be ripened , but creeping more abroad on the superficies , burns the skin , and at length shakes off the lobes , or gobbets of its Corruption , and leaves an hollow ulcer , as if burnt by an Escharotick or burning Plaster .

The generation of Plague-sores , seem to be made after this manner , when Poysonous infections do strike into the Blood , in its own nature torrid , portions of it congealed , are fixed in the superficies of the Body ; and in that place , because the motion of the Blood is a little hindred , a tumour at first small , is induced ; which afterwards , by a malignant ferment , unfolding it self more largely , being leisurely increased , creeps into the neighbouring part : A suppuration follows not , because the matter being extravasated , and stagnating , is not concocted and digested by a gentle heat , but by reason of the particles of the outrageous Sulphur , together with the carried forth Salt , being heaped up in these Tumors , and because of the stagnation , they being presently loosened from the mixture , a burning is excited , as if a Cautery were affixed to the part : pieces and lobes of skins , eaten as it were from a covered Eschar , fall off , because the Corrosive venom , impacted in the Muscles , gnaws not only to the superficies , but those that lie transvers through the whole substance ; wherefore , before all the flesh is consumed , with the membranes , in which the eaten pieces were invalved , some piece , as it were cut off from the rest falls away . A Carbuncle , oftentimes but one , oftentimes more arise : somtimes they are alone , somtimes they are accompanied with a Bubo .

A pestilent Bubo springs forth , only in glandulous places , into whose substance goes , not only the Blood congealed by the Poyson , and carried through the Arteries , but the nervous juice heaped up there , and carried back into the Veins . Because this Tumor happens from less torrid juices , and in part more frigid , therefore it partakes of suppuration . For the matter being leisurely heaped together , when ( by reason of the stagnation , the vital Spirit being departed ) it had lost the form of Blood , it was by a long concoction converted into matter , from the particles of Salt and Sulphur exalted , and restrained in the Tumor . But that these Tumors only happen in the Glandulas , the reason is , not that by the destination of Nature , the nest or tinder of the Disease , is carried to these parts , but as the particles of the virulent infection , abound every where in the Blood , and nervous juice , they are more readily gathered together , as in a common Family , and where the Blood being dilated to the extream parts of the Arteries , and is so not readily received , and carried back by the veins , and also the alible juice , to be carried back from the nerves , into the veins , is deposed : either of these , as it appears clearly , by late observations of Anatomists , and by experience , are made or done about the Glandulas ; wherefore , when in these parts , either humors , being stuffed with the pestilent feeds of the contagion , come together at once , as it were the nest of the malignity , because of the virulency here deposed from either , is blown up .

Whelks , fiery inflamations , and purple spots , in respect of the venom , are of the same stuff , as the Tumors but now described : but in these , the product of the virulency , consists in a lesser substance , yet with greater danger , by reason of the seeds of the Poyson , being more dispersed : more small portions of the coagulated Blood being fixed in the skin , constitute these lesser appearances , wherefore , out of these , some being increased , are ripened into little itching blisters : others , by reason of a certain blasting , or deadness of the corrupted Blood , grow into black and blew , and purple Spots .

Altho the Plague , by reason of its sudden , secret , and very swift assault upon sick people , hardly gives time or place , for a prognostick , and when this Disease , by reason of the occult manner of hurting , contains in it self nothing that is not suspected , yet there are some signs , that appear in its course , by which we are wont to foretel , either Life or Death . The business is then desperate , if the Disease pass presently into an Epidemical distemper , and makes violent assaults ; if that bleeding , or only a small sweat follows , in the beginning of the Disease ; if the Urine be thick and troubled , the Pulse unequal , and weak ; if a Convulsion , or a Phrensie presently follow ; if the Vomits , or Stools are blewish , black , or highly stinking ; if the Whelks at first contract a redness , afterwards a blewness ; if the Carbuncles are many ; if the Buboes at first swelling up , disappear ; if strength be suddenly lost , the face horrid , or grows black and blew ; if with a shivering of the outward parts , there be an heat of the bowels , especially if these , or many of them happen in a body full of ill humors , or in an unwholsom season . On the contrary , the sick may be bid to be of good chear , if the condition of the Pestilence be lighter , and less deadly ; if the Disease happens in a robust and healthful body , with a strong mind ; if remedies may be timely had , before the Disease hath possessed the whole mass of Blood . Also , if with a continuance of strength , high and equal Pulse , a suppuration of the Buboes , and a large profusion of matter , with the absence of more horrid Symptoms , the course of the Disease is performed : In the mean time , altho here we may hope all good , yet we are not to be secure , because , somtimes the snares of life , are laid privily , with the laudable appearance of signs , and we suffer most grievously as from a reconciled Enemy , whose fierce threatnings we seemed to have shun'd .

Concerning the curing of very many sicknesses , the business is chiefly committed to Nature , to whose necessity , Physick is the Midwife : and the office , and science of a Physician , chiefly is busied in these , that occasions of giving convenient aids , to this labouring , be attended , but the Plague hath this peculiar , that its cure is not at all to be left to Nature , but that it is to be endeavoured any way , by remedies gathered from Art . Nor are we to be solicitous of a more opportune , or as it were a gentler time , but Medicines are most quickly to be prepared , and we must not stay for them some hours , no nor minutes . But because , whilst the Pestilence reigns , there is no less need of care , that the Contagion may be driven far away , than that the Disease being impressed may be cured , therefore , a double task is incumbent on the Physician , to wit , that he looks to the prevention of this malignant Disease , as well as to the cure . To prescribe a method for both these , had been a work of too much tediousness , and to have given you a dish a thousand times dressed by Authors , wherefore , we will only touch lightly here , some chief Indications , and hast to other things .

Preventive cautions , either respect the Republique , and belong to the Magistrate , or private persons , to whom it should be taught , what is to be done by all men , when the Plague is feared .

The publique care in the time of the Plague , consists chiefly in these , that Divine worship be truly observed , that all nests of Putrefaction be cut off , that filths , Dunghils , and all stinking things may be removed out of the Streets , and all occasion of the Contagion diligently avoided , and that an wholsom means of living be constantly observed by the Citizens . For which end , the use of fruits , and of other unwholsom things should be interdicted : that poor people , who have not plenty or choice of food ; should be provided for , at the publique charge : If still the Pestilence begins to spread , the empoysoned force of the Air should be corrected , as much as may be , which may be best done , by the frequent burning of Sulphureous things ; the infected should be separated from the sound , and the dead Carcases , and houshold-stuff should be avoided ; and lastly , that able and fit Physicians , and Ministers be provided for the use of the sound , and the necessities of the sick .

The preventive means of a private person , is wont to be concluded in these three things , viz. Diet , Physick , and Chirurgery . Diet respects the six nonnatural things , among which , of the greatest moment are , the Air and passions of the mind : as to the rest , Hippocrates his precept may suffice , viz. Labour , Meat , Drink , Sleep , Venus , should be taken moderately . The Pestilent Air should be avoided , by going into some other place ; or corrected by the well burning of Sulphureous things , or whilst we breath it should be cured by fumigations and sweet smells , often carried near the nostrils . As to the passions of the minds , fear , and sadness , whilst the Pestilence rages , are as it were another Plague ; for in these , the seeds of the envenomed Contagion , which are placed in the superficies of the Body , as it were on the edge of a whirlpool , are snatched inwardly , by a certain force , and carried to the Heart ; wherefore , t is a most excellent Antidote , to be of a chearful and confident mind . I have known many , who ( as Helmont was wont to say ) by fortifying the Archeus , with Wine and confidence , never used any other Poyson-resisting Medicines , and remained without any hurt of the Contagion among the infected : and on the contrary , some struck with fear , when they have dwelt far from all Contagion , have drank in the seeds of the Pestilence , as if they were derived from the Stars .

Among the Chirurgical things , to be administred for preservation sake , are wont to be commended , the opening of a Vein , Cauteries , and Amulets . Where there is a fulness , with a great swelling up of the Blood ; or in those who constantly , by long custom are wont to be let Blood , it is convenient to open a Vein : For the less the Blood grows hot , and is circulated without Tumult , in the Vessels , it will be so much the longer , ere it be contaminated , by the pestiferous Disease . Issues made by Cauteries , are so much used , almost by the suffrage of all , for preservation sake against the Plague , that t is become the most common receipt : For these by a constant transmission pour forth the assiduous coming of the superfluous and excrementitious matter ; and if that the infections of the Pestilence be admitted inwardly , they are cast forth of doors , at these open ports .

Amulets , hung about the neck , or born on the wrists , are believed to have a wonderful force against the Pestilence ; of these , among some , of the greatest esteem , are such as are made out of Arsnick , quick-silver , the pouder of Toads , and other Poysons . That the same in this case may be profitable , besides the observations of Physicians this reason may seem to persuade somthing . The Effluvia , or atomical little bodies , emerging now from these bodies , now residing upon these , are before affirmed to fly about through the whole Region of the Air ; these , as they are diversly figured , some of them easily cohere with others , but if they strike against some of another form , they oppose and overturn them : hence , the particles of the pestilent Infection , which are adverse to our Spirits , excellently agree with those little bodies of Poyson placed near , and are readily fixed to them : wherefore , the Amulets made of Poyson do this , viz. They receive the seeds of the Pestilence meeting us , into themselves , by reason of the likeness of parts ; also , by alluring the same from our bodies , into their embraces , they in some measure , free the infected from the infection .

The Medicinal prevention hath a twofold scope : First , that the assiduous coming of the excrementitious matter or humors be taken away by a gentle purging , as often as there is need : Secondly , that by the daily taking Poyson-resisting Medicines , our Spirits , and Body may be fortified against the assault of the Poyson : By the former , the Food and cherishers , of which encrease putrefaction brought in by the Poyson are drawn away ; by the latter , the first inkindling of the pestiferous Infection , as it were a deadly fire , is inhibited . Alexipharmies or Medicines contrary to Poysons seem to be helpful against the contagion of the Plague for this twofold Reason ; Both because the mass of Blood and Viscera being filled with the particles of these , and also the Spirits before possessed with the same , they do not easily admit of the company of the impoysoned Infection ; also , because the Blood being incited by the gentle fury of these is kept from coagulation .

Thus much for preservation , it follows now , that we speak of the cure of the Plague . The doctrine of which , is either general , and comprehends remedies , which for this end , are taken from Diet , Chirurgery , and Medicine ; or special , which delivers the use , and Cautions to be exhibited , about those Remedies ; and by what mens we are to oppose the Symptoms variously arising .

Diet comprehends the use of the six non-naturals , but the chief care , and medical cautions , are to be given about eating , the primary Indications of this , consist not at one and the same time together , but ought to be supplyed by turns , according to the nature of the thing , and the exigency of nature . In respect of the malignity , and of the loss of strength , Aliments are to be desired , which greatly cherish the Spirits , and bring a more plentiful nourishment : in respect of the Feaverish distemper , a more slender refrigerating Diet , and temperating the Blood , seems to be required : The Physician must regard either , but he may rather intend his Remedies against the malignity , than the Feaver .

The helps that belong to Chirurgery , are the opening a Vein , which seldom and very cautiously ought to be used in this Disease , because the Blood being too much exhausted , and the Vessels falling down , sweat is not so easily procured ; instead of this , it is better to use Cupping , with scarification . For this , and Blistering , are rightly applyed for the drawing forth of the Venom ; moreover , against Buboes , Inflamations , or malignant Ulcers produced by them , Cataplasms , Fomentations , Plasters , Oyntments , and many other things , to be outwardly applyed , are to be sought for from Chirurgery , in which some Poysons , as the Electric of Poyson , are prescribed by some to be admixed ; wherefore , preparations of Arsnick , to wit , the oil and balsom of it , are commended by many , in this case too of most excellent use and efficacy .

Medicines for the cure of the Plague , are either Evacuators , or Poyson-resisters : The intention of the former is , that the serous Latex in the Blood , and the excrementitious humors , which abound in the Viscera , be thrust forth of doors ; and together with them , very many particles of the invenomed Infection , every where dispersed in the Body : But these are both Vomitories and Purgers , the use of which is more rare , and only in the beginning of the Disease , also Diaphoreticks or sweating Medicines , which at some times may be suffered according as there is strength , are to be prescribed in the Plague : For these more fully , and from the whole body at once evacuate , yea , and by agitating the Blood , defend it from Congelation , and as they move from the Center , still to the Circumference , they drive the empoysoned ferment , also the Corruptions of the Blood and humors , far from the heart , and so chase the Enemy without the Camp . But Vomits , and Purges evacuate less universally , and by Concentrating the malignant matter , oftentimes carry it inwardly , and fix it to the Bowels . But these Medicines , whether they operate by purging , or sweating , ought to be of that kind , which have particles , rather agreeable to the empoysoned infection , than to our Blood or Spirits ; for such a Medicine , will pass through the various windings of our body , with its whole forces and unmixt , and by reason of the similitude of either , more certainly takes hold of the virulent matter of the Disease , and carries it forth of doors with it self , by the mutual adhesion of the parts , which way provoked nature leads . Wherefore , Medicines , whether Catharticks or Sudorificks , are commended before others , which are prepared out of Mercury , Antimony , Gold , Sulphur , Vitriol , Arsnick , and the like ; which , when they cannot be subjugated by our heat , or mastered , become the best Remedies against the Poyson of a pestilent Disease : for these do not only potently evacuate superfluous things , but when as they put forth very strong and untameable particles , and explicate them every where in the body , dissipate the ferments of the Poyson growing here and there , and hinder them from maturation ; and as these Remedies , being of themselves not to be overcome by Nature , are necessitated to be carried outwardly through the open passages of the body , they carry forth of doors with them , whatsoever extraneous or hostile thing is met with .

As to Poyson-resisting Medicines , or Alexiterians , which are said to resist the Poyson of this Disease , without any sensible evacuation , they are ( for the most part ) such , whose particles are not very much of kin to Nature , so as to goe into Aliment ; nor so diverse , as to provoke to an excretion . The same being inwardly taken , and broken into the smallest pieces , inspire the Blood , and juices flowing together in the Vessels , and Viscera , with their little bodies , as with a new ferment , and by moving the same gently , and by keeping them in an equal mixture , defend them from Coagulation , and Putrefaction ; dissipate the particles begun to be heaped up , one from another , by the same gentle agitation , and hinder them from maturity ; and lastly by pre-possessing the Blood and Spirits , defend them from the impressions of the pestilent mark . Among these , some more simple Remedies are commended as Rue , Scordium , &c. but most of all by far are esteemed , those that are compounded , wherefore , Treacle , Mithridate , and Diascordium , some of which are compos'd of no less than fifty simples ; that , 't is esteemed a crime in Medicines so compleat in all numbers , to omit one Plant , or one Dram of them in their Compositions ; the reason perchance is , because very many things being put together , may make a mass , whose diverse kinds of particles being exalted , by long digestion , may stir up the greater fermentation in our Blood and humors .

Having after this manner ranked the Remedies , in which we ought to be instructed , for the curing of the Plague ; now next we should speak of the method of cure , viz. What first , and then what next , should be done in order : but that this Disease hath so precipitous a Course , that there is neither place for deliberation , nor is there frequently any Physician to be gotten , for fear of the Contagion ; wherefore , there is no need here of of many prescripts , or a long feries of Indications ; this business is to be quickly performed , and may be comprehended in a few things . Therefore , when the pestilence reigning , any one is distempered with the Contagion of this Disease , the help of the omnipotent God being requested by Prayers , presently Remedies are to be flown to : If the Plague happens in a body not throughly purged , and prone to Vomiting , presently let a Vomit be taken , whose operation being finished , immediatly let a sweat be provoked , by taking Diaphoreticks , and the same continued as strength can bear it , and afterwards be often repeated . Besides , let Alexipharmicks or Poyson-resisters , be used almost every moment , until by the eruption of Whelks , Inflamations , or Buboes , all the Venom be wholly driven forth of doors : but in the mean time , proper and respective Remedies , are to be opposed to the most urging Symptoms : but especially , fit helps are to be fought from Chirurgery , for the cure of the Buboes , and Plague-sores : the whole weight of this business , leans on these two Intentions , that the pestiferous Poyson may be every way expelled from within , and then , that the recourse of what is driven forth , be with equal diligence prevented .

Concerning the Plague , we cannot so readily write examples , and histories of sick persons , with exact diaries of the Symptoms : because these kind of sicknesses came not every year , neither when they spread , is it lawful for every Physician that takes care of his own health , frequently to visit the sick , or to stay long with them , whereby he may denote all accidents , and diligently consider the reasons of them ; which task however , the renowned Diemerbrochius , did so firmly persist in , that after him , others may lawfully be superseded from this work : when somtimes past , in this City , viz. 1645. the Plague ( tho not great ) had spread , Doctor Henry Sayer , a very learned Physician , and happy in his practice , many others refusing this province , boldly visited all the sick , poor , as well as rich , daily administred to them Physick , and handled with his own hands , their Buboes , and virulent Ulcers , and so cured very many sick , by his sedulous , tho dangerous Labour . That he might fortifie himself against the Contagion , before he went into the infected houses , he was wont only to drink a large draught of Sack , and then his perambulation about the borders of Death , and the very jaws of the Grave being finished , to repeat the same Antidote ; After he had in this City , as if inviolable as to the Plague , a long while taken care of the affairs of the Sick without any hurt , he was sent for to Walling ford-Castle , where this Disease cruelly Raged , as another Aesculapius , by the Governour of the place : But there being so bold , as to lye in the same Bed ; with a certain Captain ( his intimate Companion ) who was taken with the Plague , he quickly received the Contagion of the same Disease : nor were the Arts then profitable to the Master , which had been helpful to so many others , but there , with great sorrow of the Inhabitants , nor without great loss to the Medical Science , he dyed of that Disease . As to others , distempered by the Pestilence , he was wont to order this kind of method of healing , if he was sent for before the Buboes or Whelks appeared outwardly , for the most part he gave a Vomit , the prescriptions of which were of the Infusion of Crocus Metallorum , somtimes with white , and somtimes with Roman Vitriol : The Vomiting being ended he commanded them to be presently put into a sweat by the taking of Diaphoreticks ; and thence , some intervals being granted , for the recovery of strength , the sweating to be continued to the declination of the Disease : but if he were sent for to the sick , after the appearances of the marks , the Vomiting being let alone , he insisted only upon Sudorificks .

CHAP. XIV . Of Pestilential and Malignant Feavers in specie , and of others Epidemical .

AFter having unfolded the Nature of the Plague , by the order of our Tract , we ought to proceed to the Diseases , which seem to be nearest like its Nature ; which chiefly are Feavers , called Pestilent and Malignant ; for t is commonly noted , that Feavers somtimes reign popularly , which for the vehemency of symptoms , the great slaughter of the sick , and the great force of contagion , scarce give place to the Pestilence ; which however , because they imitate the type of Putrid Feavers , and do not so certainly kill the sick as the Plague , or so certainly infect others , they deserve the name not of the Plague , but by a more minute appellation of a Pestilential Feaver : Besides these , there are Feavers of another kind , the perniciousness and Contagion of which appear more remiss , yet , because they are infestous , beyond the force of Putrid Feavers , and seem to contain in themselves in a manner , the 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 or hand of God of Hippocrates , are yet by a more soft appellation , called Malignat Feavers .

Those Feavers differ both from the Pest , and from one another according to the degree , and vehemency of contagion and deadlyness : as the Plague is a Disease highly contagious , and deadly to human kind ; t is the Pestilent Feaver , which commonly spreads with a lesser diffusion of its infection , and frequency of burials . When the infection is only suspected , and the Crisis happens beyond the event of vulgar Feavers , only not to be trusted or less safe , t is esteemed for a Malignant Feaver . They are yet more fully described thus .

When the Feaver commonly spreads abroad , which for the variety of symptoms , puts on the likeness of the Putrid Feaver so caled , to wit , when there are present , Thirst , Burning , Weariness , Anxiety , roughness of the Tongue , Watchings , Phrensie , Vomiting , want of Appetite , Syncopy , Swooning , Heart-pains , and a concourse of other most terrible accidents ; if there happen besides , spots either like to the little Flea-bites , or broad ones like black and blew strokes , and livid , we esteem this disease of an evil Nature . If besides these , it is not cured after the wonted manner of Feavers , but that the strength of the sick is cast down , without any manifest cause , and that death comes often unlooked for and unsuspected , against the Prognostic of the Physician , there is yet a greater cause of suspicion of malignity : But if it kills very many of the sick , and that those who converse with the sick , contract the evil of the same Disease , that the same Disease spreads through all the Villages or Cities , it may be said to be more than malignant , a pestilential Feaver : which is yet fully proved , if it rages in very many ordinarily with a certain common symptom , as when a Squinancy , Dysentery or deadly Sweat , such as in times past spread in England , accompany these sort of Feavers .

If that a Feaver arises , which Distempers many living in the same Region together , almost after the same manner , which notwithstanding observes the laws of a common Putrid Feaver in its course , and is cured almost after the same manner , this is not said to be Pestilent , but only a Malignant Feaver ; unless that in some labouring with a remarkable Cacochymy , or fulness of ill humors , the appearances of Buboes , or of spots , somtimes with a deadly Crisis , and a contagion creeping upon others , betray some signs of Malignity .

If it be demanded , to which Class of the aforesaid Feavers , these sort of Pestilential and Malignant Feavers ought to be placed , we ascribe them only to the rank of continual Feavers ; we discharge or acquit intermitting Feavers , because by intervals they grant such firm Truces to Nature , and then they regularly and exactly observe their periods , which does not confist with an invenomed disposition . Also we except Hectic Feavers from malignity , because otherwise their mortality would not be so long delayed , but that partaking of Poyson , they would kill sooner : among continual Feavers , altho we affirm , that the simple synochal Feavers , are not free , yet they are rarely touched with this evil : but most of all , the Feaver which shews the notes of pestility or malignity , is of that sort , which resembles the figure of the Putrid Feaver so called : for when in these Feavers , besides the appearances of virulency , we perceive a continual growing hot of the Blood , which passes through the courses or stadia of beginning , increase , standing and declination , as in Putrid Feavers , we deservedly affirm here , the Sulphureous part of the Blood to be heated and inkindled , and by its burning to have brought in the Feaver : wherefore in these kind of Feavers , two things are especially to be noted , the growing hot of the Blood and the malignity joyned with it , of which now this , now that is the greater : also , in both there is a great Latitude , and very many degrees of its intension or heat , according to which the Feaver becomes more or less acute or malignant .

The growing hot of the Blood is performed after the same manner , as is already said concerning Putrid Feavers : to wit , the Sulphureous part of the Blood growing hot above measure , as it were takes fire by its fervor ; in the time of its burning it accumulates a great quantity of adust marter , upon whose subaction and seclusion , depend the state and Crisis after the wonted manner of Feavers : but besides these , the Blood being infected with a certain venornous taint , in the burning it begins by reason of the malignant ferment , to be coagulated into parts , and to putrifie : wherefore besides the usual symptoms of the common Feaver , by reason of some congealed portions of the Blood , follow either deadly Distempers , Swooning , a dejection of the Spirits , also appearances of spots and marks : besides venomous Effluvia , which depart from the sick , that are able to raise up the like Distemper in others , by the force of their contagion ; wherefore by reason of its perniciousness and contagion , and their various degrees , it is called , either a Pestilent or Malignant Feaver .

Also whilst the Blood growing hot , is infected with a venomous and malignant ferment , not only proper coagulations of its mass , with a disposition to putrifaction , are induced ; but also the Nervous Liquor , easily contracts the taint of this , from whence it being made improportionate to the Brain and Regiment of the Animal Spirits , stirs up great irregularities in them : therefore upon these sort of Feavers , come not only spots and whelks , but most often a Delirium , Phrensie , Sleepiness , Tremblings of the Limbs , Cramps , and Convulsive motions ; I have often observed , that in some certain years , Malignant Feavers have increased , which have shown their virulency , without the appearances of marks , chiefly about the Nervous stock ; because in some , presently after the beginning , has followed a sleepiness , with a mighty heaviness of the Head , in others , strong Watchings , a perturbation of mind , with Trembling and Convulsive motions , but in most , either none , or only an uncertain Crisis , and instead of it , a translation of the Feaverish matter to the Brain ; besides it is observed , that these Feavers creep upon others by contagion , and that very many are killed by them , that therefore they do deserve to be called Malignant .

But these kind of Feavers are somtimes first begun from a venomous infection , and the Blood being touched with the Particles of the venom , conceives of it self an Effervescency , and is inkindled ; as when from a contagion or malignant Air being inspired , any one hath fallen into a Malignant Feaver , without any evident cause or predisposition : But somtimes the Feaverish Distemper is induced from a proper cause , and then the seeds of the Malignity , either lying hid within in the Body , exert themselves in the Effervent Blood , or they come from another place by the contaminated Air , as it were the Food of the flame before inkindled ; for it appears by frequent observation in the time in which an Epidemical Feaver spreads , that others being any way arisen , turn into it .

Malignant Feavers , as also Pestilential , for the most part are popular , and invade many at once : but somtimes they are private , and not ordinary , so that perhaps only one or two are taken in the whole Region ; in such a case , it is to be suspected that they come not from a malignant Air , or Epidemical cause , but from a morbous provision of the Body ; for I have often observed that when in the Spring or Autumn , a Feaver sufficiently common , hath spread in some City or Town , of which very many have dyed , perhaps some one on whom an evil predisposition , and a more strong evident cause , hath brought the Feaver , hath lain by it , with more horrid symptoms , and great notes of malignity : in which case that malignity is not to be called common to the Feaver , but not ordinary , and accidental only .

Altho the greatest reason of the difference , by which these kind of Feavers are distinguished from one another , and from other Feavers , consists in their deadliness and contagion ; yet somtimes , they are noted with a certein peculiar symptom , from which they take for that time , both the note of malignity , and the appellation of the name : hence in some years an Epidemical Feaver reigns , which induces to most of the sick a Squinancy , another time an inflamation of the Lungs , a Pleurisie , Dysentery , or some other distemper , and that oftentimes most dangerous , and contagious : so the seeds of Diseases , not only derived from the Parents by traduction , excite their fruits as it were by a certain designation , in the same part or member ; but also , those received from an Infection commonly spreading , produce in all , a distemper of the same mode and figure : which yet I think to happen , not because the seeds of the venomous Infection , respect either this or that Region of the Body , with a certain peculiar Virtue ; but these so affect the mass of Blood , by a like manner in all , that there is a necessity , for the sake of washing away this stain , that a Crisis be attempted after the same manner in all . For when , without malignity , the Blood , by reason of Coagulation , or perhaps other causes , is apt to be extravasated , the usual places , in which portions of the same being extravasated , are wont to be fixed , are the Throat , Pleura , Lungs , and Intestines : wherefore , 't is no wonder , when from a malignant cause , the congelation of the Blood , and for that reason an extravasation is induced , if the Disease is nested in the accustomed cherishing place of Nature .

Concerning the causes of these kind of Feavers , there is not much business : they are for the most part deduced , in respect of the malignity , from the vicious Constitution of the Air ; in respect of the Feaverish heat , from the morbous provision of the Body : either of these , are easily made clear , by what hath been already said , concerning a Putrid Feaver , and the causes of the Pestilence : If the malignity be stronger than the Feaver , and hath induced it , the impression of it is to be imputed to the inspired Air , or to a Contagion received from others ; if the Feaver be first , its inkindling is ascribed to transpiration being hindred , to a Surfeit , or to some other of the evident causes above enumerated .

As to the signs , besides contagion and destruction , these shew the malignity of the Feaver , a sudden loss of strength , a weak and unequal pulse , and evil affection of the Brain and nervous parts , being suddenly induced , cruel Vomitings , blackness of the Tongue , a suffusion of darkness through the whole Body , but chiefly the appearances of Spots , Buboes , and of other marks .

For the cure of Feavers , both Pestilential and Malignant , there is greater need of Judgment , and Circumspection , than in any others whatsoever : For when there are two primary Indications , to wit , the Malignity , and the Feaverish intemperance , and when one can scarcely provide for the one , without detriment to the other , it is not easily to be discerned , which should first be helped , or soonest regarded . In respect of the Feaver , purging , opening a Vein , and cooling things , do chiefly help ; but whilst these are performed , the Malignity , for the most part is increased , and being neglected , spreads abroad more largely its Poyson : against the Malignity , Poyson-resisting Cordials , and Diaphoreticks are required , but these extreamly heighten the Feaver , they more shake the Blood and Spirits before inkindled , as it were with the blast of Bellows , and force all as it were into a flame ; wherefore , here is great need of skill , that these things be rightly ordered in themselves , and where there is most of danger appearing , thence the Curative Intentions are to be more immediatly designed ; but so , as whilst one is consulted about , the other be not neglected . But in these cases , besides the private Judgment of every Physician , experience may supply the chief means of healing : for when as these Feavers first spread , every one almost tryes several Remedies , and by the success of them collated together , it may be easily reckoned , what kind of method is to be relyed on , till at last , by a frequent tryal , or the footsteps of those passing before , there is made as it were a high and broad Road , for the curing of these sorts of distempers , bounded both with various observations and warnings .

Besides these sort of Feavers , which spread on many at once , and by reason of the Contagion , deadliness , and conspicuous notes of virulency , deserve to be called Pestilent or Malignant ; there are some others , epidemical or popular , which almost every year , either in the Spring or Autumn , rage in some Countries ; of which the Inhabitants for the most part of them are wont to be sick , and not few , especially of the Elder , to dye : In which notwithstanding , no signs of Pestilence or Malignity appear , neither does the Disease seem to spread , from one and so to another , so much by Contagion , as to lay hold on many , by reason of a predisposition , impressed almost on all . But these kind of distempers , depend chiefly upon the foregoing Constitution of the year : for if the season going before was very intemperate , by reason of excess of cold or heat , of dryness or humidity , and so had continued for a long time , it changes our Blood very much , from its due temperature , whereby it is apt afterwards to conceive Feaverish effervescencies ; and from hence a Feaver , now of this Type or Figure , now of that is produced ; which presently becomes Epidemical , because it draws its beginning from a common cause , wherewith the bodies of all , are in a manner affected : But such Feavers , forasmuch as they depend upon the Blood having gotten a disposition , now sharp , now austere , or of some other kind , by reason of the temper of the year , for the most part are of the rank of intermitting Feavers : yet , by a proper provision of Symptoms , they are wont to be noted , according to the peculiar Constitution of every year . These are not able to be comprehended , under a certain common rule , or formal reason , which may quadrat to the nature of each of these ; because they vary every year , according to their several accidents . However , we will give you the descriptions of these kind of Feavers , spreading of late years in this Region , had at that time , for some specimen of the rest , and add it for a conclusion at the end of this Tract.

There yet remains to be ascribed to the rank of malignant Feavers , some other private Feavers , and participating of no Contagion : of which sort chiefly are those , which are wont to happen to Child-bearing women , by reason of difficult and hard labour , or by reason of the stoppage of their Courses . Indeed it sufficiently appears , by common observation , that these are very dangerous , and often mortal : for if , by the parts of the Womb being hurt , or by cold being admitted , or perhaps by any other cause , the Courses are stopped , and the humour which ought to be thrust forth , shall be confused with the mass of the Blood , it most wickedly infects it , as it were with a certain venomous mixture ; that by that means , presently a Feaver is excited , which with an evil provision of Symptoms , is very much beset , viz. with heat , and cruel thirst , Vomiting , pain of the Heart , and watchings , and for the most part obtains , either no Crisis , or a very difficult one : because , unless the wonted way of the flux of the Courses , may be at length restored , it is wont , after the heat of the Blood hath been continued for some days , to Communicate the evil to the Brain , and nervous stock ; from whence , by and by , a Delirium , Phrensie , Convulsions , and other most wicked distempers , are most often induced , which do not seldom end in Death : but these sort of Feavers deserve a peculiar consideration which we have more fully determined to shew hereafter in a particular discourse concerning this business ; in the mean time , we will undertake to propose some instances or examples of the Feavers , but now delivered , viz. of the Pestilent , and Malignant .

The pestilent Feaver , of late years , hath more rarely spread in these Regions , than the Plague it self : of the only one of this kind , which fell under our observation , I will give you a brief description . In the year 1643 , when in the coming on of the Spring , the Earl of Essex besieged Reading , being held for the King , in both Armies there began a Disease to arise very Epidemical ; however , they persisting in that work , till the besieged were forced to a surrender , this Disease grew so grievous , that in a short time after , either side left off , and from that time , for many months , fought not with the Enemy , but with the Disease : as if there had not been leisure to turn aside to another kind of Death , this deadly Disease increasing , they being already overthrown by Fate , and as it were falling down before this one Death . Essexe's Camp moving to the Thomes , pitched in the places adjacent , where he shortly lost a great part of his men : But the King returned to Oxford , where at first , the Souldiers being disposed in the open Fields , then afterwards among the Towns and Villages , suffered not much less : For his Foot , ( which it chiefly invaded ) being pact together in close houses , when they had filled all things with filthiness , and unwholsom nastiness , and stinking odors ( that the very Air seemed to be infected ) they fell sick by Troops , and as it were by Squadrons . At length the Feaver now more than a Camp Feaver invaded the unarmed and peaceable Troops , to wit , the entertainers of the Souldiers , and generally all others , yet at first ( the Disease being yet but lightly inflicted ) tho beset with an heavy and long languishment , however many escaped . About the Summer Solstice this Feaver began also to increase with worse provision of Symptoms , and to lay hold on the Husbandmen , and others inhabiting the Country . Then afterwards , spread through our City , and all the Country round , for at least Ten miles about . In the mean time , they who dwelt far from us , in other Counties remained free from hurt , being as it were without the sphere of the Contagion . But here this Disease became so Epidemical that a great part of the people was killed by it ; and assoon as it had entred an house , it run through the same , that there was scarce one left well to administer to the sick ; strangers , or such as were sent for to help the sick , were presently taken with the Disease ; that at length , for fear of the Contagion , those who were sick of this Feaver , were avoided by those who were well , almost as much , as if they had been sick of the Plague .

Nor indeed , did there a less mortality , or slaughter of men , accompany this Disease : because Cachectic , and Pthisical old men , or otherways unhealthful , were killed by it ; also not a few of Children , young men , and those of a more mature and robust age . I remember in some Villages , that almost all the old men dyed this year , that there were scarce any left , who were able to defend the manners and priviledges of the Parish , by the more anciently received Traditions .

When this Feaver first began , it was somthing like the figure of a putrid Synochus ; but it was harder to be cured , and when it seemed to be helped by a sweat or loosness , presently it was wont to be renewed again : but for the most part , after the deflagration of the Blood , continued for six or seven days , this remitting , and instead of a Crisis the adust matter being translated to the Brain , the sick for a long time keeping their Beds with raging somtimes , but more often with a stupefaction , with great weakness , and somtimes with Convulsive motions , scarcely escaped at last . About the middle of the Summer , besides the Contagion and frequent burials , this Disease betrayed its malignity , and pestilential force in open signs , viz. By the eruption of Whelks and Spots : because about this time in many there appeared without any great burning of the Feaver , an unequal , weak , and very much disordered pulse ; also without a manifest expense of Spirits , their strength presently became languishing , and very much dejected : In others , sick after the same manner , appeared little Blisters or Measles , now small and red , now broad and livid : in many , Buboes , ( as in the Plague ) about the glandulas : of these some died silently and unforeseen , without any great strugling of the Spirits , or Feaverish burning excited in the Blood : in the mean time others , by and by becoming furibundous , whilst they lived suffered most horrid distractions , of the animal Spirits . Those about to escape from this Disease , without any laudible Crisis , ( unless they were the sooner freed by a sweat provoked by Art ) the Brain , and nervous stock becoming distempered , at length , with a benummedness of the senses , tremblings , vertigo , debility of the members , and Convulsive motions , did not grow well but of a long time after . During the Dog-days , this Disease being still infestous , began to be handled not as a Feaver , but as a lesser Plague , and to be overcome only by Poyson-resisting Remedies ; letting of Blood , was believed to be fatal to this : Vomits , and Purges , somtimes tho not often , were made use of , but the chiefest means of Cure , were accounted to be procured by Alexiteriums , and timely sweat . For this end , besides the prescripts , of Physicians , to be had at the Apothecaries , some Emperical Remedies deserved no small praise ; then first of all , the pouder of the Countess of Kent , began to be of great esteem in this Country ; also of no less note was another pouder , of the colour of Ashes , which a certain Courtier staying by chance in this City , gave to many with good success ; and to others approving of the use of it , he sold it at a great price ; the sick were wont having taken half a dram of this , in any Liquor , to fall into a most plentiful sweat , and so to be freed from the virulency of the Disease ; That Diaphoretick ( whose preparation I afterwards learnt , from the Cousen German of the Author ) was only the pouder of Toads , purged throughly with Salt , and then wshed in the best Wine , and lightly calcined in an earthen Pot. The Autumn coming on , this Disease by degrees remitted its wonted fierceness that fever grew sick of it and of them many grew well ; till the approach of the Winter , when this Feaver almost wholly vanished , and health was rendred to this City , and the Country round about fully and wholly .

Thus you have seen the beginning , progress , and end of this Feaver , at first only a Camp Feaver , but at length became Pestilential , and Epidemical . That at first the Disease began in the Souldiers Camp , may seem to be imputed , not only to their nastiness , and stinking smells , but in some sort to a common vice of the Air , for as these Feavers come not every year , their original may be ascribed , partly to the peculiar Constitution of the year . Because , by that means , a more light intemperance of the Air being contracted , tho it did not affect the more healthful Inhabitants ; yet in the Army , where evident causes , viz. errors in the six non-naturals , very much happen to the general procatartic cause , there is a necessity for these kind of sicknesses easily to be excited . For the constitution of this year , was in the Spring very moist , and slabbery , almost with continual shours , to which a mnore hot Summer Succeeding , and the infection of the Feaverish Contagion here first increasing , still grew worse , and disposed all Bodies the more for the receiving it ; wherefore , that this Disease was almost proper to this Region , and at this time Epidemical , the seed of it ought to be ascribed to its first rising from the Army , being quartered round about . But forasmuch , as it afterwards being made Pestilential , and very Epidemical , it infected most of the people living here , and killed not a few , the reason was , the evil affection of the Air ; which because of the intemperance of the year being unwholsom , besides by the continual breathing forth of stinking vapours from the Souldiers Camps , and the quarters of the sick , it became at last so votious , that the infection of the Feaver , being dispersed in it , was greatly exalted , and arose almost to the virulency of the Plague . Diemerbrochius relates from the like Camp Feaver , arising in the Summer at Spires , afterwards another Malignant and Pestilential , and then the Plague it self to have accrewed . Also , it was a sign that this Feaver of ours , became at last equal to the Plague it self , besides the great force of the Contagion , and the frequency of Burials , most wicked distempers of the Blood , and nervous Liquor , being brought presently upon all , by it : because , strength being suddenly overthrown , the weak intermitting pulse , the creeping forth of measly Blisters , the eruption of Buboes , argued the Coagulation , and corruptive disposition of the Blood : besides the Delirium , Madness , Phrensie , Stupefaction , Sleepiness , Vertigo , Tremblings , Convulsive motions , and divers other distempers of the Head , shewed the great hurt of the Brain , and nervous stock .

That the figure , or Idea of this malignant Feaver , may be painted to the life , very many observations or histories of sick people , are easily to be had ; of the many examples of this Disease , I shall only mention a few , which hapned some years since in the house of a venerable man , and as with a mournful slaughter , so not without some admiration .

About the Winter Solstice , in the year 1653. a youth of about Seven years old , without any manifest cause , found himself ill , being troubled with a pain of his Head , Sleepiness , and mighty Stupefaction ; with it he had a Feaver , tho not strong , with an ordinary burning , wich grew more grievous , only by wandring fits , somtimes once , sometimes twice in Twenty four hours space : presently from the beginning , he slept almost continually , also he was wont in his sleep to cry out , to talk idly , and to leap often out of his Bed ; being awakned , and somtimes of his own accord awaking , he presently came to himself , and constantly called for drink ; his Urine was red , and full of Contents , his pulse equal , and strong enough ; in his wrists appeared light contractures of the tendons , and in his neck , and other parts of his Body , some red spots like Flea-bites . At the first , was ordered a light Purgation , and a frequent taking down of the Belly , by the use of Clysters ; he daily took Cordial Julaps , with Poyson-resisters ; Vesicatories or blistering Plasters , were applyed to his neck , and other Plasters to the soles of his feet : on the sixth day , a little Blood streamed from his nostrils ; on the seventh , without any manifest through Crisis , the Feaver very much abated , the heat so gentle as to be perceived only by the Touch ; also , the Urine pale , thin , and without any sediment , yet he was much more grieviously troubled with sleepiness , and a stupefaction of the Head , so that his Urine , and the excrements of his Belly came away involuntarily ; however , being called upon , he knew the standers by , and answered to their questions ; These distempers , notwithstanding the Remedies every day grew worse : About the Fourteenth day , the sick youth became so stupid , as neither to be able to understand , nor to speak , yet he swallowed still what was put into his mouth , tho unknowingly , and his pulse was laudable enough : about this time , he fell into a Flux , excited of it self by Nature for four days , which at last ceasing , a whiteish crust or scurf , and as it were Chaulky , began to spread over the whole cavity of his Mouth and Throat , which being often in a day wiped away , new presently broke forth : when he had thus for four days more been sick , he became better in his intellect , and sense , so that he was able to know his Parents and Friends , to take notice of their words , and to do somthing as he was bid : but as his sensitiv faculty began to be restored , so he began to grow worse as to his speech and the Organs of swallowing ; without doubt the matter being fallen from the Brain , into the beginnings of the Nerves , a Palsie in the Tongue and Throat had succeeded to the heaviness and stupefaction : which distemper in a short time so increased , that afterwards the sick person could not swallow at all , but that what he took in at the Mouth presently flowed back again , neither could any thing go down into the Stomach ; when besides the cruelty of the Disease , there was danger least he should be killed by Famine , an Instrument was prepared of a pin of Chalk , put into a little plaint wand , and on the top of it , a little tuft of silk made fit ; and this being thrust down his Throat , opened the closing for a time , whereby the Food taken in , was suffered to pass , after the use of this for a day or two , he was able to swallow again , and afterwardsto take his Food well enough : and within a few days , he began to speak , to discern any thing , and becoming wonderful hungry , to ask for , all day long , all sorts of Food , and greedily to devour what ever was brought to him . In the mean time , by reason of his long sickness , and the Nervous parts being grievously hurt ; he was grown so Lean , that the Bones scarce sticking to the Skin , he represented exactly a living Skeleton . But afterwards , by the sedulous , indefatigable , and prudent care of the Mother about his diet , he recovered perfect Health , and is yet living , and well .

When this child had hardly arived ot the height of his sickness , his Brother , elder about two years , on the Ides of January , was taken almost after the same manner . At first he was troubled with a Torpor and heaviness sof the Head , then growing Feaverish , with a sleepiness and stupidity : he began to talk idly in his sleep , then being awake hardly to come to himself : after four or five days , these symptoms grew more grievous : he was able to understand little , nor scarce to speak articulately , and not without stammering . His Urine was thick , cloudy , without Hypostasis , or setling of the Contents : there appeared , as in his Brother , red spots , small , like Fea-bites ; his Excrements both of his Belly and Bladder , came away involuntarily . But his Pulse was yet strong and equal ; his Hypochondria were stretched out , and inflated with a tumor of the Abdomen ; about the eighth day , he had a small stream of Blood : on the eleventh day of his sickness , he fell into a Diarrhaea , by which , in the space of five hours , he cast forth seven times , bilous , thin , and highly stinking stuff , from whence there was some hope of his amendment ; but the next day after , the flux of his Belly ceasing , pains , and torments cruelly infested his Belly , that crying out and moaning night and day , he sent forth most heavy complaints ; his Hypochondria and Abdomen were tumid like a Tympany , and mightily distended ; when he could not receive any thing of ease , from no remedies , the most exquisite skill of many Physicians being tryed , on the fourteenth day he died Convulsive , in these torments .

A little after his death , viz. on the thirteenth of February , his Brother , elder than him , about eleven years old , a youth of great hopes , began to be Feaverish ; and as the others , with a Torpor and heaviness of his Head , tho less strongly affected ; but the heat in the Blood was greater , which was of a more hot temperament , and greater perturbation appeared , that for the first six days , besides heat and thirst , he was troubled with a continual endeavour of excretion , now by sweat , now by stool . His Urine was red and troubled ; some red spots , as in the rest broke forth ; on the seventh day he had a bleeding about five Ounces , which ceasing , a great benumedness succeeded , that for all that day and the night following , he could scarce lift up his Eyes : on the eighth day , a most plentiful bleeding followed again at the Nose , that there was danger , lest he should have lost his life , together with his Blood : the Blood sprang so copiously from his left nostril , that being received in a Bason , it made little Bladders or bubbles by its fall : when he had lost above two pound of Blood , and being taken with a cold sweat , began to lose his strength , remedies were at length administred , and the Flux was yet hardly stopped . The Haemorrhage being stayed , the Youth slept soundly , and all that day became sleepy : yet often awakning , he remained well in his senses and was quick in sense , and understanding ; and being asked of his health , he said he was pretty well ; his Urine , which was before red and troubled , then appeared pale , thin , and with a laudable Hypostasis , that the sick seemed , ( especial because he wanted thirst , or immoderate heat ) to be perfectly cured and freed from the Feaver : on the following morning , being the ninth day of the Feaver , he remained yet torpid , but being raised up , he living chearfully and without intemperance , seemed to be in a condition of growing well , but that he began a little to faulter in his peech : in the evening , when it was lest suspected , the Feaver being again inkindled , on a sudden he fell into a Lethargy , that he was scarce able to be awakned from sleep , and being pulled , scarce to know any body , or to speak plainly : altho so great a loss of Blood had gone before , the Pulse was yet quick , high , and vehement , also his Urine red : after deriving , and withdrawing remedies , had been used all that Night , this Youth seemed to be in a little better condition , so that in the morning , he continued a long time from sleep , but began to role about his Eyes hither and thither , and to set himself up a little ; yet without speaking , or knowledg of those that were about him : before noon , his Eyes being shut again , he wholly lost the use of every Animal faculty : he lay for three days , as it were Apoplectick , with an high and vehement Pulse , with a palpitation of the Heart , and a difficult and painful breathing ; his Pulse at length growing lesser by degrees , he dyed the thirteenth day of the Feaver .

On the fifteenth of February , his Sister , somwhat lesser than he was , began to complain of a pain and torments in her Belly , a trembling in her hands , and a painful tension or stretching out of the Muscles of her Neck , with a Feaverish intemperance , and thirst : on the last day of February , she growing plainly into a Feaver , could not keep out of her Bed : moreover she was troubled with a wandring heat , now in her Face , now about her lower parts ; also she became heavy and somnolent , and awaking from sleep , could not presently come to her self . On the first of March she was lightly Purged and with ease , with an expression of Rhubarb : her Urine was thick and red ; elso petechial red spots , ( as in the rest ) were conspicuous : we gave her after that , for four days , at several times , to wit , after the interval of every six hours space , ten drops of the spirit of Harts-Horn , in a Spoonful of Cordial Julep ; the aforesaid symptoms afterwards leisurly remitted , and this sick child , tho slowly , recovered health without a manifest through Crisis .

About the same time her little Brother , younger than any of these , fell sick almost after the like manner ; who , yet , a loosness arising Naturally of it self , for many days , voyding Choleric and greenish stuff , was easily cured . Also in the same Family , many other Domestics , and some strangers coming to help them , the evil being propagated by Contagion , fell sick of the same Disease : who notwithstanding , at length became well , tho with difficulty , and slowly , without any regular Crisis being made .

That this Feaver was malignant , plainly appears by the Contagion , Mortality , and appearances of spots , and many other signs ; tho that infecting contagion , whereby it spread from one to another , shewed it self slow , and of lesser Efficacy ; because , between the sicknesses of each of them , many days , and oftentimes weeks hapned to be , that the infection of this tho acute Disease , and the dissemination on others , was scarcely finished in four months space , in the same House . The Feaver about the first beginning seemed gentle and mild , not very terrible as to burning ; but the matter being heaped together , from the deflagration of the Blood , became presently untameable , hard to be exterminated , also enemical to the Brain and Nervous stock ; wherefore in each of them , the beginning of the Disease , was to be known rather by the torpor and somnolency , than the fervor and heat ; also , the Crisis , tho by several ways attempted , viz. by Sweat , Flux , Bleeding , did not happily succeed , but for most part , the Blood growing turgid with the critical motion , endeavoured to transfer the Feaverish matter , upon the dwellings of the Animal Spirits ; yet it self notwithstanding , became not putrified by this means , but that about the standing of the Disease , both humors ( to with the Blood and Nervous Juice ) being vitiated , by an impure mixture together , and grievously touched , caused the event of the Disease , to be either deadly , or extream dangerous .

CHAP. XV. Of the Measles and Small-Pox .

IN the next place , we refer the Small-pox and Measles to the rank of pestilential and malignant Feavers , which indeed are mixt Distempers , consisting at once according , and contrary to our Nature . As to their Original , they have their seminary born with us : but as to the effect , they produce preternatural symptoms , and ( as the Plague it self ) poysonous ; so that they constitute ar it were a certain peculiar kind of Feavers , proper indeed to men , but after another manner , than Porphyrius has assigned ; for it happens for every man only , and once to be distempered with the Small-pox or Measles : if perchance any one lives free their whole life , or another more ofen fall into these Distempers , they are rare and unusual events of Nature , which lessen not common observation ; yea t is fully confirmed , to wit , that all , and only men are obnoxious to the Small-pox and Measlles , and are wont to be rid of them at one sickness . Concerning the Small-pox , we will treat of them apart from the Measles , what the cause of them is , then what signs and symptoms they have , and lastly what things belong to the Crisis and Cure .

Concerning the Causes , we ought to consider in the first place , what is the secret leading Cause , to wit , which renders only and all mankind , and that once , obnoxious to this Disease . Secondly , we will inquire concerning the evident Causes , viz. by what and how many ways , this latent and occult disposition , is wont to be , now sooner now later , deduced into Act. Thirdly , it shall be declared , what is the conjunct cause , to wit , by what motion and alteration of the Blood , the figure of this Disease is produced .

1. As to the first , this disposition or Natural predisposition , which inclines human kind to this Disease , seems to be a certain evil or impurity of the Blood , conceived in the Womb , among the first Rudiments of Generation ; almost all Authors , would have this ascribed to the Menstruous Blood : which Opinion seems not altogether improbable : because in a womans Womb , ( otherways than in most other living Creatures ) there is generated a certain Ferment , which being communicated to the mass of Blood , affords to it vigour and spirit , and then at set periods , procures a swelling up , and an excretion of the superfluous Blood ; but at the time of Conception , when the Menstrua wholly cease , very much of this ferment is bestowed on the Faetus or Child ; and its Particles , being Haeterogeneous to all the rest , as a certain extraneous things , are ocnfused with the mass of Blood and humors ; with which being involved and separated one from another , lurk or ly hid a long while ; yet afterwards , at some time , being moved or stirred up , by some evident cause , they ferment with the Blood , and induce to it an ebullition , and then a Coagulation ; from whence very many symptoms of this Disease arise .

These fermentative seeds somtimes are few and gentle , and so involved with other little Bodies , as they do not easily appear , and are brought into act ; somtimes they are more and stranger ; so that on the least occasion they are ripened into this Disease ; hence indeed some are taken sooner , with the Small-Pox in their tender years : others more slowly , and not till full or more ripe age : also some easily receive the contagion , but others converse often with the sick without danger . The sooner that any one hath this Disease , the more secure they are ; wherefore children most often escape , oid men , or such as are of years , are more in danger , viz. in children or young people , transpiration is more easie , also the habit of the Body more firm and healthful . But altho the venomous seeds of this Disease , for the most part are wont to be dispersed or blown away at once , and with one sickness ; yet it somtimes happens , that a part of the ininfection being still left , the sick have fallen into this Disease twice or thrice .

2. The evident cause which stirs up these fermentative seeds , and most often brings them into act , may be said to be threefold , viz. The contagion received from some place : the disposition of the Air , and the immoderate perturbation of the Blood and Humors . It is most manifest by daily experience , that this Disease doth come upon others , and spread abroad by contagion ; viz. from the infected Body , continually flow Effluvia , which being received by other Bodies , presently like poyson they ferment with the Blood , and suscitate or awaken the lurking or sleeping seeds of the same Disease , Homogeneous with themselves , and dispose them into the figure or Idea of this Disease : neither is the infection only communicated by contact , but at a distance . They who live within the same house , or neighbouring to the sick , easily receive the infection ; also it is cherished in Cloaths , and dissipated afar off , and transferred to more remote places . They who are of kin one to another , soonest infect each other : also they who are fearful , and extreamly dread this Disease , more readily fall into it : For by fear , the Particles of the infection are conveyed inwardly from the superficies of the Body . At what time the contagion spreads , and that the Small-pox are Epidemical , all other Diseases almost degenerate into this . Secondly , a certain peculiar disposition of the Air , notably induces the Small-pox ; hence most often it becomes Popular , and rages ordinarily through whole Regions , Cities and Villages ; hence also it more often exists in the Spring and Autumn : because at that time especially diverse manners of little Bodies , and by that means tumultuating flow about in the Air , which we draw in with the vital Air , and so various effervescencies of the Blood and Humors , and Ideas of Diseases are raised up , Neither doth this Disease become only more frequent and Epidemical , for these Causes , but also it gets a manifold Nature , that somtimes the Small-pox are deadly , and as it were pestiferous , and somtimes they are more mild and benign ; to wit , as they have contracted more or less of malignity from the Air ; hence also somtimes black and livid Whelks or Pustils appear , and have much of the Nature of the Plague . Thirdly , somtimes , tho the tinder of contagion be absent , and that no malignant constitution of the Air had gone before , yet by reason of the Blood and Humors being immoderately disturbed , the Small-pox do arise : so I have known some to have fallen into this Disease , from a surfeit , or immoderate exercise , when none besides in the whole Country about , hath been sick of it , to wit , the seeds of this evil , lying hid , without any previous infection , being stirred up by a too great fervor of the Blood , and being associated , gathering together , easily defile , and infect the whole mass of the Blood , with their ferment .

3 So much for the secret leading , and evident causes , but as to the conjunct cause , viz. which is the formal reason of this Disease , or the manner of its being made , the business seems a little more intricate . It is commonly wont to be compared to Must growing hot , or Beer when it Purges in the Vat : For if you put to these Liquors , any thing of ferment : as their Particles are Heterogeneous , and of wonderful activity , presently they diffuse themselves through the whole substance of the Liquor , they exagitate the more thick and impure Bodies , against which they are dashed , beat them asunder , and role about them , until a flowring being made , they drive the same from the intimate embrace or company of the Liquor , to the outmost superficies . After the like manner the Heterogeneous seeds of this Disease , are thought to ferment the Blood , and then by a certain eruption of Whelks or Pustles , like the flowring , purifies it . But indeed , if we should more strictly consider the business , there will appear here a great difference : because the infection of the Small-pox , is as it were a ferment , but corruptive , and compels the Blood to grow hot , not towards perfection , but depravation ; for when the Particles of this venomous infection strike against the receiving subject , they presently raise up little Bodies like to themselves , and born with us , with which being associated , they pass through the whole mass of the Blood , and make it to grow highly turgid , and to boil up , and after some time growing fervent , to go into parts , and to be coagulated , viz. the dispersed seeds of the Poyson , dissolve the mixture of the Blood , presently profligate the more pure Spirits , then they joyn its more thick Particles to themselves , and by their adhesion , render them as it were congealed : The portions being so coagulated , together with the infolded seeds of the poyson , being left by the rest of the Blood , in its circuit , between the extremities of the Vessels , are affixed to the skin : by which means , if Nature being strong enough , doth cast forth the whole poyson , with the congealed Blood , the remaining mass of the Blood , altho made poorer , remains however in a condition to continue life and health : but if the Blood , being too excessively congealed , cannot be purified after this manner ; or if portions of the Blood growing together with the poyson , do not fully break forth , or at last do stagnate within , they wholly corrupt the Liquor of the Blood , or else being affixed to the Viscera , and especially to the Heart , they destroy their constitution and strength .

Portions of the congealed Blood , with the poyson , begin to break forth about the fourth day , ( now sooner now later : ) because coagulation is not presently induced , but after some time , in which the venom unfolds it self , and ferments the Blood with its effervency : First , light portions of the infected Blood , and those but few in number , like to Flea-bites , are fixed in the skin : quickly after more appear , and those first broke forth , by the accession of new matter , and by the continual appulsion of the congealed Blood , increase and are elevated into a tumor : then these whelks at first red being by degrees increased , at length grow white , viz. the Blood being thrust forth of the Vessels with the poyson , by reason of the heat and stagnation , is changed into matter : about the seventh day after the eruption , the white tumors grow crusty , into a dry scab ; for the more thin part of the matter being evaporated , the rest grows hard , which then having eaten , and broke off the Cuticula , or outward thin skin , falls away from the flesh or next skin .

When the infection of the Small-pox , is at once impressed on the Blood and Spirits , it very rarely can be blotted out , or dissipated by Medicines , or blood letting ; but that its hidden disposition , will break forth into act ; wherefore at first it diffuses it self by little and little , and inspires the mass of Blood , as it were with a ferment , hence an ebullition and growing hot are produced in the whole Body , the Vessels are distended , the Viscera provoked , the membranes pulled , until the seeds of he contagion , by fusing and coagulating the Blood , being at length involved with its congealed portions , are thrust forth of doors . The essence of this Disease will be better laid open , if that I shall recount the signs and symptoms , which are to be observed in its whole course , and shall add in order the reasons and causes of them , on which they depend : but they are those which either indicate the Disease being present , or tht foretel its state and event .

As to the Diagnosis of this Disease , by which it may be known , whether any one at first falling sick , will have the Small-pox or not ; at that time are to be considered , the force of the contagion , and the concourse of the symptoms first appearing ; for if by reason of the evil constitution of the Air , this Disease doth spread abroad every where , none then is taken with a Feaver , without the suspition of the Small-pox , especially if they never had them before in their lives ; but if this Disease be more rare , and without fear of contagion , yet its unlooked for assault quickly betrays it self , by these sort of signs and symptoms .

1. There is a wand ring and uncertain Feaver , somtimes strong , somtimes more remiss , observing no reason of increase , or growing continually hot , so that the sick are now highly hot , by and by without any evident cause , they are without a Feaver ; the cause of which is , for that the fermentative seeds are not agitated by an equal motion , but like fire half choaked , now increases more , and now are almost quelled , and ready to expire , until the burning spreading more largly , the flame every where breaks forth .

2. A pain in the Head , and Loins , is so peculiar a sign in this Disease , that it almost alone , in a continual Feaver , signifies the approach of the small-pox : the reason of which is commonly imputed , to the greater Vessels being very much distended , by the effervency of the Blood : but indeed it appears not , wherefore the same trouble is not caused equally in other parts , by reason of the like distention of the Vessels , and wherefore in the small-pox , more than in a burning Feaver , or in other Feavers , where the Blood grows more hot , these kind of pains should increase ; yea , it may be observed , that great pains , now in the Head , now in the Loins , do urge , when the Blood but little swelling up , the Vessels are not amplified , viz , in the beginning of the Disease , when the Feaverish disteper is not yet conspicuous , whilst the sick as yet goe abroad , and are well in their stomach , upon the first coming on of the small-pox , they betray themselves by these kind of pains . Wherefore , the cause of these kind of dolorific pains , seems rather to subsist in the nervous stock , viz. in the Brain , and spinal marrow , and that by reason of the membranes , and nervous parts being pulled or hauled , by the particles of the Poyson , these pains do arise . For it is most likely , that the innate seeds of the small-pox , are chiefly hidden in the Spermatick parts , and that first of all , the Contagion lays hold on , for the most part , the animal Spirits ; hence , the first effervency is stirred up in the juice , wherewith the Brain , and nervous parts , but especially the Spinal marrow are watered , and from thence the evil is Communicated to the mass of Blood ; wherefore , this Disease beginning , the Head and Loins are tormented with cruel pain ; afterwards , the venom being translated into the Blood , the Feaverish effervescency is stirred up in the whole .

3. Great anxiety , and unquietness , and somtimes a swooning , infest the sick , viz. by reason of the perturbed motion of the Blood , as also its equal mixture , beginning to be solved , by the Poysonous ferment , the Blood from thence being apt to stagnate in the Heart , and to be hindred in its Circuit , causes these affections to be thus excited .

4. Cruel Vomiting , also when the Ventricle is free from an impure ballast of humors , very often accompanies this Disease ; the reason of which is , because the fermentative seeds , being stirred up into motion , by the little Arteries gaping into the Coates of the Ventricle , are deposed by every appulse of the Blood , and raise up Vomiting , as if the particles of stibium had been swallowed ; but afterwards , afloon as sweating being procured , the Poyson is driven forth outwardly , this Symptom ceases , and the sick are well in their stomach , without any purging forth of the noxious matter .

5. With these may be ranked , the Symptoms which shew themselves , according to the various habitudes of the Body , after a diverse manner , as heavy sleepiness , terrors in sleep , deliriums , tremblings , and convulsions , sneezing , heat , redness , a sense of pricking over the whole Body , involuntary tears , a sparkling and itching of the eyes , a tumor or swelling up of the face , a vehemency of Symptoms from the beginning , that the Disease seems presently to have attained its strength : the reason of all which , may easily be elucidated , if what hath been already said , concerning the Symptoms of Feavers , be observed ; with respect to the diverse tempers of the sick , their habit , and age , as also the condition of the year .

2. As to the Prognosis of this Disease , by the Symtomatick signs , it is indicated to be either salutary , or mortal , or of a doubtful Event .

1. The business promises well , when this Disease has benign circumstances ; to wit , when it happens in a good constitution of the Air and Year , at what time the small-pox are less malignant and pestilential ; as in the year 1654 , at Oxford , about Autumn , the small-pox spread abundantly , yet very many escaped with them : but before , in the year 1649. this Disease was more rare , yet most dyed of it . Also , thee is less danger , if it should happen in the age of Children , or Infancy , or in a sanguine temper , and good habit of Body , or in a Family , to whose Ancestors , the small-pox have not proved mortal : Besides , if in the whole course of the Disease , the Symptoms prove laudable , if in the first assault , there be a gentle Feaver , without cruel Vomiting , Swooning , Delirium , or other horrid Distempers ; if the Feaver about the fourth day be allayed , with the Symptoms chiefly urging , and then some little red spots begin to appear : if on the second day , of the coming forth of those little red spots , they become more conspicuous , which afterwards grow together by degrees into little Pimples , and are ripened into matter ; if about the tenth day , or thereabouts , after the eruption , the white tumors begin to scab , and by little and little from thence to fall off : if after their first coming forth , the small-pox are soft , distinct , few , round , sharp pointed , lying only towards the skin , and not in the inward parts , you may be confident the sick will do very well , and is in a good condition .

2. The appearances , which in the small-pox , signifie the business to be suspected , and full of danger are of this sort : if there be a maligant constitution of the Air that this Disease becomes Pestilential , and that many die of it : if men of more ripe years , or middle age , be taken with it ; if it happens in a cold and melancholick temper , or in an impure or evil humoured Body , where the Blood is not rightly circulated , nor transpiration truly performed ; or if the Hypochondria , or Precordia are obstructed , some of the Viscera infirm , or troubled with an Ulcer , or if the habit of the Body be too fat , the small-pox happen not without great danger of life ; nor is it less to be feared , when presently after the beginning , a great Feaver , cruel Vomiting , Swooning , a dejection of strength , Phrensie or Delirium , come upon them , and that these desist not , upon the full coming forth of the small-pox , for these signifie a too great perturbation in the Blood and humours ; also , a confusion and contumacy of the morbifick matter , which can neither be subdued , nor easily separated from the mass of Blood , or equally extruded from it : if there be an anxiety , and great unquietness , with an inordinate boyling up , and growing hot of the Blood ; also a great thirst , a difficulty of breathing , also a flux of the Belly , or Dysentery , they shew that sweating is hindred , and that the malignant humours , restagnate towards the inward parts : The small-pox breaking forth slowly , argue the crudity , and untameableness of the matter , and the impotency of Nature , and t is much more a sign , if they come forth double , and continued , in too excessive a quantity , and confusion , and also if there be a disordered expulsion , and irregular , of that matter , when not in certain issues , but every where undistinguishable . The pox being hard , signifie the incoction of the same matter , being depressed , a weak expulsion ; and they are the worse , if in the midst of them appear black spots ; or if purple spots familiar to the Feaver , or the Plague , are sprinkled among the pox , they indicate a great malignity , and putrefaction of the Blood , such as is wont to be found in the Pestilence . Lastly , the pox being black , livid , or green , are of an evil omen , because , besides the coagulations of the Blood , they argue its deadlinesses , and corruptions , as in a Gangreen , or pestilent Plague sore ; if when the small-pox being come forth , they presently grow dry , and the swelling of the parts remit , it shews a going back of the malignant matter , or of the congealed Blood , with the Poyson , and a restagnation of it to the inward parts ; from whence , unless a more free Diaphoresis or sweating be excited , that it may be thrust forth of doors again , death for the most part quickly follows : For from hence , the Blood being more coagulated , enters into putrefaction , also it is apt to be hindred in its motion , and to stagnate in the heart , and Vessels . If after the coming forth of the small-pox , a flux of the Belly , or a Bleeding at nose , comes upon them , it is an evil sign , because , by this means , the Venom driven outwardly , is again called back inwardly ; but somtimes I have observed these Symptoms to have hapned , with great ease to the sick , viz. Nature being before oppressed , and burthened ; after this manner , part of the burthen being as it were detracted , she was eased ; wherefore , she buckled her self to the work of sweating , and more readily expedited the expulsion of the noxious matter .

As to the Curative part , since the stadium or course of this Disease , hath three seasons , as it were so many measures , distinct one from another , the Curative intentions ought to be accommodated to each of these ; wherefore the Curative method concerning the small-pox , teacheth first , what is to be done so long as the Blood boyles up , and grows hot inwardly , with the motion of the fermentative matter , and before the small-pox appear , which period for the most part is finished , in four or five days .

Secondly , what means or manner of Dyet and Physick is to be instituted , after the coming forth of the small-pox , until the state or standing of the Disease , viz. whilst the whelks or pox come to the height , and being fully suppurated or ripened , begin to dry . Thirdly and lastly , what we must observe in the declining of the Disease , even whilst the small-pox growing dry , fall off .

1. As to the first , let the intention be , that we may carry away every impediment of Nature , whereby the Blood being infected by the ferment of the Small-pox , and apt to be coagulated , may yet retain an equal motion in the Heart , and without stagnation in the Vessels , and growing hot , may expel forth of doors the congealed portions with the Poyson ; in the mean time , there must be a caution , least the work of fermentation or growing hot be any ways hindred , or too much provoked ; for by this , the mass of the Blood is agitated into congealed portions , more than it ought to be ; by that other , it is restrained too much , in it motion , nor are the invenomed Particles sent forth of doors , with the congealed Blood ; Nature in the work of secretion and expulsion , is wont to be hindred , by too great an heap of excrements in the Viscera , or by the abundance of Blood in the Vessels ; wherefore , upon the first assault of the Disease , care must be taken , that if need be , an evacuation by Vomit or Stool , be timely procured ; but only more mild Purges , and gentle , are to be used , which do not too much provoke , or disturb the Humors : wherefore , at this time , Purges , Emetics , or Clysters , now these , now those , take place ; also the letting of Blood , if there be a fulness , is performed with good success .

During this growing hot of the Blood , dyet ought to be instituted slender and moderately cooling , viz. Barly-Broth , or Grewel of Oatmeal , Posset-drink , Small Beer or the like : Flesh , and Flesh Broths are to be avoided , whereby the Blood , by reason of the too great plenty of Sulphureous Food , may be inkindled more than it ought ; also all cold , and sharp or acid things are hurtful : for these congeal and Blood more , and contract the little mouths of the Vessels , by their astriction or binding Nature , that the Small-pox come forth less freely ; also hot things , and Cordials are cautiously to be administred , for by these the Blood and Humors are too much agitated , and driven into confusion .

2. When the Small-pox begin to appear , there are three things , which by a constant Rule we prescribe to be performed , to every sick person ; to wit , that a soft and gentle Sweat be still continued in the Blood ; also , that the Throat and Eyes may be preserved , from a too great eruption of the Small-pox . That the Blood lightly growing hot may emit the Small-pox , decoctions of Figs , Marigold flowers , and shavings of Harts-Horn in Posset-drink , are commonly prescribed , and the use of them is general for a long time , almost with all people ; for the same intention , we are wont somtimes in a day , to give them moderate Cordials ; but the more hot and strong are carefully to be shunned . Purging and Blood letting here are most wickedly enterprised , and these , tho necessity compelled , Physicians dare not meddle with for fear of blame : For to defend the Throat and Gutteral parts , we put on the outer skin , a defence of Saffron dipped in Breast Milk , and sowed in a Rag ; for these , by opening the pores , draw away the venom outwardly , from the most inward part of the Throat ; also for this end , we administer Gargarisms , and things to wash the mouth , which by their restriction , restrain the coming forth of the Small-pox withing : we defend the Eyess , with peculiar Medicines , of Rose-water , and Breast Milk , with Saffron , and such like , frequently iterated , from the incursion of the Small-pox : Besides these , sometimes certain most horrid symptoms do trouble , which must be timely helped with convenient Remedies ; somtimes there are present , Watchings , Phrensie , Bleeding at Nose , Vomiting , Loosness , and a falling back of the Small-pox : for these and divers others , as occasion arises , a prudent Physician knows how to provide ; in which however there is need of great caution , least whilst we take care fo the smaller matters , the great work of Nature shold be disturbed by a too great molestation of Medicines . For in all this time there is one , and a continued Crisis : wherefore nothing is to be meddled with rashly . There is required the most care and circumspection of the Physician and Nurses , or those that administer to the sick , when this Disease is at its height or standing , viz. least that when the Small-pox . be fully come forth , and brought to their greatest height , transpiration should be hindered ; for then the sick are in danger of renewing the Feaver , and of the restagnation of the Malignant matter within , whilst we study to prevent the one , we for the most part bring on the other .

3. When the Disease shall be in its declination , and the Small-pox begin to wither and Scab , the business for the most part is out of danger , nor is there much need of a Physician : let the sick , tho he grow very hungry , content himself still with a slender dyet , and without flesh : if the Scabs fall off slowly , we are wont to ripen them with Lineaments , and peculiar Medicines , to make them fall , and care should be taken that they leave not behind them too great pits : after the sick having the Sacbs every where fallen off , and are able to rise and walk about the Chamber , the filthy Excrementitious matter in the Bowels , is to be carried away , by two or three times Purging , and then they may be permitted to use a more plentiful and stronger dyet .

The Measles are so much akin to the Small-pox , that with most Authors , they have not deserved to be handled apart from them , but that either distemper have been treated of together , after the like manner and method . The essence and cure differ at least accidentally , or as they are greater or lesser ; because in the Measles the whealks rise not up to so great a bulk , neither are they suppuritated ; wherefore the sickness is sooner ended and with less danger . This distemper is wont mostly to spread upon children , more rarely among those of years , or old men , also those who first have had the Small-pox , are not afterwards so obnoxious to the Measles , but in most things , either distemper are of kin , viz. the evil being contracted in the Womb , disposes men only , and all men once , to the Measles ; the malignant constitution of the Air , and somtimes a surfeit , and most often the contagion , are wont to bring the hidden disposition into act : there are present marks of malignity , and the sickness oftentimes becomes Epidemical , and with mortality and contagion .

That I may briefly contract the sum of the matter : it seems that the Measles are a certain lighter flowring , of on extraneous ferment , contracted from the Womb ; by which , some Particles being stirred up into motion , make the Blood lightly to grow hot , and to be a little coagulated : wherefore the marks from thence spread abroad , are dissipated without any breaking of the Cuticula , or outward skin , by evaporation only : but the Small-pox are a more full and strong agitation , according to all the Particles of the same ferment , which causing a greater ebullition and coagulation of the Blood , produces far more full whelks , and greater in bulk , and not to be dissolved , but by suppuration , or growing into matter : when the Small-pox preceed , they are not only exempt from the same disease any more , but also from the Measles , because they consume only some of the Particles of the ferment , leave still a disposition to the Small-pox ; wherefore old men , or those of years , are not so readily infected with the Measles , because they are either freed from the contagion , by having before had the Small-pox , or else the infection of this more light Disease , is easily resisted by their more strong Spirits .

It were easie to illustrate the afore-recited Doctrine , concerning the Small Pox , with Histories and Observations fo the sick , because there is no Disease besides can supply with a greater plenty of Examples , or variety of Accidents : but of the great number of this kind , I shall only propose in this place a few Cases , and those remarkable for some irregularities .

It is a usual thing to handle all that are sick of the Small Pox , with a like , or wholly the same method of Curing , and manner of Dyet ; wherefore , a Physician is rarely sent for to the common sort , but the business is wholly committed to some women , professing themselves skilful in this Disease : and these are wont to boyl in their broths , and all the suppings of the sick , Marigold Flowers , shaving of Harts-horn , and sometimes Figs ; also every night to administer a Bolus of Diascordium : and they who grow not well by this kind of Government , tho not neglected , yet are affirmed to be incurable , by reason of the cruelty of the Disease . But truly this kind of practice is not convenient for all alike , nor to be administred to every one indifferently , as these two following Histories will make manifest .

A Young Man , about 20 years of Age , of a slender body , and more hot temperature , began to be feaverish in the beginning of the Spring , at first cruel Vomitings , an oppression of the heart , and frequent changes of heat and shivering , a pain in his Loyns , a disturbance of his sancy and wakings infested him : on the third day , the Small Pox appearing , those symptoms remitted , but still the Feaver , with heat and thirst continued . Not only the accustomed Decoctions in this Disease , but also a most elegant Julep , of a most grateful taste , were so nauseous and troublesome to him , that he would not so much as taste the same , but with a great deal of trouble : as often as he took going to sleep , Diascordium , or any other more temperate Cordial , for the continuing his sweat , tho in a very little quantity , the night following he was without sleep , and in great disquiet ; and then in the beginning of the morning a bleeding followed , by which means , indeed , the Small Pox being full come forth , the Life of the sick was in great danger , by reason of this occasion happening once or twice ; wherefore , when I had found by observation , his blood apt to grow immoderately hot , by so light a provocation , I instituted this method as occasion served . All Medicines being let alone , he took for the quenching his thirst small beer , and simple Almond Drink , at his pleasure : for his food , because he vomited back all Oatmeal Grewel , or Barly Broth , he eat only apples roasted tender , and drest with suggar and rose water , often in a day . Nature being contented with this slender ordering , and being seen to be disturbed with any other thing , performed happily its work , that the sick person grew well , without any grievous symptom afterwards , the Small Pox from thence ripening , and then of their own accord falling off .

In the middle of the Autumn , of the former Years , a Gentile Young Man , being indued with a sharp Blood , and obnoxious to a frequent bleeding at Nose , fell sick of the Small Pox ; his Blood of its own accord grew immoderately hot , that the whealks very quickly broke forth over all his Body : Posset Drink , with Marigold Flowers , and other usual things boyled in it , also Juleps , or any Cordials , tho temperate , and gently provoking sweat , most certainly stirr'd up a Flux of Blood in this Person ; wherefore I ordered the like manner of Dyet , as in the sick Person before cited , by which he found himself better , however , in the very state or standing of the Disease , ( when the Small Pox being fully come forth , by reason of a more difficult transpiration , the Feaver is wont to be somewhat renewed in all ) this sick Man fell into a most plentiful bleeding ; that after a large profusion of Blood , the Small Pox began to flagg or fall : After that Remedies , very many , were tryed in vain , for the staying of the Blood , at length a little Bag being hung about his Neck ( in which was a Toad dryed in the Sun , and bruised ) he first , and immediately perceived ease ; tho the bleeding was by this means stayed , and not any more returning , ( whilst he constantly wore this peculiar Medicine in his Bosom ) our sick Man still using a most thin and cooling Dyet , grew quite well ; that indeed from hence it may appear , that altho the Blood in this Dissemper , is apt to be greatly coagulated , yet so long as the Vital Spirits , being strong and robust , are able sufficiently to execute their government , they indeavouring by their proper strength or forces , do best of all separate and thrust forth the congealed portions of the Blood , as it were by a certain skilful separation ; and this work is most of all hindred , when the same spirits are too much irritated by Cordials , or more hot food , and agitated into confusion : But in the Plague it happens otherwise , because in this , if any delay be granted , the Spirits themselves are presently profligated by the venom ; wherefore , here they must fight close and quick , when in the Small Pox , the Physician does his business better by delay .

Concerning letting of Blood , at the instant breaking out of the Small Pox , it is very dubious : formerly , among our Contrimen , this was esteemed a wicked business , neither were they wont to admit of Phlebotomy under any pretext of necessity : but of late , experience having taught us , in some cases , it is found , that to let Blood hath been wholly profitable and necessary ; which evacuation however , if it should be administred indifferently in every constitution , or when this need should be , it should be performed in too large a quantity , by that means oftentimes very great damage arises .

Some years before , I visited a young Gentlewoman , of a florid countenance , and more hot temperature , growing into a Feaver , after the fourth month of her being with Child : she was troubled with a cruel vomiting , a most cruel pain of the Loyns , besides with most strong heat and thirst : her pulse was swift , with a strong and vehement vibration or beating ; altho the Small Pox had never been in that place , yet these symptoms gave no light suspicion of this Disease ; however , its great effervescency indicated that Blood should be taken away ; wherefore I took away about six ounces presently , upon which the heat remitted somwhat , yet the vomiting , with a cruel pain in the Loyns , remained still : At the hour of sleep I gave her a Cordial Bolus , with half a grain of our Laudanum , by which means quiet sleep followed , with a pleasant sweat , and an allaying of all the symptoms : the next morning the Small Pox came forth , with which , altho the sick Gentlewoman was greatly distempered , yet she grew well without any dangerous sickness , or fear of miscarrying , and went out her full time .

The last Autumn , a strong Man , of an active and robust constitution of body , yet of a pale countenance , and more cold temper , fell into a Feaver : on the second day he was tormented with heat and thirst , and a most cruel pain in his Loyns : when I had prescribed Blood to be taken in a small quantity , the unskilful Chirurgion , who was sent for , took from him almost half a pound ; a little after , the sick man began to be all over in a cold sweat , on a sudden to loose all strength , to be troubled with a shivering , a weak Pulse and unequal , and frequent swooning : At this time being sent for , I gave him a temperate Cordial , to be taken frequently . His Spirits and Pulse being thereby restored , the Feaver was renewed , which afterwards , for some days , yea , weeks , exercised the sick man , after a very irregular manner ; for he was wont for three or four days , to grow very hot , also to be infested with thirst , watchings , headach , and other symptoms , then to be troubled all over with a copious and critical sweat , by which indeed for half a days space he found himself better : But from thence ; the Feaver still growing worse , heaped together again new matter , till it was dispersed by another Crisis , and then another . After that he had been thus feaverish , for at least twenty days irregularly , at length the Small Pox began to come forth , in several parts of his Body , here and there , and then the Feaver wholly remitted ; yet within few days , by reason of some errors committed in his Dyet , very many of the whealks began to fall down again , few of them only being brought to maturity : However , instead of the subsiding Small Pocks , a mighty Bubo grew up behind his right Ear ; from which , being soon ripened , and broke , a great plenty of matter flowed forth for many days , and so at length the corruptions of the Blood , unable otherways to be dissipated , were carried forth by degrees , and the sick Person recovered perfect Health .

CHAP. XVI . Of Feavers of Child-bearing Women .

VUlgar Experience abundantly testifies , that the Feavers of Women lying in are very dangerous , beyond the disposition of other common Feavers : also that the same differ very much , as to their essence , from both a simple and putrid Synochus , plainly appears from their signs and symptoms rightly weigh'd : wherefore , I believe it not to be from the matter , to handle after malignant Feavers , the acute Diseases of Women lying in being exceeding neer of kin to those , for their mortality or perniciousness . Yet , before I shall enter upon the unsolding these Diseases , it behoves us to consider their subjects , viz. the Bodies of Women in Child-bed , after what manner they are predisposed , and by what provision they are made obnoxious to these kind of sicknesses .

Concerning this , the first thing that offers itself , is , that the Flux of the menstruous Blood , is wholly convenient to be suffered by human kind , and at this time for women , concerning whose nature and original we shall not inquire in this place ; but it shall suffice to note , that in them , the particles of the Blood , to be periodically thrust forth , are very Fermentative ; which , if reteined in the Body , beyond the wonted manner of Nature , are very often the cause of many Diseases : unless only when a Woman conceives with Child . For all the time of her being big Bellied , the monthly Flowers are stopped without any incommodiousness ; and in the mean time , milk , or the alible juice , is disposed in great plenty , about the parts of the Womb , for the nourishment of the Child : but after the Birth , this daily suppression of the monthly Flowers , is recompensed by a copious flowing forth of the Lochia , or what comes away after the Birth ; and the milk within three days having wholly left the Womb , springs forth plentifully into the Breasts : at which time , Women lying in , are wont to be troubled with a small Feaver . If that the milk be driven away from the Breasts , it restagnates again towards the Womb , and is thrust forth , together with the Lochia , under the form of a whitish humour . In the mean time , the Womb , after the Birth , becomes subject to various distempers ; for oftentimes , its tone is hurt , the unity is dissolved , and many other accidents are induced , which render Women lying in subject to danger : wherefore , that their acute Diseases may be rightly unfolded , it is convenient , for to consider chiefly these three things , viz. first , the nourishment of the Child , or the Generation of Milk , both in the Womb , and in the Dugs , and the metastasis or translation of it from one to another . Secondly , the purging of the Mothers Blood , or the profluvium of the Lochia , after a long suppression of the Menstrua . Thirdly , the condition of the Womb after the Birth , and its influence on other parts of the Body . And these being premised , we will speak of the Feavers of Women lying in , viz. both the milkie , and the putrid , called , and that deservedly , malignant , by reason of its deadliness .

First the Milk , and nourishing humour , being heaped up in the parts of the Womb , for the nourishment of the Child , are of a like nature , tho somewhat different in consistency . Milk is indeed more thick , because it ought to be received in at the mouth , and to be kept in the Ventricle , and afterwards it more thin portion to be conveyed to the mass of Blood . The other alible Juice is more thin , and like the water of distilled Milk , because 't is immediately poured into the Blood of the Embryo , thorow the umbilick Vessels , without any previous digestion . Either Juice is supposed to come from the Chyle fresh made in the mothers stomach ; what is reposed , or laid up in the Breast , is more thick and white , by reason of the more thin or open strainer , and coction in the greater Glanduals ; on the contrary , it happens in the Womb otherwise , where the Glandulas are smaller , and the Straining more close . But there in a great disagreement among Authors , concerning the passages , by which this humor is carried , both in the Breasts , and into the Cake of the Womb. Some contend , that Milk only is begotten of the Blood , more plentifully cocted in the Glandulas , which yet , by reason of the immense dispense of Milk , which consists not with the Blood , this seems not probable . Others affirm , that the Chyle , or Milkie humor , is immediately conveyed from the Viscera of Concoction , thorow occult passages , without any alteration , into either receptacles . But in the mean time , while these passages lie open , it seems indeed to me more likely , that from the meat taken into the Mothers Stomach , a portion of the Chyle thence made , is presently supped up into the Veins , which having obtained the vehicle of the Blood before it be assimilated by it , is laid up in the Glandulas , destinated here and there for the receiving of it , being carried by the Arteries , and lastly separated from the mass of Blood ; for as it appears , that drink being plentifully taken , presently passes thorow the whole mass of Blood , and is rendered by Urine like water : and as old Ulcers , by means of the Blood coming between , prey upon the nutritious humor , from the whole Body , and pour it forth under the shape of a putrified matter , Why may not the alible Juice in like manner , being strained by the Collander of the Glandulas , before it has indued the colour of Blood , go into a Milkie humour ? This indeed seems more probable , because , whilst the Milk is carried from the Womb into the Breasts , and on the contrary , passing thorow the mass of Blood , it is wont to stir up a perturbation thorow the whole , with a feaverish intemperance ; besides , in the first days , after the Birth , when the Glandulas do less rightly perform the office of secretion : Beasts , who have not the Lochia , give a bloody Milk , which is drawn forth of their Udders , that is , mixt with Blood , by reason of the plenty of it flowing forth together .

Secondly , As to what belongs to the Menstrua being suppressed , in the time of being with Child , and the Lochia plentifully ' coming away , after being Delivered , we say that after the Conception of the Child , the Menstrua ought to be suppressed by Divine Designation , for that the flowing of them often causes abortion ; then , because the Vessels are filled by a continual stilling forth of the alible juice into the parts of the Womb , the mass of the Blood doth not arise into swellings up , to be allayed by the menstruous Flux . For the same reason , Women for the most part , have not their courses so long as they give suck . Perhaps in some , indued with a more hot Blood , the monthly courses flow , both whilst they are Big-bellied , and in the time of their giving suck , but that more rarely , and is wont not to happen without trouble ; yet in the mean time , the Menstrua being suppressed , during the time of being with Child , because much less of the nutritious humor is expended at tha ttime for Milk , they much more deprave the Blood , than the same being restrained at the time of suckling the Child , are wont to do : yea , from them being long suppressed , in the former condition , an , as it were , envenomed taint is impressed on the mass of Blood , which , unless it be purged forth by the daily Flux of the Lochia , presently after being brought to Bed , produces grievous , and almost malignant Distempers . Wherefore , that I may give my opinion of the flowing of the Lochia , I say , that this bleeding proceeds immediately from the Vessels being broken , by which the after-Birth did stick to the Womb , and that by this way , the excrementitious Blood and humors , being partly heaped up about the Womb during the time of being with Child , and partly flowing from the whole mass of the Blood , are evacuated , viz. whilst the Womb at first intumified in its bulk , falls down presently after the Birth , and is contracted into a lesser space , the Blood is plentifully pressed forth , from the Vesseis opening into it . But besides , forasmuch as during the suppression of the courses , the bloody mass is imbued with very fermentative Particles , as soon as after the Birth , the mouths of the Vessels are opened , forthwith , as it were at the instant of a more large Flux of monthly courses , the whole Blood grows hot ( even as Must of new Wine upon the opening the Bottle ) and indeavours to purge forth the highly fermentative particles , out of its bosom , by the going away of the Lochia , as it were the flowring : And therefore , besides the Blood , which in the first days , oftentimes flows pure , by reason of the fresh opening of the Vessels , afterwards is sisted forth matter very much discloured , viz. livid and green , and this very stinking , This kind of Flux is wont to continue , at least for 14 days , yea , in some for a month ; and if that by reason of any error , it be stopped before the mass of Blood be throughly purified , by such flowring , presently a Feaver , very dangerous , with horrid provisions of symptoms , is wont to be induced : of which we shall speak anon in its proper place .

The third consideration , previous to the Doctrine of Feavers , belonging to Women in child-bed , is chiefly about the Womb it self ; to wit , how it is affected after Child-bearing , and what influence it has on other parts of the Body . As to the first , there are chiefly two accidents , upon which the acute Diseases of Women in Child-bed very much depend , viz. First , The falling down of the Womb , or the reduction of it , from the bulk of ingravidation , to its natural site and magnitude : Secondly , the solution of the unity , within its cavity , by reason of the breaking of the connexion , or tying to the cake of it , or after-Birth . When the Child ; with what wraps it about , is put forth , presently the sides of the Womb it self , before very much amplified or enlarged , do mutually close , and by the help of the Fibres , leisurely contract themselves into a narrower space ; by reason of this kind of contraction , the Blood and Corruptions , or matter , are plentitully pressed forth , from the Vessels and Pores of the Womb , and are thrust forth with the Lochia . But sometimes it happens , by reason of some preternatural things conteined in the Womb , as part of the secondine or after Birth , a Mole or piece of Flesh , clodders of Blood , &c. also , if there happen after a painful Birth , a Contusion or great Dilaceration , that the Womb cannot rightly draw it self together , but by an inverse motion of the Fibres , ascends upwards , and is lifted up into a bulk ; also the membranes being affected with a Convulsion , it self is still tormented with torments , as if it were yet in Travel ; which kind of Distempers , if they long continue , by reason of the Orifice of the Womb being tied together , with the Convulsive motion , the Lochia are oftentimes stopped also : from hence grievous symptoms follow , and very often the Feaver is either first excited , or it happens , being for some other cause induced , to be rendred far more dangerous . Secondly , as to the solution of the unity , from the cake of the Womb being broken , it comes to pass , that the Birth , either at its just time , or precipitous , being too much hastened ; then the secundine is cast forth , either whole , or being torn , or pull'd away , part of it being left behind , it is cut off as it were in half . If the Child be born at its just time , and the Birth , with what inwraps it , comes away from the cavity of the Womb , as ripe fruit from a Tree , whole , and without violence , the mouths of Vessels are somewhat unlocked , and the Lochia moderately flow ; but from hence no grievous symptom is to be feared : but if the Child , not being yet ripe for the Birth , is pulled away , or breaks forth as it were by force , although the Cake , with the membrane is pulled away whole , yet the Vessels being torn , a greater hemorrhage or bleeding , and at length an Ulcerous disposition follows , the little mouths of the Vessels spewing forth a stinking matter . If that part , or the whole secundine sticks to the sides of the Womb , after the Birth , it there putrifies , and sends forth very stinking matter or corruption , and stirs up wicked distempers : oftentimes the Orifice of the Womb is shut up , and retains within gobbets of clodder'd Blood , little pieces of Membranes , or Flesh , which putrifying , by reason of the heat , impoyson the Blood and humors , flowing together to that place , by Circulation , from the whole body ; also , by a trouble some itching or provocation , they stir up the parts ofo the Womb , being so very sensible , into Convulsions .

When therefore hurt is brought to the Womb , from Child-bearing , after the aforesaid ways , the same is quickly communicated to other parts , not without trouble to the whole body ; which thing indeed is wont to be done by a double means . For first , this happens , because the Lochia being hindred from being thrust forth , presently restagnate or flow back upon the mass of Blood , and infect it as it were with a virulent taint : moreover , from the contents putrifying in the Womb , either the substance it self of the matter , or the Particules coming away from the cadaverous substance , are mingled with the Blood , and nervous juice , passing thorow that place , and quickly infect their whole liquors . Secondly , hysterical Distempers , are more largely extended , by reason of the notable consent , which happens between the Womb and the Brain , with the Fibres and Membranes of the whole body , by the means of the nervous passage : for when the extremities of the Nerves , planted about the parts of the Womb , are driven into Cramps and Convulsive motions , by reason ofo the presence of some hurtful humor , the Convulsions there received , presently creep more largely upwards , by the indeavours and circumduction of the Nerves , towards the Brain ; and so it happens to the Viscera to be successively inflated , and cruelly haled together , and the Brain it self at length to be pierced , and its functions to be as it were overwhelmed : hence , from the convulsive motions , arising about the Womb , an inflation of the Belly , and hypochondria , a rumbling , vomiting , sobbing , and streightness of the Praecordia , difficult breathing , a sence of choaking , and oftentimes a stupor , and want of speech , or at least some of these are excited : nor does the Tragedy so easily leave , but that also the Brain being hurt , by the continuance of the distemper , by that means , the evil is retorted upon other parts , that oftentimes the whole nervous stock is compelled into irregularities of motions ; For what commonly is said to be done by vapours , and the distemper , called the ascent of vapours , creeping from the nether parts , to the upper , is nothing else than the parts of the Membranes , and nervous passages , being successively driven into Convulsions . Further , in these sort of distempers , the hurt action doth not always begin , or is at first perceived , in that region or place where the hurt is inflicted , neither do the passions which are called hysterical , proceed only from the Womb ; for sometimes , the trouble is immediately brought from the Brain , or the Convulsions and Contractions begin in the extreme parts , and sometimes the extremities of the Nerves , somewhere in the Viscera , as the Stomach , Spleen , Reins , no less than the Womb , are haled ; in which , irregularities being arisen , they are continued into the neighbouring part , and from thence to the Brain : From whence again , the Convulsions are reflected to other parts , and not seldom thorow the whole Body . Just so the business in Child-bearing Women , and with others in Feavers , as I have often observed ; to wit , some by reason of their Womb being evilly affected , but others by reason of a Feaverish matter fixed in the Brain , by a critical metastasis or translation , fall into passions like to the hysterical . And these things being rightly prepensed , concerning the praevious provision , in the Feavers of Women in Child-bed , there is not any thing that we should stick at in the entrance more , so that we take notice that the bodies of Women lying in , ( especially those who are feeble , and of a more tender constitution ) are debilitated , chiefly after a difficult and hard Labour ; so that , by reason of this occasion only , they easily conceive feaverish intemperatures , and being brought in by this or any other means , they are hardly able to bear them . We will next speak of the Feavers themselves , with which Women Lying in are wont to be sick , of which Distempers there are commonly recounted as it were three kinds , viz. the Milkie Feaver , the Putrid , the Symptomatic , or of that manner by a certain borrowed symptom , but is chiefly marked with the Pleurisie , Squinancy or the Small-Pox : of which we will discourse in order .

The Milkie Feaver .

WE have already said , that as yet it was uncertain of what matter Milk was immediately made , and by what passages it is carried into the Breasts , moreover when this part appears not at all to anatomical inspection , I am of the opinion , that the Milkie Chyme , being made out of aliments in the Bowels , and from thence confused to the Blood for nourishing juice , is presently again , for the most part of it , separated from its mass by the help of the Glandulas in the Womb , or in the Breasts , that it might supply the Child with nutriment , either in the Mothers Belly , or in her bosom by the Breasts . In the time of going with Child , altho the greatest part of this is derived to the Womb , yet in the last months , a little quantity of it is laid up in the Breasts ; but about the third or fourth day , after being brought to bed , the Milk is more plentifully carried into the Breasts , and as it were with a certain force , that it quickly fills them to a stretching them forth , and begins to be troublesome . At this time , Women lying in ( tho not all , yet most ) are wont to be troubled with a feaverish intemperature , with thirst , heat , and an inquietude of the whole Body , they complain of a pain very troublesome in the Back and Shoulders , of a fullness and burning of the Breasts ; and unless the Milk be diligently drawn forth , it being too much congested or heaped up , oftentimes brings forth an inflamation , with an Imposthume following of it in the Breasts . This Feaver , whilst the Lochia are in good order , hardly lasts three days , but that about that space it is wont to be allayed , a plentiful sweating arising of its own accord : yet this intemperature being excited by the coming of the Milk , is somewhat increased and continued longer , if that the Milk entring the Breasts in abundance , be not milked forth , but is again repelled from thence ; for by its departure , as well as by its coming , a perturbation is wont to happen in the whole Body , with thirst and heat , which also more certainly comes to pass if it happens to be driven away violently , by repelling Topicks . But being driven by their help from the Breasts , or departing of its own accord , it is thrust forth , with the Lochia , in the form of a whitish humor , and a sweat , or more plentiful transpiration , exterminates the Reliques of the Disease . If that with this kind of intemperance , brought in by reason of the commotion of the Milk , the Lochia be stopped , or errors in eating and drinking be committed , or any other evident cause should happen , that may encrease the fervor of the Blood , very often the Milkie Feaver , presently acquiring worse symptoms , changes into a putrid , or rather malignant Feaver .

The cause , or formal reason of the aforesaid Feaver ( whilst the way of the Milk lies hid ) may be only proposed , from an hypothesis , and as it were a certain Augury ; for being supposed , that this milky humor is carried to the Breasts immediately , by a peculiar passage , from the Viscera of concoction , without any commerce with the Blood , this feaverish Distemper arises , for that the Breasts being filled with Milk , and greatly distended , the sanguineous Vessels are so compressed , that they do not easily transmit the Blood flowing thither ; from whence , the Blood being hindred in its circuit , begins to tumultuate thorow its whole mass , and the Spirits being inordinately moved , and wholly confused , it conceives a fervor , such as being induced by a stopping , Surfeit , Inflamation , or Wound , constitutes ordinarily the simple Synochus ; but if the matter of the Milk ( as it is not improbable ) passes thorow the Blood , this Feaver of Women in Child-bed , seems to spring from hence , that when this Latex is transferred to the Breasts , having left the Womb , a great portion of it subsists in the mass of the Blood , which indeed , for that it exceeds the due provision of the nourishing juice , and so cannot be wholly assimilated , and besides abounds in heterogeneous parts , and as it were something extraneous , and not mingleable with the Blood , creates a trouble , therefore for the carrying it forth of doors , and putting it forth , this three days feaverish Distemper is employed : For when the milky Chile , being used to be separated about the Womb , by and by , after being Delivered of a Child , that wax of excretion is hindred , restagnating into the mass of Blood , it is there first of all heaped up more plentifully , than that the whole may go into nourishment , or be received into the Breasts : wherefore , the Milk , not only in its passage to the Breasts , but also in its return towards the Womb , brings forth the Feaver , to wit , by reason of either passage thorow the Blood .

But however the cause of this Disease is ordained , it matters little or nothing towards the Cure ; for this is wholly committed to Nature , and so long as the Lochia are in good order , it proceeds for the most part happily , without any Physical help : because , after the growing hot of the Blood , for three or four days , either a plentiful sweat , or a more free transpiration , cures this Distemper , to wit , either the Particles of the Milky humor , degenerate in the assimulating , or the adust recrements , remaining after the deflagration of the Blood , or both of them at once supplying the food or tinder of the Feaver , are by little and little subdued , and evaporated out of doors , which being excluded , the Blood becoming free from the extraneous mixture , quickly recovers its pristine condition ; yet in the mean time , certain vulgar Rules are wont to be observed , about the admission of the Milk into , or the driving away of the same , out of the Breasts . If the Milk too plentifully springs into the Breasts , that their inflamation , as also the immoderate growing hot of the Blood , may be prevented , at that time , a more thin and sparing dyet , to wit , no flesh broths , and also in a less quantity , is to be ordered : also the Breasts are to be frequently drawn . If it be not commodious for the Mother to suckle her Child , it is usual after the first or third day of her being Delivered to cover all the Breasts over with Sear-Cloaths moderately binding ( as the Plaister of Red-lead , &c. ) for so the spongious substance of the Glandulas , is somewhat constrained , or closed together , whereby they less readily receive the milky humor flowing thither , yet this kind of Remedy ought to be cautiously administred , lest if the Milk be wholly excluded , or driven out of the Breast too abruptly , restagnating suddenly in the Blood , it induces its disorder , the prodromus or forerunner of the Putrid or Malignant Feaver : of which it remains that we speak next .

The Putrid Feaver of Women in Child-bed .

WOmen Lying in , from the fault of an evil affected Body , as by the Cotagion of a received Pestilential Air , are found to be too obnoxious to the Putrid , or rather Malignant Feaver ; but all do not alike receive the Infection of this sort of Disease ; for poor people , Labouring Women , Country Women , and others accustomed to hard Labour , as also Viragoes , and Whores , which are brought to Bed clandestinely , bring forth without any great difficulty , and then , after a little time , leaving their Beds , return to their wonted Labours : But more rich Women , tender and fair , and most living a sedentary life , as if participating after a more grievous manner of the Divine Malediction , bring forth in pain , and then presently after the Birth they are subject to difficult and dangerous chances ; the reason of which seems to lie in this , that those who are used to much exercise , continually agitate and eventilate the Blood , and therefore fewer infectious taints from the monthly Flowers being suppressed , do gather together for the matter of a Disease ; moreover , laborious and nimble Women , as they have their nervous parts more firm , therefore they are less subjected to convulsive motions , and to the passions commonly called hysterical : on the contrary , in delicate , and idle Women , the mass of Blood , in the time of their going with Child , becomes very impure and sermentisible ; besides , because they have the system of the Nerves , and the Brain soft and weak , upon every light occasion , they suffer distractions of the animal Spirits , and inordinate motions of the nervous parts . And here , by the way , it is to be noted , that Women more than men , and that some of the same Sex before others , are sensible of the affections called hysterical , not so much by the default of their Womb , as for that they are of more weak constitution of Brain , and nervous stock ; for in those so affected , the passions of anger , sadness , fear , as also all troublesome and more strong objects , easily pervert the dispositions and functions of those parts , which , when they are once hurt , for the most part afterwards , are accustomed to those irregularities . But we will return from whence we have digressed . The Feaver but now proposed , is wont to infest Women Lying in , indeed at various times , and by reason of divers occasions , now presently after the Birth , especially if it be difficult and laborious , now it arises in the first , now the second , third , or fourth week ; yet the sooner it begins , the more safely it is wont to be cured . The Type or Figure of this Disease , is performed almost after this manner . After a previous indisposition , an open feaverishness , for the most part with a shivering , or horror , constitutes the first assault , which is followed with heat , and afterwards succeeds a seat : perhaps , for a day or two , they have various reciprocal fits of heat and cold ; then the Blood being wholly inkindled , the Lochia , if not before suppressed , either flow smally , or are wholly stopt : If the Disease be acute , and of a swift motion , it comes to its height on the third or fourth day , then an intense heat , with a very troublesom thirst , a vehement pulse , and quick pertinacious wakings , a great inquietude of the whole Body , that they are continaully tossing themselves in their Beds hither and thither , a thick Urine , and high coloured , and other most grievous symptoms , are wont to trouble them : whilst the Feaver is after this manner at its height no Crisis is to be expected ; for I never saw this Disease cured by a critical sweat , but that the business was still very precipitously acted , as after the Blood was grown hot for a little time , presently the adust matter being translated to the Brain , most dangerous and heavy inordinations of it , and the whole nervous stock forthwith come upon them ; for most often are stirred up , convulsive motions of the Tendons , wonderful distentions , and inflations about the Viscera , like to the hysterical passions ; then sometimes , also follow a phrensie , or dilerium , not seldom a stupefaction , and speechlessness ; the strength is suddenly cast down almost in all , without any manifest cause , the Pulse becomes weak , and unequal ; and the sick are suddenly precipitated to death : If that any perhaps escape , either by the return of the Flux of the Lochia , or a Lask , coming upon it , they hardly recover but of a long time : I have known in some , purple spots to have appeared , and certainly in many , symptoms that respect either the Blood or nervous juice , which argue no light Malignity .

We will distinguish the causes of this Feaver , after the ordinary manner , into Procatartic , Evident and Cojunct . Those of the first sort , upon which the malignity , and the greatest perniciousness of the Disease depend , are two , viz. first , a depraved disposition of the Blood , from the long suppression of the monthly Flux . Secondly , after the Birth , the evil affections of the Womb , from the dangerous Labours of Women , ( who undergo the Divine Malediction appointed them ) from the Menstrua being long suppressed , the Blood not only swells up , and its Sulphureous parts being too much carried forth , are rendred more apt for burning , but besides , the mass of the Blood is imbued with very fermentative Particles , so that ( as hath been already hinted ) as if it were touched with a venemous infection , presently growing fervent , it is disposed towards putrefaction , and corruptive disorders ; and besides , forthwith impoysons the nervous Liquor , and renders it infestuous to the Brain and the whole nervous stock . These kind of evils , being impressed on the Blood , ought to be purged forth , by the Flux of the Lochia ; but if after the Birth , the Womb be out of order , the Lochia are not only stopped , and so a purifying of all the Blood is hindred , but besides , stinking corruptions or defilements , are thence bestowed on the Blood , and grievously infect it : Also , by reason of convuslive motions , begun about the Womb , and from thence continued to other parts , inordinations are stirred up in the Blood and juices , which oftentimes conspire , either the production , or the acerbation or growing worse , of the Feaver .

The evident causes , which induce an actual effervescency , either to the Blood , having gotten an ill disposition , or invert the vices of the whole Body to the Womb , are after a diverse sort . A painful Labour , a solution of the unity about the Womb , a bruise , a retention of preternatural things , an ulcerous disposition , and very many other accidents , which are induced by a certain necessity , may do this . But the occasions , that are at the dispose of the Patients , and easily to be avoided , which are wont to excite this kind of Feaver , are chiefly two , viz. an ill manner of Dyet , and the taking of cold . It is an usual thing , to give to weak Women , after being Delivered , on the first or second day , the flesh of living Creatures , or Broths made of flesh meats , and other Foods , very improportionate to their dispositions , from whence presently arise an indigestion , and great trouble in the Bowels , and a feaverish distemper in the Blood , by reason of a more rich mutritious juice than ought to be . Besides , the errors in Dyet , oftentimes hurt is caused , for that their Bodies , being so very tender , also by reason of the labours of the Birth , and bringing forth the Child , the passages are on every side opened , they are exposed too heedlessly to the cold : for most of them , being impatient of their Bed , within a day or two , or sooner than they should do , rise out of it , and put on their Cloaths , from whence , presently the Pores of the skin being suddenly contracted , and the Air being admitted into the parts of the Womb , transpiration is hindred , and often the Lochia , on the sudden are stopped , either of which suffices to excite the feaverish distemper .

The cojunct cause , or formal reason of this kind of sickness , chiefly comprehends these three things , to wit , there are present , first , a very notable discrasie of the Blood , that growing hot , from the Feaver being occasionally induced , it doth not equally burn forth , nor leisurely overcome the adust recrements , and afterwards critically thrust them forth ; but the Blood growing hot , is presently loosned in its mixture , and its frame being unlocked , turns and declines towards corruption ; hence , when it grows but a little cool , the spirits being shaken out of their dominion , are moved into confusion . In the mean time , the Sulphureous Particles become untamed , and fierce , wherefore , the strength falls down without any manifest cause , the Pulse is made weak and disordered ; after the deflagration of the Blood , altho the adust recrements are very much heaped up , yet nothing is rightly concocted or separated , but the sick being greatly oppressed in Nature , tho they continually sweat , receive nevertheless oftentimes no ease from thence ; but the feaverish matter , which ought to be thrust forth , being transmitted into the head , and neervous stock , induces there most grievous perturbations of the animal regiment . Secondly , the Tragedy of this Disease owes no small part of it , to the nervous juice being presently made sharp , and so improportionate to the Brain , and its Appendix ; for this being infected ; from the traint contracted from the Blood , doth not gently water , or pleasantly blow up its subjects , but notably hale or pull those tender parts , ( as when an infusion of vitriol is poured upon a Worm ) and irritates or provokes them into convulsions , and into motions , as if of dancing or suddenly leaping forth , and sometimes wholly overturns their functions ; hence comes contractures , grievous convulsions , dilerium , wakings , and sometimes stupification , and the sleepy Disease , upon Women Lying in . Thirdly , whilst these things are done , oftentimes a third band of symptoms infest the sick , to wit , for that the Womb , being hurt by some evil , moves it self disorderly , and is struck with a Convulsion , according to these or those parts , from thence by and by , convulsive motions invade , by the membranes , and nervous passages , the whole Region of the Abdomen ; wherefore , the Viscera and Hypocondria are blown up , belchings , and grievous vomitings are stirred up , then the Distemper creeping upwards , and possessing the nervous parts of the Thorax , a difficult breathing , and unequal , a palpitation of the heart , a sense of choaking in the throat , by reason of the Muscles being there drawn backward , and other symptoms , through the whole Body are excited , the same evil being at last carried to the Brain .

The Feavers of Women in Child-bed almost never want danger ; but sometimes it happens , about the beginning , that they are cured by a slender Dyet , and by the Flux of the Lochia being restored ; but if the feaverish distemper does root it self more deeply , that the whole Blood is inkindled , and immoderately grows hot , the Prognostick ought not to be esteemed of a light Omen ; and there will be a greater reason of danger , if besides the heat being suffused all over , the sick are troubled with a frequent shivering , if they are affected or molested with a great disquietness , and wakings , with sudden concussions of the Body , or a contracture of the Tendons : or if , thirdly , they complain on the fourth day , of a tingling of their ears , with a great repletion or fulness of the head , you may from thence collect the evil to grow worse , viz. a translation of the feaverish and hurtful matter to the Brain ; nor is it less to be feared , if they have on them an oppression , and weight of the Praecordia , that the sick cannot breath freely , nor draw their breath deep , and from the bottom of their breast , but only from the top , and that frequently , and sighingly , and that they move themselves restlesly hither and thither : For this argues the Blood to stagnate in its circulation , about the Heart and Lungs , and also to be apt to grow into clodders , and to be coagulated : that if yet worse distempers of the Brain and nervous stock follow , and the Pulse should become weak and unequal , you may pronounce the business almost deplorable ; but if ( as sometimes tho it more rarely happens ) after the Feaver being inkindled , and grievously threatning , either the Flux of the Lochia returns , or a Diarrhea with ease succeeds , some hope of health may be admitted , tho the same beat the last cast .

Concerning the Cure of these kind of Feavers , there lies a very great task upon the Physitian , because any Physick is esteemed with the vulgar , not only unprofitable , but also hurtful for Women in Child-bed ; wherefore , Physicians are rarely sent for , unless when there is no place left for remedies , and the opportunity of all profitable means be wholly past : If that perchance they should be present , about the beginning of the Disease , it will not be easie to procure health to the sick by vulgar Remedies ; but whatever they should attempt , unless it should bring help , it would be said by the Women , and others about the person , to be deadly , and the only cause of her death ; that in truth there is wont to happen to us , less of profit , or more of ignominy , about the Cure of no other Disease , as in this .

But the method of curng ( even as in Contagious Diseases ) ought to be instituted twofold ; to wit , Prophylactic or Preventive , and Therapentie or Curative : The former of these , delivers precepts and cautions , whereby Women Lying in , may be preserved from the assault of Feavers : the other suggests Curative intentions , whereby the sick ( if it may be done ) may at length recover health .

1. Although this Feaver be somewhat Malignant , it is not caught by Contagion , and there is no fear of the sicks receiving outwardly any invenomed taint ; notwithstanding , all Women in Child-bed , have an innate mine of virulency , and from the evil of this , as it were the tinder of most high Malignity , they ought to beware ; wherefore , they need an exact ordering , to wit , whereby after the Birth , the impurities of the Blood and humors , may be rightly purged forth , without danger of a Feaver ; also , that the evil affections of the Womb , may be healed , and that the strength being broken and debilitated , by the Labour , may be restored after its due manner . For these ends , these three things are chiefly to be inculcated , for prescripts by Physitians . First , I judg it necessary , that a most exact manner of Dyet be commanded to Women in Child-bed ; to wit , that they be wholly fed with Oatmeal Caudle , made sometimes of Beer , and sometimes of Water and White-wine mixt together , also with Panada , and other light nourishers , for a week at least ; because they are much emptied , therefore it may be lawful for them to sup often , but nothing of solid or more strong food is to be given . For I have diligently observed that these Feavers have been oftenest induced , by the eating too soon flesh , or strong Broths or Food . Forasmuch as Women Lying in , ought to be handled , not only as those that are grievously wounded , but as those that have got a feaverish indisposition , from a disturbed disposition and temper of the Blood : For with them , the Blood being already too much carried forth , and as it were touched with an impure infection , most quickly catches Flame , by the access or means of any Sulphureous thing . Secondly , after Dyet , the care will be , lest the Pores by shut up ; by the incautiously taking cold from without , or that the Lochia should be stopped : for upon the least occasion , the manner of transpiration being changed , the Blood first growing hot , conceives disorders : orders : also the Womb being touched by the blast of Air , contracts it self , and shuts up the mouths of the Vessels , whereby the Lochia flow forth less : wherefore , for five days at least , after being Delivered , I would have Women wholly to keep their Beds . I know that 't is a common custom , to raise them from Bed on the third day , but by that means I have known many that have fallen into Feavers ; and in truth , if we desire to keep Women in Child-bed from all danger , the safest means will be , that they may be kept long in their Beds . Thirdly , concerning preservation , the intent remains , that by causing a gentle provocation of the Blood , in Women Lying in , the Flux of the Lochia may be continued : for this end , Midwives are wont ( if after a difficult Labour they fear that evil ) to give them Sperma Ceti , or powder of irish Slate , or Saffron steeped in White-wine : Moreover , to make them Oat-meal Caudle , that may more fuse the Blood , of Water , and White and Rhenish Wine mixed together , in which they boyl , or in posset drink also , Marigold Flowers , leaves of Penyroyal , or Mugwort , there are many other kinds of administrations extant , about the ordering Women in Child-bed , which being commonly known , I willingly pass over-here .

The Cure of the subsequent Feaver of Women in Child-bed , is far from the usual method in Putrid Feavers : for in this , it is not to be expected , that the Blood being touched with a feaverish burning , should by degrees burn forth , and the same should be separated by a Crisis , but rather ( as it is done in a Malignant Feaver ) as soon as the Blood grows immoderately hot , it is convenient for it to be moved by gentle Diaphoretick Remedies , and its hererogeneous and impure mixtures to be carried forth of doors ; wherefore , among the common people it is a custom ( and that not bad ) to give to feaverish Women Lying in , sudorificks presently : by this means , the Blood being eventilated , its effervency is allayed ; also , by reason of its agitation , the Lochia apt to be restrained , are provoked into a Flux . There is great difference among Authors , from whence the beginnings of these kind of Feavers ought to be computed , viz. whether from the Birth it self , or from the first sense of growing feaverish ? however it matters little whether it be after this or that manner : For since this Feaver runs not the usual stadia or courses of the Putrid , neither hath a Crisis , nor wholly admits the use of Cathartic or Purging Remedies , we need not be solicitous so much for the days , concerning its period and mensuration . But yet , as to the Curative indications , it will be of use only to distinguish what is to be done in the beginning , increase , and end of this Disease : also , what we ought to indeavour whilst there is some strength remaining , as also what , when 't is oppressed , and very much dejected .

When therefore any Woman in Child-bed is first taken with this Feaver ( whose assault is known from the milky Feaver , because for the most part it begins with a shivering ) you must presently let it be your work , that tthe more plentiful sustenance may be drawn away from the burning Blood , and as I have already admonished , that the flesh of living Creatures , and Broths made of them , be utterly forbidden ; yet in the mean time , all cold things , and that are indued with a styptic or binding vertue , are equally to be avoided ; for these fix the Blood , and bind it too much , and hinder its very requisite Purgation , both by the Lochia , and by transpiration thorow the skin . But rather , though the Feaver be urgent , give them decoctions , powders , and confections of things moderately hot : of which sort are , ( as is already said ) decoctions , or Distilled Waters of the Flowers of Marigoids , the Leaves of Pennyroyal , Mugwort , the roots of Scorzonera , also Bezoartic Powders , Spirits of Harts-horn , fixed salts of Herbs , &c. If the Lochia should be stopt , that their Flux may be again provoked , must be indeavoured every way : To the moving of this , conduce frictions and ligatures about the Thighs and Legs ; sometimes Cupping-Glasses , or Blisters about the Thighs or Hips , also in the soles of the Feet : also , sometimes the opening a Vein in the Ankle is convenient , in the mean time a fomentation of the hysterical decoction , is to be applied about the Pubis , or the Caul of a Weather or Sheep , taken out warm , may be layed to the bottom of the Belly ; and experience manifests , that sometimes injections into the Womb are profitable : If the Belly yields not , it may be gently brought down , with a violet suppository so called , or an emollient Clyster ; of more strong provocations you must take heed , because in Women Lying in , even as in a Malignant Feaver , from a copious dejection , with loss of Spirits , Life is quickly lost . If with the suppression of the Lochia , there be a notable perturbation of the Blood , with vomiting , thirst , and wakings , I have often known , Laudanum mixt with Saffron , given with happy success . Instead of a cooling Julep , this kind of mixture is convenient , viz. take of water of Pennyroyal , and Balm , each three ounces , of hysterical water two ounces , of the Syrrop of Mugwort three ounces and an half , of the tincture of Saffron two drams , of Castor ry'd in a rog , and hung in the glass , one scruple , mingle these , and let them drink of this three or four spoonfuls oftentimes in a day .

2. If notwithstanding the use of these Remedies the Feaver grows still worse , and by degrees is increased with worser symptoms , that besides the disorders of the Blood , the Brain and nervous parts begin to be touched , Medicines , tho many of every kind may be rayed , do little ; yea , in this case the indications are almost the same , with those made use of in the Plague it self : forasmuch as the Lochia being for a good while suppressed , they cannot easily be reduced , or scarcely at all , in the great confusion of the Blood and humors , therefore it is convenient quickly to move a sweating , to wit , that the corruptions , impressed on the Blood and nervous juice , and restagnating from the Womb , may be carried forth some how , by sweat , and insensible transpiration . Therefore here , Powders , and Confections of Bezoar , Spirit of Hartshorn , or of Soot , tinctures of Corals or Pearls help . I have sometimes seen , by the help of these kind of Medicines , in a desperate case , when the Pulse , and other symptoms have appeared a little better , some small hopes to shew themselves ; yet Cure rarely to follow : but when the use of these Cordials were left off , the sick with a weak Pulse , and a Loosness presently arising , have been precipitated to Death .

3. When yet the business of the sick proves still worse , when the Feaver being increased , the Pulse is weak and unequal , and frequent horrors , and convulsive motions in the whole body , with a delitium , and stupefaction infest them ; then the Physitian having first made a Prognostication of Death , may insist upon a few Remedies , and those only Cordials , and must wholly abstain from blood-letting , scarification , blistering , or the use of Cupping-glasses : for such administrations beget only an odium and blame , that by so doing , we are esteemed by some Women , as wicked and cruel .

The Symptomatic Feavers of Women in Child-bed .

THE Acute Diseases of Women in Child-bed , shew themselves not only according to the Figure of the aforesaid Feaver , but sometimes they are beset with some signal symptoms , to wit , the Squinancy , Pleurifie , inflamation of the Lungs , Dysentery , Small-Pox , or of some other kind ; and at that time , they get the appellations of those Distempers . It will not be here seasonable , to repeat at large , what belongs to the essences and natures of each : but I shall Briefly shew , what these sicknesses , being complicated with the distempers of Women Lying in , contain peculiarly , as to the Causes or Cures .

All these symptoms , we suppose to proceed , from a certain Coagulation of the Blood , and from thence its extravasation : But whilst the Blood is extravasated , or put forth of the Vessels in one part , its efflux , however natural , and critical , is hindred in another : wherefore it is dangerous , lest whilst the Blood begins to be coagulated , either in a particular or accustomed nest of Coagulation , or universally in its whole mass , the flowing of the Lochia be stopped , which in truth for the most part happens , and therefore these Distempers , for the most part , are deadly to Women in Child-bed : yet the cause of their Death , for the most part , happens with some difference , viz. in the Small Pox , the flowing of the Lochia , draws inwardly the malignity , begun to be carried forth outwardly , and forthwith compels the mass of Blood , and the heart it self , to be impoysoned , with its evil ; and therefore in the Small Pox , these purgings of the Womb , are convenient to be stopped : But in the Pleurisie , Squinancy , and the rest , when the provocative of the Disease , being fixed here or there , in a particular place , draws to it self the impurities of the Blood , which ought to be separated or sifted forth by the Lochia , and derives it streight from the Womb , for that reason it increases the impurity of the Blood . The Lochia being stopped in the Small Pox , by the more universal manner or way of excretion , may be shut forth of doors , with the venemous Particles of the Disease , which thing indeed does not succeed in the rest , by reason of the minute , and more sparing manner of excretion .

Of these , the Squinancy , Pleurisie , and Inflamation of the Lungs , by reason , both of the great similitude of the Cause , and analogy of the Cure , may be considered together : when any Woman Lying in is distempered with any of these , it is to be supposed , that besides the Infection , gathered together in the time of being Big-bellied , there happens a certain sourish disposition of the Blood , by the means of which , whilst that it self grows feaverishly hot , certain Particles of it , being fused with the sourness enter into congelation , in this or that part , like Milk growing sour , and then to be coagulated : The Blood being there frozen or congealed , and hindred in its circuit , stops the passage of the rest ; but the Blood being obstructed in its motion , buts against the impediment , and so being heaped up about it , and driven forth of the Vessels , grows into a tumour : from thence presently , whatsoever is contained in its mass , that is heterogeneous , and to be sifted forth , is layed aside into the distempered part , as it were a sink : wherefore , the corruptions of the Blood , that ought to be purged forth by the Womb , are derived from thence towards the nest of this Disease , which , when they cannot be sufficiently purged forth by this way , both more remarkably corrupt the Liquor of the Blood , and render the particular distemper , viz. the Squinancy , Pleurifie , or any other more hard to be cured .

For the Cure of these kind of complicated distempers , presently from the very beginning , it should be endeavoured , that the Blood being fixed somewhere , and begun to be extravasated , may be restored to Circulation , that it may not impostumate ; because , very rarely , Women Lying in , are cured of these Symptomatic Feavers , by an Imposthume , or spitting forth of the corrupt matter : Wherefore , internal Remedies , which fuse the Blood , and free it from Coagulation , are to be made use of ; of which sort are chiefly Diaphoretics full of a volatile Salt , as Spirit of Hartshorn , Soot , Urine , also the Salts themselves ; in like manner Shelly and Bezoartic Powders , Lapis Prunellae , Decoctions and Juleps of Vegetables provoking Urine , or the terms , with all which ought to be mixed , what by experience are found proper for the distempers of the Womb : Besides , discussing Remedies , which may drive away the impacted matter , and disperse it ( of which sort are Liniments , Fomentations , and Cataplasms ) are diligently to be applied . In the mean time , the more impetuous motion , and immoderate effervency of the Blood , are to be removed , and its purgings , by all the ways possible transferred to the inferior parts . For this end Frictions , Ligatures , Epispastics , and ( if need be ) Scarifying about the Feet and Legs , are to be administred ; if the distemper very much growing worse , a taking away of Blood be indicated , unless there be a great fulness in the whole Body , and a very acute inflamation in the distempered part ; it will be best to open a Vein in the Foot , or to take away Blood from the hemorrhoid Veins by Leeches : But if necessity urges , it may be done in the Arm it self ; if after that Letting Blood ( if another be admitted ) let it be done in the Leg ; but you are to be warned , that in these cases , the opening a Vein is to be ordered very cautiously , for unless it brings present help , ( which I have rarely known it to do ) immediately the Pulse being made more weak , the business of the sick becomes much worse .

The Dysentery takes its rise almost for the like cause , with the aforesaid distempers ; but in this , because the extravasated Blood is presently poured forth , nor being retained in the Body , becomes there troublesome , or is any more corrupted , and as this Flux makes an excretion near the Womb , and does not afterwards dreive it to any other place , there is less of danger to be feared , from this Disease , than from those aforesaid : yet oftentimes this Disease is fatal to Women in Child-bed , for that indeed , the rather , because things attempering the Blood , and moderately binding , are ordered for the Dysentery : for these are found too apt to inhibit the Flux of the Luchia ; wherefore in this case , until the Women Lying in are sufficiently purged by a long Flux , the Cure of the other Disease is to be omitted , and the fierceness of the symptoms is to be allayed , only with gentle asswaging things .

The indications of the Small Pox , do not only differ from those above described , but indeed they are beset with contraries to themselves ; for they require ( as hath been said ) that the Flux of the Lochia should be moderately staid : yet in the mean time , that the flowring forth of the Blood , and a gentle sweat ought to be continued ; for when in this Disease , the invenomed ferment is twofold , and the corrupt Particles of the Blood , are carried outwardly in a twofold way , you must beware , lest that the lesser , and straiter part , should draw to its door , the whole matter , or more than it were able to send forth : therefore , lest the Lochia flowing more plentifully , should recall inwardly the venom , apt to flower outwardly , the manner or way of Dyet is somewhat to be changed , and specially those things which have a poyson resisting force , and are also astringent ( as the roots of Tormentil and Bistort ) are to be boyled in the Broths of the sick ; also Powders , Juleps , and Opiats , indued with such like virtue , are convenient to be administred at due intervals : yea , in this case , by no means , Women should be indulged , that they might eat flesh , or Broth made of it , or to rise out of their Bed : but the quiet , both of mind and Body , is to be procured , as much as may be , and a Dyet to be ordered of those things , that move not the Blood , and the business almost wholly to be committed to God and Nature .

What hath already been said , concerning the acute Diseases of Women in Child-bed , may easily be illustrated with Histories and Observations : But examples which may be brought in this thing , for the greatest part , are mournful and of an ill chance : because those Feavers for the most part end in Death . But to describe these kind of sicknesses , does neither confirm the work of the Physitian , nor render approved the method of Medicine , altogether taken in them ; however , because the knowledg of these may make for the better discovery of this Disease , I shall here propose some singular cases of Women Lying in , and variety of symptoms ; in which , altho the forms and means of Cure more sparingly occur , yet we may have some rules of precaution , of no contemplable use .

A Gentlewoman in her six and twentieth year of her Age , brought forth her sixth Child , with very difficult Labour , and not without danger of her Life ; yet presently after , she began to be better ; on the second day she eat a whole Chicken , on the third rose out of her Bed , and sate in a Chair for four hours ; the night following she found her self ill , at which time her Milk came into her Breasts ; which , by the application of Diaculum Plaisters , soon vanished ; the next morning she complained of a weariness , and as it were an ulcerous pain of her whole Body , also of a vomiting , nauseousness , and fulness about the Ventricle , and Hypochondria : the following night was full of trouble ; on the fifth day she was plainly in a Feaver , she felt now a shivering , now a heat , every where increasing , she nauseated every thing , and was troubled at her Stomach , moreover being unquiet , and without sleep , the Lochia flowed little , but a whitish humor ( commonly called the Flux of the Milk ) came away : In the evening she had a weight , and as it were a sleepiness about her forehead and temples , and began to sleep a little ; but awaking in half an hour , being disturbed with Phantasms , she complained of her head , as if increased in bulk , also of her jaws being set , that she could not open her teeth , and her fists being strongly clutched , she seemed as if she felt a pricking and slupor , or numness in her whole Body ; her Ventricle and Hypochondria stood still inflated , and stretched forth ; they administred to her Frictions , Ligatures , Cupping-glasses , and other Remedies , both inward and outward , that might recall the Lochia , and drive the recrements of the Blood from the head : Her Pulse being weak , and disordered , would not admit of Letting Blood ; Powders , and Juleps , which might gently move sweating , and fuse the Blood and nervous juice , and hinder them from restagnating , were diligently given her ; yea , somentations , now of Wollen Cloaths dipped in empollient Decoctions , and now of warm inwards of living Creatures , were applied to her Belly ; in the mean time , stinking things ( such as they use to the Mother Fits ) were put to her nose , which might drive away the impetuousness of the Spirits and Blood , carried into the head , but these , and other things , being for several hours carefully performed , she seem'd to feel some ease ; but still she feared to shut her eyes , or to settle herself to sleep , for her eye lids being closed , a thousand Phantasms ran in her mind , with noise and tingling in her whole head : she continued that night almost without sleep ; assoon as she had begun to sleep , presently being affrighted , and feeling a weight in her Precordia , she was awaked : on the sixth day about noon , she was troubled with a great shivering , or rather an horror , with a strong concussion of the whole Body ; to which , as in the fit of an Ague , by and by heat , and then sweat copiously followed : but from thence , nothing of ease accrued to the sick , for presently after the sweat , the feaverish heat was renewed , and convulsive distempers infested her more : the night following , with the rest of the symptoms growing worse , first a Palsie was excited in her tongue , and by and by in her throat , that she could not speak , and scarce swallow at all : on the seventh day , about the same hour , a shivering invaded her again , with heat and sweat ; then her Pulse being much weaker , and unequal ; also a difficult breathing , and fetching the breath short and quick , with her Breast lifted up , she knew not them about her : on the eighth day she died .

There was a manifold occasion of the death of this Gentlewoman , predisposed to a Feaver , by reason of her Big-belly , and which had increased the malignity of the Discase over and above ; for the hurt received by her hard Labour , the sudden exclusion of the Milk from her Breasts , the earing of flesh , and the rising too soon out of her bed , hapning together , made as it were a conspiration for the greater evil : The Blood being touched with a feaverish burning , presently conceived inordinations , and snatched into it self the Lochia , and perhaps other defilements of the Womb , and so by that means acquired a greater infection , and plainly venemous disposition ; the membranes of the Viscera , being imbrued with the degenerate nervous juice , were struck either with Convulsive motions , or with Convulsions continued to them from the Womb ; for these kind of inflations , about the Abdomen , and those distentions are the effects of Convulsions : For altho the direct Fibres drawing the member do oftentimes press it , yet since the Fibres are direct and transverse , and others placed in a various site , the membranes are pulled together into an hollowness , by their coming together , the part swells up like a blown bladder , into whose vacuity the Air being rarefied secondarily carries it self forward : But it is not the Air ( as is commonly said ) or a blast there at first heaped up , that is the cause of the distention . The Blood growing hot in our sick person , and being quickly filled with an adust and malignant matter , did endeavour to subdue it , and being unable to put it forth by sweat , forthwith fixed it in the Brain ; the first suffusion of the same matter into the head , by reason of the animal Spirits being half overthrown , brought in that sense of her head being much increased in bulk ; which thing happened by the like means , as when the foot being taken with a sleepiness , seems as if it felt much bigger than it is : But that after some ease , the distemper grew worse , by sleep and closing of her eyes , the reason is , because waking , and the exercise of the senses , shake off and remove from them , somewhat , the matter besieging the Brain and Nerves ; which notwithstanding being neer and in its precincts , sleep creeping on , is as it were supped up by them , and enters their Bodies more deeply with the alible juice . But the Blood , altho it had plentifully poured forth its recrements in the Brain , yet did not itself become free ; but being still full , with an impure ballast , it conceived as it were a critical flowring , and attempted to shake off its burthen once or twice ( as it is wont in a great excretion ) with a shivering , and with heat and sweat following it , by which endeavour however nothing was further effected , than that the matter sticking to the Brain , pierced more deeply into it , and becoming fixed in some little shoots of the Nerves , took away her speech and swallowing , and afterwards her senses ; and mass of Blood , being by degrees more and more depraved , at length became unable to sustain Life .

A noble Gentlewoman , being married a little before she was twenty years of Age , and being with Child , used , during the time , an ill dyet , and little or no exercise ; yet falling into Labour , and suffering the torments with intermission , and frequent case for twelve hours , at length was brought to Bed of a Son : The Child , with the after-birth came away , and all things were right about the Womb : the first and second day she found her self indifferently well , but on the third , after a light shivering , she began to complain of thirst and heat ; to which a loosness followed , that she had that day four stools : the following night she was almost without fleep , the feaverish distemper remained , after that , in the same manner for two days ; daily she purged three or four time ; the Lochia as yet flowed moderately : when on the sixth day , by the persuasion of the Women , she had took some astringent thing , to moderate the Flux of her Belly , the hpurgings of the Womb were almost wholly stayed : at which time the Feaver became more strong , and symptoms as it were hysterical appeared ; for in her Precordia , she had great and frequent oppressions , and was troubled with a sense of choaking in her throat ; on the seventh day , the heat was yet stronger , and her breathing difficult and laborious ; but then , by the prescription of a Physician , at that time first sent for , Blood was taken from her foot to three ounces , by which she was better for four hours ; for a quiet sleep , with a plentiful sweat followed upon it , and the Lochia appeared again tho in small quantity : In the Evening again , all things grew worse , her strength being very much lost , her Pulse weaker and unequal ; she complained also of a noise and tingling of her ears , with a fulness of her head , moreover a leaping up of the tendons in her wrists ; also she had sudden concussions of her wholy Body , yet still her loosness held ; to her were administred , by the prescripts of several Physicians , Cordials , and other Remedies , and kinds of Administrations carefully , but nothing profited : her Pulse being more weak , and her strength leisurely wasting , she died on the ninth day , after she was delivered .

This Feaver very much depended upon the vitious provision of the Body , as the procatartic cause ; for I have often observed , that it sates ill with Women Lying in , who when Big bellied devoured fruit , and any unwholsom trash , and living without motion or exercise , indulged themselves with ease and rest : the Blood , by reason of the previous Cachexie , conceived a burning without any evident cause , as it were of its own accord : But growing hor , laying inwardly still its recrements , and impurities , caused the Diarrhea : neither yet was its mass made more pure , by its almost continual excretion , yea , rather being still more depraved in its mixtion or crasis , the Blood at length wholly departed from its proper disposition , and became unable to be fermented in the heart , whereby heat and breath might be every where dispersed : The loosness , excited by the motion of Nature , was untowardly stopped , especially by the use of astringent things ; for this I have often observed , never to be done without paying for it ; because the Flux of the Belly has cured some that have been ill , but in this Lady , and in many others ( as has abundantly appeared to our experience ) altho it did not take away the Feaver , yet it freed her from the more grievous distempers of the Brain and nervous stock : from whence this sick person was wholly free from a Delirium , nor was struck with Convulsive motions , till reduced almost to extremity .

The Mother of a Family , and a Gentlewoman , about 36 years of Age or upwards , being with Child of her serventeenth Child , was troubled , and very anxious , lest she should die of that Child-bearing : But ( God favouring ) she was delivered well enough of a Son , and for three days after she was very cheerful : on the fourth day , when she had eaten more than she should do of a Chicken , a little before night she fell into a feaverish Distemper , with vomiting , and a stopping of the Lochia : all night she lay restless and without sleep , the next morning she had four stools , and seemed somewhat eased : about Noon ( about which time I came to her ) she complained again of heat and thirst , as also a palpitation of the heart , and of the ascent of some substance in her throat ; her Pulse was quick and small , her Urine red , the Lochia scarce appeared : I ordered her Juleps , Cordials , and things to purge the Womb , besides a somentation for the bottom of her Belly , also her Legs and Feet to be rubbed often , with warm Wollen Cloaths ; at going to sleep I gave her of Laudanum one grain , with Saffron Pouder half a scruple , in a spoonful of Treacle-water : She slept well , and the Lochia came down plentifully , and by that means , with a slender dyet , and continuing to provoke moderately the Flux of the Womb , for a few days , she became very well .

The immoderate eating of flesh , as an evident and almost only sufficient cause , without any great provision , or vitious predisposition , induced the Feaver . The Lochia restagnating into the Blood , increased its intemperance , and presently brought troubles upon the nervous kind ; but in the mean time , the Blood altho growing hot , did not undergo any great corruption , but when the recrements , heaped up by the Surfeit , were sent forth by the loosness , and the Blood , the Lochia being restored , began to be purged forth again after its wonted manner , this Feaver wanting a further malignant ferment , quickly vanished .

A noble Lady , young , and fair , was brought to Bed of a second Child , and for six days , as to the Lochia and other accidents , she was well , and wholly free from the suspicion of any intemperature : she ate flesh daily , and rising from her Bed , was brisk and chearful in her Chamber ; on the seventh day , without any manifest cause , a shivering came upon her , with a Feaver , and a lessning of the Lochia , but not supprossed : to the tenth day after her Delivery , she was only moderately feaverish ; whilst the purgings of the Womb yet flowed , she remained free from any grievous symptom : but then , although she was greatly seaverish , she was more cheerful than ordinary , and seemed more confident of her health : at Night she slept little or nothing ; the morning following ( at which time I first visited her ) she clearly raved , the Lochia were stopped , also her whole Body was shaken with horror , the tendons in her wrists were pulled together , so that I could hardly distinguish her Pulse , which in the mean time was weak , unequal , and very quick . I said she would die quickly , unless God should miraculously restore her by his Divine Power , however , six grains of Oriental Bezoar being given her , in a spoonful of Cordial Julep , brought upon her a plentiful sweat , with a better Pulse ; then other Cordials being given , with due intervals , gave some little hopes , tho I doubted they would not continue : after four hours from the time that I came , the sick Lady had of her own accord a great Stool , and presently her strength wholly failed her , and within half an hour she died .

When there hapned nothing of ill to this Lady , as to her Delivery , or Womb , so permicious a Feaver , and so suddenly Mortal , could not happen without a great and malignant procatarsis of the Blood and humors : whether a more full Dyet , or taking Cold , or any other evident cause , gave a beginning to this is uncertain ; because , the Women and Nurses helping her , knew of no manifest occasion of her sickness : The Feaver being inkindled , the infection of the Blood could not be wholly carried away , by the purging of the Womb , tho long continued ; tho for that reason , the more cruel symptoms came not presently upon her , yet the evil still lurked within , and the Disease being very acute , shewing it self with a swist motion , on the fourth day , when Nature should have indeavoured a Crisis , the matter of the Feaver being moved , but not overcome , as it were in a moment overturned at once , the Brain and nervous parts , whence Death was to be expected , and suddenly followed .

A Woman well known , who had scarce passed the twentieth Year of her Age , of a florid countenance , and slender Body , after her being brought to Bed , when the Lochia flowed immoderately , made use of some astringent Remedies , by the counsel of those about her , by which means they were wholly stopped ; but a Flux of her belly succeeded , which when it had increased for three days , the Women gave her other things for the stopping her Loosness : nor were they frustrated in the success ; in the mean time , in the place of the former evil , they had brought a most dangerous Feaver , and distempers as it were hysterical : for the unhappy Gentlewoman Lying in , was troubled with thirst , heat , wakings , and at several turns , with swoonings , and cold sweats ; at this time being sent for , I prescribed her Cardaic Remedies , and such as moved the purgings of the Womb , and also a Clyster to be given her : at length , the Flux of her Belly being provoked , the Lochia also came down , and the sick Woman being freed from the aforesaid symptoms , and the more grievous Disease , to wit , the Remedies of the Nurses , quickly grew well of her Feaver .

The more plentiful Flux of the Womb , hapning to this Woman , removed the Procatartic cause of a more grievous Disease : wherefore , when they had committed so many errors about the ordering her , ( viz. first in stopping the Lochia , then what might compensate their defect , in hindring the Flux of her Belly ) yet the Feaver was only light , and without any venomous taint impressed on the Blood ; the like to this I have known to happen frequently , to wit , when at first the purgings of the Womb have flown very plentifully , afterwards when they have flown very sparingly , and sometimes stopped , the women in Child-bed have escaped . And by the way , it is here to be noted , that it is wholly dangerous , to inhibit , or at least divert , and cross and motion of Nature , incited , tho irregular .

A Noble Gentlewoman , about 20 years of Age , indued with a smooth and full habit of Body , miscarried twice in the space of a Year ; when she had again Conceived , by the prescription of her Physician , she provoked a Vomit once a month , by drinking plentifully Posset Drink , by which she was wont to cast forth much thick tough Phlegm ; also in the time of her being with Child , he Let her Blood 5 times ; the time of her going being over , she was brought to Bed of a Son , with very hard Labour ; the Secundine came whole away , and she purged notably : on the second day , whilst she was lifted upon her feet in Bed , that the Sheets and the Blankets might be laid in better order , she took Cold , and by that means the bloody Lochia wholly stopped , and only a little serous Water came away : on the third day she began to complain of an acute pain in her right side , to which the Women laid Bags of Camomil made hot with Bricks , but the distemper grew worse with a bloody spittle ; on the fourth day of her being brought to Bed , a most sharp pain , with a difficult breathing , and very Laborious , invaded her : by the prescription of her Physician , then coming to her from the neigbourhood , six ounces of Blood was taken away , out of the Basilic vein , and she felt sudden ease , for 10 hours she was better , in the middle of the night the pricking pain returned with its wonted fierceness : at length , other Physicians being called to Counsel , they agreed that it was necessary to open a Vein again , in the arm of the distempered side : four ounces of Blood being taken away , the pain remitted , and the sick breathed better ; then by Diasphoretic Remedies , she fell into a great sweat , with a quiet sleep : But the Pulse was made quicker and weaker , also contractures of the tendons in her wrists appeared : presently afterwards she talked idly , and within 24 hours , after she was last Let Blood , she departed .

That this Lady fell into a Pleurisie , with a Feaver , upon the Lochia being suppressed , the cause in some measure seemed to be , the Letting of Blood so often in the time of her being with Child : for by this means , the Blood being accustomed to be eventilated at the arm , afterwards growing hot , leaving the Womb , was carried violently towards the place of its letting forth , where , when it found not a passage , it fixed in the neighbouring side , as thenexe nest to the place of extravasation ; yea , besides the usual manner of a Pleurisie , there was no small malignity hapned to this Disease ; for the Blood being hindred from being let forth of the Vessels , began presently to be corrupted in its disposition , and in the third day of the Feaver , was so much depraved , that it could not be any longer fermented in the heart so as to Prorogue Life .

It was not so with the Wife of a certain Smith , who was brought to Bed , at what time her Children had the Small Pox in the same House , and she her self , as it seemed , had taken the Contagion of the same Disease , for on the second day after her Delivery , they began to break forth with a feaverish heat , and pain in her Loyns , which indeed for three days , whilst the Lochia moderately flowed , arose rightly into little swellings ; altho the purging of the Womb was very copious at that time , she had the Small Pox very thick all over her Body , not only in the superficies of her skin , but also they filled the cavity of her mouth and throat , so that she could scarce speak or swallow : The sixth day of her Lying in , the Lochia flowed immoderately , from whence presently fell upon the sick , a frequent swooning , with a flagging of the Small Pox , Convulsions , and other symptoms of an ill nature , which threatned Death soon ; being sent for , I prescribed half a dram of this Powder , to be taken constantly every three hours , in a spoonful of the following Julep , viz. take of the Roots of Tormentil in Powder , drams two , of the best Bole Armonie , dram one , of the species of Hyacinth half a dram , make a Powder . Take of the Compound Water of Scordium , of Dragons , of Meadowsweet , each three ounces , of There cal Vinegar one ounce , of the Syrup of Corals two ounces , of Harts-horn burnt half a dram , make a Julep . Besides , I ordered to be boyled in her Broths , and in every thing she drank , the Roots of Totmentil : by these Remedies , the purging of her Womb was soon wholly stopped , and the Small Pox by degrees being ripened , came off without any grievous symptom .

Indeed this case was difficult , and was cured with great danger , viz. for either the Lochia , or the Small Pox to have been restrained inwardly , was very dangerous , and yet the more full eruption of the one , hindred the motion of the other ; so long as either moderately proceeded , things being permitted to the conduct of Nature was moderately well : but when one of them became ill , the work of Art was required , and it was requisite to bridle the Lochia , but to provoke the Small Pox.

CHAP. XVII . Of Epidemical Feavers .

HAving meditated rather a Commentary , than an intire Tract , I had thought here to have concluded our Discourse of Feavers : But forasmuch as certain Epidemical Feavers do often spread , which observe no Laws , nor can be brought to any certain rule of Doctrine , but being irregular vary every year , and for that reason , as often as any of them increase or spread abroad , presently it is called the new Disease ; therefore , I thought it worth out while , because general precepts concerning these Feavers are not to be delivered , to subjoyn some particular Histories , of some of this kind ; for out of the various provision of symptoms , whereby they are wont to be noted , the nature and the whole formal reason of these kind of distempers , may somewhat appear . Since therefore of late years , within a short tract of time , three popular Diseases have spread in these Countrys , I will add , as a Crown to this work , the several Descriptions of them , made at those times , when these Feavers raged .

A Description of an Epidemical Feaver , spreading about Autumn , in the Year 1657. taken in the middle of September .

WHilst we meditate the Description of a Feaver , at this time cruelly raging , it is fit , that following the example of Hippocrates , we first consider the foregoing constitution of the Year , its intemperance and excess of qualities . For Epidemical Diseases , and commonly excited among the people , are from a common cause ; such as the habit of the year , and by that means contracted , a disposition of the Blood , by which many are alike affected . But that we may draw the matter from the beginning , the last Spring , and the time succeeding it , even to the end of the Summer , was all that half years space extremely dry and hot , but especially after the Summer solstice , the heats were so intense for many weeks following , that day and night there was none that did not complain of the heat of the Air , and were almost in a continual sweat , and were not able to breath freely : About the Calends of July , this Feaver , at first sporadical or particulat , began to break forth in some places , that perhaps one or two were taken in the same City or Village : In many it imitated the likeness of an intermitting Tertian , viz. the Fits returned every other day ; which yet infested the sick with a most intense heat , without any cold or shivering going before ; Vomiting and Choleric Stools plentifully hapned to most , sweat succeeding but difficultly , and often-interrupted , whereby the feaverish fit rarely ended in a remission , but that all the time between , the sick continued languishing and weak , with thirst and restlessness ; in some , when the business began to grow better , affer three or four fits , cold and shivering began the fits , and the Feaver became an exact intermitting Tertain : But in most , the Feaver still grew worse , and presently became of an evil nature , and difficult Cure , with a depraved provision of symptoms ; for when the sick were highly heated in their fits , and hardly sweated , they were wont to commit errors , which daily increased the strength of the Disease , because by reason of the inpatience of the siek , and the unskilfulness of Servants , the sweat being interrupted , which should have ended the fit of the Feaver , after one fit was scarce finished , another presently succeeded , and so the Disease was wont to have wandring and uncertain periods , without any intermission between , and afterwards to pass into a kind of continual Feaver . The condition of which , sometimes being very dangerous , with an evil affection of the Brain and nervous stock , so that oftentimes a Lethargy , or Delirium , or not seldom cramps , and and Convulsive motions , were excited : About the month of August , this Feaver began to spread far and near , among the people , that in every Region and Village many were sick of it ; but it was much more frequent in the Country , and smaller Villager , than in cities or Towns . It was still like an intermitting Feaver , unless that it seemed more infestous than that is wont , and with more cruel fits , and shorter intermissions , and therefore was called the new Disease : besides , it underwent the note of a certain malignity , and gave knowledg of its Contagion and Deadliness ; insomuch , that it crept from house to house , infected with the same evil , most of the same Family , and especially those familiarly conversing with the sick ; yea , old Men , and Men of ripe Age , it ordinarily took away .

If you respect the nature and essence of the Disease , this Feaver properly should be referred to the rank of intermitting Feavers , for the fits returned at set times , also for the most part they began with cold and shivering , and oftenest with vomiting , and by and by a most intense heat proceeding , they were finished at last with a sweat . The Urine in most appeared of a flame colour , thin in the fits , with some hypostasis , without it more thick , and with a redish sediment ; altho with a most copious sweat , and often iterated , the Disease was not cured , which might be expected in a continual Feaver ; yea , the diftemper continued exceeding long , for many days , sometimes months , tho much evacuation almost daily hapned by vomit and sweat : which we observe frequently in an intermitting Feaver , rarely to happen in a continual ; out of the fit , at any time of the Disease a purge was profitably instituted , which in a Synochus before the sign of concoction , were a wicked thing to attempt ; besides , that this Feaver was of the intermitting kind , it seems to appear from hence , because very many recovered of it , that scarce one of a thousand died , which I scarce every knew in an Epidemical Synochus . About the first beginnings of this Disease , it appeared very like to an intermitting Tertian , altho afterwards in some , by reason of the vitious provision of their body , and errors committed in Dyet , and sweating , it seemed to change into a continual ; for in whom the fits were not rightly concluded , nor ended in a remission , by reason of the morbific matter not being throughly dispersed , their Blood was continually hot : from whence it came to pass , that the fits sooner returned , and continued longer ; till at length , by reason of the plenty of matter , and the languishment of Nature , the Blood being made weaker , endeavoured no longer to swell up , and to separate the feaverish matter at set hours , but to subdue it by little and little , with a continual effervency .

We are to inquire concerning the causes of this Disease , what may be the leading , evident , and conjunct cause , viz. by the means of which it spread so generally , and became Epidemical through all England ; by what means , and for what occasion , it was wont to be excited in all men : and lastly , what kind of alteration of the Blood and humors , being induced , brought forth this kind of Feaver , with such a provision of symptoms , and conserved it in the Act.

I know it is easie to place wholly the cause of this so popular Disease in the malignant consitution of the Air , to wit , that the Particles of the Air , in which we breath , were infected by a certain extraneous Infection , and not agreeable to our Nature , the little bodies of which Infections being admitted within , did ferment with the Blood and humors , and so in most , brought in this Feaver , almost with the same appearance of symptoms . For who dares deduce the original of a Disease so genearlly raging , from a less public fountain ? or refer to any other place , the received causes of Diseases , than to that nest of Vital Air , on which every one seeds ? But whilst I more attentively consider the thing , it seems to me , that its stem , and as it were its first beginnings , are to be sought a little deeper . To wit , that this Leaver is born not from the Contagion communicated by the Air , and immediately fixing its evil on men , but rather from a certain feaverish predisposition or nature , impressed somewhile before on our Bodies , because of the intemperance of the Year , which at length having gotten maturity , on the least ocasion is brought into Act , and so breks not forth into this Feaver , so much as it sifts it forth .

For when about the Calends of July , the Air was immoderately hot , with a most intense heat for many days , it casily altered our Blood towards an hot and bilous intemperance , by which ( as in wine growing more hot than it should do ) the sweet part , and the spirituous was much consumed , in the mean time , the Saline and Sulphureous was too much carried forth , that by that means , the Liquor easily contracted a rancor or sourness : We have in another place shewn , that this kind of disposition of the Blood , whereby indeed it turns from a sweet and spirituous temper , into a bilous or choleric , is most apt for intermitting Feavers : Hence the alible juice , which is continually carried into the mass of Blood , is not rightly concocted , nor assimilated into Blood , but perverted as it were into an extraneous and fermentative matter : which arising to a fulness in the bosom of the Blood it self , and growing turgid according to its increase at set periods , as we have already shewn , induces the fits of the intermitting Feaver : when therefore , fore the great burning heat of this Summer , the Blood almost of all men , becoming more hot than usual , was very much scorched , it is no wonder , if from thence it should contract a great aptitude for intermitting Feavers . But why not whilst the servor of the Heaven was yet urgent , but a little aster , this Disease spread it self , the reason is , because this indisposition is not impressed on our Blood at once , or at one time , but by little and little , and not but of a long time ; and therefore , Diseases like Fruits , are chiefly ripened in Autumn , after the foregoing heat of the Summer .

This aptitude or feaverish disposition , all do not contract alike ; those whose Blood is of a more hot Nature , and abounds more in Sulphur , and for that cause is sooner scorched , also such who labour , or stay long in the heat of the sun , and open Air , by reason of their Blood being more remarkably torrified , more easily fell into this Disease ; wherefore , at first , it chiefly raged among Husbandmen in the Country : of these , who had acquired an aptitude to this Feaver , from the Blood being before scorched , some perhaps fell into this of their own accord , the feaverish disposition being leisurely carried forth to a maturity ; others , by reason of a light occasion or evident cause , which was wont otherways to stir up the feaverish burning , as from taking Cold , Surfeit , drinking of Wine , and the like ; and others fell sick from the Contagion received of others , for as the effluvia constantly came away from the sick , when they pierced Bodies predisposed to the like distemper , they easily excited the hhid powers into Act.

As to the third Proposition , to wit , that the conjunct cause of this Disease , and its formal Reason , may be known , we must put you in mind of those things , which we have elsewhere delivered concerning the nature of intermitting Feavers ; for we suppose the retorrid and bilous constitution of the Blood , as the basis of the Disease , by reason of which , the alible juice , being supplied daily , as it were in a certain measure , is not rightly concocted , but by the assation or scorching , becomes or goes into a fermentative matter , not miscible with the Blood . When the Blood is filled to a fullness with this matter ( which happens at set intervals of times , because the alible juice is supplied as it were by a set measure ) it of its own accord conceives a swelling up , and the growing hot or effervescency being excited , for the carrying away of this matter , causes the feaverish fit . which so long indures , till this feaverish matter being inkindled , and as it were burnt in the heart , is wholly dissipated with sweat .

From these things premised , it is made plain , that in the distemper , we now discourse of , there are some things happen by a peculiar way , from the common kind of intermitting Feavers , and therefore it was noted , and that not undeservedly , with the appellation of a New Feaver ; which are , First , That about the beginning of the Disease , fits did a long while afflict the sick , without cold or shaking , but with a most intense heat , thirst , and cruel vomiting ; by which , the sweat hardly , and for the most part partial , and often interrupted , succeeded , whereby the fit was not finished but of a long time . The reason of which , may be only laid upon the very choleric disposition of the Blood , and being above measure scorched : For this proceeding from the domineering Sulphur , wholly inhibits the wonted sourness of the Blood , which follows its turgency or sweeling up , and is wont to stir up the cold or shivering ; and by reason of this kind of temper of the Blood , too much roasting and as it were burning the alible juice , the Blood growing turgid , together with that juice , and being stirred up into motion , is inkindled more than it is wont in the heart , and by its deflagration , induces a most intense and troublesome heat , with thirst , to the sick . Cholerick vomitings , happen not only at the beginning , but in the middle of the fit , by reason of the abundance of choler , with which , the Choleduct Vessels being too much filled , infuse the intestines ; which then a Convulsion being stirred up , is easily emptied into the Ventricle : sweat hardly succeeds , because the bile abounds more than the serum , wherefore the feaverish matter being burnt , it is not easily sisted forth by sweat , but being either mingled with the Blood , cause the long effervency , or being carried towards the intestines ; produces Vomiting , or a Flux . Secondly , This Feaver differs from the vulgar intermitting Feaver , because after the fit was ended , there was no full intermission , even to a remission , but the sick still remained languishing and thirsty ; and as to appetie , sleep , and other accidents , very ill : which indeed hapned , because , by the intense heat of the fit , more of the Blood and feaverish matter is inkindled , than that its recrements remaining after its deflagration , are able presently to be dissipated , especially , because the sweat , by reason of the dryness of the matter , very hardly succeeds , nor is the feaverish matter enough diluted with the serous Latex , to be sifted forth ; wherefore , the Blood by its Contagion , in the time of the fit , not being perfectly freed , grows hot still , neither the fit being ended , doth it get any full truce from the Disease : In the mean time , whilst the Blood is urged after this manner , with almost a continual effervency , it differs from a Synochus ; because in this , the Sulphureous part of the Blood , being too much carried forth , and as it were inflamed , causes the Feaver by its deflagration ; but the continual ebullition , which after this manner comes upon this intermitting Feaver , wholly depends upon the confusion of the not miscible matter , and its hard secretion from the Blood . The Synochus happens like Wine growing hot of its own accord , by reason of its richness , the other conceives its fury , like the same Wine , by reason of some heterogeneous thing poured to it : wherefore we remark , that whilst our Feaver is seen still to be continual , it is not cured by sweat or the Flux of the Belly ; altho they frequently and copiously happen : because it depending upon the Blood being depauperated , rather than being inflamed , it continues long , and disposes the sick towards a Cachexie ,

3. There is a third reason of difference , by which this Feaver may be distinguished from the common rank of intermitting Feavers , and it is this , that it is easily propagated to others by Contagion ; the reason of which is , because here very many bodies are predisposed after the same manner , towards the same distemper , hich happens not at another time ; wherefore , the meer effluvias from a diseased Body , are able to excite the like effect , in a very fit subject ; even as some Beams of Flame enkindle Flame , in a very combustible matter : In the mean time all do not alike contract the Infection of this Feaver , but that some being less prepared or fitted for it , converse with the sick without harm .

4. There is another symptom occurs , not constant to this Feaver , but only hapning in some places , that discriminates it not only from the common , but varies its own proper type ; to wit , sometimes it happens , this Disease to be accompanied with a Dysenterick distemper ; in some cholerick Vomits , and bilous Stools very much infest , and in others Bloody Stools follow , with cruel pains and torments of the Belly . The former I often observed in our Neigbourhood , and the reason of it may be deduced from the highly bilous temper of the Blood : For by reason of this , the adust matter , not to be dissipated by sweat , is copiously sifted into the Liver ; then by reason of the choler-carrying Vessels , being filled to a flowing over , it is sent away to the Ventricle , and Intestines . The other Dysenterical distemper , was found only in some places , and there peculiar rather than common , it laid hold only of some sick . The origine of it may be referred to the peculiar dispositions of some Bodies , or vitious provision , also to the site of the place , or condition of the Air ; then the Disease is to be suspected , to be thence translated to others , not without the communication of a certain Infection .

There is to be had a double Prognostication concerning this Disease : First , of the Feaver in General , what end it shall have , and when ; what it may threaten to the Land : whether it precede not ( which is commonly feared ) the Plague , or Pestilential Sicknesses . Secondly , The signs ought to be laid down , whereby we are wont to presage health , or danger , in the various cases of the sick .

As to the First , Because we have shown that the Origine of this distemper is not to be fetched from the Contagion of the Air , or its being infected with any venomous Infection , nor from-any malignant seeds of Vapours diffused through the Air , but only from the signal bilous temper or disposition of our Bodies , with the Blood being made adust and roasted extremely , by reason of the Summer heats , I think there is no reason of fear , that this Feaver should be carried forth into any thing worse , by the vice of the Air , or might at length grow to be Malignant or Pestilential . But rather ( that the season of the Year being changed , and the alteration of our Blood assuredly to be expected ) we might fear lest this Feaver , which now imitates the way of an intermitting Feaver , should afterwards pass into a Quartane , the Blood growing into a melancholy temper . Which thing indeed I observed to happen to some already , and I believe , that before the Autumn be fully passed over , will happen to many more .

As to the particular Prognostication , the chiefly notable signs , which occur in the course of this Feaver , and in a manner foretel its condition and event , and of this sort ; if the Disease happens in a firm Body , well tempered , and easily perspirable ; if vomiting with ease succeeds , and that the Belly be loose : if the fit begins with a light shivering , and afterwards a moderate heat , with sweat concludes it , and that the intermission be with some tolerable remission ; if the Pulse be strong , the Urine of a flame colour , clear , and with a laudable hypostasis , we may Predict that the Disease will quickly end without any danger . But if this Feaver be excited in a fat Body , and of a vitious habit , if with troublesome vomiting , an intolerable thirst , and fierce heat , long exercise the sick ; if to the heat a difficult sweat , and partial , and often interrupted , and between frequent vomitings succeed , and that it ends not in a remission , we may declare , that this Disease may be long , and of a dangerous issue . But if the sick remain in strength , and the Urine shew signs of concoction , we need not despair of health ; especially , if after four or five periods , the Disease , as it is wont to do , remits of its wonted fierceness . Thirdly we observe , if this Disease is excited in an old Body , or others broken with sicknesses , or debilitated ; if besides horrid vomitings , there happen swoonings , faintings , Deliriums or Lethargic distempers ; if after many fits , the sick having lost their strength , the Disease remits nothing , but exerciseth the Blood , with a continual effervency , and that the Vital Spirits are much destroyed ; if the appetite be lost , wakings pertinacious , and that they have Convulsive motions , with a weak Pulse , and Urine troubled , or thick , we judg the matter to be full of danger : yet is not the sick to be left as desperate , because the Disease is not hasty , and kills not suddenly , and out of hand ; but is drawn out at length , and grants time and occasions to nature , of recollecting her self , and to the Physician , of giving Remedies .

The Therapeutic Indications , which have place in the Cure of this Feaver , are chiefly four . First , That the Blood being now scorched , and made too choloric , may be reduced to its due temper . Secondly , That the depravation of the nourishable juice , and its alteration into a fermentative matter , may be inhibited , or at least lessned . Thirdly , That about the declining of the Disease , the Blood depauperated by a frequent deflagration , and made more impure by the fusion or pouring into it the morbifick or adust matter , may be restored , and rendred as it should be volatile . Fourthly , That the symptoms , which chiefly infest in the course of the Disease , may be timely helped , by fit Remedies ; that these intentions may be satisfied , I counsel that this following method be used .

About the beginning of the Disease , if the bilous or choloric humor , flowing forth of the choler bearing Vessels , and being suffused into the Venticle , cause the sick to be prone to vomiting , let a more plentiful evacuation be procured , by a gentle Emetic in the time of the fit : The opening of a Vein , and Purging , ought not to be administred , unless between the fits : for whilst the Blood grows mainly hot , or is resolved into sweat , Nature ought not to be called back from the Work begun , nor her endeavours to be disturbed , by the preseriptions of Physicians ; wherefore , after the fit being past , and the sweat throughly finished , a Purging may be instituted , by a gentle Cathartic , and the same afterwards sometimes repeated , on the like occasion : for by this method , not only the provision of the excrementitious matter , is brought away ; from the first passages , but chiefly the choler-bearing Vessels being emptied , the choler is copiously drawn forth from the mass of Blood , and by that means the Blood is restored to its natural Crasis or disposition . The Letting of Blood , if is be indicated , should be performed presently after the beginning ; for so its Liquor being too turgent of swelling up , is eventilated , whereby both the nutritious juice is less perverted , and the fiturging , it burns forth with a less heat , together with the morbifick matter : but otherwise , if a Vein be opened after a long sickness , when the Blood being made poorer , and more watry , more of the morbific matter is heaped together , and does not rightly concoct , and silt it forth , it detracts much from the strength of Nature , and nothing from the power of the Disease . In the interval of the fits , when there is no place for opening a Vein , nor Purging , let the Belly be kept loose , by the constant use of Clysters ; also digestive Remedies , of acetous or saline Liquors and Powders , are to be exhibited ; of which sort are , Cream of Tartar , fixed Salts of Herbs , Tartar Vitriolate , Harts-horn burnt , Spirit of Vitriol , and Salt , &c. for these restore the lost , or sleepy ferments of the Viscera , purifie the Blood by fusing it , also separate the morbific matter , and as it were precipitate it : also , at this time , between , if pertinations waking infest the sick , and overthrow their strength , it may be lawful to administer anodyne , and gentle narcotic Remedies ; but never in the fit : for then they greatly hinder the subduing , and sifting forth of the feaverish matter , and draw out in length the fit that would end sooner .

These things are to be done about the interstitia , or intervals of the fits ; but whilst the fit is urgent , altho the sick then chiefly send for , and call upon Physiicans , yet at this time their prescripts are limited to a narrower space : If Vomiting ( notwithstanding an Emetic being given ) still infest , it may be more freely provoked , either by simple Posset Drink , or with bitter Herbs boyled in it : But let the chiefest means of help be , in temperating the heat and thirst , which most grievously torments the sick in this Feaver : For whilst the Blood growing hot , with the morbific matter , and being inkindled in the Heart , leaps forth into the Lungs , flirs up there a cruel Inflamation , which requires a profusion of a cold humor as it were for the extinguishing the Flame ; wherefore they greedily desire without any measure drink , for want of which the sick are almost killed with too great heat , and their Blood being almost wholly rarified into flame and fume , the thrid of Circulation is hardly continued ; wherefore , drink ought to be wholly granted , to those in Feavers : which however , if it be taken in too large a quantity , it at first more disturbs the estuating Blood , and at length brings confusion to the feaverish matter , begun to be separated ; that from thence , the Work of subaction and secretion is longer protacted , and the fit is made longer : also , besides , large drinking causes troubles in the Ventricle , and by disturbing it , and often provoking Vomiting , hinders the breathing forth , and calls inward the sweat breaking forth , or perhaps already broke forth : wherefore , at first , the heat of the Feaver being inkindled , altho the sick be very thirsty , let them only sip a little , and abstain from drink as much as they can ; afterwards , when the matter being burnt , and subdued , begins to be dissipated by sweat , they may be more freely indulged as to this , for so the swealing is greatly helped , and the fit is sooner finished : as to the nature of the Drink , let them take sometimes Posset Drink , sometimes Small Beer , or Barly Water , and sometimes simple Water , or sharpned with the juice of Lemons : In this case , the use of Sal Prunellae is deservedly praised , to be given in every Liquor ; for this , with its nitrosity , wonderfully allays the raging Blood , and potently moves sweats , I have often observed , in the midst of a fit , the sick wont to fall into a swoon , or syncopy , to whom presently they give Cordials or hot Waters that much increase the violence of the Feaver , and bring forth more troubles than usual , that the fit is more difficultly finished : But these faintings , for the most part , happen , either from a bilous humor suffused in the Ventricle , or by reason of the sweat suddenly breaking forth ; and against these I always found the most present Remedy , that either a feather being put down the throat , Vomiting may be provoked , or that Liquor being plentifully drunk , a sweat may be again raised up : also , in the whole course of this Feaver , I am wont never to give any Cordials , or alexiteriums .

The Dyet in this Feaver ought to be only slender , and not nourishing , all sorts of Flesh , or any thing prepared of them , are wholly to be avoided ; for as these abound with Sulphur , they give a more plentiful food ( as Oyl poured on Flame ) to the hot or enkindled Blood : besides , nothing spiritous , as strong Waters , strong Beer , or Wine , is to be yielded to ; but Decoctions , or Broths of Oat-meal , or Barly , altered with cooling Herbs , are chiefly to be used ; also Posset Drink , and small Beer , or Whey , is to be given them at their pleasure : for by this means , when a very slender and watry nourishing juice , is conveyed to the mass of Blood , the soluted Particles of Sulphur , burn forth sooner , and with the less tumult ; also the recrements of the adust matter , are more easily carried from the bosom of the Blood : but if on the contrary , a more rich or plentiful nourishment be administred , the effervency of the Blood is thereby very much augmented , and the Blood is more infected , by the confusion or pouring in of the adust matter .

After that the Blood being much burnt forth by frequent fits , and the Feaver being in its declination , remits of its fervor and fierceness , you must take heed , lest the sick at length growing well , fall not into a Cachexie , or Scorbutic Distemper : for the disposition of the Viscera being hurt , and the Blood very much depauperated , the alible juice , though not scorched so as at first , is not however rightly concocted , and ripened into perfect Blood : but by reason of the want of transpiration , the serous excrements , being imbued with a fixed salt , are greatly heaped together , and now fixed in the Bowels , now in the extreme parts , bring forth various Distempers . Wherefore in a long languishing of the sick , or otherwise for the sake of being sooner well , Remedies should be given them , which volatilise the Blood , or hinder the stuffings of the Viscera , or if stuffed , may open them , and their ferments as if extinct , restore : for this use , those Remedies and Preparations chiefly help , which are commonly called Digestives and Antiscorbuticks ; with which being timely administred , I have known very many weak , pale , and as it were without Blood , suddenly to recover a liveliness and vigor .

The Description of a Catarrhal Feaver Epidemical in the middle of the Spring , in the Year 1658. taken the fourth of June .

AN equally intense Frost followed the next Winter , the immoderate heat of the foregoing Summer , so that no one living could remember such a Year , for either excess both of heat and cold . From the Ides of December , almost to the vernal Equinox , the Earth was covered with snow , and the North wind constantly blowing , all things without doors were frozen : also , afterwards , from the beginning of the Spring , almost to the beginning of June , the same Wind still blowing , the season was more like Winter than Spring ; unless now and then a hot day came between . During the Winter ( unless that a Quartan Feaver contracted in Autumn infested some ) among our Countrimen , there was a moderate state of health , and freedom from all popular Diseases . The Spring coming on , an intermitting Tertian ( as used to do every year before ) fell upon some . About the end of April , suddenly a Distemper arose , as if sent by some blast of the Stars , which laid hold on very many together : that in some Towns , in the space of a Week , above a thousand people fell sick together . The particular symptom of this Disease , and which first invaded the sick , was a troublesome Cough , with great spitting , also a Catarrh falling down on the palat , throat , and nostrils ; also it was accompanied with a feaverish Distemper , joyned with heat and thirst , want of appetite , a spontaneous weariness , and a grievous pain in the Back and Limbs : which Feaver however was more remiss in some , that they could go abroad , and follow their affairs in the time of their sickness , but complaining in the mean time , of want of strength , and of languishing , a loathing of food , a Cough , and a Catarrh : But in some a very hot Distemper plainly appeared , that being thrown into Bed , they were troubled with burning , thirst , waking , hoarsness , and coughing , almost continual ; somtimes there came upon this a bleeding at Nose , and in some a bloody spittle , and frequently a Bloody Flux , such as were indued with an infirm Body , or men of a more declining Age , that were taken with this Disease , not a few died of it ; but the more strong , and almost all of an healthful constitution recovered : those who falling sick of this Disease , and died , for the most part died by reason of the strength being leisurely wasted , and a serous heap more and more gathered together in the Breast , with the Feaver being increased , and a difficulty of breath , like those sick of an Hectic Feaver . Concerning this Disease , we are to inquire , what procatartic cause it had ; that it should arise in the middle of the Spring suddenly , and that the third part of Mankind almost , should be distempered with the same , in the space of a Month : then the signs and symptoms being carefully collated , the formal reason of this Disease , also its Crisis and way of Cure ought to be assigned .

That the Northern Wind is most apt to produce Catarrhs , besides the testimony of Hippocrates , common experience doth make known : but why Catarrhs did not spread , at least in some peculiar places , all the Winter and Spring , but only in one months space , and then joyned with a Feaver , this Distemper should become Epidemical , doth not so plainly appear . I know many deduce the cause from the unequal temper of the Air , at that time ; which altho for the most part very cold , yet the North Wind fometimes lessening , there would be a day or two very hot between : wherefore , from this occasion , as from cold taken after the heat , men should commonly fall sick : But indeed , for the exciting the Distemper , so suddenly rising , and commonly spreading , there is required , besides such an occasion , a great foregoing cause or predisposition , tho the other might suffice perhaps , for an evident cause , for to distemper them with this sickness ; for we ought to suppose , that almost all men were prone to the receiving this Disease , otherwise no evident cause could have exercised its power so potently on so many , wherefore , it seems very likely , that this Disease had its Origine from the intemperance and great inordination of the year : and as the Autumnal intermitting Feaver before described , was the product of the preceding immoderate heat , so this Catarrhal Feaver , depended altogether upon the following part of the year , being so extremely cold : For the Blood being now throughly roasted by the very hot Summer , and prone to the Feaver before described , then being made more sourish by the Autumn urging it , and apt for a Quartan Fesver , afterwards being a little eventilated by reason of the strong cold of the Winter , and hindred from its due perspiration , retained yet its Dyscrasie , or evil disposition , and readily broke forth on the first occasion given : wherefore , when the Blood , in the middle of the Spring , ( as the juice of Vegetables ) being made more lively , and also begun to flower and grow rank , by reason of the stoppage being still continued , was straitned in its Circulation , and easily made prone to a feaverish effervescency : and as the serous Water redounding in the Blood , could not evaporate outwardly , because of the Pores being still straitned by the cold , restagnating within , and chiefly falling upon the Lungs , ( where it might be moved about , instead of an outward breathing forth ) excited the so frequent and troublesom Cough .

The Original therefore , and formal Reason of this Disease , are founded chiefly on two things , to wit , that there together hapned a greater effervescency of the Blood than usual , from the coming on of the Spring season , and also a stoppage , or great constriction of the Pores , excited by the too great cold of the foregoing season ; that therefore there was not a free space granted to the Blood , flowring or luxuriating in the Vessels : The business being after the same manner , as if Wine begun to grow hot , should be put up into close shut Vessels , for by this means , either the Vessels , or the Liquor , were in danger to be lost .

Wherefore , that we may contract the thing in short , the cause that this Disease begun in the middle of the Spring , having presently spread largely , seised very many , was not the blast of a malignant Air , whereby the sick were distempered , as if struck with a blasting , but that at this time , the Blood being inspired by the constitution of the Spring , and so luxuriating , and apt to grow hot , was contracted or straitned in its motion , and , the effluvias being constrained inwardly , could not be sufficiently eventilated or cooled . In every year , tho temperate , it is usual in the Spring and Autumn for some Epidemical Diseases to reign , because at this time , the Blood being as it were restored , flowers anew ; and therefore , intermitting Feavers , and sometimes the Small Pox ordinarily spread in this season ; wherefore , 't is no wonder , after a great unequal constitution of the year , and not natural , when in this Spring , the Blood boyling up more lively within the Vessels , by reason of transpiration being hindred , could not be freely circulated , and sufficiently eventilated , if for that cause , great disorders follow , and from this most common cause , a distemper greatly Epidemical should be excited .

As to the symptoms joyned with this Disease , a feaverish intemperature , and whatsoever belongs to this , the heat of the Praecordia , thirst , a spontaneous weariness , pain in the Head , Loyns , and Limbs , were induced from the Blood growing hot , and not sufficiently eventilated : hence in many , a part of the thinner Blood being heated , and the rest of the Liquor being only driven into confusion , a simple Synochus , or of more days was induced , and this for the most part ceased within a few days : But in some endued with a vitious disposition of Blood , or evil habit of Body , this kind of Feaver , arising by reason of the same cause , quickly passed into a very dangerous Putrid Feaver , and often Mortal .

The Cough accompanying this Feaver with a Catarrh , draws its Origine from a serous humor heaped up together in the Blood , by reason of transpiration being hindred for a long time , and then an effervescency being risen , dropping forth more from the little Arteries , gaping within : for when the Pores are constrained , the superfluous serosities in the Blood , being wont to evaporate outwardly , are poured forth on the Lungs , by a proper castration or cleansing of the Blood , wherefore , by taking cold , ( as they commonly term it ) that is , from transpiration outwardly being hindred , the Cough for the most part is stirred up : And for a foregoing cause to this Distemper , the flowing forth of the serum into the mass of Blood , hath for the most part the chief place ; for , from the long cold hindring the scorching of the Blood , or the provision of the bile , and prohibiting the breathing forth of the watry humor , there was a necessity , that very much of the serous humor should be heaped up in the Blood : wherefore , when the Blood flowring in the Spring , conceived an heat , the flowing forth of the serum , and a pouring of it on the interior parts , was wont to cause first the Cough , as the proper symptom of this Disease : and those , whose Blood was more diluted by the mixtion of the serum , and who were greatly obnoxious to the Cough and a Rheumatic Distemper , were cured with less trouble of the feaverish Distemper . the Prognostick of this Disease , concerning private persons , is for the most part easie , that one may deliver the event , from the first assault ; for if this sickness be excited in a strong Body , and healthful before , and that the feaverish Distemper be moderate , and without any grievous and horrid symptom , the business is free from danger , and the Distemper is to be accounted but of light moment , as that commonly is of catching cold , neither needs a Physician be consulted , nor Remedies , unless trivial and ordinary , be administred : But if this Distemper happens in a weak and sickly Body , with an evil provision , or that the Feaver being carried into a Putrid Feaver , or the Cough growing grievous , induces difficult breathing , and as it were a tabid or Consumptive disposition , the event of the Disease is much to be suspected , and often terminates in Death . The common Prognostic , that was taken from hence , concerning the future state of the year , conteins nothing to be feared , or ominates any great ill ; by reason of the unequal intemperance of the year , the great heats , and then excessive cold , we might fear Diseases to arise from the Dyscrasie of the Blood , yet from the present condition , we need neither suspect any noted depravation of the Air , or Infection with poysonous breaths ; that from thence may be had any judgment of the Plague , or Malignant Disease to be at hand .

As to what belongs to the Cure , when this Disease is more lightly inflicted , its Cure for the most part is left to Nature : for this Feaver , when it is only a simple Synochus , is wont to be cured within a few days by sweat : wherefore , by a copious sweating , for the most part about the third or fourth day , the heat , and thirst , the weariness , and heavy pains are allayed ; then the Cough being somewhat longer protracted , by little and little afterwards remits , and at length the sick leisurely grow well ; if this Disease hath rooted it self more deeply , there is need of fit Remedies , and an exact method of curing , the Feaver growing worse is to be healed , according to the Rules to be observed in a Putrid Feaver : but nevertheless with this difference , that , because transpiration being hindred , and the suffusion of the serous humor on the Lungs , are chiefly in fault , therefore Diaphoretic Remedies , and those called pectoral are of more frequent use , for these restrain the flowing forth of the serum , from the Vessels within , or by opening the Pores convey it forth of doors ; or precipitating it from the bosom of the Blood , send it forth by the urinary passages ; therefore the method of Medicine for this Disease , being brought into the worser state , respects both the feaverish intemperance , for the sake of curing which you are to be directed , according to the intentions shewn in the Putrid Feaver , and also the Rheumatic Distemper , which however let it be secondary , and not every expectorating Remedy , or those used against a Cough are to be admitted , but of that kind only which do not increase the Feaver : the forms of these , and the means of curing , are to be sought from the precepts , delivered generally for the Cure of the Putrid Feaver , and of the Cough ; the helps , which now , by frequent experience , are commonly said to bring Care chiefly in this Disease , are sweating , or the provoking of sweat , and letting of Blood : for the Vessels being emptied by this or that means , both the immoderate heat of the Blood , and the abundance of the serum , are restrained .

A Description of an Epidemical Feaver arising about the beginning of Autumn 1658. taken the 13th of September .

THE vernal Feaver but now described , did not last longer than six weeks , that it plainly was seen , that it was only a more light flowring of the Blood , which swelling up in the Spring , and at the same time streightned in space , for want of ventilation , most impetuously boyled up , like new Wine close shut up in Bottles , and then ceased of it self . Yet from thence , as neither the year , so neither our Blood did recover its due temperature , and so another tinder or nest for a new Feaver , was quickly gathered together . Because after the Summer solstice , the North wind still blowing , a cold season remained for a long while ; so that the Fruit and Corn this year , was feared by the Husbandmen , would scarce be throughly ripened ; but after this , a little before the beginning of July , a most fierce heat followed , for several days : and when the Dog days were begun , the Air grew most cruelly hot , that one could scarce indure the open Air. By reason of this heat and cold in excess , the temperature of this year was very unequal : wherefore , there was a necessity , for our Blood to be now fixed , and as it were congealed , now too much roasted , and so perverted from its natural disposition , to a scorched , and melancholly temper ; also it came to pass that the Pores of the skin were much altered from their right constitution , that by that means , an insensible transpiration could not be performed , after the wonted manner .

From the time that the former Feaver ceased , almost to the end of the Dog days , there was a state of health , and free from all popular Diseases ; but then a few here and there among the Villages , and in lesser places , first fell sick ; but afterwards , about the end of August , a new Feaver suddenly arising , began to spread through whole Regions , every-where round about us ; also , this as the other which spread the last Autumn , raged chiefly in Country Houses and Villages ; but in the mean time , few of the Inhabitants of the greater Towns and Cities fell sick . At the same time , in other Regions , situate at a distance from us , yea , almost throughout England , the Epidemical Feaver was said to rage ; and in some other places , to be far more deadly , than it was about our Country . Perhaps the Idea of this Feaver now reigning , had not the provision of its symptoms alike in all places , or was noted wholly with the same appearances and accidents : yet whatever it shewed in our parts , as to its nature , I shall briefly and succinctly add , from our own proper observation , or what I had learnt , being communicated from others .

About the beginning of this Disease , its figure was wandring , and very uncertain ; because in some there was a continual fervor , in others it was intermitting , being renewed by set fits ; but at this time it hapned to very many , as a pathognomic symptom , that they were ill in their brain , and nervous stock , that presently from the very beginning of this Feaver , almost all complained of their head being grievously distempered : For a cruel headach infested some , and hardness of hearing , with a noise in the ears troubled others , but to most was wont to happen , either a stupidness , and heavy sleepiness , with a vertiginous Distemper , or pertinacious wakings , with a delirium , and distractions of the animal spirits . I have observed in some , that on the first or second day of their sickness , that little broad and red spots , like to the measles , have leisurely broke forth in the whole body , which being shortly vanished , the Feaver presently became stronger , and especially the Distempers of the head , far more grievous . From thence a benumedness of the senses , and a sleepiness fell upon some for many days , that they lay a long while as if dying , without speaking , or knowledg of their friends . I knew others to have fallen from hence into a Lethargy , and others cast into an Apoplexie , and some into a Phrensie , and Delirium . Of these , the younger , and strong men ( yet not without a long languishment , and doubtful recovery ) most of them escaped ; in the mean time , old men , or other ways weak and sickly , generally died . Those who fell sick with the Feaver , as it were continual , with those notes of malignity , were more rare , and the distempered were only sporadically , in some houses only . But the sickness which most commonly spread about us , fell upon most , and tho it cruelly raged , it seemed to imitate an intermitting Feaver , to wit , either a Tertian , or a Quotidian : for that the sick had fits , either every day , or ( which I more often observed ) every other day , which infested them grievously , and a long while , with cold , heat , and sweat , succeeding in order : but these kind of fits , as also the course of the whole Disease , were wont to be noted with diversity , according to the age and temper of the sick ; and with various concourse of symptoms , and accidents . Yet this was common to most of ( I had like to have said all ) the sick that together with the Feaver , they were troubled with Cephalic Distempers .

When therefore any one was troubled with this Disease , ( whether the sickness was excited from an evident cause , or Contagion , or without any manifest occasion ) its coming betrayed it self , by a pain in the head , and often in the loyns , with thirst , want of appetite , spontaneous weariness , and heat tho not strong : if it hapned in a young Body of a florid Blood , and more hot temper , the fits wanted the cold and shivering , about its beginning , but they were very troublesome , and sharp , with long heat : The sick were often troubled with vomiting , and their head aked cruelly for the most part ; sweat difficulty succeeded , which being often partial and quickly broke off , rarely cured the fit , but when the sweat failed , they grew hot again , that scarce in 18 or 24 hours the fit was finished in some . In the mean time , from the Blood being very fervent , the phantasie was disturbed , that oftentimes a Delirium , absurd or idle talking , wakings , and high inquietudes were stirred up during the fit ; but the same being finished , in the time between , still a troublesome thirst , a slow heat , languor of spirits , and great debility of strength , with an headach , and a vertiginous Distemper , for the most part molested them . It was rarely found , for any to find themselves indifferently well , as in a common Tertian , between the fits . About the beginning of the Disease , the feaverish fiercenesses were somewhat more mild , which afterwards at every turn , leisurely grew worse , and then began with cold and shaking ; to which nevertheless , after a long and very troublesome heat , sweat very hardly succeeded in most , so that the fit rarely ended in its due temper . Within six or seven periods , the strength of the sick was much cast down , that being made languid , and weak , they had an hard task to struggle with the Disease : because unless Nature were succoured by Art , the Feaver still prevailed , and rarely or never in a short time , was it cured by a Crisis , or leisurely remitted ; but it brought the sick into great streights , by its long siege , and still persisting , till the Blood being by its frequent deflagration made very liveless and watery , was unable to grow too hot in the Vessels of its own accord , or to be inkindled more plentifully in the heart , and then oftentimes , became so dead , and wanting of spirits , that , being insufficient for the continuing of the Vital Lamp , it brought in Death . But sometimes the mass of Blood being depraved , and made poor , by this Disease , was able ( tho hardly ) to continue the half extinct Vital Fire , and to renew it by little and little , with spirit and vigor , in a long time : yet in the mean time , after the heighth of this Disease , when the Blood being made more weak and impure , could not expel forth of doors this feaverish matter , or adust recrements , by a critical motion , it often transferred it to the Brain ; and therefore about the height of this Feaver , a torpor , and stupidity of spirits , sleepiness , vertigo , tingling of the ears , tremblings , and convulsive motions , with a great oppression of the whole animal faculty , were most often induced .

Men of a more cold temperament , or in years , who were taken with this Disease , altho they were but little feaverish , were wont however to be in greater danger of Life ; because , in these , besides the disposition of the Blood , not easily reducible , also what was gathered together in the fits , that was extraneous and not to be mixed , was hardly subdued , and difficultly sifted forth of the mass of Blood ; wherefore , both the Blood was still more notably depraved in its Crasis , and in every fit more infected by the impure mixture : Moreover the nervous Liquor was greatly perverted from its due temper , and defiled most badly , by the adust recrements continually poured on the Brain . Therefore , when old men , melancholic , or otherways sickly persons , fell into this Feaver , they became , presently after its first assault , stupified , and for the most part vertiginous : Tho in the fits , the heat was not very sharp and piercing , they were however very unquiet , and still tossing about , oftentimes they talked idly , and at random ; after a long burning , either no sweat , or only partial , and often broke off , followed ; whereby the fit was not fully helped , but that in the whole intervals , the sick were thsrstly , and remained very ill , with a driness of the mouth , a scurfiness of the Tongue , and a suffusion of a viscous filth . After some fits , their strength being exceedingly cast down , they were wholly fixed to their Beds , or rise only for a little while , could scarce stand or set a foot before another , to move from place to place , or able to walk : in the mean time , they laboured with a languishment , a difficult breathing , a nummedness of senses , and a great debility of the whole nervous stock : The Urine in most was highly red , of a more deep colour , and of a thicker consistency , than in a common Tertian : The Pulse , whilst the strength was not wholly cast down , for the most part was strong and equal ; afterwards , when the sick became very languishing , it was weak and unequal , and oftentimes intermitting ; to which also , constructures of the tendons , and convulsive motions in the wrists , being joyned , were for the most part prognosticks of Death . Those who leisurely being debilitated , declined towards Death , some little time before they died , lay for the most part without speaking , or knowing those about them , as it were stupid : and it rarely hapned in this Feaver , that any one about to die , was so perfect in their memory and intellect , as to dispose of their Family affairs , or to take leave of their friends . But it hapned to those who escaped , from a deep languishment and almost desperate condition , not quickly , or suddenly to recover , from their manifest evil disposition , but lying a long while wavering , stupified , and without strength , that Nature at length , not but after a doubtful and difficult strife , got indeed scarcely the better of the Disease , and then recovered strength by degrees , and health lingringly and slowly .

If the nature , and formal reason of this epidemical Feaver but now described , be demanded , we say , that this ( as that of the former year ) properly is an intermitting Feaver : for what commonly spread bore that figure ; altho some here and there , more rarely , had it continual , which we shall by the way mention by and by . The seed plot or seminary of this , need not be derived from the air , being infected with any Infection , but rather its leading cause is to be sought , from the undue constitution of the year , and from thence an indisposition of our Blood being acquired . Because , in the Spring and Autumn , intermitting Feavers have yearly sprung up and increased ; to wit , for that our Blood , like to the juice of Vegetables , is wont to be more lively moved than usual , and to flower at those times . Wherefore if the mass of Blood , by reason of the foregoing season , of the Summer , or Winter , should be altered from its due temperature , and should contract either a sharp or atrabilous disposition , or of any other kind , its evil dispositions begun before , are chiefly ripened about the Equinoxes ; to wit , when the Blood more freely fermenting ( if that it hath departed from its natural disposition ) doth not so easily sanguifie , but that it will be apt to pervert the alible juice , poured to it , into an extraneous and feaverish matter . When therefore this year , had not very much declined from a right constitution , ( as not only the Dog-days going before but ) that the two solstices , and the equinoxes , were wholly intemperate , it was no wonder if intermitting Feavers , more frequent than usual , and those noted with some unusual symptoms , did increase about the Autumn . That therefore an intermitting Epidemical Feaver raged at this time , I judg it not to be attributed to the fault of the present Air , but to the irregularities of the foregoing season : yet from what causes and occasions , some symptoms proper to this Feaver , and distinct from the common rule of intermitting Feavers , did arise , will be worth our Inquiry . I have already said , that the provision , that made this Feaver so deadly , consisted in two things , chiefly , viz. the temper of the year , now extremely cold , then upon it very hot , then that it had variously perverted the disposition of our Blood , and had distempered the pores of the skin , with an undue constitution . According to the reasons taken from either , I shall endeavour to explicate the accidents of this Disease , and to assign the causes of its appearance .

1. First , We shall observe , that the type of this Feaver was various , to wit , in some with a continual heat , in others with an eruption of spots , but in most intermitting , and like a Tertian , and sometimes ( tho rarely ) a Quotidian , repeating the fits every day , or every other day : the cause of this diversity , we impute to the more strong and potent morbific procatarxy of this year , which produced in the Autumn , a more common intermitting Feaver than it was wont , wherefore , in some ( perhaps indued with a more praved habit of Body ) it stirred up Feavers something malignant ; and in whom it caused intermitting Feavers , according to the wonted manner of the season , it made them to be noted with a peculiar appearance of symptoms .

2. Those taken at this time , with the Epidemical Feaver ( whether it was continual or intermitting ) suffered presently evil Distempers of the head , viz. now they were wont to be infested with cruel head-ach , now with a stupor , or too great distraction of the Animal Spirits . The reason of this is , that the nervous juice , as well as the Blood , by reason of the intemperance of the year , was much altered from its due Crasis or Disposition , viz. by nature sweet and spirituous , and was become now heavy , and almost lifeless , now sharp , and too much pungitive . Besides , also , the mass it self of the Blood , very much contributed to this evil ; for whilst it grew hot , the vaporous effluvia , which ought to have been dispersed outwardly , by reason of the Pores being shut up , were poured upon the Brain , and membranes of the head : and by reason of this kind of stopping , impressed almost on all , sweat hardly , and not but partial , and often interrupted , succeded in the fits ; hence also in the height of the Disease , a perfect Crisis , or spontaneous , rarely or never hapned to Cure it ; but instead of this , if the business was committed to Nature , the adust matter , or recrements gathered together in the Blood , were transferred to the head , and there raised up now the sleepy evil , now Phrensies , and those long and stubborn .

3. That the fits sometimes begun without cold or shivering , but with a troublesome heat , and were prolonged with a difficult sweat , partial , and often interrupted ; then forasmuch as the same being finished , the sick began again to wax hot , that the fits were not finished without a long evaporation of a dry breath ; the cause was , the too sharp and bilous disposition of the Blood , whereby when it grew turgid , it was stuffed rather with adust Salt and Sulphur , than a serous juice , and presently conceived an inkindling , without any previous Flux of nitrous matter ; and therefore for want of serum , and by reason of the Pores being shut up , its deslagration was continued for a long time , almost only with a dry exhalation , and scarce at last ended in a remission . And therefore the interstitia of the fits were most troublesome with heat , and thirst , Head-ach , Vertigo , and other Distempers : because the feaverish matter , being heaped up in the Blood , was not all dispersed by the several fits , but part of it being left after the fit , as it were extraneous and not miscible , induced almost a continual burning .

4. It was observed , that those distempered with this Feaver , presently lost their strength and flesh , that after a fit or two , they panted for breath , and being very weak , were not able to stand or go , without being led ; when it is an usual thing , in an intermitting Feaver that is common , for the Patient to be very lively and cheerful , between the fits : the reason of the difference is , because in this Feaver , the mass of the Blood is both more depraved by the impure mixture of the degenerate juice , and especially , that the same is more perverted from its natural disposition , and therefore , when it boyls up less out of the fits , it yet ferments not rightly , and equally in the bosom of the heart : wherefore , when by any more quick motion , or agitation of the Body , the Blood is carried more impetuously into the bosom of the heart , because it is not there presently inkindled , it both leaps forth of doors , and by its stagnation , causes the oppression of the heart , and great weakning of the Vital Spirits . By reason of this kind of dyscrasie of the Blood , to wit , whereby it is made more unfit for due Fermentation and inkindling in the heart , also some Beasts , and especially Horses , in the Spring time , are made hard breathed , and very unapt to any rapid motion .

5. Lastly , We are to inquire , concerning this Feaver , wherefore it spread chiefly in Villages , in lesser Towns , and the Country , when Cities and greater Towns were less troubled with it . It might seem that this Distemper , should be excited from marshie Fogs , and other hurtful Vapours , plentifully heaped together in this or that Tract of the Air : but there iws a better reason , for that the inhabitants of these kind of places , being more exposed to the Spring cold , and then to the Summer heats , might have contracted a greater Dyscrasie of the Blood , and so a more apt disposition to this Feaver . For in truth , the Inhabitants of the Country , could scarce go out of their houses , but they were exposed to the Sun's Beams , or the fervor of the heated Air. Besides , Country-men , Husbandmen , and such as were accustomed to Labours ( among whom this Feaver chiefly raged ) from their immoderate toyl in the Sun , or open Air , also using a bad and sharp Dyet , sooner acquired an adust and torrid disposition of the Blood , and so more apt for this Disease , than Citizens and Townsmen , who lived an idle life , and enjoyed wholsome food , and mostly continued within doors , and in refrigerating shades . We may believe this assertion , for that not only the Epidemical Feaver now raging , but also another of the Autumn before , excited by reason of the evil disposition of the Blood , increased chiefly among the Countrymen , and inhabitants of the Country : but the popular Feaver , which arose in the middle of the Spring , depending chiefly upon transpiration being hindred , mostly infested Citizens and the Inhabitants of Towns ; whilst rustical men , that were wont , by Labour and Exercise , to procure a more free breathing forth , remained free .

The general Prognostication of this Disease , seems only to ominate or foretel , the like evil almost to follow this , as followed the Epidemical Feaver of the former Autumn , to wit , ( the Augury being taken rather from the intemperance of our Blood , than from the evil of the Air ) not the Pest , but a Quartane Feaver might be feared to come upon it . As to the particular Indication , as Signs that promise Health or Death , I shall briefly mention them ; and they chiefly respect the temper and government , either of the Blood , with the Vital Spirit , or else of the nervous juice , with the animal Spirit . If it be plainly indicated from the Pulse , Urine , from Actions less hurt , and the appearance of other symptoms , that the Blood , as to its feaverish disposition , is not very much perverted , from its natural temper ; that in the fits it moderately burns forth ; and in every Combat easily subdues the load of the feaverish matter , and wholly shakes it off from its company ; that after some fits , the mass of Blood is somewhat restored towards its due temper ; that it perverts little the alible juice , and fifts forth , with a more gentle rising up , what is extraneous , and not mingleable , and that if in the mean time , the other spirituous Liquor , rightly inspires and waters the Brain , and nervous Bodies , that sleep , waking , sensation , and motion , are performed well , or at least indifferently , all good is to be hoped concerning the sick . But if it appears from the same Fountains of Indications , that the Blood hath acquired in this Feaver , a disposition far removed from the natural , if it perverts much of the alible juice , and then from its extraneous and incongruous mixture , the Liquor of the Blood is greatly disturbed , and the Spirits driven into confusion ; if in the fits , the Blood too strongly , and in a long time burns forth , yet doth not truly subdue the feaverish matter , or exclude the whole , but that by its impure mixture , it is still more and ( in every feaverish fit ) more infected , and the Spirits being continually consumed , it becomes poorer , we may pronounce the life of the patient to be in much danger . Besides these , if the vices of the nervous juice happen , that being altered from its due temper , or being too dull , and as it were liveless , little actuates the Brain and nervous stock ; or being above measure sharp , continually provokes the same into Convulsions and Distractions ; and if besides the vaporous effluvias continually falling away from the Blood , or the adust recrements being wont to be sifted forth by a critical sweat , should be transferred into the head , and there induce Lethargic or Phrensical Distempers , the hopes of health will be little , and we may fear a very deadly event .

Concerning the Cure of this Disease , the intentions will come under three considerations chiefly . First , a quick reduction ( as much as may be ) of the Blood , and nervous Liquor , to their natural tempers , or at least a prevention of their too great depravation . Secondly , Concerning the right handling the fits of the fick it ought to be procured , First , that less of the degenerate juice , may be gathered together , for matter of the fit ; Secondly , that what is gathered together may be wholly dispersed by every fit , that thereby the sick may be better in the intervals ; Thirdly , that the Body being altered for the better the fits may be inhibited by anti-feaverish Remedies . The third intention respects the symptoms chiefly urging , which should be timely opposed , whereby Nature , being not hindred , may reduce whatsoever intemperance may be conteined in the Viscera or Vessels , may subdue and sift forth the extraneous matter , and at length may recover a lively force and pristine vigor .

First , therefore , for the reduction and emendation of the Blood and nervous juice , diverse manners of evacuations are wont to be exhibited in this Disease , about the beginning of the Sickness , with good success . It appears plainly from Modern practice , that vomitories are of more noted use in this Distemper , than in a common Tertian : wherefore in a robust Body , and prone to Vomit , about the beginning of the second or third fit , it is convenient to give an Emetic Medicine . The operation of this seems to be very helpful in this Feaver , forasmuch as it more plentifully evacuates the filth from the ventricle , and the yellow bile from the choler-bearing Vessels ; and because it copiously presses forth the serous juice from the emunctories of the nervous stock , planted about the Pancreas and Intestines , and by provoking them draws it out . Wherefore we observe , that from a Vomit being taken , the sick do find themselves better about the Distempers of the Head . A Purge ( to whom a Vomit is not convenient ) may be ordered instead of it , the day following the fit , also tho an Emetic have been taken , it may be well permitted after a fit or two : But yet only with gentle and benign Physic , let it be performed , which will not disturb or too much move the Blood . We were wont in these Feavers , letting alone Diagridium or any Aloetic Medicine , only to give an infusion or Powder of Senna , Rhabarb , and yellow Sanders , with Tartar and Salt of Wormwood ; and to celebrate this kind of Purgation not very long after the beginning of the Disease : But at other times to keep the Belly soluble , with the frequent use of Clysters . Frequent experience has sufficiently taught , that Letting of Blood is highly profitable in this Disease : for when by reason of the Pores in every one , being more strictly closed than usual , that Blood growing hot , by the Feaver , wanted Ventilation , the Letting of Blood supplies the place of a more free breathing forth , and prevents the restrained effluvia , from so readily suffusing themselves on the Brain and nervous stock . But this Remedy is chiefly indicated from the very fervent Blood and more hot temperament , nor ought to be indifferently used to old men , Phlegmatic , and other very weak persons , unless perhaps in a small quantity , that the mass of Blood may be somewhat eventilated , and that the removal of the feaverish matter into the Brain , may be hindred . If it be convenient to open a Vein , let it be done about the beginning of the Feaver , or at least before the fourth or fifth fit , viz. before the Blood is made very lifeless by the frequent deflagration , and rendred too impure by the confusion of the adust matter : because , if Phlebotomy be made use of , whilst the Blood is highly corrupted , the Vital Spirits , and by that means the strength of the sick are more debilitated , nor yet is there any thing taken away , from the power of the Disease , or from its cause . There remains another famous way of evacuation , in this Feaver , to wit , Vesicatory Plaisters applied to various parts of the Body ; these are commonly observed to be so helpful , that those that abhor and dislike very much such a Remedy , by the example of others being the better for them , have admitted them . By what means they separate the Cuticula from the skin , and lift it up like a Bladder filled with Water ; or whether they press forth this watery and limpid humor , out of the Arteries , or out of the nerves , is not in this place to be inquired into ; yet that they are profitably administred in this Disease , besides experience , Reason seems something to persuade ; because it in some manner compensates the want of transpiration , by the large profusion of this kind of serous Latex : Moreover , this kind of Remedy , as it were opens the ways and doors , by which both the Blood , and nervous juice , may forthwith send forth by a proper purging , the extraneous matter , confused with them ; wherefore , in the Plague , and Malignant Distempers , Vesicatories are esteemed very profitable . Also it appears by common observation , that in this , and other Feavers , frequent at the same time , they did prevent the more grievous Distempers of the Head , and were wont to help them , if they were brought in before : wherefore , epispatic Plaisters , may be applied about the beginning of the Disease , for preservation sake , to Phlegmatic persons , elderly people , and men of a more cold temper ; and they are wont profitably to be administred to several others , labouring with a Vertigo , Stupefaction , or cruel Head-ach , for the Cure of the same Distempers . But in constitutions very hot , where with the defect of the serum , the Blood is too much burnt , and if those sick of the Feaver are obnoxious to wakings , or a Phrensie , with intolerable heat , blisterings seem then to be of little use .

For the mending of the temper of the Blood , and also the tenor of the Viscera , at vacant times , when there is leisure from purging , attemperating Remedies have place , and digestives , which fuse the Liquor of the Blood , and separate its faeculencies , and as it were by precipitating them , thrust them towards the emunctuaries : For these sort of intentions , are wont to be given Juleps , and refrigerating Decoctions , sharpned with spirit of Vitriol , of Salt , Tamarinds , or with the juice of Oranges or Lemons ; forms of which choice enough are commonly to be had . Also for this end acetous , saline , and shelly Powders are used , to wit , prepared out of Tartar , Salnitre , the fixed Salt of Herbs , of burnt Harts-horn , also the claws and eyes of Crabs . As for example , take of Cream of Tartar drams three , of Salt of Wormwood dram one and an half ; the Dose half a dram , in an opening Decoction , twice in a day out of the fit . Or take of Cream of Tartar dram one , of the Powder of Crabs eyes dram one , of purified Nitre half a dram , mingle them , let them be taken after the same manner . Or take of Harts-horn burnt drams two , of the Spirit of Vitriol , what the Powder will drink up , the Dose is one scruple , it is of excellent use when those in Feavers are infested with Worms . These kind of Remedies , promote the secretion of the feaverish matter , and also restore the almost destroyed ferments of the Blood , and Viscera .

The second intention , viz. concerning the right handling the fits , comprehends more . First , there ought to be instituted a right order of Dyet , whereby the more full heaping up of the degenerate juice , for the matter of the fit , may be inhibited ; wherefore , they are only to be fed with thin aliments , and they must wholly abstain from flesh , ( or broth made of it ) Eggs , strong Drink , and all rich meats and food whatsoever ; and be contented only with Barly Broth , or Grewel , Panada , Whey , and small Beer : for that a more plentiful aliment is not digested , or assimilated , but loads the Ventricle , and being poured into the Blood , disturbs its Liquor , and compels it to grow impetuously hot . In the beginning of the fit , and the time of its duration , no food should be taken , unless for the allaying of thirst : But for the tempering of heat and thirst , Juleps , and cooling Decoctions , and especially small Beer , and posset Drink should be granted . Secondly , a little before the coming of the fit is expected , a gentle Medicine may be administred , which may drive away the fit by preventing it , or make it more easie by procuring a sweat : for this use , the febrifuge potion of the most learned Riverius serves well , of the Water of Carduus , with oyl of Sulphur , and salt of Wormwood : Or take of Cream of Tartar , of salt of Wormwood , and the feeds of Nettles , each one scruple , let it be given in the Decoction of the Roots of Sorrel ; when the Feaver begins to decline , and that the fits are a little more remiss , proper febrifuges , applied outwardly , often inhibit the comings of the fits . Yet in the mean time , so long as the fits of the Feaver return , the sick are to be handled so , that in every fit , the feaverish matter heaped in the Blood , may be throughly dispersed ; wherefore , when sweat hardly succeeds , it should be a little excited by temperate Medicines . Also the sick should be kept in bed , with a gentle breathing many hours , nor quickly permitted to rise ; for I have often observed , that sick persons have been still worse , because impatient of their bed , they have put on their cloaths before the vaporous effluvia were sufficiently exhaled .

Thirdly , as to the symptoms , and particular accidents , wherewith the sick are wont to be infested in this Feaver , it is sufficiently provided for most of them , with Remedies , in the method of Cure hitherto described : again thirst , the heat of the mouth , the scurfiness of the tongue , vomiting , the loosness , fainting , swooning , may be referred hither , very well the prescriptions commonly used in other Feavers : but what may seem to require in this Disease a peculiar method of healing , are chiefly the Distempers of the head and brain , with the nervous stock , which not being timely helped , may soon put the sick into great danger of life : As to the indications of these kind of evils of the head , they are of a twofold kind ; if it appears from a stupefaction or torpor , a Sleepiness , Vertigo , or Head-ach , that the nervous juice is become too dull , and as it were vapid or lifeless , and therefore doth not sufficiently actuate the brain , and nervous bodies ; besides the Remedies already delivered , and especially vesicatories , Medicines full of a volatile salt do chiefly help : wherefore , spirits of Harts-horn , and of Blood , also the salts of them , are of excellent use : but if the nervous Liquor be too sharp , or the effluvia suffused from the estuating Blond , drive the Animal Spirits into confusions or distractions , Remedies of the same sort of volatile salt are administred with success in a little smaller quantity . Besides , a frequent letting of Blood , and asswaging Medicines , against its Fervor , help much ; as Emulsions , Whey , and simple Water , plentifully drunk ; Opiats are cautiously to be given in this Feaver , for the Phrensie being often allayed by them , is changed into a Lethargie , or a deep stupefaction .

FINIS .