CHAP. I. The Design of the whole WORK .

THe Art of Medicine from the first Invention thereof to the time of Hippocrates was merely Empirical , The beginning of the medicinal Art . as may be found by those who consult the Annalls . For that as several men made tryal of several remedies , if they found any by Experience to be helpful in any Disease , the same was made use of to others also in the like Case . Wherefore , as Herodotus tells us , the antient Egyptians did not carry their sick to the Physitian , but set them in the streets and high-ways that they might consult the Passengers for Cure of their Diseases . And so , It s increase and progress . both the Priests of these and of the Greeks ; taking notice by what remedy every one was healed , committing it to writing , they laid up careful in their Temples their observations , that they might on occasion be communicated to other sick people . After this , the Heap of observations dayly increasing , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Physick began to be reduced into precepts and method , and upon this double hinge , almost all the whole business turn'd , to wit that the matter of Medicine with all its furniture , might be aptly dispensed , and in several forms of prescriptions , and also that the Indicationes Therapeuticae , or the setting forth of the method of Curing , with the use of the medicinal Housholdstuff , might be rightly made known . If any one were very skilful in these two parts , he was thought to bear away the Bell in the Medicinal part of Physick . But truly in this matter , The shewing the reasons of medicinal Operations desired . and in the practice of Physick we may deservedly place among the things that are to be desired , what hath as yet been unfolded by no body , by what order , and by what affection of the parts of the humane Body , Medicines being taken inwardly , or outwardly applyed , do perform their operations , to wit , how and why this vomits that purges , others sweat , or move to some alteration , or operation of some other kind ; what affinity there is of the parts and particulars in the agent , and patient , or dissimilitude , pulsion , impulsion , and reaction : and then with what strugling and fermentation they are agitated , when mix'd together , and by what Workmanship or Energie they produce their effects . The vulgar Solution of these was wont to be , that Medicines did work by certain specifick Virtues , and did exercise their peculiar Powers , which thing truly is no more than to explicate the same thing by the same thing , as if they should say that some things are Vomits , because they are indued with the faculty of provoking us to vomit . Therefore for as much as this Therapeutic speculation has been almost left hitherto untouch'd by Physitians , The Reason of these things enquired into mechanically . it will seem worth the while to enquire into the reason as it were mechanically , which way Medicaments of every kind do exercise their force in our Bodies , to wit , that at our pleasures these do stir up the motion of avoyding the excrements in the Bowels or stop it , these excite the effervescencie of the Blood and Humours , or restrain them , and moreover by what peculiar respect they are able to yield comfort , as it were Tribute , to the wants of every part or member , or to irregular parts . Here , although it is not much to the purpose in what order the Species of Medicines are recited , yet for methods sake it seems good to me first of all to shew some general reasons of them , and in the next place to reduce them into Classes . Therefore as to the operations of medicines we ought chiefly to distinguish the places in which the virtues or their Energies do first and chiefly shew themselves , The Places of the operations of Medicines in the first place noted . which commonly are wont to be divided into three Regions : viz. First , into the first passages , in which chiefly are comprehended the Ventricle , Intestines , the Pipe of the Gall , and Pancreas , and also the Mouths of the Meseraick Vessels . Secondly the Mass of Blood and all its Sanguineous Appendices , to wit , the Praecordia , the Liver , the Spleen &c. Thirdly , the Brain , and all the System of the Nerves , with the Members and the habit of the Body . Besides these distinct Spheres of Activity , of which sometimes these or those apart from the rest , sometimes more , or all together are reach'd by Medicine . In the second place likewise we ought to consider the immediate Subjects on which Medicaments do operate , The Subjects of them the Spirits and the Humours . and those are not doubtless the solid Parts , but are either the animal Spirits , or the Humours ; nevertheless they also by the means of these are sometimes affected . Medicines inwardly taken , do act either immediately upon the animal Spirits , those which reside in the Fibres of the Oesophagus , After what manner Medicines do work upon the Spirits . of the Ventricle , of the Intestines , and in the first passages of other leading Pipes ; or by means of the Blood upon those which do inhabit the Brain , and the nervous or membran● Fibres of more distant parts . When the Virtue of the Medicines touch them , whether these parts or those , they stir them up either by irrirating them into an extruding motion , or by comforting them make them expand themselves more largely , The Spices of the Humours recited . and as it were rejoyce , or by asswaging qualifie their Disorders , and take away their Pains , or lastly by scattering them , they lull their Furie asleep . The Humours in which Medicines inwardly taken do impress their force , are both the Ferments , and Obliniments of the Ventricle and Intestines , The Blood with the nourishing Succus , and dross , viz. the Serum or Whey , either Bilis , the Pancreatick Juice the waterish Humour ; and also the nervous Liquor : upon which sometimes singly , After what manner Medicines act upon them . and sometimes together , Medicines do diversely operate , in as much as they fling them down and destroy them , or reduce them from that state : Sometimes they stir them up when sloathful , or if too much boyling , they allay and gently asswage them , or lastly they alter them being enormant in Quality , Consistencie , Temperament and other Accidents , and sensibly restore them to their genuine Constitution . When therefore there are so many and so various Considerations about the Operations of Medicines , the thread of our method leads to the places in which their forces do first and most chiefly appear ; and in that respect we will begin with Catharticks , both Vomitory and Purging : The designed method of this Tract. Then we will handle next Diuretick Medicaments , Diaphoretick , and Cordials : and lastly we will speak of Opiats and Specificks , as they are vulgarly called , that is , of Medicines respecting , either the defects , or inequalities of the inward parts of each particular Member . In the handling of each of these , Three things to be considered in every Evacuation . we shall observe these three things viz. First , We will shew in every kind of Evacuation the means whereby Medicines do operate and affect , either the Spirits , or the Humours of humane Bodies , or both of them , and with them also the solid parts . Secondly , We will take notice of all the Kinds of every Class of Medicines , or at least the chief of them , together with the more select forms of Prescriptions . Thirdly we will describe the Chymical Remedies of the first rank which belong to each , and the Reasons of them , that is , the Variations of Changes and Accidents which happen in their preparations , as also we will add the reasons of their Virtues and Effects , which appear in them when they are prepared . In the fourth place there may be superadded to these another Exercitation in the medicinal part of Physick , to wit , that other more elegant , and more profitable provisions of these kind of Medicines , the reasons of Chymical preparations being rightly weighed , may be found out . But we will reserve this Institution for some other time because it contains Secrets easily violated by those rash Quack-salvers , who not without danger to the sick make experiments dayly of every medicinal Precept they find written , without any Controul . But that which is next to be done is that we describe , briefly and accurately the first Passages , vulgarly so called , in humane Bodies : viz. In which Medicines do first of all begin to operate , and are as it were the stage of every medicinal Action .

CHAP. II. The Description , Use , and Affections of the Parts among which Medicines begin to work .

SInce that Medicines are carried by the same ways into the humane Body as Food , and are born every where throw the same Pipes , it will be therefore of use , The first passages . viz. The Mouth of the Stomach , Ventricle , and Intestines , are the Stage of every medicinal operation . for the right understanding the means how it is done , as well for the reasons of the Chyle as of the Evacuation , that we deliniate a certain Scene of the Parts and Inwards , in which either of these do act their Comedie . But to do this fully and amply in all its proportions , were to exhibite the Anatomie of the whole humane Body . Wherefore we will only deliniate briefly those parts , into which Medicines are received , and where they begin to operate . These are then the Oesophagus or mouth of the Stomach , the Ventricle , and the Intestines with their appendices , in which not only Vomits and Purges , but also Cordials , Opiates , The Spirits , and the Humours , the immediat subjects of Medicines . Diaphoreticks , yea and all other kind of Medicines , do first of all manifest their Virtues , and are determined to shew their Energies . We will not therefore give you a perfect description of these ( which hath already been done accurately by other Anatomists , ) but only brief Commentaries , The mediat are the Fibres , membranes , vessels and leading Pipes . which may serve to illustrate the business of Evacuation . Since then all Medicines more immediatly act upon the Spirits , or the humours , or on both together , and that the Subjects of them are the Fibres , Membranes , Vessells , and leading Pipes , we will particularly declare how these abide in the aforesaid Inwards , and how they are wont to affect .

The Oesophagus , according to the opinion of all Men , and common Observation , The Oesophgus consists of three Coats . consists of three Coats . The interior of these hath as it were a certain Covering on its innermost Superficies , consisting in Fibres , as it were very small Hairs which covers its hollowness all over as it were with a certain Down ; The more inward Coat full of Nerves , and covered with a hairy Crust . the rest of the substance of this Coat , is altogether nervous , endued with Fibres of various kinds , and diversely interwoven , like to the interior Coat of the Ventricle and Intestines Moreover this Membrane is continued to that which covers the Palate , Mouth , Jawes , and Lips : and also descending down even to the Ventricle , compasseth about its Mouth , and covers it round below on the inside of the Mouth , for the space of three Fingers breadth . This extreme part , within the Orifice of the Stomach , of this Nervous Coat , which is somewhat thick , and hairy , appears very distinctly from the more inward Coat of the Ventricle which it covers ; Covers for some space and enters into the Mouth of the Ventricle . which by a small Elixation may be more fully discerned ; for then that Coat coming down from the Throat , appears wonderfully white , and otherwise , and more inward than that of the Stomach . This part without doubt serves chiefly to make the sense exquisite . Hence therefore grateful things being eaten , and swallowed down , a grateful affection of pleasure accompanies them even to the entrance of the Ventricle : so also from ingrateful things eaten , or thought upon by an irritation here made , And makes the sense of the lust in the whole throat and Mouth of the Ventricle . there oftentimes follows Nauseousness and Vomitings . Moreover the deep letting in of this Coat into the Ventricle makes that intimate and quick intercourse between the Stomach and the Throat ; so that if either part be provoked to Vomiting , presently the other is led by consent : and since the same Coat cloaths also other parts of the Mouth and Palate , these in like manner by a natural consent are affected in Vomiting .

The second Coat of the Oesophagus or middlemost being fleshy serves for motion . 2. The next Coat of the Throat is somewhat fleshy and thick , as if it were a pierced Muscle . Hofmannus indeed asserts it to be a Muscle and to be obnoxious to the Palsie and to Convulsions . The fleshie Fibres of this Coat were commonly thought round and transverse : but Clar. Stenon hath observed them to be spiral and of a double order , which mutually strike between one another , and are formed like two Cockles put opposite one to another . Upon these , as much as I have been able to collect by my own observation , the whole Oesophagus seems to be composed of two Muscles knit together , which make four parallel Lines with the Opposite Fibres , Two opposite orders of the moving Fibres . and cutting one another across . This plainly may be perceived , if this middle Coat of the Throat be taken off from the rest , and the extreme parts being tyed , it be distended by inflation , and sometimes immerg'd in seething Water , that the Fibres may be contracted and swell , for so there will be discerned two series of descending Fibres with their Tendons . Then if this Coat be turnd on the other side , and be likewise blown up , the opposite orders of the ascending Fibres will appear to your sight . Lastly , if the Coat be cut in two in the middle by the long Tendon , and folded out plain , there will appear two parallel Lines on one superficies , and as many opposite upon the other .

The third or outmost Tunick of the Oesophagus . 3. The third and outmost Coat of the Oesophagus which is common to that and to the Ventricle , arising from the Diaphragma or Midriff ( to which it is united as it passes throw the Hole of it , ) is most small and is indued with membranous Fibres only , and they very small .

The use of these Coats . As to the use and office of these parts , we say in General that the inmost Coat serves chiefly for the sense , the middlemost for the office of Motion , and the third that it might be as a covering for the whole : But because these are the first passages , or porch to Evacuation , it will be worth our pains that we inquire a little more largely and particularly into them .

What the Office of the Hairy Crust is . First then this interior Coat of the Oesophagus which is covered over with an hairy Crust as it were a certain Down ( which also is common to the Palate and Tongue ) seems to be so made for the better invitation to Eating , which is a thing so necessary to maintain Life , to wit , that whilst grateful food is swallow'd down , it might be able in the whole passage of the Oesophagus , to be lay'd hold on by those little hairs , and to stick for some time to them , that it might impress a sense of its pleasure . The nervous Coat is chiefly made for the sense . But that the Coat it self consists of so many variously interwoven nervous Fibres is , that it is chiefly made for Sensation , next for strength and firmness , as a little basket woven with very many twiggs , and thirdly that that part might be the better extended . But the chief Office of them is to receive the approach of sensible things , and presently do deliver them to the common sense , so that according to the affections either to things pleasing or displeasing there stirred up , the motions of swallowing or rejecting might be continued , or excited a new .

Inquired if not also for motion . Here also it may be justly inquired into , whether this so very nervous Coat , so very much interwoven with numerous and various Fibres , may not also serve for some motion ? For that it happens that the Oesophagus and its parts are diversly moved in Swallowing , Spitting , Vomiting , Yauning , and other affections , and when the other inward membranous parts , and chiefly the Ventricle and Intestines , are on every side moved : It ought to be unfolded how these various Actions , or passions are executed , and by what Fibres , and after what manner they are affected .

Fallopius the chiefest Anatomist of his time , The opinions of Fallopius , of the motion of the Membranes . when he had observed in the Muscle ( which is the chief or the only Instrument of Local Motion ) two parts , one of them which conteined the fleshie body of the Muscle , to consist of fleshie Fibres , and the other , which was the Chord or String , of nervous Fibres : and by these two the Body only of the Muscle to move and contract it self , but the Chord only to be drawn , not to move it self ; at length he concludes that no particle in the Animal can move it self , unless it be Fibrous and hath true flesh . Observ . Anatom . p. 412.

Agreeable to this we have shown lately in a peculiar Tract , that , and how , Contraction only performed by fleshy Fibres . every motion of Contraction is performed only by fleshy Fibres , viz. These by the sudden rushing in of the Spirits ( which leap from the tendinous Fibres ) being inflated and blown up , are presently made shorter , so that they thereby snatch up the parts hanging next them . But truly since it very plainly appears , some nervous parts , and especially the hollow Viscera or inward parts , not only to be contracted , but expanded , much blown upon , and inlarged into a greater capacity , which cannot certainly be made by the motion of Contraction ; and since further it plainly appears that the animal Spirits move no less among the nervous Fibres , than in the fleshie , and not only to fill them gently , but sometimes to leap forth , very much irritated , or thrust forth more impetuously . These I say being premised , we will not doubt to conclude that the animal Spirits filling the nervous , or membranous Fibres , do not only effect sensation , which is their proper function , Expansion caused by the nervous Fibres . but also certain local motions , to wit , expansion , or inflation . For whilst the animal Spirits in their extrusion being agitated , and notably rarified , do more impetuously enter into these Fibres ( which as well as the fleshie , being disposed not in certain orders but every where about , may be very much attenuated , and in the greater expansions distended , and dilated ) there is a necessity that the inward parts framed of these should be every where blown up , and their sides on all parts unfolded , and being to the utmost attenuated , should be enlarged into a greater Capacity . Truly by the institution of Nature , as often as it happens to come to pass after this manner , it is certainly , that whilst the parts which the membranes do order , stretch under or cover , by this means are expanded , the superfluous Humours , or those that being infixed molest them , or such as stick to them , might be shook off and removed . For this end , and by this means , we think Stretchings , At in Stretching , Yauning , and Inflations of the inward parts . Yaunings and other certain motions of inflation and distention to be excited . Wherefore as in Yauning , we find the Pipe of the Oesophagus whether we will or no to be inlarged , and as it were blown up , and stretch'd out by a certain wind , we may conclude this affection to arise from thence , for as much as the inward Coat of the Throat , that it might shake off it● too much humidity ( wherewith it is grieved ) it is stretch'd out , How Yauning is made . and enlarged with a certain thrusting forth of the Spirits . Moreover whilst we strive to hinder this motion of Yauning ( because it seems always troublesome , and unhandsom ) presently the fleshy Fibres of the outward Coat , are moved to contraction : whereby there arises a certain strugling in the Coats of the Oesophagus ( which we may easily perceive ) made by these opposite endeavours of expansion and contraction . By what means the animal Spirits do blow upon the membranous Viscera in convulsive Affections , and lift them up , and intumefie , counterfieting the springing up of live Animals , is shown by us in some other place . Further , when by some incongruous Medicine , or Poyson , Distentions and horrid inflations of the Ventricle or Intestines , and that not seldom , sudden and excessive rising up of the whole Abdomen happen ; The Extension of the membranes caused by the thrusting forth of the Spirits . they are thus made , in as much as the animal Spirits being highly irritated , and brought to use their explosive force , they run altogether into the membranous Fibres , and extend them to their utmost , ; that the inward or Viscus which is knit to them is presently wholly blown up , and as much as it possibly may be is enlarged . But we will return from this little diversion of the membranous Motion , to consider the use of the other Coat of the Oesophagus .

The exterior Coat of the Throat , somewhat fleshy , and thick , for that indeed it consists of two orders of fleshy Fibres , which ascend and descend obliquely , and shoot mutually one through the other , may be thought to be as it were a double Muscle , and as one order of the double Fibres descending , serves for swallowing , the other without doubt ascending , The middlemost fleshy Coat of the Oesophagus consists of two orders of motional Fibres . performs the business of Spitting , and Vomiting . I have known some by reason of a vehement Palsie in this fleshie Coat of the Oesophagus , to have swallow'd with very great difficulty , and others by reason that these Fibres where wholly loosned , to dye with Famine . Besides , it may be suspected that the sense of being strangled , and that round thing which ascends in those , labouring with the Hysterical passion to be from the Nervous Fibres of the inward Coat , whilst the Spirits in them are driven forth , being too much inflated and distended , 3. There is not much to be spoken of the outmost Coat of the Oesophagus , It s outermost Coat . which is common ; for this consisting of most small , and membranous Fibres , seems almost to be only for a Cover to its inward parts .

The Description of the Ventricle . The Ventricle ( in which the Oesophagus ends , thrusting its nervous Coat into its left Orifice ) is somewhat long , like a Sleeve with a more ample bottom , spreading it self Orbicularly , with a plain , and short top , in which are two Orifices , placed one against another , at some distance : By that on the left side , the food that is taken in , descends by a right and perpendicular Pipe into the Cavity of the Stomach , where it is dissolved , and changed into Chyle ; By the right hand door , whose passage is oblique , ascending again , it passes thence into the Guts ; so that whatsoever goes out of the Stomach at either door , must be by a steep ascension ; and as the Ventricle purges it self of what is contained within it on the left side , by Vomiting , or on the right side by Seige , there is a necessity that its bottom , and sides should be contracted together , and to widen upwards and to incline either to this or to that Orifice .

So much for the Faces of the Exterior part of the Stomach : but we will more largely consider its inward parts ( which belongs to Evacuation ) its Coats , with the textures of its Fibres , its Orifices , Vessels , and leading Pipes , and also the Actions , It hath three Coats . and uses of them all . The Ventricle as well as the Oesophagus consists of three Coats , one common with the Diaphragma , and two proper , outward , and inward .

The Innermost is nervous and covered with an hairy Crust . This innermost is wholly nervous , and ( as we observ'd in the Throat ) its inward superficies is every where covered with an hairy substance , or straight Threds inserted perpendicularly to the Coat it self ( like to shaggie Silk . ) This Crust on the inside covering the Ventricle , after a little seething appears very plainly , but yet distinct from that which covers the Throat ( being more livid , and more white ) and seems like that which covers the Tongue . And indeed the sharp and Crustie Superficies , both of the Tongue and of the Ventricle , ought to be so , that the particles of the chawed Food , and of what is swallowed down , might for some time be detained by it , and from thence by degrees delivered over to the nervous Coat , which else might by their immediate and naked touch be too much irritated , and afterwards might be in danger of growing hard . The use of the hairy Crust . Besides , this hairy Crust of the Ventricle serves also for other uses ; for the reliques of the Chyle , being therein lay'd up and kept for leven , or a certain ferment , they are become requisite , both for the Appetite , and for Digestion . But further this downyness on all sides defends and covers the Mouths of the Vessels , which are very thickly inserted into the nervous Coat , and also receive the humours flowing off from the Arteries and Nerves ; whilst that in the mean time the Veins suck the Chyle , and other overflowing Juices in this part . This hairy Crust on the backside , or convex superficies , by which it sticks to the nervous Coat , is sowed all over with innumerable ringy glandulaes , which without doubt do cover the Mouths of the Vessels , sticking in the nervous Coat , and as it should seem , receive and strain through them the humour destinated for them , or more immediatly lay'd up by them .

This glandulous Coat seems to be distinct from the other Coats . This covering or hairy Crust , may be easily separated from the Stomach after it hath been dipped into warm Water , and appears to be a Coat of it self , firm enough , and distinct from others , and for the reason aforesaid may not improperly be called the Glandulous Coat . This therefore being taken away , the nervous Coat appears consisting of Fibres of various kinds , and diversly interwoven , by whose rare Web A. A. innumerable sanguiferous Vessels with their close Branches do shew themselves ; and terminate in its interior superficies , where they stick to the glandulous Coat . The portions of both these Membranes , to wit , the nervous and glandulous are represented by Figures in the fourth Table .

This nervous Coat constitutes the interior Cavity of the Ventricle , like to a Chymical Vessel or Matrace , in which the Food is dissolved , and digested into Chyle . It s Fibres chiefly serve for sensation , The nervous Coat is hid with innumerable Blood-carrying Vessels . and perhaps somewhat also for motion . As to the first , these being empty , they stir up Hunger , and being wrinkled up either through Dryness , or Saltness , or Heat , by Spiced Meats , or Wine , they cause Thirst : when sharp and acid Humours do prick or pull them , it causes the Gnawing of the Stomach . Lastly , The Office of this Coat as to the sense . all Medicines do first of all act upon these Fibres , and according to the sensible impression made upon them , the Operation after this or that manner happens , as shall anon be more specially declared . As soon as these Fibres are filled by fit Aliment put into the Ventricle , presently there arises a certain Satiety and Complacency in the Spirits inhabiting them , and from thence a certain refection and as it were rejoycing by the consent of their whole Convention , or of all the sensitive Soul . In the mean time as the Veins do suck the most subtil part of the Chyle , most rich Food is given to the vital Flame .

As to the motion of this Coat , The Affections as to motion . although we should deny to it spontaneous Contractions , yet it very manifestly appears , that it is frequently distended , inflated , blown up , and inlarged into a greater Capacity : which comes to pass , How the Inflations and distentions of the Inwards are made by the nervous Fibres being affected . not only by the Winds begot within the cavity of the Stomach , but more often by the Spirits inhabiting the Fibres themselves ; which , if they be very much irritated and agitated into an explosive Impetuousness , they highly inflate , and distend them all at once , whilst they tumultuously and in heaps run into them , and so intumifie the whole membrane like to a blown up Bladder . For if these nervous Fibres are made hollow and like a Pipe , and that the Wind on a sudden is blown into them , there is a necessity that that Vessel about which they are woven , should be thereby distended and dilated . In like manner also it is when the Spirits , as it were struck with a Fury , do rush more impetuously into them . For this conjunct Cause , the Ventricle , being so affected , is wont to be blown up in Hysterical Paroxysms , and Colicks , and very often in the Hypochondriack passion . From hence also sighs arise , and their reciprocations , which happen , because that the Ventricle , by these Fibres , is sometimes inflated , and sometims thrust back by the Systole of the Diaphragma . Lastly , deadly and venemous Medicines , in as much as they stimulate the Spirits , and furiously stir them up into these Fibres , they often induce horrid Inflations and Distensions of the other Inwards of the Ventricle , The reason of the Tympany hinted . and almost from the like Reason we affirm the Tympanie to arise .

This Interior Coat in healthful Bodies has many wrinkles , or folds , shewing themselves in the hollow Superficies of the Ventricle , which seem to be as it were so many Furrows or Inclosures , into which the small portions of the Chyle are scattered here and there , and detained by degrees for the sake of the better concoction , and that they might not flow together into a thick Mass . How the folds and wrinkles of the Ventricle are made , and for what use . These Folds are made , for that this Coat is much larger then the exterior fleshy Coat , it is therefore necessary that it should have folds , or wrinkles , that it may be contained by the other . In Gluttons and great Drinkers , in whom by the too often , and too much filling of the Ventricle the fleshy Coat is very much extended , they have also the interior equally extended , all its wrinkles vanishing , it seems plain and smooth like a blown Bladder . The aforesaid wrinkles and folds are expressed in the first Figure of the fourth Table .

2. The next Coat of the Ventricle , which is specially and wholly fleshy , The Fleshie Coat of the Ventricle . consists altogether of fleshy Fibres , and seems to serve only for motion , and that for the Contractive only . But truly the whole Body of the Ventricle is covered with a membrane or this fleshy Pannicle , which draws it together and composes it diversly , for many various uses and offices that it meets with . Many orders of motional Fibres in the fleshy Coat . And for that the Stomach in the work of Chylification , and in the Operation of Medicines , ought to be altered and changed into various gestures , therefore this Coat contains manifold orders of motional Fibres , never enough to be admired . Although it be not easie to describe them being so very intricate , yet because it makes much for the reasons of Evacuation , I shall to my power endeavour to give you this particular Anatomie hitherto almost untouched .

That you may see this Furniture , How the furniture of the Stomach may be seen . let the Ventricle of a Man or Sheep being emptied , having a ligature about both orifices , be inflated , and oftentimes immersed in scalding Water , that the Fibres a little contracted may swell , until it seems half boyled ; then the outward Coat or the membrane Covering the whole Ventricle may be noted . The Fibres of this , running from one Orifice to another , compass about the Bottom and the Sides of the Stomach , Viz. to immerge it in hot Water . the whole length of them , and they appear to be shorter or longer according to the various compass of their stretchings out , and also more streight or more oblique . Moreover in some places viz. near the Orifices and about the bottom and ends of the Stomach , they are much thicker than in the middle , and there indeed they may be seen after a manner fleshie and moving . The nervous Fibres of this Membrane ( as may in like manner be observed in most of the Muscles ) cut the fleshy Fibres lying close under them in right angles ; Then the outward Coat being observed and separated is to be taken off . so that they not only cover them , but bind them fast , that they may be contained each of them in their orders , and that they may not leap out . The second Table very aptly represents this Figure .

Then the order of the Exterior Fibres of the fleshy Coat will appear . This Coat therefore being separated , and removed , underneath lyeth the series of fleshy Fibres in right Angles , which compassing about on the superior Plane , the Bottom , and Sides of the Ventricle , even to the depth of it , which is the Interstitium of the Orifices , they terminate in the Orifices themselves . Without doubt the Office of these is , while they are contracted , to draw upwards the bottom and sides of the Ventricle , and thereby to straiten its cavity , so that what is contained therein , being spread abroad either towards this or that Orifice , might be evacuated . The exterior or convex Superficies of this fleshy Coat with the order of motricious Fibres , is exactly delineated in the third Table .

But that its extruding motion might be determinately made , either towards this or that Orifice , and the matter included in the Stomach might be conveyed forth either by Vomit , or by Seige , is the work of the other Series of Fibres , which being transverse in respect of the other , bring together one Extremity of the Stomach , sc. the left or right , against the other ; So that whilst the Fibres of both kinds do coact , the Stomach being contracted in all its dimensions , and broad upwards , doth cast out what is contained therein by that Orifice to which on occasion it is inclined . And that there are such Fibres , and that they ly under the former , may be very plainly made manifest to these who shall see the other interior or concave superficies of this Coat . How the order of the interior Fibres may be found out . Therefore the Ventricle may be so inverted , the Orifice of the Pylorus being a little cut , and its joyning turned back , that the interior and concave superficies , and the exterior and convex may come together , and then the hairy Crusts of the interior Membrane with its wrinkles and folds , as is above described , and elegantly expressed in the first Figure of the fourth Table , will appear . Then after a light immersion in warm Water , the hairy Crust being separated , and taken away , we may see the nervous Coat it self , covered over with a most thick Ramification of Vessels : we have taken care that the portions of either of these and the superficies of them , with the Glandula's , and to which of the Vessels they stick , may be discerned in describing exactly the second and third Figure of the same Table . Their description . Then lastly the nervous Coat being wholly taken away , the interior fibrous Superficies of the fleshy or middle Coat , as it is delineated to the Life in the fifth Table , appears in view . So that in this Ramification of fleshy Fibres there is a notable order , which are seen to arise behind the Mouth of the Ventricle , and to compass about its left extremity , and then they are carried forward towards the right region of the Stomach . A notable company of these running along on either side in streight Lines to the top or summit of the Ventricle , enter into the hole of the Pylorus , hiding here and there the length of its Cavitie , terminates in the Orifice it self , as it is represented in the fifth Figure . But the other Fibres of this Order range on both sides of the Stomach obliquely , The use of its Fibres . and so likewise towards its bottom , where they meet . The Office of the former seems to be applied to what is to be done by either of the Orifices , by one for the avoyding the excrements , which is done by the lower , and also respectively by the upper ; for the same Fibres draw to the right or left , according to the convulsion beginning at this or that end of them ; as we have shown in our Tract of the motion of the Muscles , lately published . If at any time a contraction begins towards the Pylorus , whilst there the bottom of the Ventricle and the sides are drawn together by other Fibres , both interior , and exterior , its mouth also is by those right ones inclined towards the Pylorus , therefore what ever is contained in the Stomach is transmitted to the Intestines . But if the contraction be begun by other Fibres at the end of these , towards the mouth of the Ventricle , whilst there , its bottom and sides are drawn together by other Fibres , the Pylorus also is drawn together towards it , for the action of Vomiting . As to what respects the other oblique Fibres of this order , whilst by a Convulsion beginning from the right end of them , they are drawn downward and obliquely , The same fleshy Fibres effect opposite contractions . by their motion they incline the left chamber of the Ventricle towards the bottom and Pylorus , cooking for nourishment , what is there more strictly compressed and rolled together : On the other side also , by the Convulsion begun from the left , they being contracted upwards and obliquely , cause the bottom and right chamber of the Ventricle to be snatch'd up towards its mouth , to excite Vomiting . According to either of these contractions , the exterior fleshie Fibres , constituting the convex superficies of the middle Coat conspire in the action , so that they strain more the cavity of the Ventricle , and more aptly compose the endeavours for evacuation upward or downward . Wherefore according to which , an irritation being here or there made , a contraction begins either towards the Pylorus or the mouth of the Ventricle , and the whole capacity of the Ventricle being collected , and brought upwards , it is inclined hither or thither , and endeavours to cast forth either above or below . We have taken care that either superficies of this Coat , and the distinct series of the motricious Fibres therein , be exactly described in the Figures of the third and fifth Table . I shall not in this place reherse and explicate every species of contractive motions , which this fleshy Tunicle of the Ventricle hath ; of which sort are such as are wont to be stirr'd up in those that are affected with the Cramp , we shall shew them in another place , and we will declare how they are moved by the operations of Medicines , when we shall treat of each in their kind . In the mean time we will take notice of those motions to which this fleshy Coat is wont to obey , the Instinct or Impulse diversly to be communicated , viz. First of all , and chiefly from the nervous Coat lying under , which , What contractions the fleshy Tunicle follows : The instinct from whence . as from the contents of the Ventricle it is variously affected , by and by , for retention or expulsion sake provokes into contractions of this or that sort . But the Nerves inserted into this fleshy Coat , carry to it the various instincts of motions from the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the neighbouring parts , or remote from above or from beneath . From hence the Ventricle is oftentimes disturbed , and after divers manners moved by the Phantasie , by the Appetite , yea and by divers affections either of the Soul , or of every part of the Body .

The outward Tunicle of the Ventricle is common to it and the Oesophagus , The outward Coat of the Ventricle very nervous . of the same texture and substance , as we intimated even as to the use of it , this being the covering of the whole Ventricle , it cloaths the fleshie Fibres of the under-lying Coat , binds them with its Fibres , and holds them fast together as it were with Twiggs . The Fibres of this membrane ( as we have already observ'd ) are in certain places more thick , that when the Ventricle is fill'd beyond its measure it might be very much distended . These seem to serve but little for motion , but yet somewhat to sense ; although there should be but a very small use of it , for that nothing from without can fall upon it , nor any thing taken in at the Mouth can touch it . But if that some serous Humour or impostume , or constant bilious Suffusion happen on the neighbouring or contiguous parts , for as much as this Coat is much , and often irritated , there is excited in the Stomach almost a continual nauseousness , want of Appetite , and frequent Vomiting , as I have observed in very many that have been dissected after they have been dead . The chief use of this Tunicle is , that being the whole covering of the Ventricle , And perhaps tendinous . it cloaths the fleshy Fibres of the underlying Membrane , sustains the Ramifications of the Vessells , and serves as well for the strengthning the Ventricle , as for to conserve its heat . Moreover it is not improbable , that there are in certain places of this Coat nervous Fibres , in the place of Tendons , respecting the fleshy Fibres lying under them .

The Ventricle being after this manner like a sleeve , The twofold Orifice of the Stomach . made up of its three Tunicles , as it were a threefold Garment , hath two doors or orifices , placed on the top , over against one another . One of them on the left side stands for the Insertion of the Mouth of the Oesophagus into the Mouth of the Ventricle ; and is after the same manner , as if the Pipe of a Tunnel were directed into the hole of a Bladder to be filled : The right and perpendicular Pipe admits whatever is put in and swallow'd down into the Stomach . The other Orifice on the right side is continued by a long and oblique Ascention into the Duodenum , and by degrees puts into it the Chyle elaborated in the Ventricle .

Near this Orifice the wonderful Enfoldings of the double Nerve , wandring to the Ventricle , being delated as it were at its utmost bound , are plac'd , making as it were a kind of Net wherewith its whole circuit is hidden : Besides both the hairie , and nervous Tunicle of the Oesophagus cloaths the cavity of this farther ; The Nerves and nervous foldings belonging to the Mouth of the Ventricle . hence it is that the Mouth of the Ventricle being exceeding sensible doth wonderfully communicate with the other noble parts , and chiefly with the Brain and the Praecordia , so that indeed it was not for nothing that Helmont did place here the seat of the Soul .

The description of the Pylorus . The other Orifice commonly called the Pylorus on the right side of the Stomach having a capacious hole , by degrees grows long and narrow , and ends in a small hole , and from thence being retorted it is continued into the Duodenum . Here the Tunicles are much more thick than in any other place of the Ventricle . The nervous innermost is very rough with wrinkles and furrows , and is lifted up into the very hole it self , in a longish lump like to the Pipe of a Gutter , for the end certainly , that the Chyle going forth by degrees may not be suck'd back again into the Stomach . The fleshy Tunicle , as every where besides , hath two series of Fibres ; for some compassing about the Hole they bind it , and as occasion serves , shut it fast ; and others being carried by its sides the whole length of them , gathering together the other parts of the Stomach upward , do lead towards this door . But on the other side , these Fibres by reason of the contraction being at the other ends of them , do often draw the Pylorus towards the left Orifice , as in Vomiting : and if so be the Convulsion be long continued , the Duodenum is drawn upward , and for that reason , Choler and the Pancreatick Humours are drawn forth into the Ventricle .

The Office of the Pylorus . The Office of the Pylorus is , not only largely to transmit what is contained in the Ventricle , and together in great heaps , to the Intestines ( which indeed it frequently doth in purges and Diarrhaeas ) but rather the Chyle being well digested , to receive it into its bosom , and to keep it there for some time , and then by little and little and by very small portions thrust it forth . For truly its den being long , and capacious , it seems to be a certain resting or baiting place in the Ventricle into which a portion of the Chylous Mass , being more thorowly digested and perfected , may retire , and abide in quiet , until another part more crude , and latelier put in , may be more concocted in the bottom of the Ventricle . Hence it is , that when things have been eaten , oftentimes that which is ingrateful is vomited up , the other more grateful meats in the mean time remaining in the Stomach ; viz. for that there are very many as it were distinct Cells in the Ventricle , in which those things put in are divided one from another , and may so remain . Moreover it is to be observed that vomiting Medicines when they work gently , do only stir the parts next the left Orifice of the Ventricle , but if they do more strongly irritate them , they draw from within , and upwards the Pylorus it self with the Duodenum hanging to it , so as to make an Evacuation of the forc'd Bilis into the Ventricle .

Vessels belonging to the Ventricle . The Vessels belonging to the Ventricle are Nerves , Arteries , and Veins ; the description of the former is exactly enough delivered in our Neurologie : viz. That the wandering parile Nerves ending on either side of the Stomach give to it notable branches , foldings , and manifold sprouts ; moreover the nervous foldings of the Intercostal Pares , being placed here and there in the Hypochondria and in the Abdomen , send very many and eminent branches to the Ventricle : Nerves . which is the reason , that vomiting so often succeeds in Hysterick and Hypochondraick Passions and in Colicks .

Innumerable Sanguiferous Vessels belong to the Ventricle . There belong very many blood-carrying Vessels to the Ventricle , which may be plainly seen , if the Stomach of a Man , a Dog , or a Hog , the Caeliack Vessels being first bound , and cut off , be taken out , and the Orifices being drawn together , it be blown into , it will then be a very pleasant sight to see the lesser Truncks of the Veins and Arteries , part of them inserted in the top of the Ventricle ; and part of them in its bottom , which by and by run one throw another into lesser Branches , and then dividing themselves again into very little and more small branches and shoots , mutually to clip , and on every side stretched out to creep about the whole compass of the Stomach , and with its branchie shoots to hide it . These Sanguineous Vessels tending inwardly , and at length scattered in innumerable sprouts are terminated in the inmost nervous Tunicle ; whose interior superficies through the thickness of the Puncts in which the Vessels end , is dyed red and as it were made bloody . This manifestly appears if that after the Stomach is immersed in warm Water , the hairy Tunicle be separated ; Which end in the interior superficies of the nervous Coat . for then the nervous Tunicle by reason of the close endings of the Vessels seems hidden as it were with a little bloody Net .

If you inquire into the use of them , The use of them . they are ordained to be the cheif Instrument , for to convey the heat which is for concoction and digestion in the Ventricle , and hence they convey a sufficiently plentiful matter and Fire , viz. in as much as the Blood growing hot , round about the bottom and all the sides of the Ventricle , like a Cauldron , it is detained as a perpetual lighted fire ; and indeed somewhat to this end , that bloody Lake seems to be there situated . But yet besides this , these Sanguiferous Vessels as we think , have another , not less necessary Office , viz. The Arteries to lay up some humour in the Ventricle , and the Veins to carry away thence perpetually some other , so that there may be made by their means an immediate and constant commerce backward and forward between the Chyle and the Blood .

But truly as Aliments being put in are dissolved not only by concoction , The Arteries carry the fermental Humor . but much more by Fermentation in the Ventricle , and disposed into an homogeneous Chyle , they by a certain spiritual Liquor there , which as it were ferment ( even as the Barm of Ale ferments other Ale ) are imbued : This kind of Humour ( and indeed plenty of it is required ) the Arteries only can furnish , and this being conjoyned with the reliques of the chyle sticking in the hairy Crust , without doubt constitutes that juice which is commonly called the Ferment of the Stomach . Moreover when from things eaten oftentimes a quick Refection is required , The Veins receive the nutritious Juice . and that truly it cannot be made by the long wanderings of the Intestines , and of the Chyliferous Vessels , what more like way is there than that the Veins sticking most closely within the cavity of the Ventricle , should receive a certain more subtle portion of the Chyle , and forthwith pour it into the Blood ? After what manner the Sanguiferous Vessels inserted into the bottom and top of the Stomach do hide all its superficies with a thick and manifold Ramification , is to the life expressed in the first Figure .

3. We will go from the Ventricle to the Intestines , which being twofold , The Intestine twofold , viz. small and big . to wit , thin and thick , there will be no need here to write the History of them all , for that the number of them , and their conformation is already very well known , not only to Anatomists , but to every Butcher . In the former , as much as belongs to the medicinal part , there ought to be considered first their site and Fabrick , secondly their Tunicles , and thirdly their Vessels and leading Pipe . The Office of these is , to receive the Chyle elaborated and dressed in the Ventricle , to ferment it more , and from it more elabourated and perfected to press forth the nutritious Juice into the Chyliferous Vessels . Among these Intestines Cathartick Medicines do chiefly perform their operations .

Although there be but one continued Pipe of the small Guts , yet for the distinct Offices that they have , The site and dimensions of the small Guts . they are distinguished as it were into three Stadia , and as if there were so many Guts , have so many distinct names imposed on them . In the first of these the Chyle descending from the Pylorus , by and by is stained with new Ferments , viz. Choler and the Pancreatick juice , with which , since all its Masse by degrees , and all its parts ought to be imbued , therefore every portion passeth by a swift passage into this Region , viz. the Duodenum . In the next Circuit , to wit , the Jejune or empty Gut , the Chyle fermenting is strained more freed from sourness , and acquires a greater volatileness ; and as here also it ought not to stay long , by and by being fermented , it is carried forward , and leaves for the most part the pipe empty . Within the third Den , the Chyle being volatilised and perfected , is copiously heaped up , and stays there for some time , whilst the Intestine Ileon being so full of Chyle , strains it a little with is fleshy Fibres , the more pure and subtiler part is pressed forth to be transmitted to the blood , into the milkie Vessels ( and also according to our opinion into the Mesaraick Veins ) and at length the rest of the Faeces , and almost worn out are moved forward to the thick Intestines .

All these Intestines , or the whole Pipe of them , There are three Coats of the Intestines . have their Coats formed after the same manner , which also do not much differ from the membranes of the Ventricle , unless that they are a little thinner . All the Intestines , both the small and the thick ( except in the beginning and end of them , and a certain part of the Colon which is joyned to the Omentum ) are as it were plainly knit to the brim of the Circular Mesenterie : Concerning which in the mean time it is wonderful , how that these Intestines which are about six Ells long , may be comprehended in that compass , that they are not above a Span distant from the Centre . Also we may observe , that the Plane of the Mesenterie is collected into many and great folds , How they are tyed to the Mesenterie . and hath in its Circumference the length of three Ells ; moreover that the Circumference of the Mesenterie , that it might press together the length of the Intestines , doth enfold in every single handful about twelve handfuls of the Intestines . As for many reasons it ought to be made after this manner , so chiefly , both that the Intestines might subsist in a little and narrow place distinctly , and without confusion ; and also that they might be moved , by a slow and successive motion , and as it were creepingly , from one end to the other . For as much as the Tendons of the motricious Fibres , by which the Pipes or Cavities of the Intestines are drawn together , are placed on the Brim or Border of the Mesenterie , it is from this Inward , that the instinct of every Intestinal motion proceeds , as shall anon be more clearly shown : In the mean time , we will a little handle the Coats of the small Guts .

The inmost Tunicle has very many transverse wrinkles . The inmost of these hath very many transverse Wrinkles , as it were eminent Ridges , which are movable , and are as so many remoras of the Chyle , and also serve to moderate its retention , viz. that it pass not too soon , and before it be perfected enough , and throwly pressed , flow with the faeces themselves to the thick Intestine . These Wrinkles , as Fallopius hath very well observed , for that they are much longer in this inward Coat than the outward , therefore it is crispie and crumbled . For if this be taken off from the other , and that their foldings be stretched out , this will exceed the other three times in the length .

The nervous Coat of them is also covered with an hairy Crust . Further , this interior altogether nervous Coat , containing in it the little mouths both of the milkie and bloody Vessels , is cover'd with the like crusty Nap as the inside of the Ventricle , and seems to be for the same use , viz. it covers and defends the mouths of the Vessels , and moreover susteins the first approaches of the Chyle , and of other contents , and then delivers them over by little and little to the nervous Coat . But this Coat consisting of every kind of Fibres , and constituting the inmost Chamber of the Intestinal Pipe , serves first of all for Sensation , and provokes according to the impressions made on it self , the fleshy Coat lying over it , to assist the excretorie motions more slow , or more swift upwards ( but that rarely ) or downwards . If at any time the internal superficies of this be stimulated by sharp things contained in it , or incongruous Humours do strike against its Fibres , presently by reason of the feeling Sense , troublesome griefs and torments are stirred up . Besides this nervous Coat is found to be very obnoxious both to distentions by included winds , and also to expansions , and intumifications by reason of the Spirits among its fibres . But this besides its nervous fibres , with which it is diversly interwoven , Innumerable sanguiferous Vessels do terminate in it . is every where covered also ( as we have before mentioned to be in the Stomach ) with a thick or close ramification of blood-carrying Vessels terminating therein : hence , as we may suspect , the Arteries perhaps do leave every where a certain recrementitious humour in the cavities of the Intestines , and the mesaraick Veins , no less than the milkie Vessels receive there a portion of the Chyle , and carry it immediately to the Blood .

2. The fleshy or middle Coat . 2. The second or middle Coat of the small Guts is a little thicker , and altogether fleshy . Of this there are two orders of motricious Fibres lying under one another . The first and interior is ringie , which compassing every where with a close series the whole Pipe of all the Intestines , In which is two orders of motricious fibres . or all their whole Cavities , is implanted as it were by a Tendon , on the border of the Mesenterie . Viz. of streight and circular . The other order is of streight Fibres , or longways , which lying over the others , and cutting them in right angles , stretch the whole length of the Intestines ; and the outmost Coat seems to be in the place of Tendons to them , which being altogether nervous or as it were tendinous , is wrapped about with an universal series of these Fibres .

Their use is enquired into . As to their use , as it is the business of the Intestines to move forward the Chyle , and the faeces part by part , and so indeed by urging it to carry it at length throw all their Pipes ; moreover whilst that they themselves are contracted , and abbreviated , so that their Cavities may be straitned to press forth the more subtil part of the Chyle into the milkie Vessels , and Mesaraick Veins , it is very obvious and easy to be conceived , how the aforesaid Fibres do perform this double task : for whilst the circular Fibres are successively or one series after another contracted , they make narrow the depth of the Intestines , and at the same time the long ones being inflated and intumified , they make it more strait , and also make it shorter , so that there will be a necessity that the contents of these inwards , be compressed behind , and urged continually forward .

In the mean time it is not to be thought that the contractions of either kind of Fibres are so great and continual , What kind of motion the Intestines have . that all the contents of the Intestines are driven forward altogether from one part to another ( although that this doth sometimes happen in purges and looseness as we think ) but ordinarily those lighter , and broken Convulsions , but yet made one series after another , and often repeated , do as it were shake the Intestines , so that they make the Chyle and the faeces gently to move forward from place to place . But by reason of these shakings of the Intestines , and their often repeated contractions , the Chyle being perpetually agitated , is the more elaborated and easily pressed forth into the Vessells gaping for its reception . But if it be ask'd by what instinct the forementioned Fibres of either kind be provoked into motion , Their instinct chiefly from the irritation of the nervous Coat . and are determined , now these parts now those , one series after another to contraction , I say that the Intestines have it even as the Ventricle , viz. it depends upon the Sense of the nervous motion in either of the fleshy Coats , so that the contractions of that follow the irritations of this . As often as any thing that is disagreeing , or incongruous , impresseth any troublesome sensation upon the nervous Fibres , presently to shake it off , the moving Fibres draw together the affected part of the Intestine , that they might drive away whatever is troublesom .

First of all the reliques of the Chyle , From what causes the nervous Fibres are wont to be irritated . which after the pure Juice is enough pressed forth , do ordinarily , and gently irritate the nervous Fibres , they becoming decay'd and troublesom ; for until the distribution of the Chyle be throughly acted , the moving Fibres being contracted before , lest that it should slide away too soon , they are still , afterwards Convulsions being stirred up behind , they cast it forth as unprofitable . Secondly the nervous Fibres are a little more sharply agitated by Choler , and the pancreatick Juice from their Pipes , also by sharp Humours , and hurtful Suffusions from within the Arteries , whereby the same more often , and more strong contractions succeed . Thirdly yet a more vehement Irritation , and preternatural , is wont to be caused , from disagreeing , and disproportionate Aliments , also from Medicines and Poysons , the last of which but one is a little farther particularly treated of .

Moreover the fleshy and moving Fibres of the Intestines , sometimes by reason of other more remote Causes are stirred up to solutive contractions of the Belly . For violent passions of the Mind or the Body do frequently introduce a Diarrhaea , viz. in as much as the Spirits being placed among the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or principal parts of the nervous appendix , being more notably disturb'd , forthwith making known their disorder by the Pipes of the nerves or the nervous shoots , to the Spirits inhabiting the Intestines , they provoke them into an excremental Convulsion . By what reason contractions do succeed irritations . After what manner soever the irritation is made , contractions follow , for that the animal Spirits leap forth both from the tendinous border of the Mesenterie into the fleshy annular Fibres , and also from the tendinous Fibres of the outward Coat into the fleshy longitudinal Fibres , both which , whilst they so blow up and intumifie , they thereby do render them more short and contracted . It would be too much from the purpose , any further here to expound what parts the Mesenterie obeys in performing this Peristaltick motion of the Intestines ; for besides that the tendons of the circular Fibres are rooted in the border of it , you are farther to be advertis'd that in its Plane the moving Fibres do tend directly from the Centre to the Circumference , the office of which cannot be otherwise thought to be , than that they , according to the instinct here given , being there variously contracted do stir up the like contractions , either in these or in those parts of the Intestines .

We have not much to say of the outmost Coat of the Intestines ; this haveing its rise from the Peritonaeum , The outermost Coat of the Intestines . and being wrapped about the former Coats , since it is altogether thin and nervous , it is commonly esteemed to be only as a covering for the rest : but yet , as the Series of the longitudinal Fibres do immediatly ly under this Coat , and that none of their tendons are any where else to be found , and that indeed this Coat is tendinous , we may very well suspect that the animal Spirits do leap forth of the nervous Fibres of this , for the contractions of those fleshy Fibres , and that the Convulsion ceasing , they return back into these .

Vhe Vessels and Pipes belonging to the Intestines . The Vessels and Pipes , which belong to the small Guts , are the Vehicles either of the Spirits , or the Humours , of the former sort are the Nerves and their enfoldings and shoots , all which we have largely enough unfolded in our Neurologie . What belongs to the other leading Pipes , they are such as either carry the Humours to the Intestines , as the Choler-carying and Pancreatick Passage , and the Arteries ; and after a sort also the Nerves ( as we have shown in another place discoursing of the Colick ) or such as do carry away the Humours from these Inwards , as the milkie Vessels , and the mesaraick Veins . Every one of these Pipes , and also the Spirits , and Humours that flow in them , and moreover either what are contained in the cavities of the Viscera , or that remain in their nervous or fleshy Fibres , are either Subjects , or Objects of Evacuation , and are wont first and immediatly to be affected by all manner of Medicines , but after what ways , the Knowledge shall be designed in the particular of every kind of Evacuation .

Concerning the biliarie Passage , and the Pancreatick Pipe , for as much as so many Authors have already spoke very much of them , and notwithstanding the Truth may yet ly hid , or remain ambiguous yet ( since there is a necessity that it must be very prolix and intricate ) this will be no opportune place to enterprise the disquisition . What Vomits and Purges act in these parts shall be shown hereafter ,

Innumerable Blood-carying Vessels belong to the Intestines . As to what appertains to the Sanguiferous Vessels , the observation is common , that very many Arteries and Veins do branch themselves forth thorow the whole Mesenterie , and from thence distribute to all the Intestines innumerable Suckers . Concerning which we shall further advertise , as they are inserted into the outer Coat , a few Suckers only hang to this , but the greater branches , almost all of them presently hiding themselves within , do run back to the inmost Coat in which they terminate , and do send forth on all sides infinite and exceeding small Shoots , which very thickly hide its Superficies .

But it may cause a wonder wherefore that there should be in these almost bloodless Inwards of themselves , so great an afflux of Blood designed . It is not unlikely that this is only done for the dispensing of the heat and nourishment , when as the Muscles and the outward Coats of the Intestines are contracted with fewer Vessels , The use of them inquired into . there had need be the greater plenty in these . Mebius that he might loose this Knot , affirms that Nature had given so great plenty of Arteries to the Intestines , that the excrements of the Mothers Blood whereby the Embryo is nourished , at that time might be carryed away to the Intestines . The reason of which he ads for that the Intestines of the Embryo or Infant being newly born contain a black Excrement . But truly this Argument easily falls if we grant ( as it is likely ) with Harvie and our late Writers , that the Embryo sucks and receives a nutricious Liquor in at the Mouth in the Mothers Womb , But it may rather be said , that these Arteries do purge away the Dreggs of the Blood in adult living Creatures , oftentimes by the Intestines as a Sink , the unnecessary being carryed away by disgestion and by other wayes : and in the mean time the Veins receive a certain portion of the Chyle , and presently mix it with the Blood .

Of the thick Intestines . There will be no great need to speak here much of the thick Intestines , as to what appertains to evacuation , because that the Virtue of Medicines taken in at the Mouth is almost exhausted , before they can come into these Inwards , so that the irritation of these arise partly by a consent of the superior Intestines , and partly by their contents being violently disturbed , rather then from the Medicine it self . They have the same Coats as the small Guts ; and as the faeces ascend strait into the Colon , there is need of more strong fleshy Fibres , which make a strong motion of contraction . Hence if there be an Inflammation or Sphacelisimus ( as I have often known , ) about the beginning of the Colon , so that the fleshy Fibres being hurt that they are not able to make the Contractions to lift the faeces upwards , they flowing back towards the Ileon , do cause the incurable Iliack Passion . The Iliack passion often comes by the Inflammation of the Colon. Moreover in this Intestine those champered coverings or Caverns are added , that the faeces being the longer detained in the Belly , the trouble of often letting them forth may be taken away . The Evacuation belonging to this Region , consists chiefly in Clysters . In some the interior Coat of the Colon is so very tender and sensible , that by reason of a Clyster injected , although to ease Pains , presently the Spirits growing hot , and being thrust forth among the nervous Fibres , they hugely put up the membranes , and distend them , so that they excite great trouble through the whole Abdomen . What we have now delivered concerning the Excretory motions of the Inwards , depending upon the contractions of the fleshy Fibres , will be better manifested , if our Hypothesis be consulted of the fashion and motion of the Muscle not long since published . As for the rest , for the more clear illustrating of the Anatomie of these parts , we have taken care to add here the Figures of each of them most exactly , and to the Life delineated by a most skilful Artist , and although in the description of the Ventricle with the Oesophagus and Intestines , we have followed Fallopius and others both Ancient and Modern , and have assigned to every one of them only three Coats ; yet by the separation of these ( after their being immersed in hot Water ) being a little more accurately made four distinctly appeared . For the hairy Crust , which some have esteemed only an addition to the nervous Coat , is a peculiar Membrane , thick enough of it self , and for the innumerable little Glandulas with which its exterior superficies abounds , may be properly called the Glandulous Coat , as may manifestly appear by the Figures .