PART
I.
Of
COINS
and
MEDALS
.
CHAP.
I.
Of
the
first
Coin
amongst
the
Romans
.
1.
IT
is
agreed
by
all
Authors
,
that
before
the
use
of
Money
all
buying
and
selling
was
Commutation
of
one
Commodity
for
another
.
But
this
manner
being
found
inconvenient
;
because
,
First
,
It
was
almost
impossible
exactly
to
adjust
the
values
of
things
;
neither
,
Secondly
,
Could
Commodities
be
so
easily
transported
from
place
to
place
;
many
times
also
,
Thirdly
,
The
Owner
of
what
another
stood
in
need
of
,
did
not
value
what
that
other
had
to
spare
;
they
devised
and
agreed
upon
one
Commodity
,
which
might
be
a
common
measure
for
the
just
estimating
of
all
others
.
And
this
at
first
amongst
the
Romans
(
for
the
Eastern
Nations
had
the
use
of
Silver
and
Gold-Money
long
before
,
as
appears
by
the
Story
of
Abraham
,
Gen.
23.
16.
)
was
Copper
.
2.
Now
they
made
choice
of
a
Metal
rather
than
any
other
Material
,
because
it
was
frameable
easily
into
any
weight
or
figure
;
it
would
also
endure
longer
,
and
not
be
so
easily
broken
as
Wood
and
many
other
things
;
and
was
in
sufficient
quantity
,
which
Jewels
were
not
,
and
yet
not
so
plentiful
as
other
Stones
.
3.
And
amongst
Metals
they
made
choice
of
Copper
,
I
suppose
,
because
there
was
greater
plenty
and
greater
use
of
it
than
of
other
Metals
;
most
of
their
Utensils
,
and
Arms
,
defensive
especially
,
being
made
of
it
.
So
that
it
being
of
universal
use
,
every
one
was
ready
to
exchange
for
it
what
he
had
superfluous
.
And
at
first
it
was
exchanged
by
weight
in
equality
to
the
value
of
the
thing
receiv'd
for
it
:
Whence
it
comes
,
that
in
paying
,
spending
,
&c.
the
words
of
Weight
,
impendere
,
expendere
,
appendere
,
&c.
are
still
used
.
Hence
also
(
i.
e.
from
Copper
,
being
the
only
money
at
first
)
comes
aes
,
aes
alienum
,
obaerati
,
aerarium
,
&c.
to
signifie
not
for
Brass
,
but
Money
in
general
.
4.
But
because
they
found
it
very
inconvenient
still
to
be
weighing
,
Posterity
devised
to
set
a
publick
Stamp
on
certain
pieces
,
which
should
declare
their
weight
;
and
this
in
Rome
was
begun
(
as
some
say
)
by
Numa
Pompilius
,
from
whose
Name
they
will
have
it
call'd
Nummus
:
But
as
Pliny
,
l.
18.
c.
3.
by
Servius
Tullus
,
who
marked
the
Images
of
an
Ox
,
a
Sheep
,
a
Swine
;
either
in
imitation
of
the
Athenian
Coyn
,
or
in
reference
to
their
value
;
that
so
many
of
such
a
Mark
ordinarily
bought
an
Ox
,
a
Sheep
,
or
an
Hog
.
Hence
it
was
call'd
Pecunia
.
The
pieces
thus
stamped
(
whereof
none
have
been
of
a
long
time
extant
)
were
of
divers
weight
;
some
of
one
pound
call'd
As
,
some
of
two
pounds
call'd
Dupondium
,
others
of
the
parts
of
an
As
,
which
had
each
their
several
names
.
For
their
As
or
pound
was
divided
into
twelve
parts
,
one
Ounce
was
call'd
Uncia
.
-
Sextans
was
2
ounces
or
1/6
of
an
As.
-
Quadrans
was
3
ounces
or
¼
of
an
As.
-
Triens
4
ounces
or
⅓
of
an
As.
-
Quincunx
5
ounces
.
-
Semis
,
Selibra
6
ounces
,
half
an
As.
-
Sextunx
7
ounces
,
or
6
and
1
ounce
.
-
Bes
8
ounces
or
⅔
of
an
As.
-
Dodrans
9
ounces
or
¾
of
an
As.
-
Dextans
10
ounces
or
Sextans
subducted
from
an
As.
-
Deunx
11
ounces
or
Uncia
de
Asse
.
5.
Nor
had
the
Romans
any
other
Brass
Money
than
this
,
which
was
very
inconvenient
by
reason
of
the
weight
;
so
that
they
were
wont
to
bring
their
Contribution
Money
to
the
Treasury
in
Carts
,
and
it
was
deservedly
call'd
aes
grave
,
[
which
was
the
reason
that
they
were
not
so
much
concern'd
who
coined
Money
;
and
that
they
took
thence
Money
for
publick
occasions
;
which
,
if
in
Bullion
,
was
coined
to
make
it
currant
amongst
the
people
]
for
any
thing
I
can
discover
,
till
the
first
Carthaginian
War
;
when
the
Treasury
being
exhausted
,
and
the
Commonwealth
much
indebted
;
they
raised
the
value
of
their
Coyn
,
ordering
that
an
As
should
but
weigh
2
Ounces
,
and
so
be
Sextantarius
;
so
that
of
every
As
was
made
6
,
of
which
the
Commonwealth
got
five
.
And
then
,
as
it
seemeth
,
began
their
Money
(
probably
after
the
Example
of
Sicily
,
some
parts
of
Greece
,
and
most
of
Italy
)
to
be
stamped
with
the
Image
of
two-faced
Janus
on
the
one
side
,
and
the
Beak
of
a
Ship
in
the
greater
,
and
the
Stern
in
lesser
,
pieces
of
Coyn.
6.
But
afterwards
when
they
were
brought
to
that
great
distress
by
Hannibal
,
Q.
Fabius
Max.
being
Dictator
,
they
were
again
lessened
;
and
the
As
was
made
of
the
weight
of
one
ounce
,
and
after
a
while
by
the
Papyrian
Law
of
half
an
ounce
:
and
of
these
they
coyn'd
not
only
ounces
,
but
halves
¼s
¾
s
for
the
greater
ease
of
the
people
,
as
appears
by
the
Marks
which
we
see
upon
the
Consular
Brass
Money
,
(
tho
this
Money
be
now
found
rarely
)
amongst
the
which
was
the
Quadrans
ratitus
,
pay'd
ordinarily
for
their
passage
by
water
from
the
City
to
Mount
Aventine
,
then
separated
by
a
Ponds
or
Marshy
Lake
;
upon
this
was
the
Stern
of
a
Rates
or
Ferry-boat
,
as
upon
the
As
was
that
of
a
Ship
.
7.
In
the
Year
V.
C.
(
of
the
City's
building
)
484.
five
years
before
the
first
Carthaginian
War
,
was
coyn'd
the
first
Silver
after
the
Pattern
of
the
Sicilians
;
and
the
Denarius
was
made
equal
to
10
Asses
,
and
therefore
had
this
Mark
X
or
♓
,
which
Priscian
calls
Perscriptum
,
the
Quinarius
or
Victoriatus
to
5
,
and
Sestertius
to
2
,
and
½
or
¼
of
a
Denarius
,
which
seems
very
strange
that
1/84
of
1
l.
at
most
in
Silver
,
should
be
of
equal
value
to
10
l.
of
Brass
,
that
is
,
one
pound
of
Silver
to
840
l.
of
Brass
;
and
this
disproportion
probably
caused
the
lessening
of
their
Brass
Coyn
before-mentioned
,
which
was
done
not
long
after
.
8.
But
afterwards
in
the
great
necessity
of
the
City
,
in
the
second
Carthaginian
War
,
as
they
rais'd
the
value
of
their
Brass
Money
,
so
did
they
also
of
their
Silver
;
making
the
Denarius
equal
to
16
Asses
,
the
Quinarius
to
8
,
and
the
Sestertius
to
4
,
as
by
the
Marks
on
some
of
those
Coyns
appeareth
.
And
I
know
not
whether
those
Rates
were
much
altered
till
Justinian's
time
.
9.
Concerning
the
Weight
of
the
Denarius
,
Peireskius
was
of
Opinion
,
and
perhaps
not
without
Reason
;
that
the
first
Denarii
were
six
to
an
ounce
,
or
72
to
a
pound
or
Mna
Attica
;
but
the
latter
were
manifestly
7
to
an
ounce
,
or
84
to
a
pound
.
Al●…
è
pondere
subtrahunt
,
cum
sit
iustum
84
E
libris
signari
,
saith
Pliny
l.
33.
c.
9.
and
tho
the
Denarius
of
the
Emperors
was
chang'd
according
to
the
Exigences
of
State
,
yet
seldom
exceeded
the
seventh
part
of
a
Roman
Ounce
,
nor
less
than
an
eighth
,
making
sometimes
86.
88
,
and
so
to
96
,
rarely
a
100
Denarii
in
1
l.
and
that
only
after
Nero's
time
.
10.
In
Valuation
as
Coyn
,
the
Denarius
and
Drachma
Atticum
was
all
one
,
tho
not
so
in
weight
;
the
Denarius
weighing
about
63
of
our
grains
,
the
Drachma
about
67
,
of
the
same
weight
is
a
Drachma
of
Gold
,
such
were
the
Aureus
Philippicus
,
Daricus
,
&c.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
was
2
Drachma's
,
Stater
was
4
Drachmaes
equal
to
a
Shekel
,
10000
Drachmaes
were
equal
to
one
Talent
.
An
Attick
Ounce
made
8
Drachma's
;
so
that
it
should
seem
that
the
Attick
and
Roman
Ounces
were
different
.
A
Drachme
of
Silver
is
worth
of
English
Money
8
,
qa
q.
The
Denarius
Consularis
7d
d
ob
.
qa
allowing
8
grains
to
an
English
Penny
at
5
s.
per
Ounce
.
Villalpandus
saith
,
that
the
Roman
Ounce
,
Pound
,
&c.
are
the
same
which
are
now
used
in
Rome
,
but
Savot
contradicts
him
,
tho
I
cannot
make
out
the
difference
;
for
he
saith
only
,
that
an
ancient
Roman
pound
was
equal
to
10
ounces
¼
French
.
Mr.
Greaves
saith
,
that
an
old
Roman
pound
,
&c.
weigheth
5246
English
Grains
,
of
which
our
pound
Troy
weigheth
5760
;
so
that
the
difference
of
these
Pounds
is
514
grains
.
11.
LXII
years
after
the
Coyning
of
Silver
,
i.
e.
anno
V.
C.
546.
(
tho
Pliny
in
another
place
saith
it
was
,
and
it
is
more
probable
it
should
be
only
XIII
)
anno
V.
C.
496.
they
began
to
stamp
Gold
,
also
(
Plin.
l.
33.
c.
3.
)
much-what
with
the
same
Stamps
as
the
Silver
,
but
one
Aureus
,
or
Denarius
aureus
,
for
so
it
is
also
call'd
,
weighed
ordinarily
2
Denarii
of
Silver
,
or
6
Scrupula
(
the
Silver
Denarius
weighing
3
)
and
was
ordinarily
worth
24
Denarii
;
so
that
that
Ration
of
Gold
to
Silver
was
12
to
one
.
But
it
should
seem
that
the
number
of
Aurei
out
of
1
l.
varied
as
the
Denarii
of
Silver
,
for
when
there
were
96
in
1
l.
of
Silver
,
there
were
of
Gold
48
:
and
tho
divers
Authors
say
50
,
yet
it
should
seem
those
2
were
only
for
the
coyning
or
clipping
Money
;
so
that
tho
the
Gold
in
an
Aureus
was
worth
but
24
Denarii
,
yet
an
Aureus
coyned
was
current
for
25
Denarii
or
100
Sesterces
.
And
this
was
the
ordinary
proportion
and
manner
in
the
time
of
the
Emperors
,
but
at
first
(
as
Pliny
saith
)
this
proportion
was
not
the
same
,
but
the
Gold
was
heavier
,
and
they
made
fewer
out
of
one
1
l.
I
think
it
not
worth
labour
to
examine
this
obscure
matter
any
further
;
and
also
if
in
this
whole
Discourse
I
have
not
every
where
hit
this
Truth
,
I
beg
your
pardon
;
I
have
to
my
best
ability
set
down
what
I
found
most
probable
;
but
the
value
of
their
Money
was
so
often
changed
,
their
counting
also
by
Sesterces
so
obscure
and
intricate
;
Authors
also
making
use
of
numeral
Letters
in
transcribing
and
printing
are
so
corrupted
,
besides
the
difficulty
of
the
Matter
it self
,
that
Learned
men
in
these
later
Ages
cannot
agree
about
either
the
number
or
weight
of
their
Coyns
,
as
you
will
see
if
you
please
to
take
the
pains
to
read
amongst
many
,
these
the
most
Eminent
,
Budaeus
,
Geor.
Agricola
,
Hottoman
,
and
our
Mr.
John
Greaves
.
12.
Till
Severus
Alexander's
time
there
doth
not
seem
to
have
been
any
Pieces
coyned
but
the
Aureus
,
but
he
began
to
coyn
Semisses
and
Tremisses
,
and
then
probably
began
the
Aureus
to
be
commonly
call'd
Solidus
(
tho
the
word
be
found
also
in
Adrian's
time
)
in
respect
of
the
others
,
which
were
but
parts
;
till
his
time
also
the
Gold
was
very
good
near
24
Caracts
fine
,
which
was
call'd
Obrizum
,
atque
illum
,
ut
qui
simili
colore
rubeat
,
saith
Pliny
,
quo
ignis
,
Obryzum
vocant
.
But
in
Sueton
the
word
is
otherwise
;
for
he
saith
,
Nero
exegit
nummum
asperum
(
rospo
)
[
the
roughest
,
best
and
newest
Coyn
]
;
Argentum
pustulatum
[
which
the
French
call
Argent
de
Grenaille
,
and
that
is
thus
;
When
the
Refiners
take
Silver
once
refined
,
melt
it
again
in
a
Wind-furnace
,
keeping
it
melted
a
long
time
,
scumming
still
the
Litharge
from
it
,
(
which
they
make
to
rise
by
casting
in
Coal-dust
)
so
long
till
they
see
their
Silver
fine
and
clean
;
they
then
cast
it
into
a
Pale
of
clean
water
,
which
makes
the
Silver
fall
down
in
little
drops
and
bubbles
,
which
they
call
Grenaille
,
we
call
it
garbled
,
and
the
Latins
Argentum
pustulatum
]
&
Aurum
ad
obrusam
[
i.
e.
purisied
or
perfectly
fined
,
which
now
adays
they
call
24
Caracts
sine
]
but
he
[
Severus
Alexander
]
(
tho
in
his
Medals
call'd
(
for
what
reason
I
know
not
,
tho
I
am
consident
that
admirable
Prince
did
nothing
in
ostentation
)
Restitutor
monetae
)
abased
it
;
and
coined
sometimes
Electrum
,
which
is
about
19
Caracts
;
P.
lin.
l.
33.
c.
4.
saith
,
it
is
a
fifth
part
Silver
,
quod
[
Argentum
]
si
quintam
partem
excesserit
,
ineudibus
non
resistit
.
His
Silver
also
was
bad
,
some
of
it
not
above
4
ounces
fine
;
yet
I
find
not
but
that
he
kept
the
former
weight
of
the
Aureus
,
as
did
the
succeeding
Emperors
till
Constantine
the
Great
,
who
made
84
out
of
a
pound
.
But
Valentinian
heightned
them
somewhat
again
,
making
72
out
of
1
l.
which
is
the
reason
why
in
the
later
Latin
Authors
Solidu●…
is
call'd
Sextula
,
because
six
of
them
were
made
out
of
one
ounce
.
13.
At
first
the
Denarius
had
on
one
side
the
Head
of
Roma
,
on
the
other
Castor
and
Pollux
,
as
the
Victoriatus
had
a
Victoria
.
Afterward
retaining
the
Head
of
Rome
,
or
some
other
God
,
they
stamped
the
reverse
with
a
Biga
or
Quadriga
,
i.
e.
Chariots
drawn
with
two
or
four
Horses
,
whence
they
were
call'd
Bigati
&
Quadrigati
.
But
afterwards
[
as
it
seems
to
me
]
(
for
it
is
generally
affirmed
by
Learned
Authors
,
that
the
stamping
their
Names
or
Devices
upon
the
Coin
was
granted
as
an
Honour
by
the
Senate
to
such
Persons
as
had
done
some
famous
Exploit
,
or
notable
Service
for
the
Commonwealth
;
which
tho
perhaps
it
may
be
true
in
some
very-very
few
Causes
,
as
for
instance
,
Sueton
,
c.
94.
speaks
of
Augustus
consulting
an
Astrologer
together
with
Agrippa
:
Tantam
mox
fati
fiduciam
Augustus
habuit
,
ut
nummum
argenteum
notâ
Sideris
Capricorni
,
quo
natus
est
,
percusserit
;
then
was
Augustus
under
nineteen
years
old
.
Great
persons
,
which
were
no
Magistrates
(
and
not
Magistrates
only
)
had
liberty
to
coin
Money
;
or
at
least
Medals
or
Donaria
:
and
if
thus
,
it
will
follow
,
that
they
made
such
Donaria
upon
several
occasions
,
as
Birth
of
Children
,
&c.
Perhaps
the
Triumviri
coin'd
the
ordinary
Money
,
what
other
persons
stamped
was
for
Donatives
and
extraordinary
;
or
not
much
unlike
to
what
is
now
in
Moscovy
,
certain
Officers
to
coin
the
publick
Money
,
but
every
man
might
coin
his
own
;
yet
in
the
general
,
as
I
said
,
it
seems
to
me
that
the
Officers
of
the
Mint
had
liberty
to
put
what
stamp
themselves
pleas'd
upon
the
Coin
;
which
was
frequently
somewhat
to
their
own
Honour
.
For
besides
that
,
we
find
very
few
or
no
Coins
of
the
famousest
men
,
as
of
Scipio
,
Sylla
,
Marius
,
Flaminius
,
&c.
before
Julius
Caesar
(
who
indeed
,
saith
Dio
,
l.
44.
had
that
Priviledge
given
him
by
the
Senate
,
to
have
his
Image
upon
the
Coin
in
his
life
time
)
so
have
we
still
the
Names
of
one
or
more
Mint-masters
,
with
Reverses
sometimes
alluding
to
their
Names
,
as
the
Lartch-tree
to
Lariscolus
,
an
Ox
or
Calf
to
Vitellius
,
somewhat
of
Medicine
to
Acilius
,
and
the
like
;
or
to
the
Honour
of
their
Family
or
Country
:
as
Pomponius
put
upon
his
Coin
Numa
Pompilius
;
Titurius
stamped
Tatius
the
first
King
of
the
Sabines
;
or
somewhat
of
their
own
Exploits
,
as
Metellus
stamped
an
Elephant
,
divers
others
Victories
,
and
the
like
.
And
this
continued
a
good
part
of
Augustus's
time
,
even
as
long
as
the
Triumviri
put
their
Names
upon
the
Coin
with
Augustus's
Head
.
14.
There
were
in
the
City
certain
Officers
on
purpose
to
overlook
the
Mint
,
who
were
Magistratus
minores
.
Cic.
de
leg
.
lib.
3.
called
Curatores
Denariorum
flandorum
:
how
many
at
first
I
know
not
,
but
afterwards
there
were
three
of
them
called
Triumviri
:
A.
A.
A.
F.
F.
F.
i.
e.
AEre
,
Argento
,
Auro
,
flando
,
feriendo
,
faciundo
till
Julius
Caesar's
time
,
who
increased
their
number
,
making
them
IIII
-
Viri
,
and
so
that
number
continued
till
after
the
Victory
of
Augustus
at
Actium
;
when
the
Quatuorviri
were
again
reduced
to
Triumviri
,
and
so
they
continued
.
These
Officers
were
chosen
ex
ordine
Equestri
,
and
coined
sometimes
the
publick
Money
,
which
is
expressed
thus
EX
A.
P.
sometimes
also
(
tho
as
I
said
,
seldom
)
the
Senate
ordered
the
Inscription
,
and
then
there
is
SC
upon
it
;
but
it
should
seem
most
commonly
the
Bullion
of
private
persons
,
and
the
Inscription
at
their
own
discretion
.
15.
These
were
Officers
in
the
City
,
but
there
was
also
Money
coined
in
divers
Provinces
,
Colonies
,
and
Municipia
;
and
it
was
a
Privilege
granted
to
them
,
as
also
to
some
private
men
,
if
that
place
in
Suetonius
Tiber.
c.
49.
be
so
to
be
understood
.
Plurimis
civitatibus
&
privatis
veteres
immunitates
&
jus
Metallorum
(
which
if
not
coining
,
I
know
not
what
it
is
)
&
Vectigalium
adempta
.
Particularly
the
Officers
General
of
their
Armies
coined
Money
very
frequently
(
as
it
should
seem
)
for
speedy
payment
of
their
Souldiers
;
as
at
Apolonia
,
Cic.
Ep.
fam
.
C.
13.
L.
Planco
:
and
then
the
Duumviri
or
annual
Governors
of
those
places
(
representing
the
Consuls
at
Rome
)
marked
II
viri
or
H
viri
;
or
the
chief
Magistrate
of
the
place
was
Mint-master
;
as
we
see
it
frequently
in
the
Greek
Coins
of
the
Roman
Emperors
.
16.
It
is
also
probable
,
that
till
Aurelians's
time
it
was
lawful
,
if
not
for
all
,
yet
for
very
many
Persons
and
Cities
to
coin
;
perhaps
all
those
who
had
Charges
of
high
Priesthood
and
Sacrifices
:
which
is
the
reason
of
such
diversity
of
Coins
and
Medals
before
his
time
.
It
should
seem
also
,
that
Aurelian
reduced
the
Privilege
of
Coining
to
a
few
Cities
,
perhaps
to
those
named
in
notitiâ
Imperii
;
which
might
be
the
cause
of
the
great
and
difficult
War
he
had
with
the
Monetarii
,
of
whom
40000
perished
.
Hence
in
and
after
his
time
,
and
not
,
or
rarely
,
before
,
Sacra
Moneta
,
i.
e.
which
belong
to
the
Exchequer
to
coin
:
few
Greek
Coins
also
after
that
time
,
few
or
no
Medaillons
,
and
little
variety
of
Reverses
;
the
Exchequer
coining
all
of
a
bigness
,
and
with
the
same
Stamps
.
Now
to
what
Cities
the
Minting
was
restrained
,
is
very
uncertain
:
In
the
times
of
the
later
Emperors
the
Cities
,
which
had
the
Privilege
of
coining
,
put
their
Names
to
the
Coin
,
or
some
other
Mark
with
Letters
;
for
what
else
those
Letters
in
the
Coins
of
the
later
Emperors
should
denote
,
I
cannot
imagine
.
Of
such
as
set
their
Names
,
I
have
observed
these
:
All
with
S.
C.
or
with
R
,
seem
to
have
been
coined
at
Rome
,
and
commonly
by
good
Masters
.
-
Con.
Constantinopolis
.
-
Scis
.
Sciscia
.
-
Sir
.
Sirmium
.
-
Tr.
Treviri
.
-
Arl.
Arelate
.
-
Lon.
Londinum
.
-
Lug.
Lugdunum
.
-
Nem.
Nicomedia
.
-
Ant.
Antiochia
.
-
Al.
Alexandria
.
-
TES.
perhaps
Thessalonica
.
Yet
I
am
not
satisfied
with
this
Interpretation
of
the
Letters
on
the
Reverses
of
the
later
Emperors
,
as
if
they
signified
the
place
where
coined
,
for
I
see
some
of
them
that
no
man
can
so
apply
;
and
therefore
,
as
I
said
,
I
suppose
them
rather
Marks
or
private
Notes
.
SM.
NM
.
perhaps
Sac.
Moneta
Nova
Mediolanensis
.
S.
M.
Sacra
Moneta
,
Ob.
obsignata
,
P.
percussa
,
S.
signata
.
17.
Some
think
that
the
Jews
,
till
the
destruction
of
the
City
,
had
liberty
of
coining
their
own
Money
,
and
with
their
own
Stamp
,
which
,
say
they
,
is
the
reason
that
we
see
so
many
Shekels
.
But
I
find
in
the
New
Testament
only
mention
of
Grecian
,
or
Roman
Money
;
and
I
am
afraid
many
of
those
Shekels
are
counterfeit
,
Scaliger
thinketh
by
the
ancient
Christians
;
but
I
am
sure
both
by
ancient
and
modern
Jews
,
who
are
the
greatest
Falsifyers
of
ancient
Coins
,
both
Roman
and
Grecian
as
well
as
Jewish
in
the
World
,
and
this
themselves
have
confessed
to
me
.
18.
Divers
Colomes
(
as
Patrae
and
many
others
)
had
the
Priviledge
granted
them
,
sometimes
by
the
Senate
,
sometimes
by
the
Emperor
to
coin
Brass
Money
,
as
appears
by
divers
Spanish
Medals
in
Ant.
Augustinus
:
and
in
some
of
Augustus
,
and
in
those
Medals
D.
D.
signifies
those
Medals
to
have
been
coined
Decreto
Decurionum
,
or
the
chief
Magistrates
of
such
Colonies
or
Municipia
.
CHAP.
II.
Of
Medals
.
THE
later
Italians
call
all
those
ancient
Pieces
Medaglie
,
quasi
Metaglie
,
because
made
of
Metal
;
which
Name
is
still
used
to
signifie
such
,
whether
Money
,
or
other
stamped
or
coined
Pieces
,
as
are
reserved
from
Antiquity
.
1.
And
of
those
,
as
I
doubt
not
but
(
as
AEneas
Vicus
,
Savot
,
and
others
say
)
some
were
current
Money
;
such
were
those
which
had
sacra
Moneta
,
or
three
Women
representing
the
three
Materials
of
Coin
;
or
some
one
or
more
of
the
III
-
virs
Names
with
A.
A.
A.
Those
which
have
the
Mark
of
any
part
of
an
As
,
and
generally
all
the
lesser
sizes
;
all
very
much
worn
;
all
of
bad
Masters
,
as
are
most
of
those
by
the
Grecian
Cities
of
the
Roman
Emperors
,
and
such
also
(
saith
Cellini
)
as
have
but
a
shallow
impression
;
for
Medals
(
as
being
for
ornament
more
than
use
)
were
made
with
greater
care
and
expence
.
So
they
will
also
confess
,
that
not
all
,
which
now
we
have
,
were
ordinary
Coin
:
as
,
1.
Not
the
greater
sort
,
which
the
Italians
call
Medaglioni
,
many
of
which
weigh
2
ounces
and
½
.
2.
Not
such
as
have
about
them
a
Circle
of
some
other
Metal
than
the
Medal
it self
,
which
the
Italians
call
Cotorniate
,
or
Contornate
:
those
(
as
they
say
)
were
either
Missilia
,
Donatives
,
or
Testimonia
probatae
Monetae
,
which
the
French
call
Pieds
forts
,
or
Essays
of
their
Workmanship
presented
to
the
Prince
and
Persons
of
greatest
Quality
,
which
is
the
reason
there
are
so
few
of
them
;
especially
those
so
accurately
wrought
,
that
some
have
thought
that
they
made
no
more
than
one
with
one
stamp
.
The
reason
why
I
conceive
those
not
to
be
Coin
is
,
because
they
cost
more
making
than
they
could
be
worth
in
common
usage
;
and
for
the
same
reason
they
must
also
grant
that
all
of
extraordinary
Workmanship
;
as
also
those
of
Corinthian
Brass
(
if
any
such
,
of
which
by
and
by
)
and
in
fine
,
whatever
would
not
quit
cost
were
also
for
other
uses
than
current
Money
.
And
this
is
also
confirmed
by
what
is
confessed
of
the
Writers
of
those
matters
;
that
the
Medals
of
the
former
Emperors
were
not
current
in
the
times
of
the
later
,
who
yet
restamped
many
of
them
:
and
it
is
observed
,
that
some
of
the
Emperors
after
Severus
,
probably
Gallienus
,
stamped
a
new
Medals
of
all
the
consecrated
Emperors
,
yet
not
so
lively
as
the
former
,
but
having
their
Faces
somewhat
mingled
with
the
Tracts
of
the
then
present
.
2.
It
is
worth
inquiring
what
uses
they
made
of
them
,
and
to
what
end
they
coined
those
beautiful
and
costly
Medals
,
I
shall
propose
:
1.
That
they
were
much
taken
with
the
Excellency
of
the
Workmanship
,
and
that
afterwards
they
wore
them
about
their
Necks
:
D.
L.
7.
tit.
1.
l.
28.
Nomismatum
aureorum
vel
argentorum
veterum
,
quibus
pro
gemmis
uti
solent
,
ususfructus
legari
potest
.
Glossa
;
animi
voluptatem
,
delectationem
,
&
recreationem
pro
fructu
haberi
.
And
tho
here
be
mention
only
made
of
gold
and
silver
ones
,
yet
't
is
not
improbable
those
also
of
Corinthian
Brass
,
if
any
such
,
or
other
Brass
gilt
(
of
which
sort
there
are
many
)
were
also
for
the
same
use
:
Suet.
Aug.
cap.
75.
Saturnalibus
&
si
quando
alias
libuisset
,
modo
munera
dividebat
,
vestem
,
&
aurum
,
&
argentum
,
modo
nummos
omnis
not●…
etiam
veteres
,
regios
,
&
peregrinos
;
therefore
Medals
in
that
time
were
in
great
request
;
which
also
is
collected
out
of
his
Tib.
c.
58.
Capitale
esset
nummo
vel
annulo
Effigiem
Augusti
impressam
Latrinae
aut
Lupanari
intulisse
;
wherefore
either
he
speaks
of
some
extraordinary
Stamp
,
and
not
of
the
Money
ordinarily
stamped
with
the
Image
of
Augustus
;
but
that
those
so
stamped
were
of
more
Respect
and
Dignity
,
and
for
Donaria
;
or
that
there
was
great
quantity
of
other
Money
not
so
stamped
.
Besides
see
in
Nero
,
c.
11.
the
great
profuseness
of
Nero
in
his
Missilia
,
Vest
is
,
Aurum
,
Argentum
,
&c.
But
this
could
not
be
the
principal
intention
of
their
making
.
Besides
therefore
the
formerly
mention'd
purposes
;
I
conceive
the
Princes
themselves
caused
them
to
be
made
for
the
conservation
of
their
Names
and
great
Actions
.
For
which
they
chose
Brass
rather
than
Iron
,
because
more
easie
to
work
,
not
so
subject
to
rust
,
and
more
beautiful
;
rather
than
Gold
and
Silver
,
because
the
Workmanship
being
of
more
value
than
the
Metal
,
was
likely
to
escape
the
Goldsmiths
fire
,
the
prodigal
hand
of
a
careless
Heir
,
the
subtlety
of
the
Thief
,
and
the
transportation
of
the
Merchant
.
Now
I
conceive
this
to
be
their
intention
,
because
we
see
them
so
excellently
wrought
;
all
signal
Actions
with
the
exact
observation
of
Time
,
&c.
and
many
times
the
Authority
of
the
Senate
fixed
upon
them
;
which
being
frequenter
(
S.
C.
)
upon
the
large
Brass
Medals
than
upon
Silver
and
Gold
,
intimates
that
there
was
some
greater
value
set
upon
these
than
the
other
.
Besides
,
few
Inscriptions
there
are
either
in
Gold
or
Silver
,
which
are
not
also
in
Brass
,
but
many
in
Brass
,
which
are
neither
in
Gold
nor
Silver
.
The
Cotorniate
also
are
all
in
Brass
;
the
Figures
in
Brass
are
better
cut
;
the
Erudition
also
greater
;
to
which
add
,
that
few
,
if
any
,
Greek
Medals
,
and
Medals
of
Colonies
of
the
Emperors
in
any
but
Brass
;
and
then
you
have
also
the
reason
why
greater
account
is
generally
made
in
these
times
of
Brass-medals
then
either
of
Gold
or
Silver
.
3.
Medals
of
Copper
are
of
divers
sorts
,
chiefly
three
,
Red
,
Yellow
,
and
White
.
Red
is
ordinary
Copper
,
of
which
there
were
divers
sorts
,
as
you
may
see
in
Pliny
,
l.
33.
c.
1
,
2.
I
think
it
not
worth
time
to
stand
upon
them
.
White
was
either
Copper
silver'd
o're
,
or
mingled
with
Tin
,
and
that
either
whitened
after
they
were
coined
,
perhaps
as
we
do
now
Studs
and
Nails
,
&c.
as
it
is
manifest
in
some
of
Aurelian
,
Probus
,
and
that
time
,
or
else
before
;
of
which
sort
there
are
some
in
the
first
part
of
the
Empire
,
chiefly
in
the
Coins
of
the
external
Cities
of
Augustus
,
Tiberius
,
Nero
,
and
so
to
the
Antonini
,
the
which
also
are
not
of
any
good
Master
,
and
therefore
not
counterfeited
.
Yellow
also
is
of
several
sorts
,
1.
Red
or
Copper
gilt
,
2.
a
real
Gold-colour
throughout
,
3.
Brass
or
Kettle-metal
,
4.
bright
yellow
Copper
gilt
,
5.
Brass
or
Kettle-metal
gilt
.
6.
Pot
or
Candlestick-metal
which
is
mingled
with
Tin
or
Lead
.
Till
Severus
Alex.
most
of
the
Coins
are
of
some
of
the
five
first
,
but
after
him
almost
all
of
the
last
sort
and
worst
.
The
second
and
third
sort
are
they
which
go
under
the
name
of
Corinthian
Brass
,
concerning
which
Authors
disagree
.
For
Savot
saith
plainly
,
there
are
none
extant
either
of
true
Corinthian
Brass
(
i.
e.
)
such
as
was
made
accidentally
at
the
burning
of
Corinth
by
L.
Mummius
,
where
all
the
Statues
of
Gold
,
Silver
and
Brass
running
together
,
made
a
very
beautiful
and
much-prized
Composition
,
or
of
such
as
was
made
in
imitation
of
it
;
but
those
that
seem
so
,
saith
he
,
are
either
Brass
gilded
,
and
not
mingled
in
the
melting
;
or
else
such
as
have
that
beautiful
yellow
colour
from
the
Calaminaris
,
which
some
Copper
imbibes
better
than
other
;
as
Pliny
,
lib
34.
c.
2.
observes
of
Livianum
and
Cordubense
,
which
,
saith
he
,
were
near
as
good
as
natural
Orichalcum
(
which
before
his
time
was
failed
)
and
of
these
he
noteth
,
that
smaller
Money
was
made
,
but
the
Asses
of
Cyprus-Brass
.
But
other
Authors
affirm
,
that
there
are
Medals
extant
of
Corinthian
Brass
,
and
those
of
three
sorts
:
The
first
is
of
divers
colours
,
white
and
yellow
,
as
it
were
inlaid
;
caused
probably
,
because
the
Metals
mingled
in
pieces
,
the
fire
not
being
sufficient
to
melt
them
down
;
of
this
matter
very
few
,
yet
some
of
Tiberius
,
C.
Caesar
and
Claudius
they
say
they
are
.
The
second
sort
is
white
,
in
which
the
Silver
predominated
,
these
also
very
rare
.
The
third
sort
is
of
the
colour
of
Gold
,
of
which
(
saith
AEneas
Vicus
)
there
are
many
of
Tiberius
and
till
the
Antonines
,
but
none
afterwards
.
These
Medals
also
are
,
as
he
saith
,
of
Excellent
Masters
,
and
are
also
much
prized
.
How
to
determine
the
Controversie
,
I
know
not
,
I
confess
I
never
saw
any
of
the
three
sorts
to
my
best
remembrance
,
yet
methinks
't
is
hard
to
maintain
a
Negative
against
them
,
who
pretend
to
know
and
to
have
seen
them
.
4.
Amongst
the
Silver-coins
many
are
found
of
Iron
and
Brass
within
,
and
covered
with
a
thin
Plate
of
Silver
;
which
was
the
reason
,
that
to
discover
this
fraud
,
they
filed
them
in
small
notches
,
and
call'd
them
Serratos
;
and
(
as
Tacitus
notes
)
were
in
reputation
amongst
the
Germans
.
Pecuniam
probant
veterem
,
ac
diu
notam
,
Serratos
,
Bigatosque
.
De
Moribus
Germ.
Tho
Ful.
Vrs.
interprets
Serratos
such
as
had
Saws
stamped
upon
them
,
of
which
sort
are
very
few
,
if
any
.
M.
Antonius
is
noted
to
have
used
this
fraud
,
as
also
Livius
Drusus
to
have
mingled
⅛
of
Brass
with
the
Silver
;
but
in
later
times
Princes
have
taken
care
to
make
their
Coin
thinner
,
for
the
avoiding
this
Abuse
.
CHAP.
III.
Of
false
,
counterfeit
,
modern
and
rare
Medals
.
1.
IN
the
late
renovation
of
Learning
divers
persons
,
inquiring
into
Antiquity
,
took
notice
of
the
advantage
to
be
received
from
Medals
,
towards
the
perfecting
History
,
and
understanding
the
ancient
Customs
of
the
Romans
,
began
to
search
after
them
with
great
curiosity
;
and
procured
them
at
very
great
Rates
,
which
was
the
cause
that
several
Workmen
,
in
hope
of
gain
,
set
their
minds
to
counfeit
them
.
Such
were
Victor
Gambello
;
Giovanni
del
Cavino
,
and
his
Son
call'd
Padoani
,
very
excellent
,
yea
the
best
Workmen
,
and
whose
Counterfeits
are
better
than
the
Originals
many
times
,
by
which
and
by
their
forked
Letters
they
are
discovered
;
Benevenuto
Cellini
that
excellent
Goldsmith
;
Alexander
Greco
;
Leo
Aretine
;
Jacopo
da
Tresso
;
Frederick
Bonzagna
,
and
Giovan-Jacapo
his
Brother
;
Sebastian
Plu●…bo
;
and
Valerius
de
Vicenza
,
Gorlaeus
also
;
and
't
is
now
a
Trade
amongst
the
Jews
more
than
the
Christians
.
But
these
are
more
tolerable
,
who
did
only
remake
ancient
true
Medals
,
than
T.
Annius
Viterb
.
who
himself
,
besides
Medals
,
framed
Inscriptions
of
his
own
imagination
,
and
buried
them
in
convenient
places
,
that
when
they
seemed
ancient
,
he
might
find
,
present
,
and
vend
them
to
the
World
,
as
he
did
his
Berosus
,
&c.
The
same
abuse
of
describing
false
Coins
for
true
is
also
said
to
be
in
Guevara's
Epistles
,
Jov.
Pontanus
his
Venditionis
Formula
;
Pompon
.
Laetus
his
Will
,
Joh.
Camers
,
Cyr.
Anconitanus
call'd
the
Antiquary
and
the
Promptuarium
Iconum
,
by
which
two
last
many
Authors
,
especially
the
Spanish
,
have
been
misled
.
2.
The
first
who
set
out
the
Effigies
of
the
Emperors
and
other
famous
Persons
,
was
Card.
Sadolet
,
or
(
as
some
say
)
Fulvius
Ursinus
(
for
under
his
Name
the
Book
goes
)
under
the
Title
of
Illustrium
Imagines
printed
[
*
](A67248-e6660-b)
*
Andreas
Fulvius
,
not
Fulvius
Ursinus
.
Vide
Ge●…neri
Bibliot
.
à
Simlero
edit
.
&
Phil
Labbe
Bibliothecae
Nummar●…ae
.
Part
1.
anno
1517.
or
perhaps
next
to
him
Joan.
Huttichius
put
out
a
Book
call'd
Imperatorum
Romanorum
libellus
un●…
cum
imaginibus
,
&c.
at
Strasbourg
,
anno
1525.
and
in
other
places
afterwards
,
the
Figures
nothing
like
those
upon
their
Medals
.
Jac.
Strada
,
anno
1553.
at
Lyons
published
his
Epitome
Thesauri
Antiquit
atum
.
This
Work
was
again
imitated
at
Zurich
,
anno
1558.
and
afterwards
by
Rouille
at
Lyons
under
the
name
of
Promptuarium
Numismatum
.
Strada
is
but
indifferently
faithful
,
and
this
Edition
especially
hath
added
many
false
Images
and
Medals
:
by
the
way
also
note
,
that
the
Book
of
Inscriptions
printed
at
Rome
in
Leo
X's
time
,
is
censured
to
be
corruptly
printed
.
3.
Now
the
ways
of
falsifying
them
are
these
:
1.
By
filing
of
the
halves
of
two
Medals
,
whereof
one
side
is
wasted
,
and
sodering
them
together
.
This
is
discerned
easily
,
because
many
times
the
two
parts
do
not
belong
to
the
same
Emperor
,
nor
are
of
the
same
Master
;
but
chiefly
because
the
conjunction
appears
by
a
white
or
silver
Thread
(
for
their
Soder
is
made
of
that
Metal
)
round
about
the
Edge
.
2.
If
an
ancient
Medal
be
almost
consumed
by
working
it
over
again
with
a
Burin
or
graving
Tool
,
and
reingraving
the
worn
Figures
;
if
well
done
,
these
are
not
●…uch
inferior
to
true
ones
:
but
are
known
,
because
the
middle
is
more
hollow
than
the
edges
.
3.
By
restamping
a
Medal
worn
on
both
or
one
side
;
or
by
stamping
a
new
Medal
,
by
which
means
most
of
the
modern
ones
are
made
;
if
on
one
side
,
they
lay
a
Felt
under
the
other
side
,
notwithstanding
which
,
that
side
will
be
flat
and
battered
whilst
the
other
is
fresh
and
rough
:
if
both
sides
be
new
stamped
,
the
Traits
will
be
crude
and
apparent
,
besides
that
the
new
Sculpture
is
of
another
Mine
than
the
ancient
:
the
Letters
made
with
another
proportion
,
the
Ms
straight
down
,
whereas
all
the
Ancients
are
M.
And
by
the
writing
are
they
well
discerned
,
for
the
Letters
of
the
ancient
are
not
uniform
,
nor
very
decent
:
Seeing
,
as
Cellini
very
acutely
observes
,
they
graved
all
their
Molds
with
Chisels
or
Burins
,
whereas
the
late
Counterfeiters
struck
theirs
with
a
Punch
.
But
the
best
way
is
that
which
Pliny
saith
,
l.
33.
c.
9.
by
comparing
them
with
other
modern
and
counterfeit
ones
.
In
hâc
artium
solâ
Vitia
discuntur
,
&
falsi
denarii
spectatur
exemplar
,
pluribusque
veris
denariis
adulterinus
emitur
.
4.
By
casting
a
new
Medal
upon
an
ancient
one
;
to
distinguish
these
,
you
must
take
notice
,
that
Learned
men
do
conceive
the
manner
of
coining
,
especially
great
Medals
,
was
anciently
to
melt
the
Metal
,
and
cast
it
into
Molds
like
a
Ball
,
or
Bullet
,
and
then
being
hot
,
to
stamp
them
flat
with
a
great
and
heavy
Hammer
(
such
a
one
as
we
see
upon
some
Medals
)
whence
it
comes
,
that
most
of
the
Medals
have
clefts
in
the
Edges
,
caused
by
the
force
of
the
Instrument
,
which
the
cast
ones
do
not
well
represent
.
Besides
,
the
melted
Metal
doth
not
so
well
and
distinctly
receive
the
minute
Traicts
of
the
stamp
.
Again
,
be
the
Spaud
never
so
fine
,
there
will
appear
small
roughnesses
as
of
Sand
upon
the
cast
Piece
;
nor
can
the
best
Caster
in
the
most
accurate
flaskes
hinder
,
that
there
shall
not
be
little
Edges
of
Metal
to
be
filed
away
;
the
cast
ones
also
are
lighter
than
the
true
.
5.
Lastly
,
by
filling
up
a
corroded
Medal
with
a
certain
strong
Paste
,
and
casting
over
all
a
thick
Varnish
made
of
Sulphur
,
Verdigrease
and
Vinegar
;
which
when
you
see
you
must
suspect
,
and
trying
with
any
sharp
Instrument
easily
discover
the
fraud
.
4.
To
give
Rules
sufficient
for
discerning
of
all
false
Medals
is
impossible
,
yet
some
few
I
will
set
down
.
1.
All
which
have
moral
sentences
upon
them
;
as
Festina
lente
;
Veni
,
vidi
,
vici
,
and
the
like
,
are
false
:
there
being
ordinarily
nothing
but
the
Names
,
Titles
,
Time
,
Offices
,
&c.
of
the
Prince
,
&c.
2.
All
or
the
greatest
part
of
the
Ancients
,
who
were
not
Sovereign
Princes
,
or
who
lived
in
Common-wealths
are
counterfeit
,
as
of
Hannibal
,
Plato
,
Alcibiades
,
Nero
,
which
Petrus
Galilaeus
sold
to
Paul
IV.
at
a
vast
rate
,
Artemisia
,
Fabius
,
Scipio
Africanus
,
and
the
like
:
also
Medalions
of
Priamus
,
Dido
,
&c.
also
the
large
ones
of
Carluas
M.
with
a
long
Beard
,
and
Gothick
Inscription
.
3.
Divers
of
the
Augustae
in
AEneas
Vicus
(
i.
e.
)
such
as
he
confesseth
to
have
taken
out
of
Promptuarium
Iconum
.
4.
All
the
ancient
gold
Coins
were
fine
,
and
if
not
fine
,
not
ancient
.
5.
To
say
somewhat
of
the
Value
of
them
,
observe
these
Rules
:
1.
Modern
Medals
well
cast
upon
ancient
ones
,
if
cleansed
and
hansomed
,
are
the
best
of
all
counterfeits
,
and
may
serve
very
well
to
fill
up
a
Series
.
2.
Modern
Medals
stamped
of
a
good
Master
after
ancient
ones
,
and
of
a
good
representation
are
the
next
best
,
and
are
more
worth
than
a
common
ancient
one
.
Modern
ones
also
stamped
upon
an
ancient
one
defaced
,
are
better
than
of
modern
Metal
.
3.
Of
all
modern
Counterfeiters
the
Padoani
are
the
best
,
and
their
Works
,
especially
such
as
were
stamped
when
the
Stamps
were
fresh
,
are
much
esteemed
.
5.
It
is
very
hard
to
cleanse
a
Brass
Medal
from
Earth
and
Rust
,
some
boil
them
half
an
hour
in
Water
with
Tartar
,
and
a
little
Alom
,
after
they
are
cold
rub
them
well
with
Tanners
Oaze
or
with
Bran
;
others
pass
them
over
lightly
with
Aqua
fortis
,
but
this
is
dangerous
,
and
by
no
means
to
be
used
in
such
as
are
of
mixed
Metals
;
others
put
them
in
the
fire
,
but
that
commonly
spoils
them
;
others
rub
them
with
Tripoly
or
a
Wire-brush
;
but
the
best
way
is
with
the
Burin
or
Graving
tool
for
them
that
know
to
use
it
and
have
the
patience
.
6.
Medals
are
esteemed
,
1.
for
their
Antiquity
,
2.
for
the
goodness
of
their
Master
;
the
best
Masters
were
from
Nero
to
Pertinax
,
a
time
of
long
Peace
,
3.
for
their
well-conservation
,
cleanness
,
and
beauty
,
4.
for
their
greatness
,
5.
for
their
Erudition
,
6.
for
their
rarity
,
7.
to
make
up
a
Series
.
Now
these
Rules
are
observed
by
men
of
the
Trade
concerning
their
rareness
and
value
.
7.
The
Medals
are
rare
,
when
of
a
Person
who
reigned
but
a
short
time
;
or
but
few
made
of
him
,
or
one
that
is
singular
of
an
Emperor
of
whom
there
are
many
common
.
Medals
Contorniate
,
tho
of
a
bad
Master
,
are
rare
and
very
much
esteemed
,
so
are
they
which
have
the
Face
hollow
,
such
also
as
have
two
Heads
upon
them
,
whether
on
the
same
or
divers
sides
;
such
as
have
the
bust
or
good
part
of
the
Body
with
the
Head
;
such
are
many
of
those
who
were
only
Caesar's
,
and
not
Augustus's
,
which
have
no
Reverses
,
save
only
an
Inscription
.
The
Medals
of
the
lower
Emperors
in
great
,
and
of
the
higher
in
little
,
are
rarer
.
Great
Greek
Medals
of
the
Emperors
are
not
much
more
esteemed
than
the
lesser
,
because
of
their
ill
Masters
.
Great
Consular
Medals
rare
,
if
any
at
all
.
Medaglions
of
Gold
and
Silver
very
rare
,
if
any
at
all
,
of
Brass
also
rare
:
Which
to
understand
,
take
notice
there
are
four
bignesses
of
Medals
,
1.
Medaglions
,
2.
great
Medals
which
have
frequently
S.
C.
upon
them
,
3.
mean
,
4.
small
ones
.
The
exact
bigness
of
each
,
tho
both
Goltzius
and
Ant.
Augustinus
set
down
,
yet
I
think
them
not
exact
enough
to
give
them
here
.
Note
also
,
that
they
are
dearer
in
some
places
than
others
;
either
according
as
they
find
Chapmen
,
or
are
known
,
or
that
the
Emperors
lived
there
;
as
here
Carausius
and
Allectus
are
not
scarce
,
which
in
other
places
are
counted
very
rare
.
CHAP.
IV.
Of
Greek
Coins
.
1.
BEfore
we
come
to
the
Roman
,
it
will
not
be
amiss
to
speak
somewhat
of
the
Greek
Coins
,
supposing
what
we
hinted
before
,
that
those
with
the
Figures
of
the
ancient
Athenian
and
Lacedaemonian
Generals
,
the
large
ones
with
the
Temple
of
Diana
,
Mausolaeum
,
Q.
Dido
,
Priamus
,
and
the
like
,
are
all
false
;
and
that
there
is
no
true
Medal
of
Moses
,
or
the
Kings
of
Caldaea
,
Judaea
,
&c.
we
will
speak
only
of
the
unsuspected
.
2.
The
Gold-Coins
,
whether
Darici
,
Philippei
,
Alexandrei
,
or
others
,
were
much
what
of
the
same
Value
and
Weight
,
to
wit
,
about
133
½
gr.
English
,
or
179
gr.
of
Holland
equal
in
weight
to
the
Didrachma
,
but
in
value
20
Drachmae
of
Silver
.
So
that
it
appears
their
Gold
had
decuple
Ration
to
their
Silver
,
and
that
five
Darici
were
worth
a
Mna
or
Mina
which
was
100
Drams
.
The
Attick
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
was
½
of
an
ounce
;
and
somewhat
heavier
than
the
Roman
Denarius
,
tho
among
the
Romans
(
the
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
being
a
Foreign
Coin
)
they
passed
promiscuously
one
for
the
other
.
The
Drachma
contained
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
Scruples
)
3.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
oboli
)
6.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
lupuli
)
9.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
siliquas
)
18.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
aereola
)
48.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
was
two
Drachmaes
.
And
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
4
Drams
was
call'd
Stater
.
The
Drachma
weighs
less
than
70
English
gr.
and
the
best
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
Pallas
℞
à
noctua
)
about
268
gr.
3.
The
Greek
Coins
were
either
of
Kings
and
Princes
,
or
Republicks
;
for
I
shall
speak
of
such
as
were
coined
under
the
Roman
Emperors
in
their
proper
places
Nor
will
I
distinctly
set
down
the
Grecian
from
the
Sicilian
and
Italian-Magna-Graecia
ones
.
The
Coins
of
the
Kings
are
more
rare
in
Brass
than
in
Silver
,
but
of
the
Republicks
rarer
in
Silver
than
in
Brass
.
The
Greek
ones
of
the
Roman
Emperors
are
very
rare
in
Silver
,
and
I
know
not
whether
any
at
all
in
Gold
;
all
in
a
manner
of
bad
Masters
:
Some
there
are
,
but
rarely
,
which
are
Greek
on
one
side
,
and
Latin
on
the
other
:
Some
,
tho
Greek
,
have
Latin
Inscriptions
,
as
Suessano
,
M●…nturnens
,
&c.
This
Catalogue
I
have
taken
chiefly
out
of
Goltzius
.
Paruta
(
who
hath
written
of
the
Sicilian
Medals
)
I
have
not
yet
seen
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
only
found
in
Reverse
to
Geta
and
some
other
Roman
Emperor
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Macedon
.
Antigonus
in
Silver
not
very
rare
,
but
not
known
of
which
of
them
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
rarely
with
his
Head
,
ordinarily
Juno
℞
a
Thunderbolt
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Macedon
,
rare
.
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
the
fews
,
rare
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
very
common
with
great
variety
of
Reverses
with
the
Lyons
Skin
,
is
to
be
understood
Ludi
Alexandrei
in
honorem
Herculis
;
the
Arabians
call
him
not
Alexander
,
but
by
a
name
that
signifies
Bicornis
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
not
rare
,
except
with
an
Elephant
,
or
℞
his
Wife
Cleopatra
.
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Syria
,
rare
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
(
filius
,
sc
)
King
of
Epire
,
Brother
of
Olympias
,
Uncle
of
Alexander
the
Great
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Syria
,
rare
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Amyntas
third
King
of
Macedon
,
very
rare
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Macedon
,
rare
.
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Bithynia
,
his
Head
℞
a
Goddess
with
Arms
expanded
.
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Macedon
.
|
|
|
Areta
,
Rex
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Pergamus
,
rare
.
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Cappadocia
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Chalcis
,
Brother
of
Herodes
Agrippa
King
of
Judaea
,
of
whom
Acts
22.
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Queen
of
Egypt
.
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Queen
of
Caria
.
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Pergamus
,
rare
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Judaea
.
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Queen
of
Egypt
,
rare
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
the
Sun
in
Faccia
℞
,
a
man
with
a
two-edged
Ax
on
his
shoulder
,
and
a
Spear
in
his
hand
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Probably
money
of
Caria
,
where
Hecatomnus
the
Prince
left
five
Children
,
1.
Mausolus
,
who
married
his
Sister
,
2.
Artemisia
,
who
both
dying
,
3.
Idrieus
succeeded
,
who
married
,
4.
Ada
his
Sister
.
He
dying
,
she
was
deposed
,
and
banished
by
5.
Pexodorus
the
youngest
Son
,
but
was
restored
by
Alexander
the
Great
.
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
very
rare
.
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Sicily
,
very
rare
.
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
frequent
,
but
not
known
of
which
.
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
rare
.
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Syria
.
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Syria
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
in
Sicily
,
common
.
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Syracuse
,
very
rare
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Sicily
,
rare
.
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Mauritania
,
on
one
side
Roman
,
on
the
other
Punick
Letters
,
common
;
with
any
other
Inscription
,
rare
.
|
and
Cleopatra
Daughter
of
Antiochus
M.
Wife
of
Euergetes
or
Physcon
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Son
of
the
former
.
℞
Cleopatra
,
the
Daughter
of
M.
Antonius
by
the
Egyptian
Cleopatra
.
This
was
the
famous
Historian
,
very
rare
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Macedon
,
common
;
his
Head
with
Jupiter
Hammons
Horns
;
usually
the
Kings
of
Macedon
,
after
Alexander
so
decypher'd
.
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
his
Head
,
℞
the
three
Graces
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
her
Head
,
and
℞
a
Lobster
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Caria
.
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Daughter
of
Antiochus
King
of
Comagenae
,
and
Wife
of
Alexander
Son
of
Tigranes
,
made
King
of
Armenia
by
Nero.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Macedon
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Macedon
,
rare
.
His
Head
℞
Jupiter
thundering
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Caria
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Queen
of
Egypt
,
rare
in
Gold
,
rarer
with
M.
Antony
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Cnossians
.
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
(
the
great
)
common
,
his
Head
℞
a
Stag.
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
rare
.
|
|
Cesarion
,
rare
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
very
rare
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
probably
〈◊〉
Daughter
of
Ptolomaeus
Philometor
,
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Caria
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Macedonia
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Macedonia
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Bithynia
,
common
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Epire
and
Macedonia
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Macedon
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Syria
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Macedon
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Syria
.
|
Ptolemaeus
,
King
of
Egypt
,
very
common
,
not
known
of
which
,
the
ordinary
Head
is
Jupiters
,
not
Ptolomy's
,
℞
an
Eagle
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Egypt
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Macedonia
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
not
very
rare
.
Seguin
hath
set
out
one
with
the
Heads
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
▪
and
Berenice
on
one
side
▪
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
on
the
other
Ptol.
Philadelph
.
Arsinoe
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Armenia
,
rare
.
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Syria
,
very
rare
.
Sir
J.
Marsham
had
one
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
not
very
rare
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Pergamus
,
in
Silver
not
rare
,
an
Eunuch
.
Lysimachus
seized
upon
his
Treasures
and
the
City
Pergamus
,
and
began
the
Monarchy
of
Pergamus
or
the
Atta●…ci
.
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Syria
.
|
Coin
is
commonly
of
a
Drachma
,
the
other
Philips
,
more
commonly
Didrachmes
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
King
of
Macedon
,
the
last
but
one
:
his
|
|
|
Apud
Seguinum
.
|
-
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
a
barbarous
Head
,
with
a
Beard
and
a
Diadem
.
R
,
a
young
man
on
horse-back
.
-
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
a
King
of
Thrace
,
who
fought
a
sore
and
doubtful
battel
with
Lysimachus
presently
after
Alexander'
s
death
.
-
There
are
also
,
tho
very
rare
,
extant
,
Coins
of
Rhaemetalces
,
Cotys
,
and
Rescuporis
,
Kings
of
Thracia
:
probably
also
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
or
Pythonice
Wife
perhaps
of
Cotys
.
-
Ininthymenou
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
|
A
Catalogue
of
the
Coins
of
the
Grecian
Common-wealths
,
chiefly
out
of
Goltzius
.
I
have
taken
in
all
that
Goltzius
hath
both
in
his
Graecia
,
Insulis
Graeciae
,
Asia
,
Sicilia
and
Magna
Graecia
,
and
some
others
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Jupiter
and
Juno
.
℞
an
Ox
upon
his
guard
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
the
head
of
Jupiter
from
whom
they
pretended
their
original
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
a
Bee
E
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
℞
a
Stags-head
near
a
Palm
tree
.
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
an
half-Goat
,
because
that
Creature
first
discovered
the
Oracle
there
.
Nonius
.
or
because
the
great
Sacrifice
there
.
Paus
in
Phoc.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
an
Oxe
which
in
that
Country
was
of
extraordinary
〈◊〉
;
they
were
called
Py●…
Boves
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
an
old
head
supposed
to
be
Charondas's
|
|
their
Lawgiver
,
buried
at
Catana
;
and
his
Monument
found
not
many
years
ago
as
Fazello
saith
.
℞
either
a
winged
Thunderbolt
,
or
Scepter
,
or
Caduceus
;
between
two
Patera's
or
Sacrificing
Dishes
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
All
Coins
with
twisted
Serpents
were
Cretan
.
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
a
young
head
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
King
of
a
Country
lying
upon
Propontis
,
slain
accidentally
by
the
Argonauts
.
|
|
He
gave
name
to
the
famous
City
of
Cyzicum
given
by
Jupiter
in
Dowry
to
Proserpina
who
was
the
chief
Goddess
of
that
City
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Naples
and
all
Campania
worshipped
Deum
Hebonem
,
who
was
the
same
with
Bacchus
,
Beccapeus
,
&c.
and
is
indeed
the
Sun
in
the
figure
of
an
Oxe
with
a
mans
face
.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
A
Womans
head
towred
with
a
double
axe
upon
her
shoulder
;
probably
the
head
of
Smyrna
an
Amazon
Foundress
of
that
City
.
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
A
Sphynx
.
℞
Homer
probably
born
there
.
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
|
These
which
are
Asterisced
are
not
in
Goltzius's
greater
Work
,
but
in
that
which
is
as
it
were
an
Index
to
all
the
rest
;
howbeit
tho
they
are
not
described
in
his
Book
,
yet
divers
of
them
are
not
very
rare
:
As
also
there
are
divers
Coins
of
those
Cities
he
sets
down
not
described
in
him
.
As
,
Catana
in
Sicily
had
on
one
side
the
two
Brothers
carrying
their
aged
Parents
upon
their
shoulders
out
of
the
burning
.
Tenedos
,
a
double
or
two-edged
Hatchet
;
℞
an
Head
of
a
Man
and
Woman
,
in
Memory
of
a
Law
made
by
King
Tennes
,
that
a
man
and
woman
taken
in
Adultery
should
have
their
heads
struck
off
with
an
Hatchet
;
his
own
Son
being
afterwards
taken
in
the
fact
,
he
was
consulted
what
should
be
done
with
him
,
and
answered
,
Let
the
Law
be
executed
,
which
accordingly
was
,
and
this
Tennes
afterwards
Deified
.
Corinth
had
Bellerophon
killing
a
Chimaera
.
Bellerophon
was
a
beautiful
young
Man
of
Corinth
,
who
being
tempted
by
Stenobaea
;
or
,
as
some
call
her
,
Arria
the
Wife
of
Praetus
,
and
refusing
her
,
by
her
was
accused
to
her
Husband
,
as
if
he
had
endeavoured
to
have
forced
her
;
Praetus
sent
him
to
Jobates
his
Father-in
law
,
who
,
to
rid
himself
of
him
the
more
handsomly
,
sent
him
to
subdue
Chimaera
,
a
Mountain
in
Lycia
,
the
lowest
part
whereof
was
infested
with
Lyons
and
Serpents
,
the
middle
part
was
good
Pasturage
,
and
the
top
flamed
as
Vesuvius
;
but
the
young
Man
returned
with
Honour
,
having
rendred
the
Mountain
habitable
,
and
was
therefore
very
much
honoured
by
his
Country-men
.
Where
you
see
twisted
Serpents
,
't
is
commonly
,
if
not
always
,
a
Cretan
Coin
.
Greek
Coins
commonly
have
the
Name
of
the
City
that
coined
them
set
upon
them
,
and
therefore
are
easie
to
be
known
.
Besides
what
are
here
named
,
they
find
others
very
frequently
.
CHAP.
V.
Of
Family
or
Consular
Coins
.
1.
THere
are
very
many
Roman
Coins
,
the
age
whereof
is
uncertain
;
but
are
generally
supposed
to
be
before
Julius
Caesar
,
to
which
difficulty
we
shall
speak
by
and
by
:
and
they
were
at
first
collected
by
Fulvius
Ursinus
in
his
excellent
Work
;
who
found
no
other
advantage
,
beside
the
Reverses
to
be
made
by
them
,
and
that
to
discover
the
Roman
Families
;
and
according
to
those
Families
,
he
ranketh
them
Alphabetically
,
which
is
the
reason
they
are
called
Coins
of
the
Families
:
And
so
great
was
his
diligence
,
that
I
have
not
read
nor
met
with
any
could
scarce
add
one
Medal
of
any
one
Family
,
he
hath
not
set
down
;
except
one
Betiliena
and
two
or
three
lately
added
by
Monsieur
Seguin
:
Gorlaeus
indeed
hath
pretended
an
addition
to
him
;
but
he
hath
only
more
Coins
of
the
same
Families
,
and
such
are
not
rare
;
but
of
another
Family
he
hath
not
added
any
[
†
](A67248-e21160-b)
†
Monsieur
Patin
since
the
writing
of
this
,
hath
somewhat
augmented
Fulvius
Ursinus's
Collection
;
and
Morellius
in
his
late
Book
,
promiseth
to
add
a
Third
Part
more
.
And
the
Architetto
Generale
of
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
,
a
very
Curious
and
Ingenious
Gentleman
,
hath
given
us
hopes
that
he
will
discover
some
others
.
But
Goltzius
coming
after
,
and
thinking
this
an
inferiour
and
by
intention
,
was
ordered
by
his
Patron
Marc.
Laurinus
to
reduce
them
to
the
Consuls
;
and
so
they
come
to
be
called
Consular
Coins
.
An
undertaking
,
which
was
indeed
impossible
to
come
to
good
effect
;
for
this
he
doth
,
when
he
finds
upon
the
Coin
any
Name
which
in
the
Fasti
he
finds
to
be
the
Name
of
a
Consul
,
he
immediately
attributes
that
Coin
to
him
.
But
,
First
,
The
Power
of
Coining
was
not
in
the
Consuls
,
but
in
the
Triumviri
;
and
therefore
the
Names
upon
the
Coins
,
are
in
all
probability
,
the
Names
of
some
of
the
Triumviri
that
coined
that
Piece
;
because
that
upon
many
of
them
it
is
so
set
down
;
and
we
have
no
reason
to
imagine
,
that
the
rest
were
any
others
.
Secondly
,
The
Romans
had
very
frequently
divers
men
of
the
same
Name
:
and
therefore
,
though
sometimes
,
it
is
possible
Goltzius
might
hit
upon
the
truth
,
yet
it
is
then
but
by
accident
,
only
when
the
Mint-Master
was
afterwards
made
Consul
;
for
he
could
not
have
any
good
Conjecture
(
much
less
Certainty
)
that
such
a
Coin
belonged
to
such
a
Person
.
Thirdly
,
Besides
there
was
no
intention
in
the
Coining
,
to
refer
them
to
Consuls
,
since
there
is
ordinarily
upon
them
but
one
Name
;
and
many
times
Q.
or
P.
(
i.
e.
)
Quaestor
or
Praetor
,
which
were
Offices
incompatible
with
the
Consulship
.
Now
it
is
likely
,
that
either
the
Triumviri
had
some
of
those
Offices
also
;
or
that
some
of
their
Families
or
near
Relations
had
born
those
Offices
;
and
done
also
those
eminent
Actions
,
which
are
divers
times
described
upon
the
Coins
:
So
that
the
Inscription
was
in
the
Power
of
the
Mint-Master
,
except
where
something
was
particularly
ordered
by
the
Senate
;
and
then
S.
C.
is
set
upon
it
.
2.
Yet
there
are
some
Learned
Men
,
who
think
none
of
these
Coins
ancienter
than
Augustus
Caesar
;
and
that
they
were
Coined
in
the
Municipia
,
upon
occasion
of
their
Solemnities
,
as
Games
,
Sacrifices
,
&c.
because
we
find
sometimes
II-Vir
upon
them
;
and
they
seem
to
be
of
a
later
and
better
Letter
.
But
it
seems
to
me
,
that
many
of
them
were
ancienter
,
and
coined
at
Rome
:
for
the
III-viri
were
Officers
in
the
City
only
,
as
the
II-viri
were
in
the
Municipia
;
and
where
we
find
II-viri
,
that
Money
was
indeed
stamped
there
;
and
commonly
the
Name
of
the
City
,
is
expressed
or
intimated
upon
it
.
2.
The
Bigati
and
Quadrigati
were
certainly
ancient
Money
of
Rome
:
So
Tacitus
calls
it
pecuniam
veterem
ac
diú
notam
.
3.
Neither
is
the
Name
nor
Head
of
the
Emperour
upon
them
,
as
was
usually
upon
such
Money
as
was
Coined
in
their
times
,
but
the
Head
of
Roma
.
4.
If
the
Municipia
Coined
such
,
and
so
many
that
remain
,
why
not
Rome
many
more
?
Then
what
is
become
of
those
infinite
numbers
of
Denarii
stamped
before
the
Emperours
?
5.
The
Names
of
Offices
,
as
Praetor
,
Quaestor
upon
some
,
and
S.
C.
upon
others
,
are
sufficient
Arguments
,
that
they
were
Coined
at
Rome
:
to
which
add
,
that
there
is
no
Sign
nor
good
Argument
,
to
shew
they
were
stamped
any
where
else
.
Nor
is
the
goodness
of
the
Letters
,
sufficient
to
prove
them
Modern
,
since
sometimes
there
were
better
,
sometimes
worse
Masters
:
besides
,
many
other
occasions
might
intervene
for
the
making
the
Stamps
better
or
worse
;
tho
indeed
many
of
them
are
very
bad
:
besides
that
,
it
is
difficult
,
if
not
impossible
,
to
assign
a
short
time
,
for
the
change
of
the
Letters
of
a
Language
,
one
hundred
years
many
times
scarce
making
any
difference
.
3.
I
shall
set
these
Coins
down
in
the
same
order
,
as
I
find
them
in
Fulvius
Ursinus
,
that
it
may
be
easily
known
what
is
in
him
,
and
what
Coins
he
omits
;
and
consequently
,
are
most
rare
.
But
for
the
better
understanding
of
them
,
I
will
premise
certain
Considerations
:
as
,
First
,
That
the
Romans
had
ordinarily
three
Names
.
Proenomen
,
imposed
at
the
taking
the
Toga
Virilis
(
as
the
nomen
was
at
the
Dies
Lustricus
)
ordinarily
said
to
have
been
at
first
thirteen
.
Appius
,
Decius
,
Aulus
,
Caius
,
Cnaeus
,
Lucius
,
Manius
,
Marcus
,
Publius
,
Quintus
,
Sextus
,
Spurius
,
Titus
.
Others
add
Cossus
,
Tiberius
,
Caeso
(
the
praenomen
of
the
Fabia
Gens
)
.
Numerius
,
Mamercus
(
the
praenomen
of
the
Gens
AEmilia
.
)
Their
nomen
or
Name
of
their
Family
,
all
of
which
,
or
very
few
excepted
,
end
in
ius
,
as
Tullius
,
Vipsanius
,
Julius
,
&c.
which
was
the
same
as
of
Tullus
,
of
Vipsanus
,
of
Julus
,
&c.
Their
cognomen
or
After-Name
from
some
Action
,
Country
,
or
Accident
:
and
this
was
used
to
divide
the
Family
into
its
branches
,
as
Caesar
,
Cicero
,
Agrippa
,
&c.
Some
also
had
an
Agnomen
or
Nick-name
,
but
that
was
but
seldom
.
2.
Before
the
times
of
the
Emperors
,
the
adopted
was
ordinarily
called
by
the
Name
of
the
Family
of
the
Adopter
;
but
afterwards
they
put
the
Names
of
their
own
Familes
first
,
and
after
that
of
the
Adopter
.
3.
At
the
foundation
of
Rome
,
Romulus
divided
all
the
Families
of
the
Citizens
into
Patritios
and
Plebeios
.
Patritii
were
afterwards
of
two
sorts
,
Majorum
Gentium
,
which
some
say
were
only
of
those
hundred
Families
made
Patritii
by
Romulus
;
or
,
as
others
say
,
all
that
were
admitted
into
the
Order
by
any
of
the
Kings
.
2.
Minorum
Gentium
,
which
some
say
were
all
not
called
Patritii
by
Romulus
;
others
,
those
only
,
who
were
created
after
the
time
of
the
Kings
.
Nobiles
were
such
,
whether
Patritii
or
Plebeii
,
as
could
shew
the
Images
of
their
Ancestors
;
now
none
were
suffered
to
have
their
Statues
made
,
except
such
as
had
born
the
Offices
to
which
belonged
a
Sella
Curulis
.
All
the
rest
,
who
obtained
Offices
,
how
great
soever
,
and
could
not
sh●…w
those
Images
(
ordinarily
made
in
Wax
)
were
called
No●…i
,
new
or
upstart
persons
.
Colonia
Patritia
was
such
a
one
as
consisted
of
Persons
of
better
quality
.
4.
Romulus
again
divided
the
People
according
to
their
Wealth
,
for
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Esta●…e
worth
so
much
,
was
obliged
to
find
a
Horse
,
to
serve
on
horse
back
in
the
Wars
,
and
were
called
Equites
,
of
which
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
others
Plebeii
.
Familia
Aburia
pleb
.
Coins
in
Fulvius
Ursinus
of
C.
Aburius
Geminus
.
M.
Aburius
Geminus
.
Acilia
pleb
.
Mu.
Acilius
Triumvir
.
the
Reverse
ordinarily
somewhat
in
order
to
Health
;
the
Name
being
derived
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
AElia
.
AILIA
.
Allia
pleb
.
Q.
AElius
Lamia
Triumvir
.
P.
AElius
Poetus
.
C.
Allius
Bala
.
AEmilia
patric
.
had
divers
Families
known
by
the
Sirnames
Scauros
.
Paullos
.
Lepidos
.
Bucas
.
M.
AEmilius
Scaurus
.
M.
AEmilius
Lepidus
.
Paulus
Lepidus
.
M.
Lepidus
Triumvir
.
R
P
C
(
reipublicoe
constituendae
)
with
Augustus
and
M.
Antony
.
L.
AEmilius
Buca
IV.
vir
.
in
Julius
Caesar's
time
.
Afrania
pleb
.
Sp.
Afranius
.
L.
Afranius
literis
Antiquis
Graecis
perhaps
Pompey's
Lieutenant
in
Spain
.
Alliena
.
pleb
.
A.
Allienus
.
Annia
.
pleb
.
C.
Annius
T.
F.
T.
N.
(
Titi
Filius
,
Titi
Nepos
)
Silius
.
Annius
Lamia
Triumvir
.
Antestia
,
sive
Antistia
.
pleb
.
was
divided
into
Reginos
&
Veteres
.
L.
Antestius
.
C.
Antestius
.
C.
Antistius
Reginus
Triumvir
.
C.
Antistius
Vetus
Triumvr●…
.
Antia
pleb
.
C.
Antius
Restio
.
Antonia
had
two
Families
,
Merenda
,
patric
.
the
other
pleb
.
the
Sirname
not
known
,
M.
Ant.
Triumvir
.
R.
P.
C.
of
him
very
many
.
L.
Antonius
Cos.
Pietas
:
ita
dictus
ob
pietatem
erga
fratrem
.
M.
Anton.
C.
Antonius
M.
F.
Q.
Antonius
Balbus
.
Apronia
.
pleb
.
Sisenna
Apronius
Gala
Messalla
Triumvir
.
Arria
pleb
.
M.
Arrius
Secundus
.
Asinia
pleb
.
C.
Asinius
Gallus
Triumvir
.
Atilia
had
Families
both
patr.
&
pleb
.
M.
Atilius
Saranus
pleb
.
C.
Atilius
.
Aurelia
pleb
.
branched
into
the
Cottae
&
Scauri
.
M.
Aurelius
Cotta
.
L.
Cotta
.
M.
Aurelius
Scaurus
.
Axsia
pleb
.
L.
Axsius
Naso
.
Boebia
pleb
.
M.
Boebius
Tompilus
.
Betiliena
.
AE.
Betilienus
Bassus
Triumvir
,
This
is
not
in
Fulv.
Ursinus
.
Caecilia
pleb
.
M.
Caecilius
Metellus
.
Q.
Metellus
.
Q.
Metellus
Macedonicus
had
four
Sons
,
three
of
whom
seem
to
be
expressed
upon
Coins
.
Marcus
triumphed
over
Sardi●…ia
;
his
Coin
hath
an
Elephants
Head
,
perhaps
for
the
famous
Victory
of
L.
Metellus
over
the
Carthagians
in
Sicily
.
A.
V.
C.
503.
Caius
sirnamed
Caprarius
.
Quintus
called
Balearicus
because
he
triumphed
over
those
Islands
.
Lucius
called
Dalmaticus
,
because
he
also
t●…iumphed
over
Dalmatia
.
P.
Cornelius
Scipio
Nasica
,
was
called
Q.
Caecilius
Metellus
〈◊〉
Scipio
,
because
adopted
bv
Q.
Metellus
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Cn.
Foul.
(
Cn.
Fulvius
)
M.
Metellus
C
A
(
Calictus
)
Q.
Metellus
.
M.
Metellus
.
Caecina
.
A.
Caecina
.
Caesia
.
L.
Caecius
.
Calidia
patric
.
M.
Calidius
.
Calpurnia
patric
.
branched
into
three
Families
,
Pisonum
,
Bibulorum
,
Pisonum
frugi
,
dicta
à
Calpo
filio
Numae
regis
.
L.
Piso.
L.
F.
frugi
,
L.
Piso
frugi
.
C.
Piso.
L.
F.
frugi
.
M.
Piso.
M.
F.
frugi
.
L.
Bibulus
.
C.
N.
CAEP
.
C.
N.
Piso.
C.
N.
Piso
Triumvir
.
Q.
Piso
Coepio
.
Caninia
had
the
Rebili
Reguli
.
Galli
&
Labeones
.
L.
Caninius
Gallus
Triumvir
.
L.
Caninius
Agrippa
Duumvir
.
Corinth
.
Tempore
Galbae
.
Carisia
.
T.
Carisius
.
P.
Carisius
.
Cassia
had
Sirnames
Bicellini
,
who
were
patric
Iaeni
&
Longini
Plebeians
:
Q.
Cassius
.
C.
Cassius
Longinus
Triumvir
.
L.
Cassius
Q.
F.
C.
Cassiu●
Celer
.
Triumvir
.
Coestia
pleb
.
L.
Caestius
.
Cipia
.
M.
Cipius
.
Claudia
had
the
Pulchri
patric
.
Min.
Gent.
and
the
Marcelli
Plebeians
.
M.
Marcellus
Cos.
qui●
quies
.
C.
Marcellus
.
AP.
Cla.
T.
M.
Q.
A●
Ti.
Claud.
Ti.
F.
AP.
N.
P.
Clodius
.
M.
F.
C.
Cl●dius
.
C.
Pulcher.
Taurus
Regulus
Pulcher
Tri●umvir
.
Clovia
.
C.
Clovius
.
Cloulia
,
Claelia
patric
.
C.
Cloulius
.
Cocceia
,
M.
Nerva
.
Coelia
,
pleb
.
C.
Coelius
Caldus
.
Caldus
Triumvir
C.
Coil
.
Cald.
L.
Coil
.
Considia
,
pleb
.
C.
Considius
Paetus
.
C.
Considius
N●nianus
.
Coponia
,
C.
Coponius
.
Cordia
,
M.
Cordus
Rufus
.
Cornelia
,
patric
.
had
many
branches
,
as
the
Blasiones
,
Lentulos
,
Scipiones
,
Cinnas
,
Sisennas
,
Aquinos
&
Sullas
.
Cn.
Blasio
.
Cn.
F.
P.
SULLA
.
L.
Sulla
,
Sulla
Cos.
Felix
Faustus
.
Marcellinus
(
i.
e.
Cn.
Corn.
Lentulus
Marcellinus
.
)
Lentulus
MR.
F.
Lucius
Lentulus
Marc.
Cos.
Sisena
Cn.
Cornelius
.
L.
F.
Cinna
.
Lentulus
Spinter
.
P.
Lent
.
P.
F.
Cossus
Lentulus
.
Cossus
Cn.
F.
Lentulus
Balbus
.
P.
Cornelius
Blasio
.
The
fifteenth
and
sixteenth
Coins
of
this
Family
in
F.
Ursinus
,
seem
to
be
not
of
Sulla's
Son
,
but
of
Jugurth
.
The
one
and
thirtieth
seems
to
be
the
Image
of
Corn.
Cossas
,
who
An.
U.
C.
325.
slew
Lartes
Tolumnius
King
of
the
Veientes
.
Cornificia
,
pleb
.
C.
Cornificius
Augur
.
Cosconia
,
L.
Cosconius
M.
F.
Cossutia
,
Q.
Cossutius
Maridianus
Triumvir
.
L.
Cossutius
Sabula
.
Crepereia
,
Q.
Crepereius
.
M.
F.
Rocus
.
Crepusia
,
P.
Crepusius
.
Cupiennia
,
L.
Cupiennius
.
Curiatia
,
pleb
.
C.
Curiatius
.
Curtia
,
Q.
Curtius
.
Didia
,
T.
Deidi
.
T.
Didius
Imp.
Domitia
,
pleb
.
habuit
Calvinos
&
Ahenobarbos
.
Cn.
Domitius
.
L.
Lic
.
Cn.
Domit
,
Cn.
Domitius
Ahenobarbus
.
Domit.
Cos.
iter
.
Imp.
Durmia
,
M.
Durmius
Triumvir
.
Egnatia
,
pleb
.
C.
Egnatius
.
Cn.
F.
Cn.
N.
M.
Egnat
.
Q.
Oct.
Duumvir
.
Egnatuleta
,
L.
Egnatuleius
C.
F.
Eppia
,
Eppius
(
Scipionis
Legatus
in
Africâ
.
)
*
Epria
ap●…d
Seguin
.
Eprius
Marcellus
.
Fabia
patric
.
had
Labeones
,
Maximos
&
Pictores
.
Q.
Fabius
Labeo
.
Q.
Maximus
.
N.
Fab.
Pictor
.
C.
Fab.
C.
F.
L.
R.
Q.
M.
L.
Fab.
L.
F.
Hisp.
Fabrinia
.
M.
Fabrinius
.
Fannia
,
pleb
.
M.
Fan.
C.
F.
M.
Fan.
L.
C
R
I.
Farsuleta
,
L.
Farsuleius
Mensor
.
Flaminia
,
pleb
.
L.
Flamin
.
Cilo
.
L.
Flamin
.
Chilo
L.
Flamin
.
IV
-
vir
.
Flavia
,
pleb
.
C.
Flavii
H●…is
.
Fonteia
,
pleb
.
C.
Fontei
.
MV
.
Font.
P.
Fonteius
Capito
.
Triumvir
.
Fufia
,
pleb
.
(
Q.
Fufius
)
Kalenus
.
Fulvia
,
pleb
.
Cn.
Foulvius
.
Fundania
,
pleb
.
C.
Fundanius
.
Furia
had
Purpureones
,
Crassipedes
,
Philos
patric
.
&
Luscos
&
Brocchos
,
pleb
.
Pur.
(
L.
Furius
Purpureo
)
P.
Fourius
Crassipes
.
M.
Fourius
L.
F.
PHILI
.
L.
Furi
.
Cn.
F.
Brocch
.
Brocchi
or
Bronchi
,
were
such
as
had
prominent
Teeth
.
Gallia
,
G.
Gallius
Luper●…us
Triumvir
.
Gellia
,
Cn.
Gellius
.
L.
Gellius
(
Poplicola
Quaestor
Antonii
.
)
Herennia
,
pleb
.
had
Balbos
&
Gallos
.
M.
Herennius
.
Hirtia
,
A.
Hirtius
.
Horatia
,
patric
.
Cocles
.
Hosidia
,
C.
Hosidius
.
C.
F.
Geta
Triumvir
.
Hostilia
,
L.
Hostilius
Sasernas
:
some
of
them
IIIVIRI
,
their
Reverse
commonly
the
Head
of
Tullus
Hostilius
King
of
the
Romans
.
Itia
,
L.
Itius
.
Julia
had
Caesares
patric
.
&
Bursiones
.
L.
Julius
.
Sex
.
Julius
.
C.
Caesar
Dictator
.
Caesar
Triumvir
.
R.
P.
C.
Julius
Bursio
.
Junia
was
divided
into
divers
Families
,
whereof
some
were
Patrician
,
others
Plebeian
:
particularly
into
the
Bruti
&
Silani
.
Brutus
.
M.
Juni
.
C.
Jun.
C.
F.
D.
Silanus
,
L
F.
M.
Silanus
Brut.
Imp.
Q.
Coepio
Brutus
.
Posthumius
Albinus
.
Bruti
F.
(
Decius
Jun●…us
Brutus
(
one
of
the
Murderers
of
Julius
Caesar
)
was
so
called
,
because
adopted
by
Pohumius
)
.
M.
Silanus
.
Labiena
,
pleb
.
Q.
Labienus
Parthicus
Imp.
(
Son
of
that
Labienus
,
who
was
Julius
Caesar's
Lieutenant
)
who
in
the
Civil
Wars
betwixt
Caesar
and
Antony
,
invited
and
conducted
the
Parthians
into
Asia
and
Syria
,
&c.
and
recovered
those
Countries
from
the
Romans
.
Licinia
,
pleb
.
had
Crassos
,
Nervas
,
Murenas
,
and
Stolones
.
L.
MVRENA
.
L.
Lic
.
P.
Crassus
.
P.
Nerva
.
A.
Licinius
Nerva
Triumvir
.
A.
Licinius
Nerva
Silanus
Triumvir
.
P.
Licinius
Stolo
Triumvir
.
C.
Licinius
L
:
F.
Macer
.
P.
Crassus
Junian
(
Scipio's
Lieutenant
in
Africk
,
seems
to
be
adopted
by
P.
Licinius
out
of
the
Familia
Junia
.
)
Livineia
,
P.
Livineius
Regulus
.
L.
Regulus
.
Pulcher
Taurus
Regulus
.
Livia
,
pleb
.
L.
Salinator
(
so
called
,
because
he
in
his
Censorship
introduced
the
Gabel
o●…
Salt
.
)
Lollia
,
pleb
.
(
M.
I●…llius
)
Palikanus
(
a
seditiou●…
Tribune
of
the
people
)
L.
Lolli●…s
Servius
.
Lucilia
,
pleb
.
had
Balbos
,
Bassos
,
Longos
.
Capitones
.
Blaesos
.
Rufos
.
M.
Lucil.
Rufus
.
Lucretia
,
was
subdivided
into
other
Families
some
whereof
were
Patrician
,
others
Plebeian
Cn.
Lucretius
Trio
.
L.
Lucreti
.
Trio
(
pleb
.
)
Luria
,
M.
Lurius
Agrippa
Triumvir
.
Lutatia
,
pleb
.
Q.
Lutatius
.
Maecilia
,
patric
.
M.
Maecilius
Triumvir
.
P.
MEA●…
(
P.
Moecilius
Tullus
)
P.
ME.
NT.
M.
F.
Maiania
,
Mainia
.
Maenia
.
C.
Mini.
Mamilia
,
pleb
.
C.
Mamilius
Lineatinus
.
Manlia
had
both
Patricians
and
Plebeians
.
A.
Manlius
.
Q.
F.
T.
M.
A.
P.
C.
L.
Q
V
R.
(
Tit●…
Manlius
cum
Appio
Claudio
Quaestor
Urbanus●…
L.
Manlius
.
L.
Torquatus
.
L.
Torquatus
Triumvir
.
Maevia
apud
Seguinum
.
non
extat
apud
F.
Ursinum
.
L.
Pollio
Maevius
the
Head
of
the
young
Augustus
.
℞
a
Star
between
the
Horns
of
the
Moon
.
Marcia
had
Philippos
,
Censorinos
,
&
Libones
pleb
.
descended
from
Ancus
Martius
.
Philippus
.
L.
Philippus
.
Q.
Philippus
.
L.
Censorin
.
C.
Censor
.
C.
NARCI
.
Cens.
C.
Marc.
L.
F.
Censor
Triumvir
.
Q.
Marc.
Q.
NARC
.
F.
L.
R.
Q.
Marc.
Libo
.
Maria
,
pleb
.
had
Gratidianos
&
Capitones
.
C.
Mari.
C.
F.
Capito
.
(
Marius
.
Pro-Triumvir
.
C.
F.
Tro.
Triumvir
.
Memmia
,
pleb
.
C.
Memmius
C.
F.
L.
Memmius
Gal.
L.
C.
Memmius
Gal.
Mescinia
,
pleb
.
L.
Mescinius
Rufus
Triumvir
.
Mettia
,
M.
Mettius
.
Minatia
,
M.
Minatius
Sabinus
.
Mineia
,
Elius
Mines
.
M.
F.
Minutia
,
at
first
Patrician
,
afterwards
went
into
Plebeian
,
F.
Minutius
C.
F.
Augur
.
C.
Aug.
Q.
Minutius
Rufus
.
L.
Minutius
.
Q
Thermus
.
M.
F.
(
Q.
Min.
M.
Thermi
filius
.
)
Mucia
,
pleb
.
had
Cordes
&
Scaevolas
.
Cordi
.
Munatia
,
had
the
Planci
.
L.
(
Munatius
)
Plancus
.
Mussid●…a
,
L.
Mussidius
Longus
.
L.
Mussidius
T.
F.
Longus
Triumvir
.
Naevia
,
pleb
.
had
Balbos
&
Surdinos
.
C.
NAE
.
BA
.
L.
Surdinus
Triumvir
.
L.
Naevius
Surdinus
Triumvir
.
Nasidia
,
Q.
Nasidius
.
Neria
,
NERI
.
Q.
urb
.
(
Quaestor
urbanus
.
)
Nonia
,
pleb
.
Sex
.
Noni
.
Suffenas
.
P.
L.
U.
P.
F.
(
publicos
ludos
votivos
Praeter
fecit
.
)
Sex
.
Nonius
Quintilian
.
Triumvir
.
Norbana
,
pleb
.
C.
Norbanus
.
Numitoria
,
pleb
.
L.
Numitorius
.
Numonia
,
C.
Numonius
Vaala
.
Ogulnia
,
pleb
.
C
AR.
Oguln
.
VE
R.
VE
R-Oguln
.
C
AR.
Opeimia
,
L.
Opeimius
.
M.
Opeimius
.
Oppia
,
Q.
Oppius
P.
(
Praetor
.
)
Papia
,
pleb
.
L.
Papius
Celsus
Triumvir
.
L.
Papi
.
Papiria
,
part
of
this
Family
was
Patritian
,
Min.
Gent.
part
Plebeian
M.
Carbo
.
Carb
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
This
seems
to
be
coined
at
Nicea
in
Bythinia
,
where
C.
Papirius
Carbo
was
Governor
about
Anno
U.
C.
687.
Pedania
had
Costas
.
Costa
Leg.
Petilia
,
pleb
.
Petilius
Capitolinus
.
Petronia
,
pleb
.
P.
Petronius
Turpilianus
Triumvir
.
Pinaria
,
patric
.
had
Nattas
&
Scarpos
.
NATA
.
Scarpus
.
Scarpus
.
Imp.
Plaetoria
,
pleb
.
M.
Plaetorius
Cestianus
.
M.
Plaetorius
M.
F.
Cestianus
.
L.
Plaetorius
Cest.
L.
Plaetorius
.
L.
F.
Q.
S.
C.
(
Lucii
filius
Quaestor
Senatus
consultum
.
)
Plancia
,
pleb
.
C.
Plancius
.
Plautia
,
pleb
.
L.
Plautius
Plancus
.
P.
(
Plautius
)
Hypsaeus
(
in
honorem
)
C.
Hvpsae
Cos.
Prtiver
.
capta
.
A.
Plautius
.
C.
PLUTI
.
Plotia
,
C.
Plotius
Rufus
Triumvir
.
Poblicia
,
or
Publicia
,
pleb
.
C.
(
Poblicius
)
Malleolus
.
C.
MA.
L.
Poblicius
Q.
F.
M.
Poblicius
.
C.
Malleus
.
C.
F.
Pompeia
,
pleb
.
had
Rufos
.
Magnos
&
Fostlos
,
or
Fostulos
.
Mag.
Pius
(
Sextus
Cn.
F.
)
Magn.
Cn.
Magn.
MAGN.
SEX
.
MAGN.
PIUS
.
Q.
Pomp.
Rufus
Q.
F.
Sext.
Pomp.
Fostulus
.
Pomponia
pleb
.
L.
Pomponius
Molo
L.
Pompon
.
C
N.
F.
Q.
Pompon
.
Rufus
.
Q.
Pomponius
Musa
.
Many
Coins
of
these
,
the
Reverses
commonly
some
of
the
Muses
.
Porcia
pleb
.
L.
Porcius
Licin
.
C.
Cato
.
M.
Porcius
P.
LAEC
.
Postumia
patric
.
A
(
Postumius
)
Albinus
.
A.
ALB.
S.
F.
L.
Postum
.
A.
F.
C.
Postumi
.
AT
.
A.
Post.
A.
F.
S.
N.
ALBIN
Post.
A.
F.
Procilia
.
L.
Procilius
F.
Quinctia
.
patrit
.
Crispinus
Sulpitianus
Triumvir
adopted
into
the
family
of
the
Quinctii
,
was
called
Titus
Quinctius
Crispinus
Sulpic.
T.
Q.
Renia
.
C.
Renius
.
Roscia
pleb
.
L.
Roscius
Fabat
.
Rubria
pleb
.
L.
Rubrius
Dossin
.
C.
F.
L.
R.
Q.
M.
(
they
seem
to
be
the
names
of
the
Triumviri
.
L.
R.
perhaps
is
Lucius
Roscius
.
Rustia
.
L.
Rustius
.
Q.
Rustius
.
Rutilia
both
patric
.
and
pleb
.
L.
Rutilius
Flaccus
.
Salvia
first
pleb
.
afterwards
patr.
Q.
Salvius
Imp.
M.
Salvius
Triumvir
.
Sanquinia
.
M.
Sanquinius
Triumvir
.
M.
Sanquin
.
Q.
F.
Triumvir
.
Satriena
.
P.
Satrienus
.
Saufeia
.
L.
SAVF
.
Scrib.
pleb
.
was
divided
into
Curiones
and
Libones
.
C.
Scr.
Libo
.
on
one
side
Puteal
a
Conduit
or
Well-house
,
on
the
other
Scribon
,
because
near
his
house
,
or
made
by
him
.
Sempronia
had
Atratinos
patric
.
Gracchos
&
Pitiones
pleb
.
L.
Sempron
.
Pitio
.
L.
Sempron
.
T.
Sempron
.
Gracchus
.
T.
Sempron
.
Gracchus
Triumvir
.
L.
Atratinus
.
Sentia
.
L.
Sentius
C.
F.
L.
(
Sentius
)
Saturnin
.
L.
SAT.
Sepullia
.
P.
Sepullius
Macer
.
Sergia
.
M.
Sergius
Silus
.
Patrician
.
Servilia
patric
.
(
C.
Servilius
)
Ahala
.
M.
Serveil
.
C.
F.
C.
Servil
.
M.
F.
C.
Serveil
.
P.
Servil
.
M.
F.
(
C.
Servilius
Ahala
killed
Sp.
Melius
designing
to
make
himself
King
;
which
gives
occasion
to
many
of
their
Reverses
)
M.
Servil
.
Leg.
C.
Cassii
Imper.
(
P.
Servil
.
)
Casca
longus
.
C.
Serveil
.
Sestia
.
patric
.
L.
Sestius
.
*
Sextia
plebeia
not
extant
in
Ursinus
is
in
Seguinus
,
the
head
of
Nasica
.
℞
C.
Valer.
C.
Sext.
aediles
about
an
Oxe's
head
.
Sicinia
pleb
.
Q.
Sicinius
III-vir
.
Silia
pleb
.
Silius
Annius
Lamia
III-vir
.
*
Socia
extant
only
in
Seguinus
.
M.
Antonies
head
.
℞
a
Trophee
.
Socius
Imp.
Spurilia
pleb
.
A
Spuril
.
Statia
pleb
.
L.
Statius
Murcus
.
Statilia
had
Tauros
.
Taurus
Regulus
Pulcher
Triumvir
.
*
Suillia
apud
Seguinum
.
M.
Suillius
.
Sulpicia
had
Galbas
patric
.
Rufos
&
Galos
.
P.
Calb
.
P.
Galb
.
L.
Servius
(
Sulpitius
)
Rufus
.
Ser.
SULP
.
Ser.
Galba
Imper.
C.
Sulpic.
C.
F.
C.
Sulpitius
Platorinus
.
Tarquitia
patric
.
C.
Tarquitius
.
P.
F.
Terentia
pleb
.
C.
TER.
LUC.
(
Lucanus
)
(
M.
Terentius
)
Varro
.
Thoria
pleb
.
L.
Thorius
Balbus
.
J.
S.
M.
R.
(
Juno
sospita
magna
Regina
.
)
Titinia
both
patric
.
and
pleb
.
C.
Titinius
.
Titia
pleb
.
Q.
Titi.
Tituria
L.
Titurius
Sabinus
.
Trebatia
.
L.
Trebatius
.
*
Trebonia
apud
Seguin
.
C
Trebonius
.
Tullia
patric
.
M.
Tullius
.
Valeria
had
Acisculos
.
Flaccos
Messalas
&
Catullos
,
some
whereof
were
patric
.
some
pleb
.
L.
Valerius
Acisculus
.
C.
VAL
Flaccus
C.
VAL
C.
F.
Flaccus
.
L.
Valeri
.
Flacci
M.
Valerius
Barbatus
Q.
P.
(
Quaestor
Provincialis
)
L.
Valerius
Catullus
III-vir
.
Messal
.
F.
Sisenna
Messala
III-vir
.
Vargunteia
.
M.
VARG
.
Vergilia
pleb
.
VER.
CAR.
OGUL
(
Vergilius
,
Carisius
,
&
Ogulnius
)
curatores
Denariorum
Flandorum
.
Vettia
.
T.
Vettius
Sabinus
.
A.
T
(
Tatius
Sabinorum
Rex
.
)
Veturia
patric
.
Ti.
VE
.
Vibia
pleb
.
had
Varos
&
Pansas
.
C.
Vibius
Varus
.
C.
Vibius
.
C.
F.
Pansa
.
C.
Vibius
.
C.
F.
C
N
Pansa
.
C.
Pansa
.
C.
F.
C.
N.
C.
Pansa
.
Vinicia
.
L.
Vinicius
III-vir
.
L.
Vinicius
L.
F.
Vipsania
.
M.
(
Vipsanius
)
Agrippa
Cos
designatus
.
M.
Agrippa
Platorinus
Triumvir
.
M.
Agrippa
L.
F.
Cos.
3o
.
Voconia
pleb
.
Q.
Voconius
Vitulus
.
Volteia
.
M.
Voltei
.
M.
F.
LYLO
.
L.
F.
Strabo
.
M.
Voltei
.
M.
F.
S.
C.
D.
T.
CHAP.
VI.
Of
the
Reverses
of
Medals
.
THE
greatest
Erudition
is
contain'd
in
the
Reverses
of
Medals
;
for
the
understanding
whereof
,
I
shall
first
set
down
such
general
Observations
as
we
find
frequently
,
and
upon
divers
of
them
:
Afterwards
when
we
come
to
the
Emperors
,
such
as
are
particular
to
one
or
few
of
them
.
These
general
ones
concern
their
Gods
,
Sacrifices
and
Worship
;
their
Solemn
Games
and
Plays
,
their
Conquests
and
Triumphs
;
their
Wars
;
their
Magistrates
and
Offices
;
their
Colonies
,
their
Buildings
,
&c.
SECT.
I.
Of
their
Gods
.
§
.
There
were
very
many
Jupiters
,
but
generally
they
took
their
Names
from
their
places
,
where
the
most
famous
Images
of
them
were
worshipped
,
and
upon
Coins
they
are
represented
accordingly
.
Jupiter
Ammon
,
that
Great
African
Jupiter
,
whose
Temple
was
in
the
Desarts
of
Africk
[
*
](A67248-e28230-b)
*
Therefore
by
some
thought
to
be
called
Ammon
from
the
Sands
;
the
others
rather
think
him
to
have
been
Cham
,
the
Son
of
Noah
,
and
People●…
of
Africa
.
figured
;
a
Head
with
a
bushy
Beard
,
curl'd
Hair
and
a
pair
of
Rams
Horns
.
Wherefore
such
Princes
as
were
devoted
to
him
,
put
the
same
Horns
also
upon
their
Images
and
Coins
,
as
divers
Macedonian
Kings
and
M.
Antonius
the
Triumvir
,
&c.
Jupiter
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
or
T●…rminalis
an
Eagles
Head
upon
his
own
.
Terminus
was
expressed
by
a
Body
to
the
Middle
upon
a
Stock
;
Sometimes
a
young
Head
crowned
with
Sacrificing
Instruments
.
This
God
was
President
(
as
they
supposed
)
over
the
bounds
of
their
Fields
and
Country
.
Numa
introduced
him
as
the
first
of
the
Gods
;
and
his
Solemnity
was
Feb.
20.
He
is
also
decipher'd
by
a
piece
of
a
Pyramide
with
the
Base
upwards
,
whereupon
stands
a
Head
with
Rays
about
it
,
and
Feet
coming
out
underneath
.
Sometimes
(
as
by
the
Theraeans
)
as
a
man
without
Arms
,
and
lessening
to
his
Feet
.
In
Medals
it
signifies
that
such
an
Emperor
enlarged
,
setled
,
defended
or
vindicated
the
Limits
of
the
Empire
.
So
careful
were
they
of
presrving
the
Termini
even
of
private
mens
Inheritanc●…s
,
that
whoso
was
convinced
to
have
ploughed
them
up
,
both
his
Oxen
and
himself
were
accursed
.
§
.
2.
Capitolinus
,
for
there
was
another
(
Latiaris
)
which
hath
no
Thunderbolt
;
his
Image
in
the
Temples
was
always
besineared
with
Blood
,
and
before
it
stood
a
golden
Table
continually
furnished
,
about
which
were
people
continually
tasting
and
sipping
.
Serapis
is
also
figured
like
Jupiter
with
a
Bushel
or
Measure
upon
his
Head
:
He
was
also
Ammon
,
Dis
,
the
Sun
,
AEsculapius
,
Nilus
,
which
was
also
call'd
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
and
Jupiter
Pharius
.
To
Jupiter
was
Sacred
the
Eagle
,
either
because
the
chiefest
(
and
as
it
were
)
the
King
amongst
Fowls
,
as
he
amongst
the
Gods
;
or
because
he
was
the
first
that
tamed
them
in
Crete
;
or
because
Jupiter
being
born
in
a
Cave
,
an
Eagle
brought
him
every
day
Nectar
which
she
gathered
from
the
Rocks
;
as
the
Dove
did
Ambrosia
which
they
gathered
from
the
Sea
.
For
which
Favour
he
placed
the
Eagle
in
Heaven
,
and
the
Pigeons
he
metamorphosed
into
the
Pleiades
.
To
Jupiter
is
also
joyned
the
Thunderbolt
which
is
three-forked
,
to
shew
its
triple
Force
,
of
breaking
,
piercing
,
and
burning
;
tho
this
be
also
sometimes
attributed
to
Juno
,
Minerva
,
and
other
Goddesses
:
The
Oak
also
was
sacred
to
him
;
and
where
any
of
those
is
joyned
to
an
Head
,
they
shew
that
to
be
Jupiters
,
(
tho
commonly
he
is
design'd
in
one
manner
and
likeness
)
and
that
Money
was
coin'd
in
Honour
of
Jupiter
.
Jupiter
Axur
,
a
young
Head
with
Tresses
and
a
Garland
.
Jupiter
Philius
,
a
rugged
smiling
Head
like
a
Philosophers
,
perhaps
because
Friendship
is
oftner
found
amongst
them
than
Gallants
.
Vejovis
,
or
Evil-Jupiter
,
is
expressed
by
an
Head
and
an
Hand
,
as
it
were
darting
Arrows
,
shewing
his
readiness
to
hurt
.
§
.
3.
Juno
born
at
Samos
under
an
Agnus-Castus-tree
,
(
whose
Head
is
sometimes
joyned
to
Jupiters
,
as
in
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
)
to
her
was
consecrated
the
Peacock
,
because
of
his
beautiful
Train
,
and
the
Fable
of
Argus
;
represented
ordinarily
as
a
young
Woman
with
a
Laurel
and
a
Veil
.
Juno
Lanuvia
(
because
in
that
shape
worshipped
at
Lanuvium
)
with
a
Goat-skin
and
Horns
upon
her
Head
;
perhaps
she
was
Juno
Sospita
,
or
Sispita
,
who
is
also
figured
with
a
Shield
and
Shoes
turning
up
at
the
Toes
.
Juno
Moneta
,
like
Moneta
if
Moneta
was
not
the
same
with
Juno
;
A
Womans
Head
with
her
Hair
tressed
up
,
and
an
high
Frontal
.
Anciently
a
Temple
to
her
upon
the
Capitol
.
Manlius
,
for
affecting
to
be
King
,
being
precipitated
from
the
Tarpeian
Rock
,
and
his
House
pulled
down
,
upon
the
place
thereof
was
built
a
Temple
to
Juno
Moneta
,
vowed
by
Camillus
;
call'd
Moneta
à
monendo
,
because
her
Image
spoke
to
them
(
as
they
said
)
advising
them
in
a
dangerous
Ea●…
〈◊〉
,
and
in
the
War
with
the
Galls
,
to
〈◊〉
a
Sow
great
with
Pig
,
which
is
also
sometimes
expressed
upon
Coins
.
The
Romans
also
in
their
War
against
Pyrrhus
and
the
Tarentines
,
b●…ing
in
great
want
of
money
,
they
made
Vows
to
Juno
;
who
admonished
them
to
make
●…e
of
the
Arms
of
Justice
,
and
they
should
b●…
supplied
:
as
indeed
it
hapned
in
that
War
,
wherein
the
noble
●…ricius
sent
back
to
Pyrrhus
his
Physician
,
who
offer'd
to
poison
him
;
and
after
many
Battels
at
last
obtain'd
a
great
Victory
,
and
all
the
Wealth
and
Riches
of
Pyrrhus
;
wherefore
they
built
a
Temple
in
Honour
to
her
,
and
therein
hung
up
a
Medal
with
the
Inscription
.
Moneta
.
Moneta
,
or
the
Goddess
of
Money
is
sometimes
expressed
with
a
Cornucopia
in
one
hand
(
Money
supplying
all
things
)
and
in
the
other
a
Balance
;
Justice
being
necessary
in
buying
and
selling
.
Sometimes
are
three
of
these
Goddesses
to
represent
Gold
,
Silver
and
Brass
,
the
middlemost
representing
Gold
being
the
tallest
,
[
it
seems
the
middle
was
the
best
place
in
their
esteem
]
.
In
some
Medals
of
Commodus
we
find
also
Apollini
Monetae
.
Moneta
seems
to
signifie
sometimes
the
Forms
or
coining
Instruments
;
sometimes
the
Coin
it self
.
It
is
not
easie
many
times
to
distinguish
the
Heads
of
the
Goddesses
Juno
,
Moneta
,
Ceres
,
Venus
,
Pietas
,
Salus
,
Sybilla
,
and
others
being
oftentimes
all
alike
figured
.
§
.
4.
AEsculapius
,
or
the
great
God
of
Health
;
an
Head
with
a
bushy
Beard
and
a
Serpent
commonly
twisted
about
a
Club.
So
a
Sacrifice
for
Health
to
AEsculapius
was
a
Serpent
upon
an
Altar
as
eating
or
taking
out
of
a
Dish
or
Platter
,
probably
a
little
Cake
kneaded
with
Oyl
and
Wine
,
which
they
put
into
the
Serpents
mouth
to
sanctifie
and
envirtue
it
●…or
the
recovery
of
the
sick
.
They
say
that
AEsculapius
being
forced
to
requicken
Glaucus
,
and
not
knowing
how
to
do
it
;
as
he
was
musing
,
a
Serpent
entred
the
Room
,
which
he
kill'd
with
a
stick
,
presently
after
came
another
Serpent
,
bringing
in
her
mouth
a
certain
Herb
,
which
she
laying
upon
the
head
of
the
dead
one
,
immediately
revived
her
.
AEsculapius
taking
up
the
Herb
,
cured
Glaucus
with
it
;
hence
the
Serpent
is
Sacred
to
AEsculapius
.
And
therefore
in
a
great
Plague-time
the
Romans
sent
to
Epidaurus
to
fetch
away
AEsculapius's
Image
,
when
they
were
conveighing
it
to
the
Ship
,
there
swom
from
the
Land
a
great
Snake
,
which
entred
the
Ship
,
and
placed
it self
in
the
Praetor
,
Q.
Ogulnius's
Cabin
;
and
when
the
Ship
arrived
at
Rome
,
she
leaped
out
again
upon
the
Island
,
where
they
presently
built
a
Temple
to
AEsculapius
.
Others
rather
think
a
Serpent
applied
to
AEsculapius
,
because
that
after
Sickness
a
man
recovers
,
as
doth
a
Serpent
after
the
casting
her
Skin
.
It
might
also
proceed
from
the
brazen
Serpent
made
by
Moses
.
AEsculapius's
Wife
was
Salus
,
decipher'd
by
a
young
Maid
feeding
a
Serpent
;
perhaps
alluding
to
the
custom
at
Lanuvium
,
where
in
a
Cave
,
in
a
certain
thick
Grove
lay
a
great
Dragon
;
whither
once
a
year
the
Maids
went
to
sacrifice
,
carrying
each
one
a
Tart
or
Cake
;
when
they
came
to
the
Grove
,
they
were
blinded
;
notwithstanding
which
they
were
,
as
by
a
Divine
Virtu●…
,
guided
streight
to
the
Den
;
and
if
they
were
pure
Virgins
,
the
Dragon
came
and
eat
up
their
Cake
.
They
have
many
times
joyned
with
them
their
little
Son
Telesphorus
,
or
Convalescency
in
a
thick
Frock
.
It
shews
recovery
from
a
sickness
,
when
they
are
to
be
kept
warm
and
treated
as
Children
.
§
.
5.
Mars
,
the
God
of
War
pictured
as
a
Soldier
,
with
Arms
and
Breast
plate
;
a
Cock
because
armed
and
vigilant
,
a
Wolf
and
Picus
Martius
,
because
of
Romulus
and
Remus
his
Children
nourished
by
those
Beasts
:
his
carrying
a
Tropaeum
upon
his
Shoulders
,
intimates
the
Opima
Spolia
gain'd
by
Romulus
over
Acron
the
King
of
the
Caeninensians
.
But
there
were
anciently
among
the
Romans
two
Mars's
,
the
one
call'd
Pacifer
and
Quirinus
,
is
not
armed
,
nor
marching
,
and
had
a
Temple
in
the
City
.
The
other
Bellator
,
Mavors
or
Gradivus
in
a
posture
commonly
of
marching
,
his
Temple
without
the
City
in
Via
Appia
.
Neptune
,
an
Horse
,
because
of
his
Contention
with
Minerva
,
for
having
jointly
built
Athens
,
and
contending
who
should
name
it
,
they
agreed
that
he
should
have
that
Honour
who
would
bestow
on
it
the
better
gift
;
Neptune
thereupon
struck
the
Earth
,
and
there
sprung
up
an
Horse
for
the
War
.
Minerva
raised
an
Olive-tree
,
which
being
judged
the
better
gift
,
she
gave
it
her
Name
.
He
hath
also
a
Dolphin
the
swiftest
of
Fishes
;
a
Trident
or
Fishing-Iron
;
and
is
drawn
by
Sea-Horses
.
Mercury
,
the
Messenger
of
the
Gods
,
hath
his
Caduceus
and
Petasus
,
his
Hat
and
winged
Staff
(
a
sign
of
Peace
and
Agreement
)
with
two
Serpents
round
about
,
because
Mercury
finding
two
Serpents
a
fighting
,
as
soon
as
he
put
his
Rod
betwixt
them
,
they
became
quiet
.
The
Rod
was
white
,
and
the
Serpents
one
male
and
the
other
female
;
and
these
Caducei
were
carried
by
those
Ambassadors
,
who
were
anciently
call'd
Caduceatores
(
i.
e.
)
such
as
went
to
an
Enemy
or
Enemies
Country
to
make
Peace
;
with
a
Purse
also
either
as
the
Inventor
of
Commerce
,
or
because
the
Monarch
that
hath
his
Purse
well
stuffed
,
is
Master
of
War
and
Peace
.
There
is
dedicated
to
him
a
Dog
for
Fidelity
;
a
Cock
for
Vigilance
,
and
a
Tongue
for
Perswasiveness
,
the
three
Conditions
of
an
Ambassador
,
as
he
was
of
the
Gods
.
There
is
also
,
but
rarely
found
,
another
Mercury
without
Wings
,
yet
with
a
Caduceus
and
a
Sistrum
.
This
was
the
Egyptian
Mercury
or
Hermes
ancienter
than
that
other
of
Arcadia
.
To
Bacchus
is
joyned
the
Tiger
;
either
for
that
a
Tiger
swom
a
River
to
assist
him
when
driven
into
Fury
by
Juno
;
or
for
that
he
was
nourished
by
a
Panther
or
Tigress
.
He
hath
about
him
also
Sileni
,
Fauni
,
Satyri
,
&c.
(
Drunkenness
creating
such
imaginations
.
)
He
is
also
crowned
either
with
the
Vine
branches
and
Clusters
of
Grapes
,
or
with
Ivy.
He
hath
also
Thyrsi
or
Lances
wreathed
about
with
Ivy-branches
,
or
sometimes
with
woolen
Rubans
.
There
are
also
Liberae
,
or
She
Bacchus's
crown'd
with
Ivy
;
as
there
is
also
Luna
and
Lunus
.
He
is
the
Egyptian
Osyris
,
Husband
of
Isis
;
and
the
Ivy
in
the
Egyptian
Language
is
call'd
Chenosyris
,
or
Osyris's
Herb
;
both
are
said
to
be
born
at
Nisa
;
both
accompanied
with
a
Serpent
.
His
Statues
were
naked
and
with
Horns
,
either
because
the
Son
of
Hammon
;
or
that
he
is
the
Sun
;
or
to
shew
the
Power
of
Wine
.
Sometimes
Bacchus
is
described
with
Horns
(
as
when
he
is
call'd
Hebo
the
God
of
the
Campanians
,
&c.
)
and
he
is
call'd
also
Taurus
,
for
the
Ancients
expressed
their
Kings
by
a
Bull
,
who
hath
more
of
Regal
qualifications
than
either
Lyon
or
any
other
Beast
;
and
Horns
were
attributed
to
Bacchus
upon
that
account
;
for
being
supposed
to
be
Noah
,
he
was
the
great
Monarch
of
the
World
;
and
Bachar
in
Hebrew
(
whence
the
name
Bacchus
)
signifies
an
Ox.
His
Feasts
or
Ceremonies
were
the
Bacchanalia
.
Apollo
is
decipher'd
commonly
with
a
Tripos
or
Stool
over
a
Cave
;
whereon
he
that
was
to
receive
Answer
to
his
Demand
,
sate
till
he
was
inspired
;
with
a
Harp
also
and
Plectrum
or
short
Instrument
to
strike
the
strings
;
with
a
Laurel
also
;
and
sometimes
with
a
Sacrificing
-
Tripos
,
whose
three
feet
signified
the
three
parts
of
Time
;
with
a
Crow
and
Swan
also
to
represent
by
their
Colours
Day
and
Night
;
for
Apollo
was
the
Sun
,
whose
Motion
is
the
measure
of
Time
.
There
was
also
an
Apollo
Palatinus
worshipped
in
Mount
Palatine
;
and
is
figured
as
representing
the
Senate
,
being
the
Genius
of
that
great
Council
.
Apollo
Actius
also
is
represented
with
a
Sun
before
him
,
and
a
Quiver
of
Arrows
,
to
intimate
his
Beams
.
Many
times
also
he
is
figured
as
a
Goddess
o●…
Muse.
§
.
6.
Hercules
is
known
by
his
Club
,
Lyons
Skin
,
bushy
Beard
,
Bows
and
Arrows
,
a
Cup
to
drink
in
;
the
Poplar-tree
dedicated
to
him
,
because
great
and
strong
.
When
represented
killing
the
Lyon
,
not
tearing
his
Jaws
(
as
Samson
)
but
breaking
his
Neck
.
There
is
also
a
young
Hercules
call'd
Aventinus
,
without
a
Beard
,
yet
with
a
Club
and
Lyons-Skin
.
Serapis
an
Egyptian
God
with
a
bushy
Beard
,
The
Sun
a
young
Head
with
Rays
about
it
,
tho
these
also
are
sometimes
about
the
Heads
of
the
young
Princes
,
who
were
in
their
rising
Glory
;
from
whence
probably
came
the
custom
of
Glories
of
holy
or
Eminent
Persons
.
Dii
Penates
,
two
Faces
,
one
behind
another
,
with
a
Lace
or
narrow
Ruban
about
their
Heads
:
Sometimes
two
Figures
sitting
with
a
Vulcan's
Head
,
because
worshipped
by
the
Fire-side
,
and
a
Dog
.
Two
young
Men
on
Horse-back
,
rarely
on
Foot
,
armed
,
sometimes
their
Heads
only
,
but
always
covered
,
commonly
but
not
always
with
two
Stars
,
are
Castor
and
Pollux
,
who
are
said
to
have
appear'd
in
that
manner
at
the
Lacus
Juturnus
after
they
had
assisted
A.
Post
humius
fighting
against
the
Latins
at
Lacus
Regillus
.
They
feigned
that
they
lived
and
dyed
by
course
.
They
representing
the
two
Hemispheres
,
the
one
above
,
the
other
beneath
us
.
Triptolemus
,
the
Son
of
Osyris
,
taught
the
Greeks
Agriculture
,
as
Isis
did
the
Egyptians
:
and
therefore
known
by
having
Ears
of
Corn
in
his
Hand
.
§
.
7.
G.
P.
R.
is
Genius
Populi
Romani
;
and
they
decipher
him
with
a
young
Head
,
a
little
Beard
,
naked
,
and
a
Staff
with
somewhat
like
a
Flower-de-Luce
upon
it
.
But
they
,
in
flattery
to
their
Emperors
,
conceived
them
to
be
the
Genius
of
the
Commonwealth
,
as
appears
by
the
Coins
of
most
of
the
later
Heathen
Emperors
.
But
ordinarily
the
Genius
of
a
City
or
Country
was
not
so
represented
;
but
naked
with
a
Mans
Head
,
with
one
Tower
for
a
City
,
and
more
for
a
Country
or
People
.
For
they
imagined
that
all
Places
Countries
,
Cities
,
&c.
all
Persons
,
even
the
Gods
themselves
,
had
their
Genius's
or
Angels
to
accompany
them
:
[
†
](A67248-e30390-b)
†
A
conceit
crept
also
into
America
,
and
amongst
the
Inland
inhabitants
of
Canada
;
such
are
the
Algoumekins
,
and
many
other
neighboring
Nations
.
and
for
Cities
,
the
manner
of
adopting
them
is
set
down
by
Mr.
Gregory
out
of
Joan.
Antiochenus
,
thus
.
Those
who
had
a
mind
to
build
a
City
,
Castle
,
&c.
caused
their
Astrologers
to
find
out
a
fortunate
Position
of
the
Heavens
;
under
which
the
first
stone
might
be
laid
.
The
part
of
Fortune
found
out
in
this
first
Figure
,
was
made
the
Ascendent
of
another
;
the
first
judged
of
the
Duration
,
the
second
of
the
Prosperity
of
the
City
.
Under
the
influence
of
this
second
Configuration
they
erected
a
Statue
of
Brass
,
into
which
this
Fortune
or
Genius
of
the
City
was
to
be
invoked
by
Art
,
(
i.
e.
)
by
certain
Sacrifices
and
Conjurations
.
A
pure
Virgin
was
then
sacrificed
;
and
a
Statue
of
her
set
up
,
and
call'd
by
a
new
and
secret
Name
;
and
Sacrifice
done
to
it
by
the
Chief-Priest
of
the
City
.
Thus
the
Name
of
old
Byzantium
was
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
when
changed
to
Constantinople
,
Anthusa
.
The
Name
of
Rome
was
always
kept
secret
,
and
when
they
went
to
besiege
a
Town
,
they
evoked
this
Genius
by
such
Ceremonies
as
they
were
accustomed
.
This
Statue
thus
inspirited
,
was
placed
in
a
convenient
part
of
the
City
;
and
look't
upon
as
the
only
Concernment
of
it
.
Such
was
the
Palladium
,
and
divers
others
,
and
these
were
call'd
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Vid.
Cap.
of
the
Pont.
Max.
Vid.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
§
.
8.
Diana
,
the
Goddess
of
Hunters
,
call'd
also
Berecynthia
,
Isis
,
Idaea
,
&c.
with
an
Hart
and
Dogs
,
Bow
and
Arrows
as
an
Huntress
.
Her
Priests
Galli
were
Eunuchs
.
She
is
also
described
as
drawn
by
Stags
,
which
intimate
the
diligence
and
activeness
necessary
to
that
Sport
.
Besides
,
her
Temples
were
all
full
of
their
Heads
,
and
her self
cloathed
with
their
Skins
.
Diana
Ephesia
,
or
Isis
,
standeth
upon
a
Pied
Stall
with
a
Womans
Face
and
Head
,
but
the
Body
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
multimammum
,
full
of
D●…gs
;
representing
Nature
that
nourisheth
all
things
.
Isis
was
G.
T.
A.
(
Genius
Tutelaris
AEgypti
,
or
perhaps
Asiae
)
a
Woman
with
Horns
or
Beams
,
in
one
hand
a
Bucket
,
in
the
other
a
Sistrum
or
obsolete
Musical
Egyptian
Instrument
of
the
fashion
of
a
Racquet
.
Whether
Isis
be
Diana
Ephesia
,
see
at
large
Menetreius
in
his
Discourse
de
Diana
Ephesia
;
this
is
one
difference
that
Isis
hath
no
Stags
joyned
with
her
;
because
none
of
those
Beasts
were
in
Egypt
anciently
,
as
Aristotle
and
Pliny
say
,
lib.
8.
c.
33.
and
they
never
consecrated
Exotick
Beasts
to
their
Gods
.
Diana
Persica
was
never
worshipped
beyond
Euphrates
,
and
had
Oxen
dedicated
to
her
,
which
went
whither
they
pleased
,
being
marked
with
a
Torch
or
Lamp
,
the
Mark
of
the
Goddess
:
As
also
in
Cicilia
at
Castabalis
,
where
the
Virgins
dedicated
to
her
Service
,
went
upon
burning
Coals
with
their
naked
Feet
:
also
in
Lydia
at
Hypaepae
and
Hiero
Caesarea
,
who
pretended
their
Temple
to
be
built
by
the
Great
Cyrus
,
Tac.
An.
l.
4.
Vesta
,
Sister
to
Juno
and
Ceres
,
sometimes
sitting
,
seldom
standing
,
in
one
hand
a
Torch
lighted
to
represent
the
Everlasting
fire
,
in
the
other
a
Discus
or
Sacrificing
Platter
.
Minerva
with
an
Helmet
,
Spear
and
Shield
call'd
AEgis
,
ordinarily
with
Medusa's
Head
in
it
;
but
sometimes
also
Octangular
without
it
.
It
was
made
of
the
Skin
of
the
Capra
Amalthea
(
and
therefore
call'd
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
)
which
suckled
Jupiter
;
and
therefore
also
Jupiter
is
said
to
make
use
of
it
sometimes
,
as
in
the
Wars
against
the
Giants
,
as
well
as
Minerva
.
The
Palladium
or
little
Minerva
armed
(
almost
like
to
,
or
the
same
,
with
Victory
)
as
long
as
it
continued
in
Troy
,
rendred
the
City
impregnable
,
and
was
stoln
away
by
Diomedes
and
Ulysses
,
is
applied
to
many
Gods
and
Goddesses
:
The
Temples
of
Minerva
,
Mars
and
Hercules
were
Dorick
Work
,
plain
and
without
Ornaments
.
Cybele
,
the
Mother
of
the
Gods
,
call'd
then
Rhea
,
and
pictured
with
her
Head
radiant
:
but
as
she
hath
the
Command
of
sublunary
things
call'd
Ops
or
Divine
help
,
is
figured
as
a
young
Goddess
set
upon
a
Corn-measure
with
Ears
of
Corn
in
her
hand
,
and
lifting
up
,
or
opening
her
Veil
;
She
is
the
Earth
that
openeth
her
Skirt
to
afford
nourishment
to
every
Creature
.
She
hath
also
a
Crown
of
Towers
upon
her
Head
,
and
proper
to
her
is
a
Pine
tree
,
a
little
Boy
call'd
Atys
;
and
is
drawn
with
Lyons
,
and
hath
in
her
a
Crotalus
,
sometimes
also
with
a
Sistrum
,
or
Triangular
Musical
Instrument
with
loose
Rings
,
which
struck
with
a
stick
,
made
a
kind
of
Harmony
:
Sometimes
also
a
Drum
or
such
Instrument
to
make
a
great
noise
(
whereby
she
concealed
Jupiter's
crying
)
and
which
is
framed
round
according
to
the
figure
of
the
Earth
;
sometimes
also
she
hath
a
Caduceus
and
a
Plough
.
And
the
Countries
that
stamped
her
upon
their
Coin
,
would
thereby
intimate
that
they
were
powerful
in
Cities
and
People
.
The
Worship
of
the
Mother
of
the
Gods
came
into
Rome
about
the
Punick
Wars
;
they
say
that
in
Phrygia
in
a
great
Desart
there
is
a
mighty
Rock
call'd
Agdus
,
the
broken
stones
whereof
Deucalion
and
Pyrrha
took
to
replenish
the
World
,
and
out
of
which
also
was
formed
the
Image
of
Cybele
.
Ceres
the
Goddess
of
Corn
crown'd
,
in
her
hand
Ears
of
Corn
,
two
flaming
Torches
,
and
drawn
by
winged
Serpents
;
Harvest
being
in
the
hottest
Season
of
the
Year
,
when
Serpents
also
are
most
venemous
.
Venus
drawn
with
Doves
,
the
most
amorous
Venus's
;
caelestis
,
which
presided
over
lawful
Procreation
of
Children
;
and
vulgaris
,
for
Bastardy
,
&c.
She
was
worshipped
at
Paphos
under
the
form
as
of
a
Pyramid
cut
off
about
the
middle
,
and
so
represented
in
some
Medals
of
the
Emperors
,
of
which
we
shall
speak
hereafter
.
Feronia
was
the
Goddess
of
Flowers
and
Garlands
,
hath
a
Wreath
of
Flowers
upon
her
Head
,
was
worshipped
by
the
Sabins
under
Mount
Soracte
;
he
that
was
inspired
by
her
,
went
sasely
upon
burning
Coals
and
hot
Embers
;
every
year
at
her
Temple
a
great
fair
.
Hermathenae
were
above
Images
[
*
](A67248-e31450-b)
*
Images
with
the
Heads
of
Mercury
and
Min●…va
.
of
Minerva
with
her
Helmet
,
Shield
and
Spear
;
below
a
Pillar
or
Terminus
larger
above
than
below
.
There
were
also
divers
other
Gods
and
Goddesses
mentioned
upon
Medals
,
as
H●…pona
the
of
Horses
and
Cattel
,
Pedina
of
Feet
,
Educa
o●…
Eating
,
and
the
like
;
subjecting
every
thing●…
to
the
Dominion
,
Care
and
Protection
of
some
particular
God
;
but
of
these
,
few
upon
Coins
,
tho
many
Inscriptions
.
The
Orgia
or
Procession
sacrificed
to
Cer●…
were
in
this
manner
performed
.
1.
Three
Priestesses
Virgins
carried
thei●…
(
Cist
as
)
Chests
open
;
in
the
first
were
flowers
in
the
second
Ears
of
Corn
,
in
the
third
Cake●…
and
Wafers
.
Signifying
the
three
States
o●…
Corn.
2.
There
were
born
the
Images
of
four
Gods
First
,
Of
Jupiter
,
the
Creator
of
all
things
,
carried
by
the
Hi●…rophantes
.
Secondly
,
Of
th●…
Sun
by
the
Torch-bearers
.
Thirdly
,
Of
th●…
Moon
by
a
Minister
of
the
Altar
.
Fourthly
,
Of
Mercury
by
the
Fraeco
Sacrorum
;
and
as
i●…
the
Orgia
of
Bacchus
was
carried
a
Pha●…us
,
s●…
in
these
a
Muliebre
.
3.
They
made
a
great
Noise
and
Howling
crying
continually
Eva
,
Eva.
4.
The
Ministers
and
Women
were
crown'●…
with
Serpents
,
by
which
also
Ceres
is
said
to
b●…
drawn
.
5.
Those
(
C●…ritae
as
they
were
call'd
)
carrie●…
a
Stool
or
other
Garment
of
Leather
.
6.
No
Mourner
was
admitted
to
celebrate
Nor
any
Wine
to
be
used
.
§
9.
Figured
like
to
the
Gods
,
and
sometimes
accounted
for
Gods
,
were
other
thing●…
also
;
as
the
Virtues
,
good
Fortunes
,
Monster●…
&c.
of
which
we
shall
speak
a
word
or
two
.
Virtue
is
not
easily
distinguished
from
Roma
and
Minerva
;
save
that
she
carrieth
commonly
a
Parazonium
,
or
short
unpointed
Sword
.
Such
as
the
Tribunes
wore
.
She
is
usually
armed
(
for
they
esteemed
Valour
in
Battel
the
greatest
Virtue
)
and
sometimes
joyned
with
another
:
unarmed
,
which
is
Honour
.
Who
(
when
by
her self
)
hath
a
Womans
Face
,
her
Hair
wreathed
up
,
and
hanging
down
behind
,
they
sacrificed
also
to
her
bare-headed
;
Honour
being
not
to
be
obtained
by
Subtilty
and
secret
Means
,
but
by
true
and
open
Generosity
.
When
Honour
is
coined
with
Virtue
,
Virtue
is
set
foremost
,
according
to
the
Conceit
of
Marcellus
,
who
intending
to
build
a
Temple
to
Virtue
and
Honour
,
was
forbidden
by
the
Augures
;
wherefore
he
built
one
for
each
,
and
so
ordered
,
that
none
could
pass
to
that
of
Honour
but
through
the
other
of
Virtue
.
Pietas
towards
God
is
commonly
expressed
by
a
Womans
Head
dressed
and
veiled
,
which
was
the
Habit
of
the
Priests
when
sacrificing
;
sometimes
also
by
a
Person
praying
or
sacrificing
;
sometimes
also
with
a
Camillus
or
little
Boy
assistant
at
the
Sacrificing
.
Pietas
towards
Parents
is
figured
by
a
Stork
,
which
is
said
to
nourish
and
bear
about
her
aged
and
impotent
Parents
,
as
is
said
also
of
the
Glis
or
Dormouse
;
or
by
AEneas
carrying
his
Father
on
his
shoulders
out
of
the
ruine
of
Troy
;
or
by
the
two
Cataneans
in
Sicily
,
Amphinomus
and
Anapias
,
sirnamed
Pii
,
because
when
their
Town
was
set
on
fire
with
the
Flames
of
AEtna
,
neglecting
all
their
Goods
,
they
carried
the
one
his
aged
Father
,
the
other
his
Mother
out
of
the
burning
;
after
the
Citizens
returned
,
and
rebuilt
their
City
,
they
worshipped
them
as
their
Gods
,
and
put
them
upon
their
Coins
.
Love
towards
Children
is
described
by
small
Children
.
Eternity
is
like
a
Virgin
[
incorruptible
]
with
her
Head
covered
[
her
beginning
unknown
]
with
a
Globe
[
the
World
]
under
her
Feet
,
the
Sun
in
one
Hand
,
the
Moon
in
the
other
;
(
i.
e.
)
as
long
as
the
Sun
and
Moon
shall
last
:
or
with
the
Vestal
Fire
,
i.
e.
till
that
go
out
.
A
Scepter
or
some
other
Symbol
of
Rule
,
a
Cornucopia
[
Happiness
]
and
a
very
long
Garment
.
Sometimes
also
a
Phoenix
continually
renewing
,
or
living
(
as
Tacitus
and
other
Authors
say
)
500
years
;
or
an
Elephant
the
longest
liver
of
Beasts
.
They
used
Eternity
or
some
Emblem
thereof
many
times
to
represent
their
Consecrations
,
i.
e.
at
the
time
it
was
believed
they
became
immortal
.
Concordia
,
a
young
Woman
veiled
;
and
that
is
used
many
times
for
Adoptions
;
sometimes
expressed
by
two
or
more
right
Hands
joyned
together
;
or
by
a
sacrificing
Platter
;
Concord
having
a
Temple
and
Sacrifices
proper
to
her
,
and
to
her
it
seems
they
sacrificed
when
two
or
more
Augustus's
,
i.
e.
with
equal
Authority
;
that
they
might
agree
well
together
;
commonly
also
with
one
or
more
Cornucopias's
joyned
together
;
for
Concordiâ
parvae
res
crescunt
.
Fides
is
commonly
two
Hands
joyned
(
accipe
daque
fidem
.
)
Sometimes
the
Military
Ensigns
,
intimating
the
Soldiers
swearing
Fidelity
to
the
Emperor
.
When
they
sacrificed
to
Fides
,
it
was
their
custom
to
wrap
their
right
Hand
in
a
white
Linnen
Cloth
.
Peace
ordinarily
in
one
Hand
a
Caduceus
[
Mercury's
Staff
,
wherewith
he
quiets
even
the
Ghosts
and
Inhabitants
of
Hell
]
or
an
Olive-branch
;
in
the
other
Hand
a
Cornucopia
,
and
on
her
Breast
a
Jewel
call'd
Bulla
.
Hope
is
ordinarily
a
chearful-aspected
young
Damsel
,
in
a
long
transparent
Robe
,
which
she
holds
up
in
one
Hand
,
to
shew
her
readiness
to
protect
;
in
the
other
an
Herb
or
Flower
with
three
Leaves
,
which
some
say
is
no
more
but
a
young
Plant
(
adhuc
tua
Messis
in
herbâ
)
;
others
say
it
is
the
Flower-de-lys
or
Lilly
,
which
was
in
Heathen
Authors
the
Emblem
of
Hope
.
She
is
also
walking
on
Tiptoe
.
Justice
is
a
grave
young
Virgin
sitting
(
as
they
fansied
)
next
to
Jupiter's
Throne
;
in
one
hand
a
sacrificing
Platter
,
for
to
do
Justice
is
the
best
Sacrifice
;
in
the
other
a
Staff
or
Scepter
,
that
being
the
great
Foundation
of
Authority
.
Clemency
,
a
Woman
holding
in
one
hand
a
Laurel
or
Platter
,
in
the
other
a
Staff
,
like
Justice
that
can
hurt
but
will
not
.
Equity
is
frequently
with
a
Balance
in
one
hand
,
and
a
Spear
in
the
other
.
They
conceived
that
Rome
was
built
under
L●…a
,
and
that
therefore
the
Romans
had
a
greater
inclination
,
or
desired
to
be
thought
to
have
it
,
to
Equity
than
other
Nations
.
Constancy
,
either
like
a
Soldier
,
or
a
Woman
sitting
and
holding
out
the
right
hand
,
as
affirming
somewhat
.
Security
is
a
Woman
leaning
or
reposing
on
one
hand
,
in
the
other
a
Scepter
or
Staff
,
probably
of
Laurel
:
which
they
counted
a
Preservative
against
many
dangers
;
so
that
to
say
,
I
carry
a
Staff
of
Laurel
,
was
as
much
as
,
I
fear
nothing
.
Providentia
,
sometimes
a
Globe
,
a
Building
,
Ears
of
Corn
,
or
such
Provision
as
the
Coin
signified
to
be
made
by
the
Emperor
.
Fe
-
(
and
sometimes
ee
,
never
ae
)
licitas
like
to
Peace
.
The
Caduceus
was
the
Rod
whereby
Mercury
slew
the
Quick
,
revived
the
Dead
,
and
in
summ
,
did
what
he
pleased
;
Felicity
is
the
obtaining
our
desires
.
Fortune
with
the
Stern
of
a
Ship
,
and
a
Cornucopia
.
Sometimes
standing
on
a
Globe
or
Wheel
;
shewing
,
as
they
thought
,
her
Dominion
over
the
World
,
yet
that
Dominion
inconstant
.
Sometimes
lying
on
a
Bed
with
a
Crown
of
Towers
upon
her
Head
.
Sometimes
also
sitting
.
Fortunae
Reduci
signifies
a
Sacrifice
commonly
made
by
the
Senate
with
great
Solemnity
to
Fortune
for
a
prosperous
Journey
when
the
Prince
went
to
War
,
or
any
other
necessary
and
publick
Employment
.
Sors
,
a
Womans
Head
,
&c.
Vid.
Fulv.
Ursin.
in
familia
Plaetoria
.
Seguinus
hath
another
,
a
young
Goddesses
Head
with
C.
S.
which
he
interprets
Casus
and
Sors
.
On
the
℞
four
Ankle-bones
(
Cockals
)
tali
with
this
Inscription
:
Qui
ludit
arram
det
quod
satis
sit
,
which
intimates
,
that
their
Custom
also
was
to
stake
before
they
play'd
.
Ubertas
,
a
Woman
having
money
or
other
things
out
of
an
Horn
,
the
Purse
of
the
Ancients
,
whence
Cornucopia
.
Laetitia
,
Gaudium
,
a
Child
(
the
merriest
Age
)
with
a
Crown
.
Sometimes
a
Goddess
with
a
Crown
in
one
Hand
,
and
Spear
in
the
other
;
call'd
Vitula
from
Vitulari
,
and
Euthymia
;
it
signifies
commonly
a
publick
Rejoycing
for
some
notable
good
Success
;
and
was
celebrated
with
Vows
,
Prayers
,
Sacrifices
,
Congiaries
,
Gifts
,
&c.
Juventus
,
a
very
solemn
Sacrifice
,
when
they
first
cut
their
Beards
;
and
did
excedere
ex
Ephebis
.
Libertas
,
ordinarily
a
Woman
holding
in
one
hand
a
Pileum
,
or
such
a
Cap
as
was
given
to
those
that
were
made
free
,
to
hide
the
ugliness
of
their
shaven
Scalps
;
in
the
other
a
Rod
called
Vindicta
;
wherewith
the
Praetor
struck
them
,
to
shew
,
that
they
were
now
exempt
from
being
beaten
by
their
Masters
.
Liberalitas
,
the
Donor
sitting
,
and
in
one
hand
a
Cornucopia
,
in
the
other
a
square
Figure
with
a
Handle
and
Marks
,
to
shew
the
quantity
of
the
Donative
or
Largess
.
The
Quantities
were
Quadrantale
of
Wine
,
a
Measure
of
80
l.
Congius
,
the
eighth
part
of
it
,
or
10
l.
which
probably
being
the
most
usual
Measure
given
,
Donatives
in
general
were
call'd
Congiaria
.
Sextarius
,
the
sixth
part
of
a
Congius
,
or
1.
l.
+
7/12.
The
Coin
signifies
such
a
Largess
to
be
given
by
the
Emperor
,
and
commonly
with
Marks
upon
it
,
which
shew
how
often
he
hath
given
of
those
Liberalities
.
Annona
or
Provision
of
Corn
given
to
the
People
,
is
figured
commonly
with
Ears
of
Corn
,
Cornucopia
,
Ceres
,
or
the
like
;
which
intimate
also
some
Office
for
providing
Corn.
When
any
part
of
a
Ship
added
,
't
is
to
signifie
that
provision
was
brought
by
Sea
.
§
.
10.
There
were
also
divers
mystical
Representations
or
Monsters
,
which
certain
Countries
or
Cities
stamped
upon
their
Coins
,
as
they
did
their
Gods
and
Goddesses
.
Sphinx
,
a
Womans
face
,
Lyons
feet
(
to
shew
,
Harpiiae
,
a
Womans
Face
,
the
rest
a
ravenous
Bird.
Sirenes
,
a
Womans
Face
and
Body
,
ending
also
in
a
Bird
,
tho
now
they
falsly
paint
them
ending
in
a
Fish
.
They
were
three
,
one
sung
,
another
(
Parthenope
buried
at
Naples
,
thence
call'd
Parthenop●…
)
play'd
on
a
Pipe
,
the
third
on
a
Harp
.
Gryphons
made
up
of
Eagle
and
Lyon
consecrated
to
the
Sun
,
because
of
its
force
,
swiftness
,
and
governing
both
the
Air
and
Earth
,
as
doth
the
Eagle
and
Lyon
,
and
as
some
Authors
say
(
who
believe
there
are
such
Beasts
)
sacrificed
by
the
Ethiopians
to
him
.
The
three
Graces
are
also
sometimes
seen
upon
Medals
,
three
Nymphs
naked
[
Gratitude
being
to
be
returned
with
a
free
and
open
heart
,
without
any
disguise
]
exactly
designed
,
he
that
abused
their
Images
being
held
as
infamous
.
They
are
three
to
represent
,
1.
the
doing
of
a
Courtesie
,
2.
the
return
of
it
from
the
Receiver
,
3.
the
Obligation
the
Receiver
hath
to
acknowledge
it
,
even
to
the
Posterity
of
his
Benefactor
.
They
are
joyned
together
commonly
by
their
hands
,
to
shew
that
these
three
should
never
be
separated
.
They
signifie
in
Medals
Thankfulness
for
a
Courtesie
received
from
such
an
Emperor
.
Semones
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Cabiri
were
the
Sons
of
Vulcan
,
and
Cabaera
the
Daughter
of
Proteus
;
called
also
Telchines
,
Idaei
Dactyli
from
Mount
Ida
in
Phrygia
,
where
they
were
the
Ministers
of
Cybele
,
Curetes
in
Crete
where
they
nursed
up
Jupiter
,
and
Corybantes
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Galea
,
because
in
the
Pyrrichian
and
Oenoplian
Dances
,
invented
or
practised
by
them
,
armed
;
they
also
taught
the
use
of
Fire
,
and
working
in
Copper
and
Iron
;
to
feed
Herds
and
Flocks
,
the
use
of
Honey
,
manner
of
Hunting
,
and
●…astly
the
practice
of
Civilty
and
Conversation
.
Many
Temples
were
dedicated
to
them
;
one
●…n
Egypt
,
which
none
but
Priests
might
come
●…nto
;
and
they
were
accounted
implacable
to
●…ny
that
offended
them
.
§
.
11.
We
see
also
upon
their
Coins
their
Sacrificings
with
such
things
as
belonged
to
them
,
which
were
,
Secespita
,
an
Hatchet
,
probabilier
a
Knife
,
to
kill
the
Beast
.
Aspersorium
,
a
Water
sprinkle
to
sanctifie
the
Altar
,
Vessels
and
People
.
Simpulum
,
a
little
Vessel
to
pour
Wine
upon
the
Sacrifice
.
Simpulum
or
Simpullum
,
and
Guttu●…
or
Gutturnium
,
one
was
for
Wine
,
the
other
for
Oyl
;
call'd
Guttus
,
because
having
a
narrow
Neck
,
the
Ovl
dropped
out
guttatim
,
saith
Varro
.
Vid.
Gell.
l.
17.
c.
8.
whilst
the
Entrails
were
a
burning
,
they
moistned
them
with
Oyl
.
Pingue
superque
Oleum
sundens
ardentibus
Extis
.
Patina
or
Patera
,
a
Platter
to
receive
the
Blood
of
the
Sacrifice
.
—
Tepidumque
Cruorem
Accipiunt
pateris
.
Virg.
Acerra
,
a
little
Coffer
wherein
they
put
their
Incense
;
sometimes
also
a
portatile
Altar
,
whereupon
they
burnt
their
Incense
.
Capeduncula
,
à
capiendo
thure
ex
acerra
.
Mappa
,
a
Towel
to
wipe
the
Priests
hands
.
These
signified
such
a
one
to
be
Pontifex
Maximus
.
To
the
Priests
belong
divers
Ornaments
o●…
holy
Vestments
,
if
you
so
please
to
call
them
.
Such
were
their
Pilea
,
of
which
they
had
three
sorts
.
1.
Apex
,
call'd
so
from
apere
to
bind
,
which
was
a
thin
Cap
made
of
a
white
Victims
Skin
offered
to
Jupiter
,
with
an
Olive-tuft
stuck
on
the
top
with
Wool
upon
it
.
Lanigeros
Apices
.
Virg.
AEn.
8.
with
an
Half-Moon
on
the
Coin
of
P.
Stolo
,
and
was
used
by
all
the
Flamines
and
Priests
.
It
had
also
two
strings
call'd
Offendices
(
probably
also
of
Woollen
)
to
tye
it
faster
or
slacker
as
they
pleased
.
2.
Tutulus
m
belonged
to
the
Pontifices
,
and
was
made
of
Wool
,
of
the
figure
almost
of
a
Sugar-loaf
,
but
had
not
a
Half-Moon
,
nor
can
I
tell
whether
it
had
a
Virga
or
Tuft
upon
the
top
of
it
:
the
fashion
of
Women
gathering
their
hair
altogether
,
and
tying
or
tiring
it
into
one
knot
on
the
top
of
their
head
,
is
call'd
Tutulus
.
3.
Galerus
or
Albogalerus
,
was
a
Cap
made
of
some
Beast
sacrificed
to
Jupiter
;
was
proper
to
the
Flamen
Dialis
,
who
never
appeared
in
publick
without
that
and
Praetexta
.
To
the
Augures
belonged
a
crooked
Staff
called
Lituus
,
wherewith
they
were
wont
to
mark
out
the
Quarters
of
the
Sky
;
yet
not
proper
to
the
Augurs
,
but
that
as
also
the
Commentaculum
or
streight
Staff
was
used
sometimes
by
the
Flamines
,
as
appears
by
a
Coin
of
Augustus's
,
wherein
is
a
Goddess
holding
a
Shield
in
her
left
hand
,
her
right
hand
over
the
head
of
a
Priest
who
holds
in
one
hand
a
Lituus
,
in
the
other
a
Commentaculum
.
L.
Lentulus
Flamen
Martialis
.
Sometimes
an
Augur
also
is
designed
by
a
Cock.
Ara
was
a
small
low
Altar
common
to
all
sorts
of
Gods
.
Altare
higher
and
larger
for
the
Celestial
Gods
.
Tripos
was
of
two
sorts
,
the
one
to
sit
upon
,
used
chiefly
in
the
Temple
of
Apollo
at
Delphos
;
being
set
over
a
certain
Cave
,
whence
issued
a
Breath
or
Steam
that
inspired
them
.
And
to
these
Tripos's
are
joyned
Crows
consecrated
to
Gods
Presidents
of
Divination
.
The
other
was
a
certain
three
footed
Instrument
,
whereupon
was
set
a
little
Pan
for
Coals
to
burn
Incense
to
their
Gods
.
Thensae
were
certain
Chariots
which
carried
Exuvias
Deorum
,
i.
e.
their
Images
and
Reliques
in
their
Circensian
and
Solemn
Games
to
the
Pulvinar
or
Bed
prepared
for
them
;
and
were
so
call'd
,
because
adorned
Linteis
tensis
,
or
Pavilions
for
the
greater
Ornaments
and
Majesty
.
Supplicatio
was
a
solemn
time
of
praying
to
their
Gods
for
assisting
;
or
averting
some
Calamity
that
threatned
;
or
giving
Thanks
for
some
Success
of
their
Commonwealth
.
In
the
(
Phil.
14
and
in
Calph.
Pison
.
)
Sometimes
appointed
by
the
Decree
of
XV
viri
;
oftner
by
that
of
the
Pontifices
;
but
commonly
by
the
Senate
with
the
advice
of
the
Pontifices
,
as
it
should
seem
;
and
at
length
they
became
ridiculous
,
as
it
appears
by
those
decreed
for
Nero
for
the
Murther
of
his
Mother
,
for
the
Fecundity
of
Poppaea
,
Tac.
l.
4.
15.
Annal.
Those
Supplications
were
most
solemn
which
were
ad
omnia
pulvinaria
Deorum
.
The
manner
was
,
that
Youths
of
about
twelve
years
old
went
about
crown'd
,
and
carrying
Laurels
in
their
hands
in
Procession
from
Temple
to
Temple
,
singing
certain
Hymns
and
Prayers
to
their
Gods
.
Lectisternium
began
about
A.
V.
C.
356.
in
a
solemn
Supplication
for
deliverance
from
a
great
Plague
,
and
sometimes
signifies
the
Bed
whereupon
the
Guests
or
Sacrifices
lay
when
they
dined
;
but
more
commonly
the
Bed
of
the
Gods
,
who
,
that
they
might
be
more
at
ease
,
had
their
Pulvinaria
or
Pillows
;
for
at
those
times
they
lay
the
Statue
of
the
God
they
worshipped
upon
a
Bed
magnificently
and
curiously
accoustred
with
Pillows
,
Coverings
,
&c.
in
the
Temple
with
a
Table
before
him
,
where
after
sacrificing
they
feasted
as
it
were
in
the
Company
,
and
to
the
Honour
of
their
God
,
who
,
by
his
presence
amongst
them
,
did
testifie
the
acceptance
of
their
Offerings
,
and
admitted
them
to
his
Table
.
Whilst
the
Sacrifice
was
consuming
,
they
first
prostrated
themselves
and
prayed
;
afterwards
they
sate
down
as
it
were
in
Meditation
;
as
is
seen
upon
Medals
.
An
Ox
ready
for
Sacrifice
commonly
signifies
Ludos
Seculares
,
of
which
hereafter
,
wherein
was
a
most
solemn
and
great
Sacrifice
of
Oxen
;
tho
in
Julians
Coin
and
some
others
,
it
rather
seems
to
refer
to
the
finding
of
Apis
,
the
Egyptian
holy
Ox
mentioned
by
Marcellinus
,
which
being
Sacred
to
the
Moon
,
had
a
spot
like
her
on
his
side
,
and
his
Tail
waxed
and
wained
as
the
Moon
.
The
Oxen
to
be
sacrificed
were
bound
about
their
Backs
and
Bellies
with
certain
Rubans
,
and
had
on
their
Heads
an
Infula
,
which
was
a
kind
of
woollen
Net-work
(
call'd
also
Filamenta
)
which
covered
their
Heads
.
The
Priests
also
had
the
like
,
and
therefore
the
Sacrificers
have
always
their
Heads
veiled
or
covered
.
Some
imagine
,
that
from
thence
proceeded
the
fashion
of
Christian
Bishops
to
wear
Miters
.
But
this
is
not
probable
,
for
Heathen
Priests
had
not
any
Covering
like
a
Miter
;
that
Use
rather
seems
to
have
been
taken
up
in
imitation
of
the
Jewish
High
Priest
.
Condemned
persons
also
had
the
like
,
as
the
condemned
by
the
Inquisition
in
Spain
at
this
day
have
,
the
Martyrs
therefore
being
condemned
persons
,
had
the
same
:
Thus
much
for
the
Roman
Priests
and
Sacrifices
,
we
find
upon
the
Greek
Coins
divers
Officers
much
differing
from
the
Roman
:
Such
were
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
which
were
not
the
Chief
of
Asia
,
i.
e.
Governors
of
the
Provinces
,
but
Chief
Priests
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
i.
e.
those
Sacerdotia
à
t●telâ
praebebant
immunitatem
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
which
I
do
not
remember
to
have
found
mentioned
before
Augustus's
time
,
but
afterward
very
frequently
upon
Coins
,
not
so
frequently
in
Authors
,
what
their
Office
was
is
obscure
:
Some
say
,
they
were
persons
devoted
or
consecrated
to
a
Deity
,
but
this
is
too
large
;
they
were
indeed
the
AEditui
(
i.
e.
)
such
as
had
Charge
of
their
Temples
,
Sacrifices
,
and
all
other
holy
Ceremonies
,
Sacristans
.
Sometimes
whole
Cities
and
Provinces
were
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
i.
e.
had
the
Charge
of
their
solemn
Games
and
Devotions
,
wherein
they
made
solemn
Orations
and
Panegyricks
in
Honour
of
their
Gods
,
and
Superiors
,
they
determined
all
Controversies
about
their
Religion
and
Worship
;
they
celebrated
and
presided
in
their
solemn
Games
,
&c.
and
they
took
it
for
a
great
Honour
,
tho
done
at
their
own
Charge
,
to
be
often
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Of
their
holy
Games
they
had
three
principal
Officers
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
The
Alytarcha
was
chiefest
,
The
Grammateus
wore
a
long
white
Robe
,
a
golden
Crown
after
the
Laureat
fashion
,
and
was
adored
under
the
Name
of
Apollo
.
Amphithales
had
a
long
white
Robe
,
a
Wreath
of
Bays
,
a
golden
Pectoral
with
the
Image
of
Jupiter
upon
it
,
and
honoured
as
Mercury
.
The
Grammateus
probably
registered
the
Victors
Names
,
the
time
and
stile
of
Rewards
call'd
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
the
Records
of
the
holy
Conquerors
.
If
any
of
the
Company
,
whether
Maids
or
young
Men
,
upon
the
Acclamation
of
the
holy
People
were
crown'd
,
they
were
to
spend
the
rest
of
their
days
in
a
Cloister
;
for
immediately
after
the
Games
he
was
consecrated
a
Priest
,
she
a
Nun.
Sometimes
also
the
Emperors
themselves
took
upon
them
the
person
of
the
Alytarchae
,
as
is
reported
of
Dioclesian
,
who
immediately
thereupon
resigned
the
Empire
,
saying
,
That
after
he
had
born
the
person
of
Jupiter
,
he
would
not
any
more
be
King
.
The
like
was
done
by
Maximianus
.
The
Celebration
of
these
Games
in
this
or
that
City
of
the
Community
(
as
of
Asia
)
was
by
the
people
accounted
a
very
holy
Solemnity
,
and
an
act
of
extraordinary
Devotion
to
their
Gods
and
Emperors
,
and
therefore
required
peculiar
Priests
,
which
moved
the
Cities
very
much
to
affect
the
Honour
and
Dignity
of
having
the
Games
celebrated
there
,
and
of
taking
care
to
provide
all
things
necessary
for
so
many
Proxies
of
the
Gods
;
consequently
this
gave
them
a
great
opportunity
of
shewing
their
Devotion
unto
,
and
therefore
hoping
for
a
Blessing
from
,
their
Gods
;
of
ingratiating
themselves
into
the
Favour
of
the
Emperor
by
their
Panegyricks
,
and
of
having
many
holy
Persons
amongst
them
,
and
also
of
drawing
a
great
concourse
of
people
thither
;
at
what
time
were
also
holden
Fairs
and
general
Markets
,
and
consequently
much
Gain
and
Wealth
to
the
place
.
This
Favour
is
express'd
upon
their
Coins
how
often
it
was
done
,
sometimes
two
,
three
or
four
times
;
and
it
should
seem
where
any
Deity
is
mention'd
,
the
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
were
of
that
only
,
as
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
where
none
,
it
was
of
the
Mother
of
the
Gods
the
great
Deity
of
Asia
.
How
can
a
City
be
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
?
Very
well
,
for
they
might
easily
manage
all
the
business
by
a
select
Council
of
the
Town
,
and
except
what
required
personal
Service
,
and
for
that
they
chose
such
persons
as
they
thought
meet
for
the
purpose
,
which
also
redounded
much
to
the
Honour
of
that
City
.
CHAP.
VII
.
Of
their
Religion
,
Priests
,
Days
,
and
Assemblies
.
NExt
to
their
Gods
we
will
speak
of
their
Religion
,
Priests
and
Sacrifices
,
such
things
especially
as
conduce
to
the
understanding
of
their
ancient
Coins
.
§
.
1.
The
Religion
of
the
ancient
Romans
was
divided
into
Sacra
,
Sacrifices
;
over
which
the
Pontifices
presided
;
and
Aruspicia
or
Divinations
;
and
Predictions
over
which
were
their
Augurs
,
who
also
declared
,
if
Elections
and
such
like
publick
Actions
were
not
well
,
i.
e.
authoritatively
made
,
and
foretold
Successes
.
But
in
extraordinary
cases
they
consulted
the
X
and
afterwards
the
XV-viri
Sacris
faciundis
,
or
Interpreters
of
the
Sybils
books
.
The
explanation
of
Portents
,
Monsters
,
&c.
was
committed
to
the
Aruspices
;
these
were
instituted
by
Romulus
,
but
afterwards
lost
their
reputation
,
and
were
commonly
very
mean
persons
(
who
yet
were
sometimes
consulted
even
by
the
Senate
in
matters
of
consequence
,
but
then
they
sent
commonly
for
persons
out
of
Tuscany
where
this
trade
flourished
most
)
till
Claudius
the
Emperor
restored
them
to
their
dignity
(
Tacit.
Annal.
l.
2.
)
and
then
their
College
increased
so
much
,
that
it
became
an
Order
.
By
the
way
note
that
ordo
signifies
ordinarily
a
Dignity
,
Art
,
or
Profession
,
as
ordo
Senatorius
,
Equestris
,
Publicanorum
,
Mancipiorum
,
&c.
Collegium
was
a
Corporation
of
three
at
least
,
under
the
same
Laws
and
Interest
.
Sodalitas
(
chiefly
Sacerdotum
)
fellow
Officers
because
they
sate
together
.
Festus
verbo
sodalis
.
So
that
there
were
in
all
four
summa
Collegia
or
chief
Corporations
of
holy
Persons
,
who
had
supreme
Authority
in
all
things
pertaining
to
Religion
,
tho
the
Senate
trespassed
upon
their
Office
by
making
Decrees
without
sometimes
,
but
commonly
with
,
their
advice
.
1.
Pontificium
.
2.
Augurum
.
3.
X
&
XV
virorum
sacris
faciundis
,
and
these
three
were
amplissima
or
most
honourable
.
4.
Aruspicum
.
By
those
three
were
all
matters
of
Religion
managed
,
and
chiefly
by
the
Pontifices
and
Augures
,
whose
Authority
and
Dignity
was
very
great
;
insomuch
that
we
see
such
as
bore
those
Offices
figured
upon
their
Coin
with
their
Ensigns
,
a
Patera
,
Urceolus
,
Simpulum
,
or
some
such
instrument
of
sacrificing
,
and
a
Lituus
for
the
Augurs
,
tho
the
Lituus
was
not
proper
only
to
them
:
and
the
III-viri
R.
P.
C.
tho
they
despised
and
trampled
upon
all
Laws
sacred
and
civil
,
yet
retained
these
Honours
and
their
Ensigns
,
as
of
great
consequence
,
to
themselves
.
§
.
2.
The
Pontifices
had
books
containing
their
Rites
and
Ceremonies
,
which
they
never
discovered
;
as
their
Pontificales
Annales
,
Maximos
,
Commentarios
sacros
,
Fastos
,
libros
Ceremoniarum
.
The
Augurs
had
their
Augurales
,
the
XV-viri
their
Fatales
,
Fatidicos
,
or
Sybillinos
,
Commentarios
Vaticines
:
the
Aruspices
had
Aruspicinos
,
rituales
,
reconditos
de
fulminibus
,
fulgurales
,
historias
Tuscas
,
&c.
The
Pontifices
were
the
chiefest
,
so
that
in
process
of
time
the
name
Pontifex
was
common
to
all
their
Priests
;
so
we
read
Pontifex
sacrorum
,
Caesarum
,
Solis
,
Volcani
,
AEdium
sacrarum
,
Coloniae
,
Domus
Augustae
,
fecialis
,
Quinquennalis
,
Saliorum
,
Vestae
,
&c.
and
in
case
of
necessity
supplied
the
Offices
of
all
the
other
Priests
,
as
of
the
Flamen
Dialis
in
case
of
his
sickness
,
or
if
he
was
not
augurated
,
&c.
they
also
gave
Answers
out
of
the
Sybills
books
,
concerning
Prodigies
,
&c.
After
the
death
of
Ascanius
,
his
son
Julus
was
put
by
the
Kingdom
by
Silvius
son
of
Lavinia
,
and
made
Priest
;
but
afterwards
the
Kings
were
Priests
also
,
till
Numa
,
who
first
regulated
these
things
,
and
divided
the
whole
Sacerdotal
Dignity
and
Employment
into
three
parts
,
of
which
the
Pontifices
were
one
:
he
then
elected
to
be
Pontifex
,
Max.
Marcius
M.
F.
a
Senator
,
and
committed
to
him
all
the
Ceremonies
of
their
Religion
writ
and
sealed
up
.
He
joyned
to
him
also
three
Pontifices
Patritians
,
Quibus
solis
Magistratus
&
Sacerdotia
adipisci
licebat
,
quare
dicti
Pontifices
a
posse
&
facere
,
saith
Scaevola
;
tho
Varro
derive
the
word
à
ponte
[
sublicio
]
faciendo
,
or
re●…endo
:
and
they
were
all
Patritii
a
great
while
,
till
the
common
People
by
their
Sedition
and
Unquietness
had
got
Tribunes
;
and
then
they
never
rested
,
but
first
they
obtained
by
Lex
Caninia
that
they
might
marry
with
the
Nobility
;
then
by
Lex
Licinia
,
that
one
of
the
Consuls
should
be
a
Plebeian
;
and
that
part
of
the
XV-viri
sacrorum
should
be
Plebeians
.
Ogulnius
preferred
a
Law
that
5
Augurs
and
4
Pontifices
should
be
created
out
of
the
common
People
,
and
added
to
the
former
number
;
which
after
much
contention
was
obtained
.
Yet
the
Pontificatus
Maximus
remained
amongst
the
Patritii
till
T.
Coruncanius
,
Plebeian
(
Atilio
Regulo
Cos
)
that
obtained
it
.
Afterwards
it
was
also
communicated
to
Foreigners
,
the
first
whereof
was
Corn.
Balbus
a
Spaniard
of
Gades
,
first
jure
Quiritum
donatus
,
afterwards
by
Pompey
made
Cos.
&
Pont.
Max.
After
the
Lex
Ogulnia
,
Sulla
the
Dictator
again
enlarged
the
College
of
the
Pontifices
and
Augurs
;
and
after
him
Julius
Caesar
added
one
to
every
College
;
and
the
Senate
upon
occasion
often
added
others
supra
numerum
.
But
after
that
the
Emperors
assumed
to
them
the
Pontificatum
Maximum
;
they
neglecting
all
former
Laws
,
chose
all
other
Priests
;
tho
sometimes
in
flattery
the
Senate
added
also
their
Decree
,
as
they
did
to
Augustus
after
M.
Antonies
death
.
Dio
l.
51.
Sulla
encreased
the
number
of
the
Pontifices
to
15
,
8
Patricians
and
7
Plebeians
;
whom
Tully
calls
ex
parte
dimidi●…
Sacerdotes
,
and
then
the
Patritii
were
called
majores
,
the
Plebeii
minores
;
as
there
were
majores
and
minores
Flaminii
;
and
amongst
the
minores
the
Senior
was
call'd
Maximus
;
and
the
Junior
Minimus-minorum
.
But
tho
these
at
first
were
accounted
Sacerdotes
,
and
tho
of
a
lower
rank
and
in
lower
places
,
yet
they
sate
with
the
Pont.
Max.
the
Flamines
,
Rex
Sacrorum
,
and
other
Pontifices
in
Judgment
;
yet
at
last
they
came
to
be
no
better
than
Ministers
,
Scribes
,
&c.
to
the
Majores
.
And
the
greatest
of
the
Majores
and
the
Head
of
them
(
not
by
Seniority
but
Choice
)
was
Pontifex
Maximus
:
(
As
the
Flamen
Dialis
had
the
greatest
Authority
amongst
the
fifteen
Flamines
,
Praetor
Urbanus
amongst
the
Praetors
,
and
Maxima
Vestalis
amongst
the
Virgins
.
)
So
call'd
,
saith
one
,
quod
Maximus
,
quae
ad
Sacr●…
&
Religiones
pertinent
,
Judex
sit
,
Vindexque
contumaciae
Privatorum
,
Magistratuumque
.
For
as
the
Pontifices
were
chief
of
all
the
Sacred
Order
,
so
was
the
Pont.
Max.
the
chiefest
of
them
;
o●…
whose
Jurisdictions
and
Power
by
and
by
.
Flamen
Dialis
,
then
Martialis
next
Quirinalis
,
and
then
Pont.
Max.
but
it
seems
that
Pont.
Max.
was
chief
,
and
had
Authority
over
all
the
Sacred
Order
;
and
that
Rex
Sacrorum
,
and
the
Flamines
were
designed
only
to
the
peculi●…
Service
of
certain
Gods
,
without
any
other
Authority
.
The
Flamines
were
at
first
by
Numa
instituted
three
;
but
afterwards
th●…
came
to
be
fifteen
;
but
the
first
three
were
of
most
esteem
,
and
wer●…
always
Patricii
.
Liv.
l.
27.
Flaminem
Dialem
invitum
inaugura●…
coegit
P.
Licinius
,
Pont.
Max.
C.
Valerim
.
Florus
,
Epit.
l.
19.
L.
Caecilius
Metellus
Pont.
A
Posthumium
Cos.
quoniam
idem
&
Flamen
Martialis
erat
—
in
urbe
ten●…it
,
nec
pallus
est
à
Sacris
rece●…ere
.
§
.
3.
The
Pontifices
were
after
their
Institutution
chosen
by
the
College
,
and
by
them
also
was
the
Pont.
Max.
chosen
out
of
their
own
Body
,
and
were
created
or
inaugurated
in
Comitiis
Curiatis
,
being
they
were
all
Patritii
;
but
afterwards
the
Plebeii
being
made
partakers
of
the
Priesthood
,
they
were
created
in
Tributis
,
[
Tributa
were
Councils
or
Convocations
of
the
Common
people
,
wherein
the
Fathers
or
Senators
had
nothing
to
do
]
which
Comitia
,
before
Lex
Domitia
,
were
holden
by
one
of
the
Eminentest
persons
in
the
College
.
By
Lex
Domitia
jus
subrogandorum
Sacerdotum
was
transferred
from
the
College
to
the
people
,
and
then
all
the
Pontifices
were
created
Comitiis
Tributis
.
And
it
should
seem
,
that
in
the
Tributis
the
Pontifices
were
renunciati
,
but
were
confirmed
and
established
in
Curiatis
,
for
in
those
Comitia
only
were
Auguries
;
but
Plebeii
Sacerdotes
,
who
to
their
Consecration
had
no
need
of
Auguries
,
were
made
in
Tributis
.
It
should
seem
also
,
that
in
Comitiis
Tributis
the
people
only
designed
or
named
the
person
,
but
that
the
Regular
and
Authentick
Election
was
in
the
College
;
and
that
they
could
not
chuse
any
of
the
same
Family
with
one
of
themselves
;
as
neither
any
person
that
was
a
notorious
Enemy
to
any
of
them
.
In
those
Comitia
Tributa
only
seventeen
Tribes
chosen
by
Lot
gave
their
Voices
for
chusing
the
Pont.
Max.
The
Curio
Maximus
,
Augurs
and
XV-viri
were
also
created
in
Comitiis
Tributis
;
but
the
Rex
Sacrorum
in
Centuriatis
;
and
the
Flamines
in
Curiatis
;
which
were
holden
by
the
Pontifices
,
whom
therefore
Cicero
calls
Auctores
Centuriatorum
&
§
.
4.
This
Custom
of
Election
seems
to
have
lasted
,
till
Julius
Caesar
,
by
a
great
Largess
,
was
made
Pont.
Max.
but
he
neglecting
the
way
whereby
himself
attained
the
Pontificate
,
created
Pont.
whom
he
pleased
;
and
the
Senate
afterwards
in
flattery
voted
,
That
if
he
should
have
a
Son
,
he
should
also
be
Pont.
Max.
M.
Antony
also
neglecting
the
Comitia
and
all
Order
and
Law
,
created
Lepidus
Pont.
Max.
surreptitiously
;
and
to
confirm
him
the
more
,
and
collegue
the
better
,
he
ordered
that
from
thenceforth
the
Cooptation
or
Choice
of
the
Pontifices
should
be
transferred
from
the
people
to
the
College
,
as
Sulla
had
order'd
it
before
for
ten
years
only
.
After
Lepidus's
death
(
which
some
,
tho
falsly
,
affirm
that
Augustus
hastened
for
the
purpose
.
Augustus
assumed
the
Title
and
Power
of
Pont.
Max.
to
himself
;
as
did
also
all
the
succeeding
Emperors
,
till
they
became
Christians
;
not
because
they
were
Patritii
,
but
for
the
greatness
of
the
Authority
and
Veneration
;
and
therefore
they
always
placed
●…t
Pont.
Max.
till
6
Id.
Mart.
tho
Augustus
died
Kal.
Septemb.
and
when
Pontifices
Max.
they
rarely
summoned
a
College
,
but
o●…dinarily
〈◊〉
all
things
by
themselves
,
and
to
settle
in
them●…ves
all
the
Sacred
Authority
that
was
possible
;
they
were
also
Augurs
,
as
appears
by
divers
Coins
of
Julius
,
Augustus
,
Vespasian
,
Verus
,
&c.
which
have
the
Augures
Ensigns
upon
them
.
And
Otho
;
if
that
reading
in
Tacitus
be
true
,
Hist.
l.
1.
Otho
Pontificatus
Auguratusque
honoratus
insignibus
,
cumulum
,
&c.
They
were
also
sometimes
of
the
XV-viri
,
that
they
might
engross
to
themselves
all
the
three
summa
&
amplissima
Sacerdotia
.
So
there
is
a
silver
Coin
of
Vitellius
,
with
a
Tripos
,
Dolphin
,
and
Bird
,
all
sacred
to
Apollo
;
whose
Priests
the
XV-viri
were
.
If
two
Augustus's
at
the
same
time
,
the
one
was
Pont.
Max.
the
other
Pontifex
only
,
as
appears
by
the
Coins
of
M.
Aurelius
and
Lucius
Verus
,
of
Caraculla
and
Geta
,
of
Dioclesian
and
Maximian
.
§
.
5.
And
before
the
Emperors
times
the
Pont.
Max.
was
of
so
great
Honour
,
that
it
was
very
ambitiously
desired
even
of
Persons
of
greatest
Quality
,
and
seldom
any
was
chosen
that
had
not
before
sat
in
Sella
Curuli
.
He
took
place
also
and
precedence
of
all
the
other
Magistrates
.
The
Inauguration
of
the
Pont.
Max.
is
described
by
Prudent
.
Hymn
.
Sti.
Romani
,
and
was
thus
;
Putting
on
his
Pontificalia
,
he
went
down
into
a
Hole
made
for
that
purpose
,
over
which
was
thrown
a
wooden
Bridge
or
Cover
full
of
holes
;
then
was
brought
an
Ox
ready
for
the
Sacrifice
,
and
slain
upon
the
Bridge
:
So
that
the
blood
ran
down
through
the
h●…s
upon
the
person
below
and
his
cloaths
;
which
being
done
,
the
Bridge
was
removed
,
and
he
taken
up
,
and
acknowledged
Pont.
Max.
The
Pont.
Max.
and
Flamen
Dialis
were
married
per
Confarreationem
,
or
a
most
solemn
Sacrifice
;
some
say
they
might
have
but
one
Wife
:
Si
Dialis
uxorem
duxerit
illum
Flaminio
decedere
,
&
matrimonium
Flaminis
non
nisi
morte
dirimi
;
if
they
were
Laws
,
or
if
any
other
such
concerning
the
Pont.
Max.
it
is
manifest
by
Julius
Caesar's
Example
,
they
were
in
his
time
obsolete
and
antiquated
.
The
Pont.
Max.
had
a
publick
House
which
P.
Scipio
Nasica
in
viâ
sacrâ
,
who
was
by
the
Senate
sirnamed
Optimus
,
that
he
might
be
the
easilier
consulted
in
Matters
of
Law
,
which
was
his
Profession
;
and
it
should
seem
that
the
succeeding
Pontifices
lived
in
that
same
,
even
Julius
Caesar
himself
,
who
remov'd
out
of
his
own
house
in
the
Suburra
unto
this
.
But
Augustus
made
his
whole
house
publick
,
because
built
with
the
peoples
Money
.
§
.
6.
It
should
seem
that
the
Augurs
had
this
Privilege
by
Law
,
that
they
never
forfeited
their
Augurships
,
no
not
tho
condemn'd
to
death
.
The
Rex
Sacrorum
seems
also
to
have
had
the
same
Prerogative
,
but
the
Pontifices
Maximi
not
so
;
but
yet
in
favour
to
some
persons
their
Priesthoods
were
made
perpetual
;
tho
Pontifices
perpetui
doth
not
always
signifie
such
as
were
to
enjoy
their
Honours
as
long
as
they
lived
;
but
such
also
as
were
employ'd
continually
and
assiduously
about
Matters
of
their
Religion
.
The
Maxima
Vestalis
and
the
Rex
Sacrorum
were
also
legibus
soluti
,
unquestionable
by
Law
,
but
the
Pontifices
not
.
It
was
unlawful
for
the
Pont.
Max.
to
go
out
of
Italy
till
P.
Licin
.
Crassus
broke
that
,
whether
Law
or
Custom
;
and
he
was
imitated
by
divers
of
his
Successors
,
particularly
by
Julius
Caesar
;
yet
against
the
gré
of
the
Senate
,
who
voted
that
Julius
Caesar
should
therefore
be
given
up
to
the
Enemies
.
Hereupon
some
have
doubted
,
whether
the
Pont.
Max.
could
have
any
Command
in
their
Armies
,
and
consequently
be
Consul
,
&c.
And
't
is
true
indeed
,
that
the
Flamen
Dialis
was
seldom
chosen
Consul
,
because
it
was
forbidden
him
to
be
General
.
Exercitum
armatum
videre
Flaminis
Dialis
religio
est
,
A.
Gel.
l.
10.
c.
15.
Yet
both
the
Flamines
and
Sal●…i
might
have
Civil
Power
,
both
Consulates
,
tho
rarely
,
and
other
Magistracies
.
But
the
Pont.
Max.
were
capable
of
any
Power
Civil
or
Military
.
So
we
see
the
Emperors
were
always
Pont.
Maximi
.
So
M.
AEmilius
was
Censor
,
Liv.
l.
40.
Tacit.
Annal.
l.
4.
P.
Licinius
was
first
AEdile
,
then
Censor
,
then
Cos.
Liv.
l.
27.
and
afterwards
Master
of
the
Horse
to
Q.
Fulvius
the
Dictator
.
P.
Scaevola
also
was
Tribunus
plebis
,
tho
Tully
accounted
it
dangerous
to
join
those
two
Offices
.
The
Charge
and
Employment
of
the
Pontifices
was
very
great
and
various
.
At
first
they
judg'd
all
points
of
Law
,
and
decided
all
Controversies
:
and
before
the
twelve
Tables
all
the
Law
was
contain'd
in
their
Books
:
of
which
afterwards
Cn.
Fulvius
discover'd
and
publish'd
so
much
as
concern'd
Civil
Matters
;
but
what
touched
the
Rites
and
Ceremonies
of
their
Religion
,
was
always
kept
secret
:
but
they
had
always
supreme
Authority
in
judging
all
Sacred
Causes
,
whether
between
private
persons
,
Magistrates
,
or
persons
Sacred
.
They
ma●…e
inquisition
into
the
Lives
and
Carriages
of
all
●…uch
Officers
and
Magistrates
that
had
oversight
over
the
Sacrifices
and
Worship
of
the
Gods
;
as
likewise
all
Priests
,
whether
of
their
own
or
other
Order
;
also
any
person
that
belonged
to
Religion
in
any
case
,
and
all
other
persons
in
religious
Cases
:
and
for
some
Crimes
they
could
mulctam
&
poenam
ponere
;
and
the
Vestal
Virgins
they
could
judge
to
f●…agellation
and
loss
of
life
.
They
declared
and
interpreted
the
true
Worship
of
the
Gods
to
the
Common
people
;
and
took
care
to
prevent
all
heterodox
Opinions
in
Religion
.
They
also
interpreted
the
Minds
of
the
Gods
when-ever
demanded
,
resolving
all
Cases
of
Conscience
,
as
I
may
call
them
,
and
§
.
7.
Their
days
then
were
,
1.
either
atri
,
unlucky
days
,
wherein
it
was
not
lawful
to
fight
a
Battel
,
consult
the
People
,
nor
do
any
solemn
Action
,
not
so
much
as
to
bury
their
deceased
Parents
;
such
were
the
days
immediately
following
the
Calends
,
Nones
,
and
Ides
;
and
the
fourth
day
before
the
Calends
,
Nones
,
and
Ides
;
on
the
fourth
day
before
the
Nones
of
August
was
the
great
Defeat
at
Cannae
.
2.
Other
days
were
not
atri
,
and
they
were
1̄
Festi
,
Holy-days
consecrated
to
the
Gods
,
in
them
were
Sacrifices
to
be
offer'd
,
Religious
Banquets
made
,
and
Games
celebrated
.
Some
of
them
also
were
Feriae
,
which
were
profaned
if
any
labour
was
performed
in
them
,
but
what
concerned
either
the
Worship
of
the
Gods
,
or
some
urgent
commodity
of
life
,
as
if
an
Ox
fell
into
a
pit
;
or
a
Beam
of
the
house
broken
;
or
War
brought
suddenly
upon
them
:
and
those
Feriae
were
,
α
Publick
,
and
those
,
1.
Stativae
,
common
to
all
the
people
upon
certain
set
Days
and
Months
,
and
were
marked
in
their
Fasti
;
on
such
were
celebrated
their
Agonalia
,
Carmentalia
,
Lupercalia
.
2.
Conceptivae
,
which
were
every
Year
bidden
or
denounced
by
the
Priests
or
Magistrates
,
such
were
Latinae
,
Paganalia
,
Sementinae
,
Compitalia
.
3.
Imperativae
,
which
the
Consuls
or
Praetors
commanded
upon
occasion
.
4.
Nundinae
,
which
were
Fairs
,
wherein
the
Country-people
came
to
sell
and
buy
.
β
Privatae
,
and
those
,
1.
of
certain
Families
,
as
of
the
Claudia
,
AEmilia
,
Julia
,
Cornelia
,
&c.
2.
Or
of
particular
persons
,
such
were
their
Birth-days
,
fulgurum
susceptiones
,
Funerals
,
Expiations
,
&c.
2̄
Profesti
,
or
Working
days
,
wherein
a
man
might
dispatch
any
business
publick
or
private
;
and
these
were
,
α
Fasti
,
wherein
the
Praetor
might
hear
Causes
,
and
give
Sentence
;
or
,
as
they
phrase
it
,
fari
tria
illa
verba
,
Do
,
Dico
,
Addico
:
yet
on
these
Days
all
Comitia
or
treating
with
the
People
were
forbidden
.
Nefasti
were
such
Days
,
wherein
the
Courts
were
not
open
.
β
Comitiales
,
in
which
they
might
both
plead
in
the
Courts
,
and
treat
with
the
People
.
γ
Comperendini
,
in
quibus
vadimonium
dicere
licet
.
δ
Stati
,
Days
appointed
for
hearing
of
Strangers
.
ε
Praeliares
,
wherein
they
might
demand
their
own
by
force
,
and
provoke
the
Enemy
:
which
it
was
not
lawful
to
do
,
in
Latinarum
Solenni
,
in
diebus
Saturnaliorum
,
nor
cum
mundus
patet
;
because
that
was
dedicated
to
Dis
and
Proserpina
,
and
then
they
counted
it
unlawful
either
to
raise
,
march
,
or
exercise
their
Men
,
to
charge
the
Enemy
[
but
if
the
Enemy
charged
them
,
it
was
accounted
lawful
to
fight
at
any
time
]
to
weigh
Anchor
,
to
go
to
Sea
,
or
to
marry
a
Wife
.
3̄
Intercisi
,
such
Days
which
were
common
both
to
the
Gods
and
Men
,
half
Holy-days
,
in
some
hours
the
Courts
were
open
,
in
some
not
.
§
.
8.
And
because
frequent
mention
is
made
of
their
Comitia
or
General
Assemblies
,
perhaps
it
will
be
acceptable
to
you
to
know
somewhat
concerning
them
also
.
Of
the
Divisions
of
the
People
,
and
of
their
Comitia
or
General
Assemblies
.
There
were
two
great
and
solemn
Divisions
of
the
People
of
Rome
;
the
first
according
to
the
place
they
lived
in
,
and
thus
they
were
divided
into
Tribus
and
Curias
;
the
second
,
according
to
their
Wealth
,
and
thus
they
were
divided
into
Classes
and
Centurias
.
After
the
Sabins
were
admitted
into
the
City
,
Romulus
divided
the
City
into
three
parts
,
which
he
therefore
call'd
Tribus
,
and
the
Governor
of
them
Tribunos
;
which
Name
also
he
imposed
not
only
upon
the
Places
but
Inhabitants
;
for
divers
of
the
Albani
(
to
the
number
of
3000
Foot
and
300
Horse
)
coming
with
Romulus
to
his
new
Colony
,
he
gave
them
Houses
in
a
peculiar
part
of
the
City
,
and
made
them
into
one
Tribe
,
which
he
call'd
Ramnensis
,
then
Titus
Tatius
the
King
of
the
Sabins
coming
to
live
at
Rome
,
brought
with
him
also
many
of
his
own
Country
,
whom
he
placed
upon
Mons
Capitolinus
,
and
they
were
made
another
Tribe
call'd
Tatienses
,
the
rest
of
the
people
that
inhabited
betwixt
the
Mountains
Palatinus
and
Capitolinus
,
made
up
another
Tribe
,
and
were
call'd
Luceres
(
either
because
they
came
ad
Lucum
,
i.
e.
ad
Asylum
,
and
so
taken
into
the
City
,
or
that
they
were
Hetruscans
that
came
with
Lu●…umo
,
or
Ardeates
that
came
with
Luceres
,
and
fixed
in
Rome
)
afterwards
Servius
Tullus
having
enlarged
the
City
,
divided
it
into
four
Regions
or
Tribes
,
giving
them
Names
,
not
as
Romulus
from
their
Countries
,
but
from
their
places
;
which
were
Palatina
,
Suburana
,
Esquilina
,
and
Collina
;
and
he
forbad
the
Inhabitants
of
any
one
place
to
change
their
dwelling
into
another
;
and
this
he
did
probably
,
because
he
saw
the
Ramnenses
and
Tatienses
to
be
far
exceeded
in
number
by
the
continual
addition
of
new
Comers
,
who
were
all
joined
to
the
Luceres
;
probably
also
he
divided
the
Country
about
Rome
,
which
belonged
to
the
Romans
,
into
26
parts
,
which
made
up
so
many
Tribus
Rusticas
,
as
some
Authors
say
;
others
,
as
Varro
,
Dionysius
and
Livy
seem
to
think
,
that
he
made
not
so
many
Tribus
Rusticas
,
and
perhaps
no
more
than
fifteen
,
and
their
Names
were
Romilia
,
Remonia
,
Pupinia
,
Veintina
,
Galeria
,
Pollia
,
Voltinia
,
AEmilia
,
Cornelia
,
Fabia
,
Menenia
,
Papiria
,
Sergia
,
Veturia
,
and
that
which
afterwards
(
A.
U.
C.
249.
)
was
call'd
Claudia
.
Afterwards
,
A.
U.
C.
258.
Claudius
and
Servilius
being
Consuls
,
two
more
were
added
,
which
seem
to
be
Crustumina
and
Ocriculana
.
Anno
369.
four
more
were
added
,
Stellatina
,
Tormentina
,
Sabalina
,
and
Arniensis
.
Anno
395.
two
more
,
Pomptina
and
Poplilia
,
or
Popillia
or
Poblilia
.
Again
,
An.
421.
two
others
,
Maecia
and
Sceptia
.
Anno
435.
Ufentina
and
Falarina
.
Anno
454.
Aniensis
and
Terentia
:
and
lastly
,
Anno
512.
Uclina
and
Quirina
,
which
made
up
the
number
35
,
which
number
never
alter'd
.
These
16
last
were
not
in
agro
Romano
,
but
either
in
Sabino
,
or
in
Umbria
,
or
in
Latium
,
or
in
Campania
,
or
in
Hetruria
;
for
Ufentina
was
so
call'd
from
the
River
Ufens
near
Terracina
,
and
Arniensis
from
the
River
Arnus
,
and
seems
to
have
been
about
Florence
,
and
they
were
constituted
according
as
they
received
more
and
more
Nations
to
be
Citizens
of
Rome
.
It
is
to
be
noted
,
That
tho
the
Tribes
seem
at
first
of
all
to
have
receiv'd
their
Names
from
the
Places
,
yet
divers
of
them
had
other
Names
from
Persons
,
as
the
Horatia
,
Papia
,
Camilla
,
&c.
were
anciently
,
and
Julia
,
Flavia
,
Ulpia
,
&c.
were
modernly
Names
of
some
of
these
Tribes
.
Also
in
the
Country
he
built
upon
the
strongest
Hills
and
Places
certain
Castles
,
which
he
call'd
Pagos
,
whither
the
Country-people
might
resort
,
and
be
in
safety
,
in
the
time
of
any
Invasion
;
which
Pagi
also
were
dedicated
to
some
God
,
to
whom
once
in
the
Year
all
that
belong'd
to
that
Pagus
,
Men
,
Women
,
and
Children
,
brought
a
certain
piece
of
Money
,
which
was
receiv'd
by
him
that
had
Charge
of
the
Pagus
,
whereby
he
knew
the
number
of
all
that
belong'd
to
that
Pagus
,
and
defray'd
the
Charges
of
the
Sacrifices
and
Pagus
.
These
Feasts
or
Holy-days
were
call'd
Paganalia
.
Afterwards
this
Manner
and
Government
was
quite
alter'd
;
and
Tribus
signified
not
any
place
or
quantity
of
Ground
with
its
Inhabitants
,
but
a
Company
of
Citizens
,
Free-men
,
that
lived
where
they
listed
;
so
that
persons
of
one
Tribe
lived
in
another
:
and
Tribus
was
not
pars
Urbis
as
formerly
,
but
Civitatis
.
And
this
Change
happen'd
(
as
it
should
seem
)
first
,
because
most
men
desired
and
counted
it
greater
reputation
to
be
(
as
of
honourabler
Families
,
so
of
)
honorabler
Tribes
.
The
more
honourable
were
the
Rusticae
:
For
Romulus
,
to
encourage
Husbandry
,
committed
all
sedentary
,
mechanick
,
and
sordid
Arts
to
Slaves
,
Libertines
,
and
Strangers
;
but
Agriculture
to
Free-men
and
Citizens
,
whom
he
design'd
to
be
the
Nursery
of
his
Militia
,
theirs
being
a
life
more
active
and
laborious
,
and
which
consequently
disposed
them
better
to
great
Undertakings
.
Secondly
,
Because
the
Adopted
passed
as
well
into
the
Tribe
as
the
Family
of
the
Adopter
;
whence
it
came
,
that
great
Families
remov'd
sometimes
from
one
Tribe
into
another
.
Thirdly
,
Because
the
Censors
in
process
of
time
came
to
have
power
to
add
new
Tribes
,
and
to
remove
out
of
one
into
another
.
So
that
Citizens
began
not
to
be
of
the
Tribes
in
which
they
lived
,
but
of
those
which
it
pleased
the
Censors
either
to
gratifie
them
withal
,
or
to
punish
them
.
Hence
it
is
probable
,
that
all
of
the
same
great
Family
got
into
one
Tribe
,
which
perhaps
gave
the
Name
to
certain
Tribes
,
as
AEmilia
,
Claudia
,
Julia
,
&c.
And
Appius
thus
gave
leave
to
all
Citizens
to
enter
themselves
into
what
Tribe
they
pleased
;
but
Q.
Fabius
,
A.
U.
C.
449.
finding
the
abuse
which
had
crept
in
by
Appius's
permission
;
whereby
the
meanest
people
(
being
the
greatest
part
)
put
themselves
into
the
Rusticae
Tribus
,
and
so
carried
all
things
in
the
Comitia
factiously
,
and
to
the
prejudice
of
the
Commonwealth
;
he
(
I
say
)
finding
this
,
transferred
all
the
meanest
of
the
people
into
the
Tribus
Urbanae
;
which
was
another
Reason
,
why
after
him
all
Persons
of
Quality
sought
to
avoid
being
in
those
Tribes
.
Fourthly
,
Because
that
persons
for
Demerits
were
punished
by
being
placed
in
a
lower
Tribe
,
and
for
Reward
advanced
to
an
higher
;
where
,
by
the
way
,
it
seems
that
one
Rustica
was
more
honourable
than
another
.
Cic.
pro
Balbo
saith
,
that
Balbus
was
rewarded
for
accusing
and
convicting
N.
N.
of
Ambitûs
(
unlawfully
seeking
Preferment
)
with
a
removal
into
Tribus
Crustumina
;
whether
that
was
the
general
Recompence
for
such
Actions
;
or
that
the
Accuser
had
the
Tribe
of
the
convicted
,
if
nobler
than
his
own
,
I
know
not
.
§
.
9.
Servius
Tullus
divided
all
the
people
into
six
Classes
according
to
their
Wealth
,
and
these
again
into
193
or
194
(
Centurias
)
the
greatest
part
whereof
were
of
the
richest
Persons
;
whereby
it
came
to
pass
,
that
they
who
had
the
greatest
Interest
in
the
Publick
,
had
also
greatest
share
in
the
Government
.
The
Governors
of
the
Centuries
were
call'd
Centuriones
,
tho
they
seem
not
to
have
had
any
Power
but
in
War
.
The
first
Class
into
80
Centurias
,
40
Seniorum
,
and
40
Juniorum
under
45
years
old
,
the
Census
or
Wealth
whereof
was
not
under
a
100
Minae
(
10000
Drachmae
)
aliàs
at
333
l
—
10
s
—
0
d
of
our
Money
;
they
were
best
and
compleatest
armed
,
and
commonly
had
aciem
primam
in
their
Armies
.
To
these
were
added
18
Centuries
of
the
noblest
and
richest
Equites
.
The
second
Class
was
divided
into
20
Centuries
of
Foot-men
,
and
their
Census
or
Wealth
was
betwixt
a
100
and
80
Minae
(
about
276
l.
)
they
had
all
the
Arms
of
the
former
,
except
a
Breast-plate
,
and
they
constituted
aciem
secundam
.
To
these
were
added
two
unarmed
Centuries
of
Handy-crafts
men
(
Opificum
.
)
The
third
Class
was
divided
into
20
Centuries
of
Foot-Soldiers
.
Their
Wealth
was
bewixt
7000
and
5000
Drachmae
,
or
as
others
,
about
167
l.
and
had
all
the
Arms
of
the
former
,
except
Greaves
.
These
constituted
aciem
tertiam
.
The
fourth
was
divided
into
20
Centuries
of
Foot-Soldiers
,
and
their
Wealth
was
betwixt
5000
and
2500
Drachms
(
about
24
l
)
their
Arms
were
Spears
,
Shields
,
and
Swords
;
and
they
constituted
the
last
Battel
or
Acies
.
To
which
were
added
two
unarmed
Centuries
,
Cornicinum
and
Tibicinum
.
The
fifth
was
divided
into
20
Centuries
of
Foot-Soldiers
,
whose
Wealth
was
under
25
Minae
,
and
above
12
and
½
(
39
l
—
1
s
—
3
d
)
These
were
Velites
,
and
had
Slings
and
Darts
,
and
the
like
Missilia
.
The
sixth
was
the
rest
of
the
People
,
Proletariorum
and
Capite
Censorum
,
whose
Wealth
was
not
regarded
,
and
made
but
one
Century
,
freed
from
all
Tribute
and
Militia
.
In
giving
their
Suffrages
therefore
in
their
Comitia
Centuriata
or
by
Centuries
,
wherein
most
of
the
great
Businesses
were
dispatched
;
the
best
and
wealthiest
Citizens
(
who
had
the
most
Centuries
)
had
the
greatest
Power
.
§
.
10.
The
Comitia
Centuriata
(
call'd
by
Cicero
Maxima
)
were
,
1.
for
the
Creation
of
the
greater
ordinary
Magistrates
,
as
Consuls
,
Proconsuls
,
Censors
,
Reges
Sacrorum
,
Praetors
,
Tribuni
Militum
Consulari
potestate
,
and
XV-viri
legibus
ferendis
,
where
the
Candidates
had
no
Voices
;
and
these
Assemblies
were
held
only
by
the
Consuls
,
Dictators
,
Interreges
,
Trib.
Milit.
Cons.
potestate
&
X-viri
Leg.
Scrib.
and
were
call'd
per
Cornicinem
,
and
were
held
in
Campo
Martio
,
where
all
the
people
met
,
and
gave
their
Voices
each
in
their
own
Century
.
2.
For
making
Laws
of
greater
Consequence
,
and
such
as
were
made
by
the
greater
Magistrates
,
Senatus-consulta
,
by
the
Authority
of
the
Senate
;
and
in
these
presided
the
Consuls
and
Dictators
.
3.
For
Judgments
in
Case
of
Rebellion
and
Treason
,
and
these
were
held
by
the
Consuls
,
Dictators
,
or
Praetors
.
They
were
only
call'd
by
the
greater
Magistrates
,
and
all
admitted
into
Centuries
,
had
Voices
,
whether
they
lived
in
the
City
or
Italy
;
and
they
had
their
Diribitores
(
such
as
marshalled
them
,
and
received
their
Suffrages
)
Rogatores
,
Custodes
,
and
Praecones
;
and
were
in
the
Campo
Martio
extra
Pomerium
;
were
proclaimed
a
competent
time
before
by
the
Authority
of
the
Senate
(
27
days
;
in
which
time
were
kept
tria
Nundina
,
or
three
Fairs
,
and
tha●…
space
of
time
was
call'd
Trinundinum
)
and
they
were
always
post
Capta
auspicia
,
both
by
observation
of
the
Heavens
,
the
Auguries
of
the
Birds
,
and
the
Inspection
of
Sacrifices
.
§
.
11.
Tributa
Comitia
were
,
wherein
the
People
gave
their
Suffrages
according
to
their
Tribes
,
and
were
1.
First
for
the
Creation
of
some
of
their
Priests
.
2.
For
Creation
of
lesser
Magistrates
,
whether
Provincial
,
as
Proconsuls
,
Propraetors
,
and
Proquaestors
.
Or
Urbani
,
and
these
were
either
ordinary
,
such
were
Tribuni
plebis
,
AEdiles
Plebis
,
Tribuni
Militum
,
AEdiles
Curules
,
Qu●…stores
,
Triumviri
,
1.
Nocturni
,
2.
Capitales
,
3.
Auro
,
Argento
,
AEre
flando
,
feriundo
.
Or
extraordinary
,
as
Praefecti
Annonae
,
Duumviri
Navales
,
Quaestores
Parricidii
,
Duumviri
AEdium
Sacrarum
,
&c.
3.
For
making
such
Laws
as
were
call'd
Plebiscita
;
concerning
making
Peace
,
solutionem
à
legibus
,
Triumphs
;
Publicas
Quaestiones
de
Civitate
.
4.
For
such
Judgments
wherein
the
Faulty
persons
were
only
mulcted
.
There
were
to
be
present
,
according
to
the
occasion
,
Candidati
,
Accusers
,
Accused
(
and
they
Sordidati
)
with
their
Advocates
or
Patrons
.
They
had
Diribitores
,
Custodes
,
Rogatores
,
and
Praecones
.
They
were
held
without
an
Auspication
,
and
in
any
place
within
or
without
the
City
,
but
only
upon
Dies
Comitiales
,
and
they
were
proclaim'd
ordinarily
27
days
before
.
Romulus
divided
the
People
into
three
Tribes
or
Wards
,
and
every
Ward
into
10
Curias
,
like
our
Parishes
,
and
(
as
these
)
each
Curia
had
their
proper
Temples
and
Sacrifices
.
So
that
Curia
signifies
,
1.
those
30
parts
into
which
the
people
were
divided
,
2.
the
Temples
proper
to
every
one
of
these
Curiae
,
3.
because
the
Senate
ordinarily
met
in
one
of
these
Curiae
;
it
signifies
any
place
wherein
the
Senate
met
.
Comitia
Curiata
were
those
wherein
the
People
was
asked
their
Sentence
by
Curias
,
and
what
the
major
part
of
the
Curiae
agreed
upon
was
firm
,
and
call'd
jussum
Populi
,
in
these
Comitia
the
people
met
not
together
in
one
place
,
but
all
in
their
several
Curia's
,
and
there
voted
.
1.
They
made
Laws
concerning
,
1.
the
Confirmation
of
certain
Magistrates
,
which
were
in
other
Comitia
chosen
,
2.
the
giving
Military
Charges
to
the
Magistrates
,
3.
Revocation
from
Exile
,
4.
Adoptions
,
5.
and
Testaments
.
2.
They
created
certain
Priests
.
They
were
convoked
by
certain
Magistrates
,
as
Kings
,
Interreges
,
Consuls
,
Praetors
,
Dictators
,
and
Pontifices
;
and
that
by
30
Lictores
,
and
upon
certain
days
,
within
the
City
in
Comitio
,
a
place
near
the
Forum
.
They
only
had
Voices
who
were
in
Curias
Scripti
,
i.
e.
that
lived
in
the
City
.
The
manner
of
holding
them
was
this
:
the
President
of
the
Comitia
proposed
the
business
;
and
then
said
,
Si
ita
vobis
videtur
,
discedite
in
Curias
,
&
suffragium
inite
:
but
if
the
Rogation
(
or
thing
proposed
)
seem'd
not
to
be
for
the
benefit
of
the
People
,
the
Trib.
plebis
interceded
and
cryed
,
Veto
;
and
then
the
Comitia
were
Dissolved
.
But
if
it
was
thought
fit
to
be
passed
,
the
Curiae
were
call'd
forth
by
Lot
to
give
their
Suffrages
,
and
were
call'd
forth
so
often
,
till
16
of
them
agreed
.
They
voted
first
by
word
of
Mouth
,
afterwards
by
Tables
.
And
they
observ'd
,
that
the
Curia
first
call'd
out
,
was
to
be
boni
Ominis
,
or
else
the
Comitia
were
put
oft
till
another
day
.
Of
the
Curiae
.
§
.
12.
Curia
signifies
sometimes
the
Place
or
Meeting-house
of
the
People
,
secondly
,
the
People
or
Company
that
met
in
that
one
place
,
thirdly
,
the
Jus
or
Rights
wherewith
they
were
endued
.
To
understand
this
the
better
,
this
is
the
History
of
the
Curiae
.
Romulus
having
divided
the
whole
City
into
three
Tribes
(
or
Wards
)
subdivided
every
Tribe
into
10
Curiae
(
or
Parishes
)
constituting
in
all
30
and
their
Governors
Curiones
;
which
number
was
never
increased
,
and
to
every
Curia
he
assign'd
two
publick
places
for
their
Meetings
,
which
places
were
also
call'd
Curiae
;
one
for
their
Sacrifices
and
Assemblings
,
for
the
Exercise
of
their
Religion
,
the
other
for
Consultations
about
Secular
businesses
.
Curia
locus
est
ubi
publicas
curas
gerebant
.
But
because
in
process
of
time
the
City
became
greatly
augmented
;
so
that
these
places
,
built
by
Romulus
,
were
not
sufficient
to
contain
the
multitudes
,
they
built
new
ones
much
larger
,
into
which
they
did
evocare
Sacra
(
transfer
their
God
,
their
Altars
,
Ceremonies
,
&c.
)
only
four
there
were
left
,
out
of
which
it
was
not
lawful
to
transfer
their
Sacra
:
which
were
Foriensis
,
Rapta
,
Veliensis
,
and
Velitia
;
which
were
therefore
call'd
Veteres
Curiae
,
the
rest
Novae
:
Besides
these
,
we
find
three
ancient
Names
of
the
Curiae
,
Saucia
,
Titia
,
and
Tifata
;
and
I
know
not
whether
any
more
.
So
that
according
to
Romulus's
Institution
,
four
of
the
ancient
numerically
remained
,
and
the
number
of
30
Curiae
was
never
alter'd
;
but
they
were
not
(
as
he
made
them
)
parts
of
the
Tribus's
;
for
when
there
were
made
four
Tribes
,
there
were
but
30
Curiae
;
nor
were
there
any
Curiae
in
the
Rustical
Tribes
;
but
they
had
their
Pagi
,
where
they
perform'd
their
Devotions
and
Paganalia
,
as
the
City-Inhabitants
did
their
Compitalia
in
the
Curiae
.
For
every
Curia
had
his
God
,
and
Sacrifices
,
&c.
peculiar
to
it self
,
the
Expences
whereof
were
by
Romulus
allow'd
out
of
the
Treasury
,
and
every
Curia
had
his
Curio
(
or
Parish
Priest
)
that
minister'd
and
officiated
in
that
Curia
;
both
in
their
Worship
,
Sacrifices
,
holy
Feasts
,
and
the
like
.
Quest.
Whether
all
that
were
number'd
in
the
Tribus
Rustica
were
referr'd
or
listed
in
some
Curia
?
It
seems
that
all
that
did
enjoy
the
full
and
compleat
Liberties
and
Privileges
of
Roman
Citizens
,
were
referr'd
to
some
Curia
;
else
they
wanted
a
great
part
of
the
Government
in
the
Commonwealth
,
many
things
being
passed
in
Comitiis
Curiatis
;
but
many
were
Citizens
(
as
Municipes
,
&c.
)
who
were
of
some
Tribe
,
but
not
of
any
Curia
.
The
Curiae
were
subdivided
again
into
ten
parts
each
,
call'd
Decuriae
and
their
Chief
was
call'd
Decurio
;
but
these
seem
not
to
have
been
used
in
the
City
:
but
in
the
Municipia
and
C●…liniae
,
we
find
frequent
mention
of
them
.
§
.
13.
But
to
return
from
this
Digression
.
The
Pontifices
also
Decreed
concerning
Games
,
Ceremonies
of
all
the
Gods
,
that
especially
which
made
pro
Salute
Pop.
Romani
.
They
appeased
the
Wrath
of
the
Gods
when
denounced
by
Prodigies
or
any
other
way
discover'd
;
tho
procurare
prodigia
they
commonly
referr'd
to
the
Aruspices
.
They
did
also
expiare
Piacula
,
i
e.
if
any
thing
done
against
Religion
,
to
make
atonement
for
it
,
as
if
a
Vestal
Virgin
was
got
with
Child
,
any
great
Sacrilege
committed
,
any
Games
wrong
performed
;
and
many
times
they
order'd
Sacrifices
,
Games
,
&c.
to
be
done
over
again
.
They
presided
in
all
sacred
publick
Solemnities
,
and
were
consulted
also
in
such
as
Deos
indigitare
(
i.
e.
)
call
them
by
their
proper
Names
,
which
it
was
not
lawful
sometimes
to
publish
unto
the
people
.
These
Dii
Indigites
were
Dii
Patrii
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
men
deified
,
which
it
was
their
Office
to
do
.
They
also
took
care
of
the
Intercalation
,
and
equalling
of
the
Civil
,
with
the
Natural
,
Year
;
which
they
kept
as
a
great
Mystery
and
a
gainful
,
being
frequently
bribed
to
lengthen
the
Year
by
such
as
were
desirous
to
continue
their
Offices
longer
,
or
the
Customs
they
farm'd
.
Till
Julius
Pont.
Max.
took
upon
him
to
reform
the
Kalendar
.
The
Pontifices
Minores
had
also
some
Sacrifices
and
Functions
proper
to
themselves
;
as
that
they
sacrificed
every
Kalends
to
Juno
(
call'd
therefore
Calendarii
)
in
Curia
Calabra
;
which
was
the
place
of
meeting
and
treating
about
Matters
of
Religion
,
as
Curia
Hostilia
was
for
Civil
by
the
Senate
.
Besides
this
,
they
had
30
other
Curia's
for
the
People
,
wherein
to
observe
their
Holy-days
and
Ceremonies
,
which
were
govern'd
by
the
Curio
Maximus
and
the
Flamines
Curiales
.
They
had
also
Jurisdiction
in
the
Cognizance
of
divers
Civil
Causes
;
as
such
as
concern'd
Adoptions
,
which
were
commonly
perform'd
before
them
in
Comitiis
Curiatis
.
Such
were
Causes
Matrimonial
,
Causes
Testamentary
,
Sepulchral
and
Funeral
;
for
none
might
without
their
leave
remove
a
dead
Body
out
of
its
Sepulcher
,
or
renew
a
Monument
,
&c.
They
had
anciently
Immunitatem
à
Muneribus
,
i.
e.
from
Taxes
,
&c.
which
afterwards
was
taken
from
them
,
and
restrained
only
to
Immunity
from
extraordinary
Taxes
.
They
had
Sellam
Curulem
,
&
Togam
praetextam
(
the
Triumphers
had
Togam
pictam
)
and
might
not
ride
in
the
City
but
in
a
Chariot
.
§
.
14.
The
Rex
Sacrorum
and
Flamines
,
tho
not
Pontifices
,
yet
were
so
joyn'd
to
the
College
of
the
Pontifices
,
that
they
commonly
sate
in
Judgment
with
them
;
and
some
say
in
this
Order
,
1
,
Rex
Sacrorum
,
2.
Dialis
,
3.
Martialis
,
4.
Quirinalis
,
5.
Pontifex
Maximus
;
but
this
Marshalling
is
very
doubtful
;
for
Livy
saith
expresly
,
that
the
Pont.
Max.
took
place
of
the
Rex
Sacrorum
,
because
they
would
not
joyn
preheminence
to
that
Name
.
As
to
their
Sacrifices
and
holy
Ceremonies
,
there
was
not
so
great
difference
betwixt
the
Pontifices
Majores
and
Pont.
Max.
as
in
other
things
there
was
;
for
besides
that
he
was
Head
and
Chief
(
and
as
it
were
Dean
)
of
the
College
,
presiding
in
all
their
Meetings
,
and
answering
for
them
when
ever
any
thing
was
referr'd
to
,
or
demanded
of
,
them
:
and
consequently
Head
of
all
that
Estate
of
Sacred
persons
;
whereby
he
had
Power
to
convoke
the
People
,
propose
to
them
,
and
ask
their
Suffrages
,
and
,
as
some
say
,
Leges
ferre
,
especially
concerning
Religious
Livy
,
l.
2.
Besides
all
these
things
,
he
chose
the
Vestal
Virgins
,
20
in
number
,
and
in
his
custody
were
fatale
Imperii
Pignus
in
Penu
Vestae
,
which
were
Sceptrum
,
Ilione
,
Palladium
,
Ancilia
.
To
the
Pont.
Max.
also
belong'd
the
Tensae
,
Curricula
,
Praecentio
,
ludi
,
libationes
,
Epulaeque
ludorum
pubblicorum
.
He
began
all
their
sacred
Hymns
,
and
Processions
,
and
all
other
religious
Ceremonies
.
He
also
confecit
magnos
Annales
,
i.
e.
writ
upon
whited
Tables
what
was
done
every
Year
,
and
exposed
it
publickly
at
his
House
,
that
all
might
read
it
.
And
in
what
State
and
Splendor
he
lived
the
Proverb
of
Coena
Pontificia
shews
sufficiently
.
The
Ministers
of
the
Pontifices
were
the
III-viri
,
afterwards
the
VII-viri
,
Epulonum
:
whose
Office
was
to
take
care
of
the
Solemn
Games
:
and
,
if
any
thing
was
omitted
or
wrong
done
,
to
advertise
the
Pontifices
of
it
;
and
to
provide
for
the
Epulare
Sacrificium
or
holy
Feast
made
of
the
Sacrifices
at
those
Games
;
their
Ensign
upon
a
Coin
of
L.
Plancus
is
Urceolus
or
an
Ewer
.
Virgines
saliae
who
assisted
at
the
Sacrifices
in
the
Regiâ
.
Camilli
were
Youths
(
ingenui
)
that
served
the
Priest
at
Sacrificing
,
and
are
commonly
decipher'd
holding
a
Box
of
Incense
in
their
hands
.
Apparitores
or
Kalatores
,
Lictores
.
Scribae
most
of
them
Libertini
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
à
libris
Pontificalibus
.
Decuria
Curiatia
.
Tibicines
who
play'd
,
and
Ludii
that
danced
,
at
their
Sacrifices
:
instead
of
whom
in
their
Colonies
was
Petreia
,
an
Antick
,
that
led
their
Ceremonies
in
the
Habit
of
an
old
drunken
Woman
.
Popae
,
that
slew
;
Victimarii
that
dressed
,
their
Sacrifices
.
Incinerarius
that
brought
the
Embers
,
and
kindled
the
fire
.
Jecorus
and
Aruspex
Pontificis
that
stood
by
,
ordered
the
Sacrificed
,
and
viewed
the
Liver
.
Fictores
,
probably
such
as
sold
Images
of
Flower
or
Wax
to
such
as
were
not
able
,
by
reason
of
poverty
,
to
buy
living
beasts
.
Nomenclatores
Tensarum
Jugares
,
such
as
assisted
in
ordering
the
Tensae
.
CHAP.
VIII
.
Of
Countries
,
Colonies
,
Places
.
§
.
1.
SPain
,
upon
their
Coins
is
sometimes
like
a
Soldier
on
Horse-back
with
a
Lance
,
sometimes
on
Foot
with
a
round
Buckler
and
two
Darts
,
(
the
Weapons
of
that
Country
)
sometimes
a
Woman
with
a
Rabbet
,
of
which
was
so
great
plenty
heretofore
in
Spain
,
that
whole
Towns
have
been
undermined
by
them
;
and
Galen
thought
they
were
proper
to
that
Country
.
Deus
Hispanus
,
or
their
Tutelar
God
,
is
a
full
Face
with
short
curled
Hair
,
and
a
Collar
of
Pearls
about
his
Neck
.
Africa
,
a
Womans
Head
tired
with
the
Skin
of
an
Elephants
Head
:
sometimes
also
beside
her
a
Scorpion
,
Basket
of
Herbs
,
and
Ears
of
Corn.
Sometimes
also
a
Serpent
before
an
Elephant
;
who
is
said
by
his
hot
Breath
to
draw
them
out
of
their
Holes
,
and
so
devour
them
.
Sometimes
with
G.
T.
A.
Genius
Tutelaris
Africae
.
Mauritania
,
and
in
Hadrian's
Money
Mauretania
,
a
Woman
in
a
Soldiers
Habit
leading
an
Horse
commonly
without
a
Bridle
,
(
Infraenes
Numidae
Virg.
calls
them
)
and
a
Switch
in
the
other
hand
.
Italy
,
sometimes
like
a
Woman
crowned
with
Towers
,
sitting
on
a
Globe
;
to
signifie
the
Command
of
the
World
;
sometimes
with
a
Cornucopia
.
§
.
2.
Roma
,
owing
her
Name
to
a
Woman
call'd
Rhome
;
for
when
the
Trojans
lay
lurking
at
the
Mouth
of
Tiber
,
and
made
Inroads
into
the
Country
,
their
Wives
troubled
at
that
manner
of
living
,
by
the
Counsel
of
Rhome
,
when
the
men
were
gone
abroad
to
forrage
,
burnt
the
Ships
;
whereupon
perforce
they
built
a
City
,
and
call'd
it
Roma
;
sometimes
therefore
a
Woman
armed
sitting
on
seven
Mountains
,
or
on
an
heap
of
Arms
,
with
a
Wolf
suckling
Romulus
and
Remus
,
and
a
Bird
or
two
call'd
Picus
Martius
consecrated
to
Mars
their
Father
.
Sometimes
a
young
Head
,
to
shew
its
perpetuity
and
eternal
Vigour
,
armed
also
for
strength
.
Germania
,
a
Woman
with
a
Lance
and
Shield
,
like
a
Rhombus
,
with
the
acute
Angles
cut
off
;
which
it
seems
was
the
defensive
Arms
of
most
Countries
thereabouts
.
Sicilia
is
figured
by
three
Legs
in
a
Triangle
,
because
of
the
three
Promontories
,
Pelorum
,
Pachorum
,
Lilybaeum
;
with
Ears
of
Corn
to
shew
its
Fertility
.
Judaea
and
Phoenicia
with
a
Palm-tree
.
Armenia
with
a
Persian
Quiver
of
Arrows
.
Arabia
,
a
Camel
.
Corinth
and
Syracuse
,
her
Colony
,
a
Pegasus●…
Cyrene
,
the
Plant
Silphium
(
a
gross
Stem
with
two
or
three
branches
at
the
top
,
like
a
round
Ball
)
because
thence
the
best
Laserpitium
,
either
the
Gum
or
the
coagulated
Juice
of
that
Plant
,
which
some
conceive
to
be
Benzoin
.
Egypt
,
a
Woman
holding
a
Sistrum
(
a
Musical
Instrument
like
a
Racket
of
Iron
or'Brass
,
in
the
sides
of
it
loose
Wyres
or
Irons
with
thick
ends
,
that
they
might
not
slip
out
of
the
holes
,
and
give
also
a
greater
sound
;
the
Sistrum
being
held
by
the
handle
,
and
shaken
to
and
again
in
a
certain
Measure
,
made
such
Musick
as
served
their
Turns
)
Sometimes
with
an
Ibis
,
a
great
Devourer
of
their
Serpents
.
Sometimes
with
one
of
their
many
monstrous
Ass
or
Dog
or
Hawk
Cat-headed
Gods
.
Sometimes
a
Crocodile
.
Sometimes
a
Sphinx
,
which
was
a
kind
of
Ape
or
Monkey
,
more
ingenious
than
any
other
sort
of
these
Animals
,
found
amongst
the
Troglodites
,
but
brought
from
Egypt
,
the
Egyptians
famous
for
their
Dexterity
and
Wittiness
,
represented
themselves
by
it
.
Carthago
,
on
one
side
a
Virgins
Head
,
on
the
other
an
Horses
;
they
say
,
that
at
the
building
of
Carthage
,
an
Horses
head
was
found
in
a
Pit
in
an
holy
Wood
;
whereby
was
foreshew'd
that
the
new
City
should
be
warlike
and
a
great
Conqueress
,
whence
the
Punick
Name
of
it
KAKKABH
signifies
(
as
they
say
)
an
Horses
head
:
the
Palm-tree
shews
them
to
be
a
Colony
of
the
Phoenicians
.
§
.
3.
Rivers
are
generally
described
like
an
Old
man
(
because
from
the
beginning
;
and
thence
Fluvius
,
and
most
of
the
Names
of
Rivers
are
Masculines
)
crown'd
with
Reeds
or
Water-weeds
,
pouring
water
out
of
an
Urne
,
and
a
Cornucopia
;
if
navigable
,
with
a
Boat
.
Tyber
with
two
Children
sucking
a
Wolf
.
Nilus
with
a
Crocodile
,
and
many
Children
playing
about
him
,
to
represent
its
Fertility
.
Tigri●…
with
a
Tiger
.
§
.
4.
A
Colony
is
represented
commonly
by
a
Plough
drawn
by
two
Oxen
,
or
an
Ox
and
a
Cow
;
which
at
the
building
of
a
City
were
yoked
together
;
the
Cow
inward
(
the
Wife
being
to
be
House-keeper
)
with
the
Plough
they
made
a
Furrow
,
which
should
be
as
it
were
the
limits
of
the
City
,
where
the
Gates
were
to
be
,
they
lifted
up
the
Plough
out
of
the
Earth
;
so
porta
à
portando
.
Sometimes
also
by
a
Banner
;
for
at
Rome
,
when
a
Colony
was
to
be
sent
forth
,
a
Banner
was
set
up
,
and
an
inscribed
Table
under
it
,
to
shew
who
was
the
Conductor
,
and
what
numbers
were
to
go
,
and
whither
;
that
all
might
have
notice
who
were
willing
to
give
in
their
Names
.
The
numbers
being
full
,
out
of
every
hundred
they
chused
ten
,
who
were
call'd
therefore
Decuriones
,
and
made
up
the
Curia
or
Common
Council
of
the
Colony
:
these
out
of
their
own
Body
chused
their
Magistrates
[
Duûmviri
]
who
,
as
the
Consuls
at
Rome
,
had
Power
to
call
together
the
Curia
,
to
propose
,
and
execute
what
was
decreed
by
them
;
Quaestors
also
and
AEdiles
,
&c.
which
were
changed
every
fifth
year
;
and
were
therefore
call'd
Quinquennales
;
C.
V.
Colon.
Victrix
;
C.
I.
T.
Tar.
Colonia
Julia
Togata
Tarracouensis
.
See
a
Catalogue
of
all
the
Colonies
and
Municipia
in
Goltzius
.
There
were
divers
sorts
of
Colonies
;
the
one
Civium
Romanorum
;
the
other
Latina
,
as
Col.
L.
Jul.
Cori.
Colonia
Latina
Julia
Corintbus
;
others
Italica
;
others
Latinorum
Veterum
:
the
differences
whereof
were
taken
from
the
persons
that
went
,
whether
Citizens
,
Allies
,
or
Associate
,
and
may
be
seen
in
Sigonius
and
other
Authors
.
Municipia
,
were
such
Towns
as
kept
their
own
Laws
and
Customs
,
and
yet
had
also
the
Right
of
Roman
Citizens
,
and
were
call'd
Urbes
;
in
Colonies
,
tho
they
lost
some
of
the
Privileges
of
Roman
Citizens
;
yet
because
commonly
old
Soldiers
were
planted
in
them
,
the
Governors
of
the
Provinces
,
for
their
Security
,
chused
to
reside
,
and
to
have
their
Conventus
or
Seat
of
Judicature
there
,
whereby
Colonies
grew
into
more
Esteem
.
§
.
5.
We
find
also
upon
ancient
Medals
divers
of
their
Buildings
,
as
Aquaeducts
,
Pillars
,
Arches
Triumphal
,
Forums
or
Market-places
,
Rostra
:
near
to
which
were
the
Pulpits
where
they
made
Orations
,
Temples
,
Theaters
[
half
Circles
or
half
Ovals
]
for
acting
Comedies
,
Amphitheaters
,
or
as
if
it
were
two
Theaters
joined
together
,
for
Huntings
,
Gladiator-shews
,
&c.
Circus's
for
Races
of
Chariots
,
Horses
,
&c.
Puteal
Libonis
,
was
the
Cover
of
a
certain
Pit
made
with
Lightning
;
which
tho
expiated
,
yet
was
not
permitted
to
be
inhabited
or
used
,
therefore
was
that
Building
set
over
it
.
Near
to
,
or
under
which
was
hid
the
Whetstone
and
Rasor
of
Actius
Naevius
;
near
to
it
also
was
the
Tribunal
of
the
Praetor
,
or
as
some
say
,
of
the
AEdile
.
CHAP.
IX
.
Of
their
Magistrates
.
Upon
their
Coins
also
are
frequent
Memorials
of
their
Magistrates
.
§
.
1.
MAny
Persons
descending
of
their
Kings
,
or
deriving
their
Families
(
Reticula
)
upon
their
Heads
,
adorned
with
golden
Grashoppers
(
Cicadas
)
because
themselves
,
as
those
Insects
,
were
born
out
of
the
Earth
,
as
they
said
.
The
Emperors
used
them
not
(
because
not
acknowledging
themselves
Kings
)
but
of
those
Crowns
ordinarily
bestowed
upon
the
Soldiers
for
their
Services
,
or
a
Laurel
one
,
such
as
was
granted
to
Jul.
Cesar
;
till
Antoninus
Caracalla
,
who
assumed
to
himself
a
Diadem
,
probably
after
his
perfidious
Murder
of
the
Persians
,
and
infamous
ravage
of
their
Country
:
after
him
Elagabalus
,
Aurelian
,
Carus
,
Dioclesian
,
and
others
,
used
it
,
but
none
continually
till
Constant.
Mag.
who
AElia
Flaccilla
seems
to
be
crowned
.
The
carrying
Swords
before
Kings
I
do
not
remember
to
have
read
before
Attila
;
who
(
as
a
small
History
of
him
,
taken
out
of
Priscus
,
and
is
put
out
by
Canisius
in
Lection
.
Antiqu.
)
going
against
some
of
his
bordering
Scythians
,
was
presented
with
the
Sword
of
Mars
;
sometimes
a
King
of
those
Nations
,
and
afterwards
a
God
,
which
Attila
had
afterwards
always
carried
before
him
.
In
that
Author
also
is
an
accurate
Description
of
Attila's
Body
,
very
like
that
which
Conte
Thesauro
copied
after
Padre
Quaglia's
Original
.
§
.
2.
The
Kings
being
expelled
,
and
the
Sella
Curulis
,
a
Gown
of
many
colours
or
Trabea
,
an
Ivory
Staff
or
Scepter
,
on
the
top
whereof
was
ordinarily
an
Eagle
;
sometimes
also
somewhat
like
a
Flower-de-lys
.
At
first
they
were
both
Patritii
,
afterwards
the
people
by
their
Obstinacy
and
Seditions
obtained
,
that
one
of
them
should
always
be
a
Plebeian
.
§
.
3.
Next
to
the
Consuls
were
the
Praetors
;
A
U.
C.
388.
a
Praetor
was
created
a
distinct
Officer
;
which
was
eagerly
desired
by
the
Patritii
,
as
proper
only
to
them
,
one
of
the
Consuls
being
taken
from
them
.
About
A.
U.
C.
501.
were
made
two
Praetors
,
the
one
to
judge
the
Causes
of
Citizens
between
themselves
,
call'd
Urbanus
;
the
other
the
Causes
betwixt
Citizens
and
Strangers
,
call'd
Peregrinus
.
About
Anno
520.
were
added
two
more
to
assist
the
Consuls
in
governing
the
Provinces
,
and
575
two
more
;
so
that
of
these
six
,
two
always
remain'd
in
the
City
,
four
went
into
the
Provinces
,
as
they
were
assign'd
by
Lot
.
A.
U.
C.
605.
the
number
of
Causes
increasing
,
all
stay'd
in
the
City
,
and
at
divers
times
their
number
was
increased
to
64
,
but
Augustus
reduced
them
to
12.
Their
Ensigns
were
six
Lictors
,
Toga
praetexta
and
Sella
Curulis
.
And
their
Office
was
to
judge
Causes
,
both
Civil
and
Criminal
.
They
made
Shews
also
and
Plays
;
and
the
Sacrifice
and
Worship
of
the
Bona
Dea
was
at
their
house
.
§
.
4.
The
next
were
the
AEdiles
,
instituted
A.
U.
C.
271.
two
to
aid
the
Tribunes
in
some
Causes
remitted
to
them
,
and
were
Plebeians
:
An.
388.
two
of
the
Patritii
were
added
to
them
,
and
call'd
Curules
,
because
they
sate
upon
Ivory
Seats
,
so
call'd
.
C.
Cesar
added
two
more
who
might
have
inspection
over
the
Corn
,
called
therefore
Cereales
.
Their
Office
was
to
look
to
the
City
,
the
Temples
,
Baths
,
publick
Buildings
,
Streets
;
to
order
petty
Funerals
and
Marriages
,
and
to
judge
of
certain
Cases
concerning
these
things
;
likewise
to
look
to
the
Corn
,
to
the
Markets
,
Weights
and
Measures
,
and
whatever
was
sold.
Lastly
,
they
provided
●…nd
took
care
of
the
solemn
and
publick
Games
●…nd
Shews
.
§
.
5.
The
Tribunes
were
created
A.
U.
C.
(
Plebiscita
)
give
Sen●…nce
,
convoke
and
dismiss
the
Senate
,
and
in
summ
,
to
oppress
the
Nobility
by
all
means
they
could
.
Yet
so
sacred
were
their
Persons
an●…
Office
esteemed
,
that
no
man
durst
offer
violence
to
,
or
resist
,
them
;
till
Sulla
,
being
mad●…
Dictator
perpetuus
,
curbed
their
Power
,
and
limited
it
much
by
his
Laws
,
which
notwithstanding
were
afterwards
repeal'd
by
Gn
Pompeius
an●…
Palikanus
;
who
therefore
stamp'd
upon
a
Co●…
the
Rostra
,
and
Image
of
Liberty
.
Now
the
Emperors
,
tho
they
govern'd
〈◊〉
absolute
Monarchs
,
yet
pretending
to
reta●…
the
ancient
Forms
,
call'd
themselves
Consuls
&c.
and
whereas
they
could
not
be
Tribu●…
plebis
,
because
the
Office
was
annual
,
and
noo●…
could
be
chosen
but
Plebeii
,
whereas
Pontific●…
Maximi
were
ordinarily
Patritii
,
they
therefore
assumed
Tribunitiam
potestatem
,
the
which
wa●…
renew'd
every
year
;
so
that
Trib.
Pot.
IV.
〈◊〉
commonly
said
to
be
the
same
as
the
fou●…
year
of
his
Reign
.
But
this
,
tho
the
commo●…
Opinion
of
Medalists
,
is
not
true
.
For
Tiber●…
v.
g.
had
the
Trib.
Pot.
long
before
he
was
Emperor
;
so
had
divers
others
.
TR.
Pot.
is
〈◊〉
often
without
any
number
of
years
:
often
tim●…
also
the
years
of
their
TR.
Pot.
is
lesser
tha●…
that
of
their
Reign
,
the
Emperors
now
an●…
then
committing
that
Trust
to
such
,
of
who●…
they
were
very
confident
.
§
.
6.
About
A.
U.
C.
269.
were
the
Qu●…stors
fi●…st
chosen
by
the
Consuls
,
afterwards
〈◊〉
Urbani
(
Q.
P.
is
Quaestor
publicus
)
afterwar●…
A.
U.
C.
332.
they
created
other
two
,
wh●…
should
accompany
the
Consuls
when
they
went
to
War
;
to
take
charge
of
the
Money
,
sell
the
Prey
,
&c.
Afterwards
Anno
439.
their
number
was
doubled
,
and
they
were
sent
by
Lot
with
the
Pro-Cos
.
or
Pro-Praetors
into
the
Provinces
;
afterwards
Sulla
made
them
up
20
,
and
Cesar
40.
Their
Office
was
to
receive
and
expend
the
publick
Money
,
to
keep
the
Military
Ensigns
(
which
were
commonly
of
Silver
)
to
sell
the
Prey
,
to
receive
,
entertain
,
lodge
Ambassadors
,
and
such
like
.
§
.
7.
Servius
Tullus
,
the
sixth
King
,
was
the
first
that
ordain'd
the
censing
or
valuing
of
the
A.
U.
C.
311.
the
e
were
two
Censors
created
of
the
Consular
persons
;
and
that
from
5
years
,
to
5
years
,
tho
their
Office
expired
in
a
year
and
half
(
the
Censing
being
usually
perform'd
but
once
in
five
years
)
and
if
in
that
time
the
one
died
,
the
other
presently
gave
over
his
Office
.
The
Emperors
kept
this
Office
in
their
own
Persons
;
and
the
Flavian
Family
,
(
i.
e.
)
Vespasian
and
his
Sons
,
took
a
pride
to
be
call'd
Censors
,
and
put
it
amongst
their
other
Titles
upon
their
Coin
.
But
a●…ter
them
we
hear
nothing
of
it
till
Constantine's
time
:
who
made
his
Brother
Delmatius
Censor
;
who
was
the
last
we
read
of
that
enjoyed
that
Office
.
It
was
a
place
of
very
great
Honour
and
Authority
,
and
had
all
the
Ensigns
of
Consuls
,
except
Lictors
.
Their
Office
was
to
set
down
in
a
Book
all
,
both
the
publick
and
private
,
Wealth
of
all
the
Citizens
;
there-according
to
rank
them
into
Centuries
and
Classes
.
They
let
out
the
Customs
in
the
City
and
in
the
Provinces
;
and
made
Laws
also
concerning
them
.
They
took
care
of
publick
Buildings
,
and
High-ways
,
and
taxed
the
Prices
of
the
publick
Sacrifices
.
They
took
care
also
of
the
Manners
of
the
Citizens
,
especially
such
as
were
ignominious
,
yet
not
punishable
by
Law
;
as
Celibacy
,
Perjury
,
running
in
Debt
,
infamous
Lusts
,
and
the
like
;
and
according
to
their
Demerits
punished
them
,
as
by
casting
them
out
of
the
Senate
,
i.
e.
when
the
Names
of
the
Senators
were
read
at
the
beginning
of
the
Censorship
,
such
Names
were
omitted
.
And
so
for
the
Equites
,
if
any
so
deserved
,
they
took
away
his
publick
Horse
(
for
the
Equites
were
allow'd
about
an
100
Crowns
to
buy
a
Horse
,
which
they
were
oblig'd
always
to
make
good
,
and
about
20
Crowns
a
year
to
keep
him
,
and
when
they
had
served
10
Campaigns
they
restored
him
)
i.
e.
when
the
Equites
shew'd
themselves
,
those
who
were
approv'd
the
Censors
commanded
to
pass
by
,
and
take
their
Horse
with
them
;
but
if
any
so
deserv'd
,
they
commanded
his
Horse
to
be
sold
,
and
this
was
called
Equi
ademptio
.
For
the
Plebeians
,
when
they
so
deserv'd
,
they
remov'd
from
a
more
honourable
and
Country
Tribe
into
one
less
honourable
and
a
City
Tribe
:
or
else
AErarios
relinquebant
,
sive
in
Caeritum
tabulas
referebant
,
i.
e.
they
took
away
their
Right
of
giving
Suffrages
,
yet
left
them
to
pay
Taxes
.
All
this
was
done
publickly
in
the
Campus
Martius
;
and
when
all
was
finish'd
,
the
Lustrum
,
or
Muster-roll
was
laid
up
:
Vows
for
the
publick
Wealth
were
conceiv'd
;
and
the
Sacrifices
call'd
Suovetaurilia
made
,
and
the
Censors
ended
their
Offices
.
§
.
8.
The
Kingly
Power
being
expelled
,
the
L.
Sulla
and
C.
Caesar
were
made
perpetual
Dictators
;
but
after
Caesar's
death
a
Law
was
made
,
that
there
should
never
be
any
more
Dictator
.
§
.
9.
We
find
many
times
on
Coins
Pro
Cos.
Pro
Q.
and
such
like
,
i.
e.
Pro
Consule
,
Pro
Quaestore
,
A.
U.
C.
427.
Afterwards
also
the
Praetors
and
Consuls
not
being
enow
for
all
Employments
,
Consular
men
were
sent
instead
of
Consuls
,
Praetorians
for
Praetor
;
and
some
Provinces
were
call'd
Consulares
,
others
Praetoriae
.
Some
Proconsulares
Provinciae
also
,
which
were
such
as
were
bestow'd
by
the
people
,
and
at
first
the
Consuls
commanded
them
,
being
continued
as
Pro-Consule
,
but
afterwards
those
were
put
in
who
never
had
been
Consuls
.
The
Praetor
being
dead
or
absent
,
his
place
was
supplied
sometimes
by
the
Quaestor
,
who
was
then
Pro-Praetore
;
sometimes
by
his
Legatus
or
Lieutenant
,
who
had
no
Command
or
Power
,
but
what
was
given
him
by
the
Consul
or
Praetor
,
whose
Legatus
he
was
.
CHAP.
X.
Of
their
Wars
,
Victories
,
Rewards
,
&c.
§
.
1.
OUT
of
their
Coins
also
we
learn
much
of
the
Time
and
Discipline
of
their
Wars
:
Their
Armies
were
divided
into
Legions
.
A
Legion
contain'd
sometimes
3
,
sometimes
4
,
sometimes
5
,
and
at
last
6000
,
and
receiv'd
the
name
from
the
order
of
their
raising
,
as
prima
,
secunda
,
&c.
Legio
.
Or
from
the
Emperors
,
as
Augusta
,
Claudia
,
Flavia
Legio
,
&c.
Or
from
their
Quarters
,
Gallica
,
Cyrenaica
,
Scythica
,
Italica
,
&c.
Or
from
their
Gods
,
Apollinaris
,
Minervia
,
&c.
Or
some
other
accident
,
as
Ferrata
,
Fulminatrix
,
Victrix
,
Gemina
,
Valens
,
Ad●…utrix
,
Pia
,
&c.
and
was
commanded
by
a
Legatus
or
some
Lieutenant
,
and
its
Ensigns
was
an
Eagle
.
Ensigns
on
Medals
signifie
sometimes
the
restitution
of
such
a
Legion
,
or
some
Honour
done
by
that
Legion
to
the
Emperor
,
or
by
the
Emperor
to
that
Legion
.
A
Legion
was
divided
into
ten
Cohorts
,
every
Cohort
had
three
Manipuli
,
one
of
the
Hastati
,
another
of
the
Principes
,
a
third
of
the
Triarii
(
of
these
there
were
never
above
600
in
a
Legion
.
)
Praetoria
Cohors
or
the
Generals
Life-guard
,
was
first
chosen
by
Scipio
of
the
valiantest
Soldiers
,
increasing
their
Pay
2½
,
and
keeping
them
continually
about
his
Person
.
Augustus
had
ordinarily
nine
of
these
Cohorts
,
but
at
first
ten
,
saith
Dion
,
of
a
1000
men
apiece
.
The
Cohortes
urbanae
,
for
defence
of
the
City
,
were
4
of
1500
men
apiece
.
A.
Manipulus
was
divided
into
two
Centuries
,
sixty
Centuries
in
a
Legion
.
Every
Century
had
its
Centurion
,
a
Manipulus
two
;
their
Ensigns
anciently
an
handful
of
Hay
,
or
some
such
matter
,
afterwards
a
Spear
with
a
cross
piece
of
Wood
on
the
top
,
under
which
they
hung
Shields
,
upon
which
were
Images
of
their
Gods
,
Emperors
,
and
other
great
Persons
(
so
Suetonius
.
Tyberius
munera
Syriacis
legationibus
dedit
,
quòd
Solae
nullam
Sejani
imaginem
inte●…
signa
coluissent
)
a
Hand
in
a
Circle
alluding
to
Manipulus
,
or
some
such
other
device
.
The
Cohorts
anciently
had
no
Ensigns
,
but
afterwards
they
had
Vexilla
or
Banners
;
Vexilla
properly
signifies
the
Ensigns
of
their
Horse
,
and
were
little
Veils
,
but
are
generally
taken
for
all
sorts
of
Ensigns
,
which
were
much
like
those
Church-Banners
carried
in
Processions
.
But
Vegetius
saith
,
in
the
Emperors
times
they
were
Dragons
,
Wolves
,
or
the
like
,
carried
upon
Poles
;
but
I
know
not
whether
these
before
Trajan's
War
with
the
Dacians
;
and
that
Banners
were
for
the
Horse
,
and
were
call'd
Cantabra
.
Vexilla
(
which
were
like
Veils
of
Cloth
or
Silk
fastened
above
to
a
loose
Travers
on
a
Spear
,
wherein
were
writ
the
Names
of
their
Emperors
.
Suet.
of
Vespasian
:
Assensere
cuncti
,
nomenque
ejus
vexillis
omnibus
sine
morâ
inscripserunt
)
distinguished
by
the
colour
,
as
Cantabra
were
by
the
Device
or
Motto
.
Labarum
was
that
Vexillum
which
was
carried
before
the
Emperor
.
Onuphrius
saith
,
that
after
Rome
was
reduced
under
the
Government
of
the
Emperors
,
Aquila
was
the
Ensign
of
the
Legion
,
Signa
those
of
the
Cohorts
,
Vexilla
those
of
the
Manipuli
and
Horse
,
and
Labarum
that
of
the
whole
Army
,
which
was
always
carried
before
the
Emperors
.
But
I
find
not
Labarum
before
Constantine's
time
,
and
his
is
described
by
Eusebius
de
Vit.
Const.
l.
1.
c.
24.
yet
that
sort
of
Ensign
was
in
use
before
.
Prudentius
also
and
the
Fathers
mention
it
very
frequently
;
and
how
he
had
the
Name
of
Christ
§
.
2.
There
were
sixty
Centurions
in
a
Legion
,
and
every
one
of
them
had
his
Optio
or
Lieutenant
.
So
in
a
Cohort
in
the
Manipulus
Hastatorum
there
were
two
Centurions
,
two
in
the
Manipulus
Principum
,
two
also
in
the
Triariorum
;
and
the
first
Centurion
which
was
over
the
Triarii
of
the
first
Cohort
was
call'd
Primipilus
;
and
had
great
Authority
,
as
it
were
of
a
Major
General
,
carrying
the
Orders
of
the
General
or
Tribune
:
he
govern'd
the
Eagle
,
putting
it
up
,
and
delivering
it
to
the
Bearer
;
he
was
one
of
the
Councel
of
War
;
his
Pay
setled
by
Augustus
was
about
300
Crowns
per
annum
,
and
after
the
Service
was
accounted
amongst
the
Equites
.
A
Centurion
was
known
by
his
Vitis
or
Flagellum
,
wherewith
he
chastised
the
Soldiers
.
The
Tribunes
wore
Gold
Rings
,
and
better
Cloaths
,
and
a
Sword
call'd
Parazonium
,
wanting
a
point
,
which
they
carried
in
a
Case
like
a
Quiver
.
§
.
3.
There
were
six
Tribunes
in
a
Legion
;
chosen
at
first
by
the
Kings
,
afterwards
by
the
Consuls
and
People
equally
,
and
were
call'd
Comitiati
;
most
of
them
chosen
out
of
the
Equites
,
yet
some
also
out
of
the
Common
people
;
it
was
a
step
to
be
a
Senator
.
In
the
more
dangerous
Wars
,
Senators
were
often
made
Tribunes
.
They
heard
Causes
,
sentenced
even
to
loss
of
life
,
gave
the
Word
,
look'd
to
the
Guards
,
&c.
The
Legatus
or
Lieutenant-General
(
as
we
call
him
,
for
he
corresponds
very
much
to
that
Officer
in
the
French
Armies
)
had
great
Power
to
advise
,
command
,
and
in
the
Generals
absence
to
be
General
.
The
〈◊〉
of
the
Legions
were
by
Augustus
call'd
Legati
Praetorii
;
the
Lieutenant-Generals
were
call'd
Legati
Consulares
;
and
were
merely
his
Lieutenants
;
not
having
Right
to
triumph
,
since
they
acted
only
by
his
Commission
,
and
under
him
.
The
General
or
Imperator
had
the
Command
of
all
,
had
his
Lictores
,
his
Trumpets
,
his
Paludamentum
or
Scarlet
upper
Garment
,
&c.
§
.
4.
The
Arms
of
the
Velites
,
or
such
,
as
first
charged
,
and
kept
not
Rank
and
File
,
nor
were
reckoned
among
the
Legions
,
were
,
a
Sword
,
seven
Darts
three
foot
long
,
headed
with
Iron
,
but
weakly
,
that
they
might
bend
,
and
not
be
thrown
back
again
;
a
round
Buckler
(
Parma
)
about
three
foot
Diameter
of
Wood
covered
with
Leather
,
an
Head-piece
of
Wooll
or
Skin
of
some
wild
Beast
.
The
Arms
of
the
Hastati
,
Principes
,
and
Triarii
were
much
what
the
same
;
only
the
Triarii
had
instead
of
the
Pilum
,
a
Spear
,
as
being
to
fight
cominus
only
.
These
Arms
were
,
1.
A
Shield
or
Buckler
,
sometimes
round
,
Oval
,
imbricatum
or
equally
broad
with
corners
two
foot
and
half
broad
,
and
four
foot
long
,
to
cover
the
whole
Body
when
stooping
,
made
of
Boards
,
the
lighter
Wood
the
better
,
glued
together
,
and
covered
with
Ox-hide
,
and
edg'd
with
Iron
.
Upon
their
Coins
we
see
often
the
Ancilia
,
a
sort
of
Shield
like
to
three
Ovals
clapt
the
end
of
one
upon
another
,
the
least
in
the
midst
.
The
first
of
these
was
said
to
have
fallen
down
from
Heaven
,
and
it
was
prophesied
,
that
where
that
Ancile
was
kept
,
there
should
be
the
Seat
of
the
Empire
of
the
World
;
whereupon
they
made
eleven
more
so
like
to
that
first
,
that
none
could
know
the
true
one
:
and
these
were
born
in
their
solemn
Dances
by
the
Salii
.
2.
A
Sword
(
and
in
later
times
a
Dagger
)
upon
their
right
side
,
that
it
might
not
hinder
their
Shield
,
about
two
foot
and
half
long
in
the
Blade
,
and
made
more
for
thrusting
than
cutting
.
3.
Pilum
,
one
greater
about
4
fingers
Diameter
,
and
long
about
7
foot
,
with
its
Ironbarbed
head
,
and
one
lesser
like
a
Hunting
Spear
.
4.
A
brazen
Helmet
,
wherein
they
wore
Feathers
or
other
Crests
,
not
unlike
ours
,
but
more
upright
;
the
Soldier
also
sometimes
had
his
Name
and
the
Name
of
his
Legion
engraven
upon
it
.
5.
A
Breast-plate
,
or
at
least
a
square
piece
of
Iron
or
Brass
which
covered
the
Breast
,
called
Pectorale
;
but
those
of
better
Quality
had
Breast-plates
,
which
were
either
like
Coats
of
Mail
,
or
plated
like
ours
:
the
Sarmatae
made
them
of
Horn
or
Horse
hoofs
.
Some
made
them
of
Linnen
Cloth
steep'd
in
sowre
Wine
and
Salt
,
and
quilted
,
some
of
Iron
,
&c.
6.
Boots
or
Greaves
for
their
Legs
.
§
.
5.
Adlocutio
was
when
the
General
had
any
thing
to
say
to
the
Army
,
encourage
them
to
fight
,
compose
Mutinies
,
&c.
he
commonly
stood
upon
a
Bank
of
Turff
.
Decursio
was
an
Exercising
of
the
Soldiers
,
when
they
were
armed
to
run
so
far
,
to
make
them
expedite
and
active
,
Victory
is
commonly
described
a
Womans
Head
with
Wings
on
the
Shoulders
;
sometimes
a
Woman
winged
,
crowned
with
Laurel
,
in
one
Hand
a
Crown
,
in
the
other
a
Palm
;
or
sometimes
writing
upon
a
Shield
,
or
standing
upon
a
Globe
(
as
if
the
Romans
had
conquer'd
all
the
World
)
a
Jewel
also
hanging
about
her
Neck
,
which
they
call'd
Bulla
,
and
was
worn
by
such
as
triumphed
as
an
honorary
Ornament
for
their
Services
;
and
was
also
given
to
Strangers
,
sometimes
for
Service
done
.
Trophaeum
,
was
a
Memorial
set
up
in
sign
of
Victory
,
which
was
the
Arms
of
the
Vanquished
,
hung
upon
a
Tree
or
Perch
.
Triumphus
,
one
drawn
in
a
Chariot
with
two
or
four
Horses
,
behind
him
a
small
winged
Victory
,
holding
over
his
Head
a
Crown
.
If
a
Victory
by
Sea
,
it
is
expressed
by
a
Victory
standing
on
the
Prow
of
a
Ship
,
or
somewhat
belonging
to
Maritime
Affairs
,
as
a
Neptune
,
Trident
,
&c.
After
the
Victory
obtained
in
the
River
by
the
Romans
against
the
Antiates
,
they
set
up
the
Prows
of
their
Enemies
Ships
upon
a
certain
place
where
they
made
their
Orations
to
the
People
;
which
was
therefore
call'd
Rostra
:
Sometimes
also
in
Honour
of
a
Naval
Victory
,
they
set
up
a
Pillar
with
little
Beaks
of
Ships
carved
upon
it
,
call'd
Columna
rostrata
.
§
.
6.
Upon
many
Coins
are
expressed
the
Rewards
of
such
Soldiers
as
behaved
themselves
extraordinarily
.
Such
were
many
times
Money
,
Donatives
,
&c.
which
yet
was
not
entirely
left
to
their
disposing
;
but
half
of
it
they
were
obliged
to
lay
up
,
which
was
registred
and
deposited
in
Chests
in
the
custody
of
the
Ensign-bearers
:
by
which
means
both
their
Debauches
were
prevented
,
and
their
Necessities
supplied
:
besides
,
themselves
also
were
obliged
to
the
Service
,
and
the
Generals
knew
where
,
in
case
of
necessity
,
so
much
Money
was
ready
for
their
use
.
Such
were
also
Crowns
of
divers
sorts
.
Of
Laurel
,
used
commonly
by
the
General
after
a
Victory
.
Given
also
by
the
Senate
to
Julius
Caesar
,
which
,
he
being
bald
,
willingly
accepted
and
used
,
as
did
all
his
Successors
,
which
were
Augusti
;
or
had
absolute
Power
;
but
those
who
were
only
Caesares
,
did
not
use
them
;
till
Constantine
the
Great
;
who
chang'd
it
into
a
Ruband
edged
with
Pearl
,
and
set
with
Jewels
,
as
it
seems
by
his
Coins
,
and
this
is
not
for
Effeminacy
,
as
Julian
(
a
continual
Carper
against
him
and
his
Actions
)
reports
:
but
more
probably
,
because
the
other
had
its
Original
from
Idolatry
;
the
Laurel
being
even
as
a
Crown
sacred
to
Apollo
.
However
the
succeeding
Emperors
were
so
pleased
with
the
Change
,
that
I
find
not
any
of
them
,
not
Julian
himself
,
returning
to
the
ancient
Custom
.
A
Crown
of
Gold
seems
first
to
have
been
used
about
Theodosius's
time
,
and
that
at
first
as
an
Helmet
,
or
some
Ornament
upon
it
;
hence
our
Saxons
call
a
Crown
Cyne
,
i.
e.
Cinings-helmet
,
the
Kings
Helmet
,
but
Crowns
were
of
divers
fashions
;
our
Saxon
Kings
(
as
appears
by
King
Edward's
Money
)
used
close
ones
,
not
much
unlike
a
Miter
;
but
Francis
I.
was
the
first
that
used
a
close
or
bar'd
one
in
France
.
Obsidionalis
,
given
by
those
who
were
delivered
from
a
Siege
to
those
that
reliev'd
them
,
and
was
made
of
Grass
cut
up
in
the
place
where
they
were
besieged
.
Civica
,
given
by
the
General
to
such
a
Soldier
as
had
saved
a
Citizens
life
,
and
slain
an
Enemy
,
made
of
Oaken
leaves
,
set
upon
his
Head
by
him
that
was
rescued
.
Muralis
,
given
by
the
General
to
him
that
first
scaled
the
Enemies
Walls
.
Castrensis
,
to
him
that
first
entred
the
Enemies
Trench
or
Rampart
,
and
these
were
both
gilded
;
the
first
also
had
Battlements
,
the
second
only
Nicks
like
Trenches
.
Rostrata
,
of
Gold
,
given
ordinarily
to
the
General
,
who
had
gain'd
a
Naval
Victory
with
great
labour
and
industry
.
Navalis
,
of
Gold
given
to
such
a
Soldier
as
first
boarded
an
Enemies
Ship
.
If
any
one
killed
an
Enemy
in
any
Velitation
or
pickering
when
they
fought
man
to
man
,
he
was
rewarded
with
a
Spear
without
a
head
,
call'd
Hasta
pura
.
The
Gods
also
are
frequently
described
with
such
in
their
hands
;
in
imitation
whereof
perhaps
might
be
that
custom
in
our
Country
of
the
Principal
Court-Officers
,
carrying
white
Rods
or
Staves
,
as
Ensigns
of
their
places
.
If
any
one
had
done
a
more
valiant
and
singular
Action
;
if
a
Foot-Soldier
,
he
had
a
Bracelet
given
him
;
if
an
Horse-man
,
a
Chain
made
with
Links
or
Rings
to
wear
about
his
Neck
(
whence
seems
to
proceed
the
Honour
of
wearing
Gold
Chains
)
or
Phalerae
,
which
seem
not
to
have
been
Trappings
,
as
we
call
them
,
but
rather
Plates
hanging
down
upon
the
Breast
of
the
Horse
.
CHAP.
XI
.
Of
their
Games
.
§
.
1.
GAMES
at
first
were
instituted
as
parts
of
Devotion
and
Worship
of
their
Gods
;
and
therefore
always
begun
and
ended
with
Sacrifices
.
And
these
were
celebrated
either
amongst
the
Graecians
or
Romans
.
Of
the
Graecians
,
under
which
also
are
comprehended
the
Asiatick
,
I
have
spoken
somewhat
before
;
I
shall
only
add
,
that
they
were
either
Occasional
,
as
upon
the
coming
of
the
Emperor
,
or
some
other
great
Solemnity
;
or
Set
,
they
were
call'd
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
which
was
no
more
than
a
great
Concourse
or
Meeting
of
People
;
and
therefore
besides
their
Acts
of
Devotion
,
at
these
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
were
their
great
Fairs
or
Markets
;
all
sorts
of
Contentions
,
as
Running
,
Leaping
,
Chariot-driving
,
Wrestling
,
Disputes
in
Philosophy
.
Quinquennale
certamen
,
more
Graeco
,
triplex
,
Musicum
,
Gymnicum
,
Equestre
.
Suet.
Nero.
c.
12.
See
more
also
of
their
Hieronica
or
Sacred
Agonists
.
Suet.
Ner.
Cc.
24
,
25.
and
hither
even
banished
persons
had
liberty
to
come
.
The
Charges
of
the
Sacrifices
and
publick
Entertainments
were
sometimes
born
by
one
City
,
which
was
then
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
sometimes
by
a
whole
Community
.
On
the
Reverses
of
the
Money
of
the
later
Emperors
,
we
find
frequently
VOT
.
V.
X.
XX.
&c.
The
meaning
whereof
is
,
That
such
a
City
or
Province
had
vowed
publick
Games
,
if
the
Emperor
reigned
V.
X.
or
XX
years
,
which
did
not
always
signifie
that
they
were
fulfilled
.
Votis
V.
mult
.
X.
is
by
some
interpreted
Votis
Quinquennalibus
multiplicatis
in
Decennalia
,
i.
e.
the
Games
and
Rejoycings
were
to
be
celebrated
both
the
fifth
and
tenth
years
of
the
Emperors
Reign
.
But
in
some
it
is
plainly
,
as
in
Julian
the
Apostata's
Coins
,
Votis
V
,
multis
X
,
which
is
meant
,
that
many
Cities
vowed
Games
again
at
the
End
of
the
tenth
year
of
his
Reign
,
if
it
should
continue
so
long
.
This
manner
of
Vowing
was
in
use
amongst
the
Ancients
,
when
any
of
their
Generals
went
to
War
,
&c.
See
the
form
of
it
in
Liv.
l.
36.
when
they
undertook
the
War
against
Antiochus
.
Pompeius
was
the
first
,
who
being
sick
was
honoured
with
publick
Vows
for
his
Recovery
.
Liv.
l.
21.
Dic.
l.
45.
[
Amongst
other
Vows
in
greatest
Danger
was
a
Ver
sacrum
,
i.
e.
that
whatever
Sheep
[
Pecus
quodcunque
]
should
be
yeaned
betwixt
Kal.
March
and
Kal.
May
,
should
be
sacrificed
.
See
the
Form
in
Liv.
l.
22.
]
At
length
all
Vows
were
converted
into
Flattery
to
the
Emperors
;
and
these
were
conceived
every
new
year
on
the
Kal.
Jan.
and
III.
Non.
and
they
were
first
made
in
the
Camp
by
the
Soldiers
,
then
in
the
Capitol
by
the
Priests
and
Magistrates
.
Some
again
were
Vota
Natalium
,
others
Decennalia
,
Vicenalia
,
&c.
Of
which
vid.
Dio.
l.
53.
and
at
last
they
came
to
that
excess
,
that
the
people
vowed
at
all
times
and
upon
all
occasions
;
for
the
Emperors
safe
Journey
and
Return
,
for
his
Health
,
Family
,
Fecundity
of
his
Wife
,
&c.
and
in
all
their
Epistles
to
the
Emperor
they
signified
that
they
did
Vota
facere
for
him
.
L
,
and
sometimes
,
tho
seldom
,
Λ
upon
their
Coins
,
seems
to
signifie
Lustrum
,
as
L
Ε
Lustrum
quintum
;
i.
e.
there
being
Ludi
quinquennales
instituted
in
the
Honour
of
such
an
Emperor
,
this
was
coined
in
the
fifth
Lustrum
.
I
am
not
satisfied
in
this
Interpretation
,
but
know
no
better
.
I
had
it
from
Sir
J.
Marsham
.
§
.
2.
But
to
come
to
the
Roman
Games
,
of
which
we
have
more
certainty
and
knowledge
;
and
of
these
there
were
divers
sorts
:
Not
to
mention
the
Munera
which
were
given
for
the
Solemnization
of
Funerals
and
other
occasions
;
and
were
Fightings
of
Gladiators
,
or
men
with
Beasts
,
and
the
like
.
Ludi
or
Games
,
some
were
at
the
Charges
of
private
Persons
,
some
at
the
publick
.
Private
were
for
the
performing
of
such
a
Vow
,
gaining
the
good
will
of
the
People
in
suing
for
an
Office
,
or
perform'd
by
inferior
Magistrates
,
of
such
Money
as
they
were
to
bring
into
the
Treasury
,
and
such
like
.
Publick
were
either
extraordinary
;
such
as
were
vowed
by
some
chief
Magistrate
,
and
by
Authority
of
the
Senate
(
Pr.
LVPF
Praetor
ludos
votivos
publicos
fecit
)
upon
Occasion
of
some
War
,
for
the
setling
or
continuing
of
the
Properity
of
the
Commonwealth
,
for
the
averting
of
the
Pestilence
,
Famine
,
or
the
like
,
for
the
happy
Return
of
the
Emperor
,
for
the
aversion
of
the
Omen
of
such
Prodigies
,
for
some
favor
of
the
Gods
,
and
many
of
the
same
sort
.
Of
the
ordinary
,
some
were
every
year
,
some
every
fifth
year
,
some
every
hundreth
year
,
as
the
Ludi
Saeculares
.
Some
were
Circenses
(
in
Circo
)
Amphitheatrales
(
in
Amphitheatro
,
cavea
,
●…rena
)
which
were
Gladiators
,
fighting
with
Beasts
,
and
the
like
.
Theatrales
(
in
Theatro
)
such
were
Comedies
,
and
Tragedies
,
Pantomimi
,
Con●…entions
in
Musick
,
Fidicines
,
Citharoedi
(
Singers
〈◊〉
the
Cithara
)
Citharistae
(
Players
on
the
Citha●…
)
Lyristae
,
Tibicines
.
These
play'd
in
Odeo
,
a
●…articular
place
(
the
Musick-room
)
of
the
●…heatre
.
Besides
these
were
Circulatores
,
who
shew'd
●…easts
of
Activity
,
Palaestrae
in
Gymnasiis
▪
I
will
speak
only
of
the
chiefest
,
and
such
only
as
are
explain'd
by
;
or
set
●…on
Medals
,
and
first
of
the
Ludi
Saeculares
,
which
were
the
chiefest
.
§
.
3.
When
Tullus
Hostilius
was
King
of
Rome
,
and
Metius
Suffetius
Dictator
of
the
Albani
,
those
two
Cities
began
a
dangerous
War
for
Superiority
;
and
as
they
were
ready
to
joyn
Battel
,
a
certain
Spectrum
appear'd
to
both
Armies
,
telling
them
,
that
Dis
Pater
and
Proserpina
commanded
before
they
fought
to
sacrifice
to
them
both
,
on
an
Altar
under
ground
,
and
so
vanish'd
.
The
Romans
affrighted
with
this
Prodigy
,
sent
into
the
City
presently
,
dug
a
hole
in
the
ground
〈◊〉
Campus
Martius
near
the
River
,
made
an
Altar
sacrificed
,
and
cover'd
the
hole
again
with
the
Earth
,
so
that
none
,
except
the
Romans
,
knew
of
it
.
The
place
was
call'd
Terentum
,
because
the
River
there
wore
away
the
Earth
.
And
hence
it
came
,
that
that
War
was
determin'd
with
so
little
slaughter
,
by
the
Fight
of
the
Togemini
,
3
Horatii
against
3
Curiatii
.
This
Altar
was
discover'd
a
long
time
after
in
the
Reign
of
Tarquinius
Priscus
,
by
one
Volusus
Valesius
,
an
Eminent
person
of
the
Sabines
and
also
well
known
to
the
Romans
,
on
this
occasion
.
When
,
in
the
time
of
a
great
Contagion
,
a
Grove
he
had
before
his
House
,
was
struc●…
and
consumed
with
Lightning
,
and
three
of
h●…
Children
fallen
sick
of
the
Pestilence
,
he
se●…
for
the
Aruspices
to
know
what
he
should
do●…
who
told
him
,
that
by
the
manner
of
the
bur●…ing
of
the
Wood
,
they
perceiv'd
the
Gods
we●…
angry
at
him
;
and
that
therefore
they
must
〈◊〉
appeased
.
But
when
he
profited
nothing
by
t●…
multitude
of
his
Sacrifices
,
but
that
his
Children
grew
worse
and
worse
,
going
one
time
to
fetch
them
warm
water
,
he
kneeled
down
,
and
prayed
to
Vesta
,
and
his
Lares
to
convert
the
Misery
of
his
Children
on
his
own
and
his
Wives
head
:
when
presently
rising
,
and
looking
towards
the
Thunder-burnt
Wood
,
he
heard
thence
a
Voice
promising
their
Recovery
,
if
he
would
carry
them
down
the
Tyber
to
Terentum
,
and
there
make
them
drink
water
of
the
River
,
warmed
at
the
Altar
of
Dis
and
Proserpina
;
which
was
that
water
they
desired
.
Volusus
hearing
this
,
and
mistaking
Tarentum
for
Terentum
(
which
he
knew
to
be
a
great
way
off
)
despaired
of
the
Remedy
;
and
the
more
when
he
heard
of
Water
to
be
warm'd
on
such
an
Altar
.
But
consulting
the
Aruspices
,
he
was
told
he
must
obey
the
Gods
.
So
living
at
Eretum
,
12
miles
from
Rome
by
the
Rivers
side
,
he
presently
carried
his
Children
to
the
River
,
and
put
them
in
a
Boat
,
thinking
to
go
to
Ostia
;
but
coming
to
Rome
late
at
night
,
and
weary
with
rowing
,
and
to
refresh
his
Children
,
he
brought
his
Boat
to
shore
at
Campus
Martius
;
and
whilst
he
was
making
an
Hutte
,
his
fire
being
gone
out
,
he
was
told
there
by
a
Boat-man
,
that
he
had
better
go
a
little
further
to
Terentum
,
and
there
fasten
his
Boat
,
for
that
there
he
espied
a
Smoak
.
Volusus
hearing
of
Terentum
,
was
wonderfully
rejoyced
;
and
went
thither
;
where
seeing
a
Smoak
come
out
of
the
Earth
,
taking
it
as
a
good
Omen
,
he
presently
fetch'd
water
at
the
River
,
and
with
great
industry
made
of
that
Smoak
a
Flame
wherewith
he
heated
the
water
,
and
gave
it
to
his
Children
,
who
that
night
recover'd
.
In
the
morning
they
tell
their
Father
,
that
they
had
seen
a
certain
God
come
to
wipe
their
Bodies
with
a
Spunge
,
who
had
also
bid
them
to
sacrifice
(
Furva
)
black
Sacrifices
to
Dis
and
Proserpina
,
with
the
fire
on
that
Altar
wherewith
their
water
had
been
heated
;
and
that
for
three
nights
space
they
should
make
Lectisternia
,
Plays
,
Games
,
&c.
Valesius
seeing
no
Altar
thereabouts
,
went
into
the
City
to
buy
one
,
whilst
he
set
his
Servants
to
dig
a
hole
in
the
ground
to
place
it
in
.
They
digging
,
found
the
Altar
,
and
one
of
them
ran
and
told
his
Master
;
who
presently
gave
over
buying
,
and
return'd
to
the
place
,
and
performed
the
Sacrifices
,
as
he
was
appointed
.
And
this
was
the
Original
of
Ludi
Saeculares
.
For
Afterwards
in
a
great
Pestilence
,
P.
Valerius
Poplicola
,
probably
the
Son
of
this
Volusus
Valesius
.
Some
say
in
his
first
,
others
say
in
his
fourth
Consulate
,
following
his
Fathers
Example
,
renew'd
the
same
Sacrifices
and
Games
.
After
that
,
Anno
297.
U.
C.
M.
Valerio
,
M.
F.
Ma●…imo
,
and
Sp.
Virginio
,
A.
F.
Caelimontano
Tricosto
being
Consuls
,
were
the
first
Ludi
Saeculares
begun
,
and
afterwards
perform'd
every
110th
year
,
so
that
the
second
were
in
407
,
the
third
in
517
,
the
fourth
in
627
,
&c.
tho
it
should
seem
they
were
celebrated
extraordinarily
at
other
times
upon
occasion
of
Pestilence
or
other
great
Calamity
,
by
the
Admonition
of
the
Gods
;
but
ordinarily
the
Solemnity
recurred
only
every
110th
year
;
and
that
tho
there
was
no
Plague
,
Sedition
,
or
other
publick
Calamity
;
and
then
they
were
esteemed
a
common
and
solemn
Expiation
of
the
Offences
of
the
City
.
And
perhaps
they
were
call'd
Saeculares
for
that
very
Reason
,
to
contradistinguish
them
from
those
other
occasional
Ludi
Terentini
,
or
Ditis
Patris
&
Proserpinae
.
The
fifth
Ludi
Saeculares
were
celebrated
by
Augustus
,
himself
and
M.
Agrippa
being
Coss.
A.
U.
C.
737.
or
as
others
736
,
which
difference
seems
to
have
risen
from
the
changing
of
the
Year
by
Julius
Caesar.
In
these
Ludi
Saeculares
was
sung
that
Ode
of
Horace
which
begins
,
Phoebe
,
Sylvarumque
potens
Diana
,
&c.
And
of
these
is
the
Memory
continued
by
the
Coins
.
Augustus
used
great
diligence
to
find
out
the
exact
and
precise
times
of
celebrating
these
Plays
,
but
the
succeeding
Princes
rather
followed
their
own
Fancy
than
any
Reason
or
strict
Computation
;
for
Claudius
Caesar
,
A.
U.
C.
800.
himself
IIII
,
and
L.
Vitellio
III.
Coss.
solemnized
them
;
probably
intending
to
bring
them
to
the
100th
year
of
the
City
,
as
a
certain
Period
,
and
beginning
of
a
Saeculum
;
and
none
of
the
Emperors
followed
his
Example
but
Philippus
.
But
this
being
but
the
sixty
third
year
after
the
last
in
Augustus's
time
,
he
was
derided
,
saith
Suetonius
,
when
the
Crier
invited
the
People
to
see
those
Games
,
quos
nec
spectasset
quisquam
nec
spectaturus
esset
:
(
which
was
the
Form
in
the
publishing
them
)
since
several
were
alive
who
had
seen
them
before
;
particularly
one
Stephanio
a
Stage
Player
,
who
had
acted
in
them
both
.
The
seventh
Ludi
Saeculares
were
exhibited
by
Domitian
,
A.
U.
C
841.
himself
XIIII
and
and
L.
Minutius
Coss.
as
his
Coins
declare
.
Tacitus
being
then
XV-vir
,
omits
the
reason
of
the
Change
of
the
Year
.
The
eighth
were
Severus
and
Caracalla
Sever.
TR.
Pot.
XII
.
Cos.
III.
as
his
Coins
intimate
,
A.
U.
C.
957.
just
220
years
after
Augustus's
.
The
ninth
were
by
Philippus
,
himself
III
,
and
his
Son
II
Cos●…
.
A
U.
C.
1000.
43
years
only
after
Severus
,
but
with
respect
to
Claudius's
Design
.
The
Magnificence
of
these
Games
is
described
both
by
divers
Historians
,
and
many
of
his
Stamps
with
the
Images
of
the
Beasts
he
exhibited
.
In
one
Coin
of
Gallienus
is
mention
made
of
the
Ludi
Saeculares
,
what
is
the
meaning
of
it
is
uncertain
.
The
tenth
and
last
were
under
Honorius
Cos.
VI.
A.
U.
C.
1157.
following
the
account
of
Augustus
;
(
for
one
Centenary
under
Constantine
probably
they
were
omitted
)
and
it
should
seem
permitted
by
Honorius
,
on
condition
there
should
be
no
Sacrifices
nor
Idolatry
,
but
only
Plays
and
Games
.
V.
Claudian
Panegyr
.
in
VI
Consulat
.
Honorii
.
After
Honorius
no
more
mention
of
them
.
The
time
when
they
were
celebrated
,
is
uncertain
;
probably
on
the
Days
of
the
Nativity
of
the
City
,
i.
e.
9
,
10
,
and
11
Kal.
Mai.
under
the
Consuls
.
But
under
the
Emperors
on
the
day
when
they
cameto
their
Power
,
as
Panvinius
most
ingeniously
collects
out
of
their
Coins
.
The
manner
of
their
Celebration
was
thus
.
A
little
before
the
time
Criers
were
sent
through
all
Italy
,
to
give
notice
of
the
Games
,
Quos
nemo
adhuc
spectasset
,
nec
ampliùs
spectaturus
esset
.
A
fragment
of
the
Decree
is
extant
at
the
End
of
Ant.
Augustin
.
de
Legibus
.
Then
a
few
days
before
the
time
appointed
,
the
Emperor
,
Coss.
or
Quindecemviri
sacris
faciundis
,
sitting
in
the
Temples
of
Jupiter
Capitolinus
and
Apollo
Palatinus
,
distributed
to
the
Citizens
Piamina
,
sive
Februa
,
i.
e.
Thedas
,
Sulfur
and
Bitumen
.
So
in
Domitian's
Coin
is
Suff.
P.
D.
i.
e.
Suffimenta
populo
data
:
Also
in
the
Temple
of
Diana
on
the
Aventine
were
given
Barley
,
Wheat
,
and
Pulse
for
them
to
offer
to
the
Destinies
;
which
is
also
upon
Domitian's
Coin
,
Frug.
ac
.
à
Pop.
i.
e.
Fruges
acceptae
à
populo
.
These
things
being
distributed
,
they
went
to
watch
ad
formam
Cereris
.
And
on
the
first
day
of
the
Solemnity
they
went
to
Terentum
,
and
continued
three
days
and
three
nights
in
their
Devotions
.
At
two
hours
after
Sun-set
the
first
night
the
Coss.
or
Emperor
with
the
XV-viri
upon
three
Altars
built
on
the
Banks
of
Tyber
,
made
their
Sacrifices
;
whilst
upon
Scaffolds
thereby
erected
,
they
sung
certain
Songs
and
Hymns
composed
for
that
purpose
.
Afterwards
they
sacrificed
in
the
Vault
,
and
on
the
Altar
consecrated
to
Dis
and
Proserpina
.
Next
morning
they
went
into
the
Capitol
,
and
there
sacrificed
to
Jupiter
,
and
afterwards
beheld
Ludos
Apollinares
,
&c.
Next
day
the
Matrons
came
and
paid
their
Devotions
in
the
Temple
of
Juno
,
and
after
them
the
Emperor
,
Coss.
and
XV-viri
.
The
third
day
in
the
Temple
of
Apollo
thrice
nine
Youths
Noblemen
,
and
so
many
Noble
Virgins
,
came
and
sung
Verses
and
Hymns
in
Greek
and
Latin
,
recommending
the
Senate
and
Commonwealth
to
the
Gods
.
Mean
while
all
the
three
days
and
nights
in
all
the
Circi
and
Theaters
there
were
Games
and
Plays
celebrated
,
and
sacrifices
offered
in
all
the
Temples
.
It
was
also
the
Custom
for
the
Emperor
,
Cos.
or
XV-viri
to
set
up
an
Altar
in
Terentum
,
with
the
Relation
of
what
they
had
then
done
,
and
the
time
.
§
.
4.
Their
ordinary
solemn
Games
were
either
Circenses
,
such
as
were
perform'd
in
the
Circus
;
or
Scenici
and
Theatrales
,
such
as
were
in
the
Theaters
or
Amphitheaters
.
The
Circenses
were
said
to
be
instituted
by
Oenomaus
King
of
Elis
,
but
began
in
Rome
by
Romulus
to
insnare
the
Sabine
Virgins
.
Valer.
l.
2.
c.
1.
and
therefore
he
call'd
them
Consualia
,
because
dedicated
to
Consus
the
God
of
good
Counsel
;
call'd
by
the
Greeks
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
or
Neptunus
Equestris
:
and
it
should
seem
by
Servius
and
Sex
.
Pomp.
that
for
want
of
Horses
he
made
use
of
Mules
;
and
in
a
place
fitted
up
for
that
time
,
probably
in
the
Campus
Martius
.
Afterwards
they
were
celebrated
frequently
in
Honour
of
all
the
Gods
and
Goddesses
,
and
upon
all
occasions
of
publick
Joy
or
Honour
as
well
as
upon
set
and
ordinary
times
.
Tarquinius
Priscus
,
after
the
taking
of
Apiolae
,
exhibited
these
Plays
more
magnificently
and
orderly
;
dividing
the
Chariots
into
Bigas
,
Trigas
,
and
Quadrigas
;
and
the
Horses
into
singulares
and
desultorios
;
after
which
follow'd
the
Athletae
,
Pugiles
,
&c.
and
those
began
then
to
be
celebrated
every
year
,
and
were
call'd
Romani
,
Solennes
,
&
Magni
.
He
design'd
also
for
them
the
Circus
Maximus
;
and
at
first
made
Seats
(
Foros
)
for
the
people
,
of
Wood
sustained
by
forked
Props
,
the
highest
being
12
foot
from
the
ground
;
but
afterwards
they
were
made
upon
Vaults
of
Brick
,
which
were
at
the
bottom
three
,
the
next
rank
two
,
the
uppermost
one
;
the
lowest
were
Shops
,
those
above
them
Habitations
,
and
between
them
were
Stairs
to
go
up
into
the
Seats
.
The
Circus
within
was
one
furlong
broad
,
and
three
and
half
long
;
but
with
the
Shops
and
Buildings
on
the
outside
four
furlongs
,
containing
about
a
mile
,
and
the
Seats
were
capable
of
150000
,
or
as
others
,
of
260000
persons
.
The
Circus
at
one
end
was
semicircular
,
where
was
a
large
Gate
under
a
Menianum
or
Podium
,
i.
e.
a
fair
Tower
with
a
Loggia
;
on
the
Top
whereof
were
the
Statues
of
Quadrigae
,
the
other
end
call'd
Oppidum
,
because
with
Battlements
and
Towers
,
it
was
straight
,
in
the
●…st
whereof
was
also
a
large
Gate
or
Entrance
and
on
the
other
side
six
Doors
,
with
Partitions
,
wherein
the
Horses
were
placed
to
〈◊〉
,
call'd
Carceres
,
quia
Equos
antequam
currebant
,
coercerent
:
these
were
shut
up
Cancellis
,
Repagulo
;
which
was
only
a
Rope
holden
by
two
Mercuries
,
and
drawn
up
,
or
let
down
when
the
Horses
were
to
start
.
Tho
there
were
six
Carceres
,
yet
till
Domitian's
time
no
more
than
four
were
used
.
In
the
Compass
of
the
Circus
were
six
Maeniana
or
Towers
,
wherein
the
Magistrates
used
to
sit
,
and
thence
to
give
a
sign
of
starting
,
which
was
the
throwing
down
of
a
Napkin
.
Julius
Caesar
brought
the
Water
round
about
the
Circus
,
when
making
a
shew
of
〈◊〉
Fight
with
Elephants
,
he
was
afraid
they
●…d
do
some
mischief
to
the
people
,
as
they
〈◊〉
done
in
Pompey's
time
.
In
the
middle
of
the
Circus
length-ways
,
tho
at
a
good
distance
from
either
end
,
was
raised
up
to
hinder
them
from
passing
from
one
side
to
the
other
between
the
Metae
,
a
Building
about
12
foot
broad
,
and
4
foot
high
,
call'd
probably
Spinae
.
Upon
which
were
placed
at
either
end
the
Metae
,
which
were
three
Pyramids
at
first
of
Wood
,
afterwards
by
Claudius
made
of
Marble
,
on
the
top
of
each
an
Egg
in
Honour
of
Castor
and
Pollux
bred
of
Eggs
,
Presidents
of
such
Sports
.
The
Horses
and
Chariots
setting
forth
at
the
Carceres
run
about
the
Metae
,
i.
e.
the
whole
length
of
the
Circus
seven
times
,
and
he
that
arrived
first
at
the
seventh
time
was
Victor
.
To
know
how
often
they
had
run
about
,
the
Officers
of
the
Circus
set
upon
the
Metae
one
of
those
Eggs
every
time
they
came
by
.
Every
Race
or
Missus
contain'd
seven
Circuitiones
:
and
on
one
day
they
used
to
set
out
24
or
25
Missi
.
Upon
the
Spinae
was
also
commonly
an
Obelisk
,
or
,
as
they
now
call
them
,
an
Aguglia
,
of
which
divers
are
still
extant
in
Rome
;
and
on
the
top
of
this
a
Ball
call'd
Pyropus
(
made
of
Brass
3
p.
and
Gold
p.
1.
)
because
of
its
lustre
like
to
a
burning
Coal
when
the
Sun
shined
upon
it
;
as
also
a
Temple
to
the
Sun
,
the
Image
of
Cybele
,
and
near
the
Metae
the
Temple
of
Consus
;
but
whether
these
in
all
,
or
in
all
Circus's
the
same
,
I
know
not
.
There
were
in
Rome
besides
the
Circus
Maximus
,
Circus
Flaminius
in
Campo
Flaminio
given
to
the
City
by
Flaminius
,
beautified
and
repaired
by
Augustus
.
Circus
Sallustii
in
his
Gardens
,
the
Remainders
whereof
are
yet
to
be
seen
;
Circus
Floralis
for
the
Floralia
.
Circus
Castrensis
without
Porta
Maggiore
,
perhaps
built
by
Aurelian
,
there
being
one
upon
his
Coins
.
Circus
Neronis
in
the
Meadows
near
Castel
St.
Angelo
.
Circus
Vaticanus
demolished
by
Constant
,
for
the
building
of
St.
Peter's
Church
.
Circus
Caracallae
much
of
it
still
remaining
near
St.
Sebastian's
.
Circus
Agonalis
(
Piazza
Navona
)
built
or
repaired
by
Severus
Alexander
,
as
appears
by
his
Coins
.
The
Circensian
Games
or
Sports
were
,
-
1.
Races
of
Chariots
and
Horses
begun
by
Romulus
.
-
2.
Athletica
begun
by
Tarquin
.
Priscus
.
-
3.
Pompa
.
-
4.
Ludus
Trojae
.
-
5.
Huntings
.
-
6.
Fightings
on
Horse-back
and
a
Foot
.
-
7.
Naumachiae
or
Sea-Fights
,
and
-
8.
Sometimes
Stage-Plays
.
§
.
5.
Chariot-Races
were
Bigarum
,
Trigarum
,
Quadrigarum
:
at
first
they
used
other
Beasts
,
afterwards
Horses
only
,
which
in
their
Bigae
were
,
1.
white
,
the
other
black
:
in
the
Trigae
there
was
another
Horse
joyned
,
whom
they
call'd
Funalis
,
quia
funibus
vel
loramentis
adnexus
.
The
Chariotiers
were
call'd
Aurigae
and
Agitatores
;
and
their
Companies
were
call'd
Factiones
:
at
first
but
two
colour'd
Livories
,
white
and
red
,
afterwards
were
added
Prasina
or
green
much
affected
by
Caius
,
Nero
,
L.
Verus
:
and
Veneta
,
blew
or
of
the
colour
of
the
Sea-waves
.
Domitian
added
two
more
,
Gold
and
Purple
colours
;
those
of
each
Faction
were
call'd
Greges
,
as
Greges
Prasinorum
,
Venetorum
,
&c.
and
were
under
the
Domini
factionum
,
who
maintained
and
hired
them
out
for
gain
.
Their
Horse-Races
were
either
of
single
Horses
or
Desultorii
;
when
one
man
had
two
Horses
unsadled
,
and
leaped
down
from
the
one
upon
the
other
in
his
Course
.
Such
the
Soldiers
also
had
many
times
in
War
to
make
use
of
a
second
,
when
the
first
was
weary
or
wounded
.
The
Singulares
also
ran
sometimes
themselves
for
the
Prize
;
sometimes
they
rid
before
or
beside
the
Chariots
,
to
encourage
and
direct
them
.
2.
Next
were
those
Exercises
call'd
by
the
Greeks
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Such
were
Running
,
Wrestling
,
Fencing
,
Leaping
,
throwing
the
Discus
,
&c.
Running
was
perform'd
after
the
Chariot
and
Horse-Races
,
and
much
what
in
the
same
manner
.
Fencing
,
Pugilatus
,
was
fighting
with
Fists
,
commonly
armed
with
a
Caestus
,
which
was
made
of
Thongs
of
Leather
,
studded
with
Iron
or
Lead
,
and
fastened
about
their
Hands
and
Arms.
It
is
described
in
AEneid
.
5.
Luctatio
,
Wrestling
,
this
they
did
naked
,
and
their
Bodies
anointed
.
Leaping
and
Quoiting
,
or
the
Discus
,
were
not
much
used
in
the
Circus
,
but
are
rather
to
be
reckoned
amongst
ordinary
Sports
and
Exercises
.
3.
The
next
was
call'd
Pompa
,
which
was
rather
a
solemn
Procession
,
perform'd
in
this
manner
.
From
the
Temple
of
Jupiter
Capitolinus
through
the
Forum
to
the
Circus
descended
in
Ranks
and
Order
:
1.
The
Magistrate
who
began
the
Pompa
;
next
all
the
Roman
Nobility
,
and
the
Sons
of
Equites
on
Horse-back
,
the
rest
on
Foot
,
marching
as
to
War
;
next
followed
the
Chariots
,
Horses
,
&c.
that
were
to
run
;
next
the
Athletae
;
then
three
Companies
of
Dancers
,
Men
,
Youths
,
and
Boys
,
decently
armed
and
habited
,
imitating
the
Saltatio
Pyrrichia
or
Military
Dance
.
These
were
followed
by
those
who
danced
a
la
Satyresca
,
some
representing
Sileni
,
others
Satyrs
,
&c.
then
followed
certain
Musitians
after
the
ancient
manner
.
Then
the
Ministers
of
the
Priests
carrying
all
things
necessary
for
Sacrifices
.
Then
the
Images
of
their
Gods
,
the
chiefest
carried
upon
Thensae
;
they
were
followed
with
the
Armamaxi
or
Chariots
armed
after
the
Scythian
manner
,
adorned
with
divers
sorts
of
Arms
,
and
the
Memorials
of
their
Emperors
and
Generals
.
Next
all
the
Colleges
of
the
Priests
with
the
Rex
Sacrorum
,
and
the
rest
of
their
holy
Officers
;
and
last
of
all
the
chiefest
Magistrates
then
in
the
City
,
with
the
rest
of
the
Magistrates
.
In
this
Order
they
marched
into
and
round
about
the
Circus
,
when
the
chief
Magistrate
present
commanded
the
Sacrifices
to
be
made
to
those
Gods
,
and
upon
those
Altars
,
as
was
requisite
;
which
being
rightly
performed
,
the
Ludi
or
Games
began
,
the
Magistrates
and
Officers
all
taking
their
places
.
4.
Hunting
,
sometimes
Fighting
with
wild
Beasts
by
those
they
call'd
Bestiarii
(
tho
this
was
more
properly
a
Munus
)
these
Beasts
were
kept
in
Vivario
.
5.
Trojae
ludus
was
a
counterfeit
Fighting
between
Troops
of
Noble
Youths
,
the
President
of
which
was
Princeps
Juventutis
.
This
Sport
is
exactly
expressed
by
Virg.
AEneid
.
5.
6
,
7.
The
Skirmishes
and
Fightings
on
Horseback
,
on
Foot
,
and
Naumachiae
were
chiefly
exhibited
by
Julius
Caesar
and
the
succeeding
Emperors
,
nothing
in
them
difficult
to
be
understood
.
The
Pompae
and
Naumachiae
seem
to
have
ceased
in
Constantine's
time
,
the
one
being
prohibited
as
Heathenish
,
the
other
falling
of
it self
after
the
Emperors
resided
in
the
East
.
But
the
others
seem
to
have
continued
till
Justistinian's
time
,
when
the
Invasion
of
the
Goths
and
other
Barbarous
Nations
gave
them
somewhat
else
to
think
on
.
Many
of
these
Games
were
also
celebrated
in
the
Amphiheatres
,
as
Huntings
;
where
they
made
sometimes
artificial
Mountains
and
Woods
to
represent
the
Hunting
more
lively
.
Martial
.
l.
1.
Ep.
21.
See
in
Vopiscus
the
notable
Hunting
exhibited
by
Probus
in
the
Circus
.
PART
II.
Of
COINS
and
MEDALS
.
CHAP.
I.
Of
Julius
Caesar
,
the
III
Viri
R.
P.
C.
Marcus
Antonius
.
§
.
1.
CAius
Julius
Caesar
,
Son
of
C.
Julius
Caesar
and
Aurelia
,
was
born
Jul.
12.
A.
U.
C.
654.
before
Christ
Ninety
eight
Years
,
he
pretended
his
Pedegree
from
Julus
the
Son
of
AEneas
,
the
Son
of
Venus
,
and
therefore
amongst
his
Coins
are
;
Veneri
Genetrici
,
the
Head
of
Venus
;
and
reverse
,
Venus
conducted
to
Anchises
lying
under
Mount
Ida
,
by
a
Genius
with
a
Scepter
in
his
Hand
,
presaging
the
Roman
Empire
.
The
Star
of
Venus
,
which
appearing
by
day
(
as
they
say
)
to
AEneas
at
his
parting
from
Troy
,
conducted
him
to
Laurentum
in
Italy
,
where
he
should
settle
.
And
a
Venus
naked
with
a
Shield
and
Helmet
,
an
Ensign
and
Eagle
upon
a
Pillar
;
to
shew
that
she
gave
Caesar
Victory
and
Power
over
all
his
Enemies
;
and
established
his
Empire
,
signified
by
the
Eagle
upon
the
Pillar
.
And
a
Venus
or
Rome
with
a
Cornucopia
and
a
Victory
Crowning
Mars
,
or
rather
Julius
Caesar
,
standing
upon
a
Base
;
the
Romans
dedicated
a
Statue
to
him
in
the
Habit
of
Mars
or
Quirinus
,
with
this
Inscription
,
Deo
invicto
.
§
.
2.
Being
of
very
great
Parts
and
Courage
,
but
not
very
Rich
,
his
Necessities
,
as
well
as
Ambition
,
thrust
him
forwards
to
seek
Employment
,
both
to
pay
his
Debts
,
and
obtain
Wealth
and
Honour
;
insomuch
that
he
was
ready
to
undertake
any
Exploit
whatsoever
rather
than
be
Idle
:
At
length
he
was
put
upon
the
Wars
of
Gaul
;
which
he
not
only
wholly
reduced
,
together
with
part
of
Germany
and
Britanny
,
but
also
became
Master
of
a
most
powerful
Army
;
which
Pompey
and
his
Party
perceiving
,
and
fearing
his
Ambition
,
endeavoured
to
make
him
Disband
,
themselves
keeping
up
their
Army
;
and
by
that
means
gave
him
some
colour
of
keeping
together
.
Upon
his
Disobedience
they
sought
to
compel
him
,
and
he
to
resist
;
which
by
little
and
little
bred
an
utter
Defiance
and
Enmity
between
him
and
Pompey
,
which
broke
out
into
a
Civil
War
,
wherein
Caesar
was
Victor
,
and
by
that
means
obtain'd
the
whole
Power
of
the
Commonwealth
;
made
Senators
and
Magistrates
of
his
own
Party
,
and
they
again
settled
him
in
the
absolute
Command
of
all
:
They
would
indeed
have
made
him
King
,
but
knowing
the
great
Hatred
the
Romans
had
to
that
Name
,
he
durst
not
accept
it
;
but
chose
rather
to
have
the
Power
than
the
Name
;
and
they
,
to
find
some
precedent
for
their
Innovation
,
confirm'd
it
to
him
under
a
Title
well
known
to
the
People
,
and
before
used
by
Sylla
;
which
was
Dictator
Perpetuus
,
which
he
enjoyed
only
three
Years
,
four
Months
,
six
Days
,
and
was
then
murthered
in
the
Senate
,
being
Fifty
six
Years
old
,
by
Atilius
Cimber
,
Marcus
and
Decius
Brutus
,
Cassius
and
others
.
He
was
also
Pontifex
Maximus
,
that
he
might
have
the
Sovereign
Dominion
in
Religion
(
which
he
knew
to
have
very
great
Power
over
Mens
Minds
and
Opinions
,
and
consequently
over
their
Actions
also
)
as
well
as
in
the
Civil
Government
by
his
Dictatorship
.
He
was
the
first
Roman
whose
Image
was
stamp'd
on
the
Coin
in
his
Life-time
;
and
the
greatest
part
of
the
Reverses
refer
to
one
of
these
two
Authorities
,
and
have
the
Names
of
the
III
Viri
,
or
sometimes
of
the
IIII
Viri
also
,
who
it
seems
strived
which
of
them
should
excel
in
bestowing
Honours
and
Titles
upon
him
.
§
.
3.
After
his
Death
there
appear'd
a
Comet
,
which
,
by
the
Artifice
of
his
Friends
,
the
People
were
made
believe
was
his
Soul
received
into
Heaven
;
and
thereupon
,
and
for
the
Greatness
of
his
Actions
,
he
was
honored
as
a
God
,
had
Temples
,
Priests
,
&c.
dedicated
to
him
:
Of
which
Virg.
Eclog.
9.
Ecce
Dionei
processit
Caesaris
Astrum
,
&c.
The
Difficultest
Coines
of
Julius
Caesar.
§
.
4.
The
Head
of
Rome
Caesar
,
℞
.
Venus
in
a
Lucius
Julius
Lucii
Filius
;
Caesar
,
probably
Caius
Caesar's
Lieutenant
;
of
whom
Caesar
makes
mention
de
Bell.
Gall.
l.
7.
and
elsewhere
.
This
Coin
was
made
for
the
Honor
of
the
Family
.
There
were
three
Venus's
,
Urania
,
born
of
Caelus
and
Dia
,
presiding
over
Chast
(
i.
e.
)
Celestial
Love
.
Pandemus
begotten
of
the
Virilia
of
Caelus
and
the
Froth
of
the
Sea
,
presiding
over
Lust
and
Copulation
.
Apostrophia
the
Daughter
of
Jupiter
and
Dione
;
a
Deity
averting
Men
from
unlawful
and
hurtful
Loves
;
and
this
was
the
Mother
of
AEneas
from
whom
the
Family
of
Caesar.
But
the
Poets
make
but
one
Venus
.
Also
there
were
divers
Cupids
,
the
one
Celestial
and
Virtuous
,
the
other
Common
and
Lustful
.
One
born
of
Mars
and
Venus
called
Anteros
.
Another
of
Mercury
and
second
Venus
.
A
third
of
Mercury
and
Diana
.
Of
Cupid
and
Anteros
see
an
ingenious
Apologue
in
Porphyry
.
For
Venus
having
brought
forth
Cupid
,
was
much
astonished
,
as
were
also
his
Nurses
,
that
they
never
perceived
him
grow
,
but
still
he
continued
of
the
same
Bigness
as
when
he
was
born
;
whereupon
consulting
the
Oracle
,
they
were
answered
,
that
he
could
not
grow
alone
till
he
had
a
Brother
;
so
Venus
brought
forth
Anteros
or
loving
again
,
and
then
they
both
grew
up
and
diminished
together
.
The
Harp
signifies
the
Harmony
or
Sympathy
in
Love
.
1.
An
Head
of
a
Goddess
,
or
Sicily
.
Caesar
Imp.
Cos.
Iterum
.
℞
.
Sicily
setting
one
Foot
on
the
Prow
of
a
Ship
,
and
holding
three
Legs
in
her
Hand
.
2.
Allienus
Pro
Cos.
coined
by
Allienus
when
he
had
recovered
Sicily
from
S.
Pompeius
for
Caesar
,
and
sent
Caesar
two
Legions
,
&c.
into
the
Continent
.
℞
.
a
Trophy
,
probably
for
his
Victory
over
Pharnaces
,
for
we
find
not
that
he
set
up
〈◊〉
Trophy
for
any
other
Victory
.
The
Sagum
o●…
Soldiers
Coat
was
not
proper
to
the
Romans
,
but
common
to
all
other
Nations
.
3.
The
Head
of
Victory
.
Caesar
Dict.
ter
.
℞
.
Rome
marching
with
a
Shield
,
Trophy
and
Spoils
,
with
a
Serpent
.
C.
Clovius
Praef.
signifying
the
Commonwealth
(
for
whose
Liberty
Caesar
always
pretended
to
fight
)
loaded
with
the
Spoils
obtained
by
his
Victories
over
Asia
or
Africk
,
for
both
places
are
infested
with
Serpents
.
4.
Caesar's
Head
.
Caesar
Dict.
Perpet
.
℞
.
the
Image
Veneris
Genetricis
,
or
Victricis
with
a
little
Victory
in
her
Hand
.
L.
Buca
.
Venus
the
Author
of
their
Family
,
much
magnified
by
Caesar
,
therefore
invoked
by
him
in
his
Wars
,
given
as
the
Watch-word
in
the
decisive
Battel
at
Pharsalia
,
Venus
Victrix
;
as
Pompey's
was
Hercules
invictus
;
he
used
as
his
Seal
her
Image
,
and
graved
it
upon
his
Arms
;
Built
her
Temples
.
Sometimes
a
Star
(
the
Morning
Star
)
added
.
Caesar
to
shew
himself
the
Progeny
of
Venus
,
was
observed
to
have
an
handsome
Body
,
to
be
very
neat
,
and
long
a
dressing
himself
.
5.
The
Head
of
a
Woman
veiled
(
probably
Pietas
)
C.
Caesar
Cos.
ter
.
℞
.
a
lituus
,
urceolus
,
and
Hatchet
(
Sacrificing
Instruments
)
Aulus
Hirtius
Praetor
.
This
was
coin'd
probably
to
remember
some
Sacrifice
made
,
as
a
Thanksgiving
for
his
Victory
over
Pompey
.
When
they
Sacrificed
they
had
a
Veil
over
their
Heads
.
Virg.
AEneid
.
3.
Et
positis
aris
jam
vota
in
littora
solves
,
Purpureo
velare
comas
adopertus
amictu
.
6.
Caesar's
Head
veiled
.
Caesar
Dict.
perpetuo
.
℞
.
Venus
Victrix
leaning
her
left
Hand
upon
a
great
Shield
standing
upon
a
Globe
.
C.
Maridianus
.
Probably
that
Shield
Virgil
alludes
to
AEneid
.
8.
which
he
saith
Venus
gave
to
AEneas
—
Clypei
non
enarrabile
textum
,
&c.
The
Triumviri
.
§
.
5.
They
who
murthered
Julius
Caesar
,
intended
to
restore
the
Peoples
Liberty
as
it
was
before
;
but
Caesar's
Party
(
by
reason
that
so
many
of
the
ancient
Nobility
and
warlike
Personages
were
slain
by
Marius
,
Sylla
and
Caesar
,
in
those
Bloody
Civil
Wars
)
was
too
strong
;
and
therefore
after
the
Fright
and
Astonishment
for
Caesar's
Death
was
over
,
they
began
to
bustle
;
having
the
People
(
who
by
Caesar's
Bounty
and
Artifices
were
much
of
that
Party
)
to
side
with
them
:
And
first
M.
Antonius
headed
them
,
afterwards
Augustus
;
sometimes
agreeing
both
together
,
sometimes
at
Enmity
one
with
another
;
sometimes
taking
in
M.
Lepidus
,
because
of
his
Riches
,
to
be
the
third
,
and
calling
themselves
III
viri
R.
P.
C.
Triumviri
Reipublicae
Constituendae
.
M.
Antonius
had
been
of
Caesar's
Party
,
and
upon
that
account
of
Reputation
with
the
Soldiers
;
but
intended
by
their
Assistance
to
set
up
himself
,
till
opposed
first
by
Brutus
,
then
by
Octavius
Caesar
,
he
fled
into
Gallia
,
and
got
an
Army
,
which
he
joined
with
Lepidus
;
and
proposed
Accommodation
with
Octavius
,
which
he
accepted
;
and
so
they
three
became
Triumviri
,
(
this
is
expressed
in
a
Medal
where
all
their
three
Heads
are
on
one
side
,
and
an
Hermathena
on
the
other
)
and
went
against
Brutus
and
Cassius
,
whom
they
overthrew
,
and
forced
to
kill
themselves
at
Philippi
in
Macedonia
.
After
which
Battel
Octavius
returned
to
Rome
,
and
M.
Antonius
went
into
the
East
;
where
,
after
divers
Exploits
he
came
into
Egypt
,
fell
in
Love
with
Cleopatra
the
Queen
,
for
whose
sake
he
divorced
his
two
Wives
successively
,
called
Fulvia
,
and
Octavia
the
Sister
of
Octavius
.
By
Cleopatra
he
had
divers
Children
,
a
Son
and
a
Daughter
at
one
birth
;
the
Son
he
destined
to
be
King
of
Armenia
and
Media
,
which
he
never
obtained
.
So
foolish
and
vainglorious
was
this
Antonius
,
that
he
called
himself
the
Sun
and
Cleopatra
the
Moon
;
and
therefore
we
see
about
his
,
as
also
about
his
Son's
Head
Raies
,
with
such
as
Apollo
is
figured
,
and
after
him
divers
others
assumed
the
same
honor
.
Mean
while
Octavius
Caesar
made
War
against
him
,
and
at
Actium
in
a
Naval
Fight
quite
overcame
him
,
who
afterwards
killed
himself
,
as
he
believed
Cleopatra
had
done
before
;
but
she
gave
him
the
Precedence
in
Execution
.
M.
Lepidus
had
an
Army
given
him
by
the
Senate
to
command
in
Gallia
;
to
whom
M.
Antony
being
forced
out
of
Rome
and
Italy
by
Brutus
and
Octavius
,
and
declared
Enemy
by
the
Senate
,
repaired
;
and
because
of
his
Forces
joined
him
in
the
Triumvirate
;
he
kept
his
Army
up
entire
,
thinking
to
suffer
M.
Ant.
Octav.
Caesar
,
and
Sextus
Pompeius
to
ruin
or
weaken
one
another
so
much
,
that
he
might
master
them
all
.
But
Caesar
having
conquered
S.
Pompeius
,
did
not
go
against
Antony
,
but
turned
upon
him
;
and
practising
with
his
Officers
gained
all
his
Army
from
him
.
Upon
his
low
Submission
and
Petition
,
Caesar
gave
him
his
Life
,
and
left
him
Pont.
Maximus
,
and
so
sent
him
to
Rome
,
where
he
lived
in
great
Melancholly
and
Contempt
the
rest
of
his
days
;
his
Son
striving
afterwards
to
practise
the
Legions
against
Augustus
was
put
to
death
.
CHAP.
II.
Of
Augustus
.
§
1.
C.
Octavius
Son
of
Octavius
and
Atia
,
Grand-child
of
Julia
the
Sister
of
Jul.
Caesar
,
was
born
upon
Mount
Palatine
ad
Capita
bubula
,
though
the
chief
Habitation
of
this
Family
was
at
Velitrae
,
A.
U.
C.
690.
before
the
Birth
of
our
Lord
sixty
two
Years
,
Sept.
22.
having
the
Sign
Capricorn
presiding
in
his
Nativity
;
whereby
(
as
the
Astrologers
said
)
he
was
promised
the
Empire
of
the
World
,
and
to
be
a
God
after
his
death
;
for
they
held
that
♋
and
vs
were
the
two
ports
of
Heaven
:
by
vs
the
Souls
of
Heroes
descended
and
ascended
;
by
♋
those
of
extraordinary
Persons
,
which
made
Augustus
put
a
Capricorn
upon
his
Coins
.
Julius
Caesar
his
great
Uncle
adopted
him
into
the
Julian
Family
,
whereby
he
obtained
the
Command
,
Wealth
,
good
Fortune
and
Popularity
,
as
well
as
the
Name
,
of
Caesar
:
hereupon
we
find
upon
many
of
his
Coins
C.
Caesar
Divi
Filius
.
Julius
Caesar
was
Murthered
when
Octavius
was
about
nineteen
years
old
,
and
in
the
Country
;
whereupon
he
hasted
to
Rome
,
and
against
the
Advice
of
most
of
his
Friends
and
Kindred
,
resolved
to
take
upon
him
the
Name
and
Inheritance
of
Caesar.
Where
M.
Antony
then
Consul
,
though
pretending
to
revenge
Caesar's
death
,
received
him
very
proudly
;
but
Antony
presently
after
designing
for
himself
against
the
Commonwealth
was
forced
by
him
to
fly
into
Gallia
to
Lepidus
,
and
quit
the
Siege
of
Brutus
at
Modena
.
Antony
having
got
Power
,
sent
to
Caesar
,
that
if
he
would
join
with
him
and
Lepidus
to
revenge
the
Death
of
Caesar
,
they
would
make
themselves
III
Viri
in
Imitation
of
Caesar
,
Pompey
and
Crassus
,
who
had
done
the
same
before
;
if
not
,
they
would
join
with
Brutus
and
that
Party
against
him
;
whereupon
he
assented
,
and
they
took
upon
them
the
Triumvirate
,
and
many
Coins
were
stamped
,
some
in
honor
of
each
of
them
,
some
in
honor
of
them
all
together
;
as
that
with
three
Hands
conjoined
,
and
the
Ensigns
of
Supreme
Power
,
Fasces
,
Caduceus
Orbe
,
&c.
Presently
thereupon
Caesar
went
against
Sex
.
Pompeius
the
Son
of
Pompey
the
Great
,
who
by
his
Fautors
(
who
were
many
in
the
Senate
)
was
made
Governor
of
the
Sea
Coast
,
and
had
a
great
Navy
;
which
Caesar
overcame
in
Sicily
.
Of
this
Sextus
Pompeius
are
many
Coins
stamp'd
with
some
relation
to
Sea-matters
,
as
with
a
Neptune
,
prow
of
a
Ship
,
&c.
and
of
Caesar
his
Victory
over
him
,
and
Conquest
of
Sicily
.
Many
also
of
the
other
III
Viri
either
with
the
names
of
the
Mint-masters
,
Quaestor
,
or
some
other
of
their
Officers
.
Caesar's
Coin
is
often
reversed
with
a
Thunderbolt
,
either
to
represent
his
own
terribleness
in
War
,
or
the
assistance
from
Heaven
,
(
particularly
from
Julius
his
Father
)
which
,
as
they
say
,
he
often
experienced
in
the
Wars
;
and
especially
in
that
fatal
and
decisive
Battel
at
Actium
,
whereby
he
became
Master
of
the
whole
Roman
Empire
,
and
in
Memory
of
which
he
repaired
the
decaied
Temple
of
Apollo
there
,
and
dedicated
his
own
Image
in
the
habit
of
Apollo
Actius
in
a
long
Robe
,
his
Harp
,
&c.
(
pretending
to
be
his
Son
)
in
the
Library
of
the
Palace
.
After
the
Battel
of
Actium
he
returned
to
Rome
,
and
there
put
it
to
the
question
amongst
his
Friends
,
whether
he
should
restore
to
the
Commonwealth
its
ancient
Liberty
,
or
take
upon
himself
the
absolute
Sovereignty
,
and
constitute
a
Monarchy
.
After
much
debate
the
latter
was
resolved
;
and
withal
to
avoid
that
Rock
which
had
split
many
others
,
and
of
late
his
Father
Julius
;
he
determined
to
abst●…
from
all
Monarchical
and
odious
names
,
and
to
content
himself
with
the
ordinary
Titles
of
the
Magistrates
of
the
City
.
§
2.
So
then
whereas
anciently
the
eldest
of
the
Censors
or
Viri
Censorii
(
such
as
had
been
Censors
)
was
called
Princeps
Senatus
;
and
afterwards
such
were
chosen
by
the
Censors
in
their
Quinquennial
Muster
,
commonly
the
most
excellent
and
eminent
Persons
,
as
Scipio
the
African
continued
so
all
his
life
time
;
Octavius
chused
to
be
called
by
that
name
,
as
of
chiefest
honor
amongst
all
the
Senators
.
[
The
same
Custom
was
also
observed
amongst
the
Equites
and
Pedites
,
and
amongst
the
Youth
also
;
wherefore
the
young
Caesars
,
(
and
some
few
for
Honors
sake
before
the
Emperors
called
Principes
Juventutis
,
)
we
find
frequently
called
Principes
Juventutis
;
but
afterwards
it
became
a
Title
of
the
young
Sons
or
Heirs
of
the
Emperors
]
besides
this
he
was
always
one
of
the
Consuls
,
(
or
else
put
in
whom
he
might
trust
)
and
named
the
other
also
:
So
you
see
upon
the
Coins
of
the
Emperors
,
Cos.
II.
III.
&c.
Imperator
at
first
was
not
a
Name
of
Office
or
Command
,
but
of
Honour
only
.
The
Soldiers
,
after
a
Victory
,
wherein
a
certain
number
of
their
Enemies
were
slain
,
and
therefore
called
by
Cicero
Victoria
justa
,
because
in
after-times
they
were
not
so
punctual
,
calling
their
General
by
the
Name
of
Imperator
.
So
you
see
many
times
Imp.
X.
XVI
.
&c.
i.
e.
called
so
so
often
by
the
Army
:
Appian
saith
,
if
they
had
slain
10000
o●…●…ir
Enemies
:
yet
afterwards
it
came
to
denote
him
who
commanded
all
the
Forces
of
the
Commonwealth
in
Chief
.
The
Senate
being
prone
to
Flattery
,
most
of
them
expecting
Preferment
from
him
,
heap'd
upon
him
all
the
honorary
Titles
that
had
before
been
bestowed
upon
others
;
amongst
the
rest
,
that
of
Pater
Patriae
or
P
P.
which
at
first
was
bestowed
upon
Cicero
for
discovering
and
defeating
the
Conspiracy
of
Catiline
.
They
called
him
also
Augustus
,
a
Term
applied
before
time
only
to
the
Gods
or
Heroes
;
as
if
he
had
somewhat
above
Humane
in
him
.
And
in
after-times
Augustus
signified
him
that
was
invested
in
the
whole
absolute
Power
of
Emperor
;
and
Caesar
,
who
was
designed
to
be
,
but
not
actually
invested
in
the
Majesty
of
the
Emperor
.
None
but
he
that
was
Augustus
designed
in
Medals
with
a
Crown
of
Laurel
;
the
Title
of
Semper
Augustus
,
or
perpet
.
Augustus
not
found
before
Diocletian
and
Maximianus
.
When
an
Emperor
with
Raies
about
his
Head
,
it
should
seem
to
signifie
that
he
was
consecrated
by
some
City
or
other
,
and
that
that
Coin
was
made
after
such
Consecration
.
§
.
3.
Being
Consul
his
Sentences
might
be
hindered
and
interrupted
by
the
Tribune
of
the
People
;
to
prevent
which
,
he
assumed
also
Tribunitiam
potestatem
(
for
Tribune
he
could
not
be
and
Pontifex
Maximus
,
say
some
,
because
the
one
must
needs
be
a
Plebeian
,
the
other
a
Patrician
,
which
is
false
,
for
P.
Scaevola
was
Trib.
Plebis
and
Pont.
Max.
which
yet
Tully
complaineth
of
,
as
dangerous
to
have
two
such
Powers
conjoyn'd
in
one
Person
,
l.
12.
Ep.
ad
Attic.
5.
)
the
which
was
renewed
every
Year
;
by
which
means
also
his
Person
was
Sacred
and
Inviolable
;
and
by
which
means
also
,
tho
not
Consul
,
yet
every
Sitting
of
the
Senate
he
might
propose
one
Cause
or
Matter
to
them
,
tho
this
Power
was
after
enlarged
to
the
succeeding
Emperors
,
of
referring
(
or
putting
to
the
Vote
)
four
or
also
five
Causes
every
Sitting
,
V.
Dio.
l.
54.
Capitol
&
Vopisc
.
themselves
also
sometimes
voted
first
of
all
,
and
that
often
with
an
Oration
spoken
commonly
by
their
Quaestors
;
and
such
Decrees
were
said
Principe
Authore
fieri
;
sometimes
last
of
all
,
and
so
had
power
of
mitigating
or
qualifying
the
Sentences
of
the
Fathers
.
Some
say
,
that
Tr.
P.
with
the
Year
,
was
the
time
of
the
Emperor's
Reign
,
but
that
is
false
;
for
,
tho
very
rarely
,
it
was
communicated
to
another
besides
the
Emperor
:
As
there
is
mention
Tib.
TR.
P.
XXXVIII
.
but
the
certain
year
of
their
Government
was
known
by
the
comparing
of
the
times
of
their
Titles
together
.
Because
that
Religion
hath
great
Force
upon
Mens
Minds
,
he
would
not
suffer
that
to
be
in
another's
Power
;
and
therefore
after
Lepidus's
Death
he
made
himself
Pont.
Max.
which
all
his
Successors
constantly
observed
till
Constantine
,
who
refused
it
:
Yet
Julian
resumed
it
again
,
and
was
initiated
with
divers
nasty
Ceremonies
;
but
Gratian
absolutely
refused
it
,
as
unlawful
for
a
Christian
(
saith
Zosimus
)
he
means
a
Lay-Christian
,
and
never
after
any
received
it
.
Augustus
also
made
himself
Pro-Consul
,
which
,
tho
it
appears
not
on
his
Medals
,
that
I
know
,
yet
it
is
in
old
Inscriptions
;
and
Elagabalus
in
Ep.
apud
Dionem
,
calls
himself
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Pro-Cos
.
which
I
know
not
whether
it
was
,
that
he
might
command
also
the
other
Provinces
,
or
that
the
Pro
Cos.
might
know
that
they
governed
under
the
Power
of
Caesar
,
who
was
the
chiefest
Pro-Cos
.
and
therefore
whereas
all
other
Pro-Cos
.
laid
down
their
Power
and
Ensigns
before
they
entered
the
City
,
the
Prince
retained
his
Pro-Consular
Power
in
the
City
.
So
M.
Aurelius
having
married
Faustina
,
had
given
him
Trib.
pot
.
&
Imperium
Pro-Cos
.
extra
urbem
,
saith
Capitolinus
.
And
thus
he
conjoyned
in
his
own
Person
all
the
Supreme
Offices
and
Employments
in
the
Commonwealth
,
without
any
sensible
change
of
the
Laws
and
Customs
formerly
observed
.
And
his
Successors
trod
in
the
same
Steps
;
some
notwithstanding
referring
more
,
some
less
to
the
Senate
.
§
.
4.
Augustus
himself
gave
the
Senate
leave
to
dispose
of
such
Provinces
,
(
Strabo
l.
17.
12.
Two
Pro-consular
,
Asia
and
Africk
,
Ten
Praetorian
,
two
whereof
Tiberius
afterward
resumed
)
and
Offices
as
were
Peaceable
,
or
not
likely
to
create
any
trouble
;
but
reserved
to
himself
all
those
where
there
were
any
Wars
or
Commotions
,
upon
pretence
of
giving
them
the
Pleasure
and
Profit
,
and
himself
the
Trouble
.
But
,
indeed
,
that
he
might
keep
all
the
Soldiers
in
his
own
Power
,
under
such
Legates
(
Lieutenants
)
as
he
could
trust
;
after
the
Resolution
fixed
of
taking
upon
him
the
sole
Government
,
he
referred
it
to
the
Senate
;
by
some
of
whom
for
Interest
,
some
for
Fear
,
some
out
of
Judgment
,
it
was
voted
for
him
for
ten
Years
;
and
after
those
,
the
Power
was
again
renewed
for
other
ten
Years
;
and
so
for
every
ten
Years
as
long
as
he
lived
;
which
was
observed
also
by
his
Successors
.
§
.
5.
He
had
also
Statues
and
Shields
vowed
and
dedicated
to
his
Honor
;
there
is
a
Medal
on
one
side
Augustus
,
℞
.
on
a
Shield
SPQR
.
CL.
V.
(
i.
e.
)
Clypeum
vovit
.
Clypeum
,
a
Shield
seems
ordinarily
to
have
contained
only
an
Inscription
to
the
Honor
of
any
Person
;
but
sometimes
his
Effigie
or
the
Effigie
of
some
noble
Action
of
his
,
and
was
hung
up
in
some
eminent
Temple
.
He
had
furthermore
Honors
decreed
by
most
Provinces
and
Colonies
,
as
appeareth
by
the
Medals
;
as
of
Alexandria
in
Egypt
;
Raemetalces
King
of
Thrace
;
Gnossians
with
their
Labyrinth
;
Cydonians
(
Citizens
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
a
City
in
Crete
.
)
Hierapolitanes
;
Maronitarum
,
or
Inhabitants
of
Marony
,
Coians
.
The
Coin
of
Nismes
(
some
say
Augustus
and
Julius
,
others
Agrippa
,
whose
face
it
should
seem
to
be
)
made
by
that
Colony
upon
the
Conquest
of
Egypt
,
after
the
Victory
of
Actium
.
The
Palm-tree
is
Phaenicia
,
the
Crocodile
Egypt
,
chained
to
a
Palm
,
the
Emblem
of
Victory
.
Augustus's
Head
,
℞
.
a
Victory
flying
,
holding
a
Crown
over
a
Buckler
,
wherein
are
CL.
V.
(
Clypeus
Votivus
)
hanging
upon
a
Pillar
erected
by
the
People
in
Honor
of
Julius
Caesar
,
Suet.
c.
85.
Plebs
in
honorem
defuncti
(
Julii
)
solidam
columnam
prope
viginti
pedum
lapidis
Numidici
in
foro
statuit
,
scripsitque
Parenti
Patriae
:
apud
eandem
longo
tempore
,
Sacrificare
,
vota
suscipere
,
controversias
quasdam
,
interposito
per
Caesarem
Jurejurando
,
distrahere
,
perseveravit
.
CL.
V
was
a
Shield
dedicated
with
certain
Solemnities
and
Performance
of
Vows
to
his
Honor.
Plin.
l.
35.
c.
3.
saith
,
that
Appius
Claudius
,
A.
U.
C.
259.
was
the
first
broacher
of
this
Custom
,
Placuit
,
saith
he
,
in
excelso
spectari
,
&
titulos
honorum
legi
.
Caesar's
Head
,
Caesar
Augustus
,
℞
.
Jupiter
with
his
Thunder-bolt
standing
in
the
Door
of
his
Temple
.
Jov.
Ton.
Suet.
c.
29.
saith
,
he
dedicated
a
Temple
to
Jupiter
after
his
escape
of
a
Danger
in
his
Expedition
to
Cantabria
(
Biscay
,
&c.
)
when
as
he
marched
in
the
night
,
his
Litter
was
struck
with
Lightning
,
and
the
Servant
carrying
a
Torch
killed
.
Perhaps
Horace
alludes
to
this
Temple
,
Carm.
l.
3.
Ode
5.
Coelo
tonantem
credidimns
Jovem
Regnare
,
&c.
Augustus's
Head
,
Caesar
Aug.
Divi
Filius
Pater
Patriae
.
℞
.
Two
young
Men
in
their
Gowns
,
between
them
two
Shields
,
two
bastae
purae
a
lituus
&
Capeduncula
,
underneath
C
[
aius
]
L
[
ucius
]
Caesares
.
About
it
Augusti
F.
Cos.
Desig
.
Prin.
Juvent
.
in
memory
of
Caius
and
Lucius
Sons
of
Agrippa
adopted
by
him
,
lately
dead
,
Dio.
l.
55.
Corpora
C
&
L
Caesarum
a
tribunis
militum
Romam
apportata
sunt
,
parmaeque
&
hastae
,
quas
aureas
ab
Equitibus
acceperant
,
in
Curia
suspensae
sunt
—
Nondum
positâ
puerili
praetexta
Principes
Juventutis
appellari
,
designare
Coss.
specie
recusantis
flagrantissime
cupiverat
(
Augustus
.
)
A
Blazing
Star
,
Divus
Julius
,
of
which
before
,
℞
.
a
Temple
with
Julius
Caesar
sitting
in
it
,
holding
a
Lituus
,
and
a
Star
over
his
Head
.
The
Temple
dedicated
to
him
,
Virg.
Georg.
3.
Et
viridi
in
Campo
templum
de
Marmore
ponam
,
In
medio
mihi
Caesar
erit
,
templumque
tenebit
.
Or
rather
the
Temple
of
Venus
,
of
which
Dio.
l.
45.
Eâ
re
(
appearing
of
the
Star
)
Augustus
animo
confirmato
Statuam
Patris
aeream
cum
stella
supra
Caput
in
Veneris
templo
posuit
.
A
Trophy
upon
the
Prow
and
Rudder
of
a
Ship
.
Imp.
Caesar
for
his
Actiack
Victory
.
℞
in
a
Garland
Jovi
vot
.
suscep
.
pro
Sal.
Caes.
Aug.
SPQR
.
Augustus
being
Sick
after
the
Battel
with
Brutus
and
Cassius
,
it
being
reported
at
Rome
that
he
was
dead
,
the
SPQR
.
decreed
an
annual
Supplication
and
Vows
should
be
made
for
his
Health
and
Safety
.
Two
Mens
Heads
together
with
the
Faces
toward
other
two
,
without
an
Inscription
;
probably
M.
Antonius
,
Octavius
and
Octavia
;
for
after
Fulvia's
(
Antonius's
first
Wife
's
)
death
,
who
instigated
him
to
make
War
upon
Augustus
,
and
to
join
with
Sextus
Pompeius
,
their
mutual
Friends
began
to
endeavor
a
Reconciliation
between
them
,
which
at
last
they
effected
;
and
for
the
greater
Confirmation
of
it
,
Antony
was
to
marry
Octavia
Augustus's
Sister
,
now
a
Widow
by
the
late
death
of
her
Husband
Marcellus
.
℞
a
Ship
with
the
mark
of
Sicily
under
it
,
and
Iter.
Praef.
which
seems
to
concern
Sextus
Pompeius
,
who
on
his
own
Coins
is
stiled
Iter.
Praef.
Classis
&
orae
maritimae
ex
S.
C.
for
though
one
Condition
of
that
Reconciliation
was
,
that
they
should
both
of
them
go
against
Sextus
Pompeius
;
yet
Pompey
retired
with
his
Fleet
to
Sicily
,
and
there
hindred
the
Transportation
of
Corn
to
the
City
:
which
causing
a
Dearth
in
the
City
forced
Caesar
and
Antony
to
make
a
Reconciliation
with
him
also
;
the
Treaty
being
at
Misenum
,
whereupon
it
seems
this
Coin
was
made
.
A
Womans
Head
veiled
Indulgentiae
Augusti
moneta
impetrata
.
℞
the
Emperor
in
a
triumphal
Chariot
,
underneath
Colonia
Augusta
,
Aroa
Patrensis
.
Patrae
was
built
by
Eumelus
,
who
having
learned
of
Triptolemus
the
Art
of
Plowing
and
Sowing
,
he
called
his
City
Aroa
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
saith
Pausan.
Afterwards
the
Achaia●…s
ejecting
thence
the
Jonians
,
Patreus
the
Son
of
Preugenes
,
Grand-child
of
Agenor
,
enlarging
the
City
called
it
Patrae
.
And
Augustus
after
his
Victory
at
Actium
recalled
the
Inhabitants
dispersed
by
the
War
(
the
Haven
being
very
commodious
)
and
also
brought
thither
the
Inhabitants
of
divers
neighboring
Cities
,
and
gave
the
Patrenses
Government
over
them
:
amongst
other
Privileges
he
gave
them
,
being
his
Colony
,
one
was
to
coin
Mony
.
Augustus's
Head
.
Caesar
Divi
Fil.
℞
a
Cupid
(
Augustus
)
between
two
Stars
(
of
Venus
and
Julius
)
upon
a
Dolphin
.
S.
P.
Q.
R.
Three
vexilla
,
two
of
the
Manipuli
bundles
of
Hay
or
Straw
the
middlemost
a
Veil
hung
cross-ways
Augusto
Divi
F.
Legio
IV.
Legio
VI.
Legio
X.
℞
Fla●…vo
Prae●…fecto
Germanorum
.
L.
JVEN
tio
Luperco
II
viris
Colonia
Cae●…sar-Augustana
,
a
Man
plowing
with
two
Oxen.
Coined
by
those
three
Legions
quartered
at
Sarragoza
.
§
.
6.
To
Livia
or
Julia
his
last
and
best
beloved
Wife
were
many
honors
decreed
,
as
that
she
should
be
called
Genetrix
Patriae
,
figured
in
the
form
sometimes
of
Juno
,
Venus
,
(
Astarte
of
the
Sydonians
)
worshipping
and
stiling
them
as
Gods
and
Goddesses
even
whilst
alive
:
the
Moon
or
Diana
.
But
the
greatest
honor
was
after
his
death
,
when
he
was
voted
to
be
a
God
and
to
be
worshipped
;
they
setting
upon
the
highest
part
of
the
Funeral
Pile
an
Eagle
(
for
an
Emperor
,
and
a
Peacock
(
Sacred
to
Juno
)
for
an
Empress
)
which
might
carry
the
Soul
into
Heaven
to
Jupiter
;
whence
it
proceeds
,
that
upon
Medals
an
Eagle
set
either
upon
a
Globe
,
or
the
top
of
a
Rogus
,
or
Bed
of
Parade
,
or
some
such
like
,
is
a
Sign
of
the
Consecration
of
that
Emperor
.
But
Augustus
had
also
Temples
built
to
him
both
at
Rome
and
in
the
Provinces
,
had
Sacrifices
and
Priests
decreed
to
him
,
one
of
whom
was
Antonia
the
Wife
of
Nero
Drusus
Germanicus
.
CHAP.
III.
Of
Tiberius
,
C.
Caligula
,
Claudius
.
§
.
1.
CAlled
before
his
Adoption
into
the
Family
of
the
Caesars
,
Tiberius
Claudius
Nero
,
and
Nick
named
for
his
Drunkenness
Biberius
Caldius
Mero
;
in
his
old
Age
was
of
an●…
Ill-favoured
Complexion
,
Pale
,
Hideous
,
Copper-nosed
.
His
Master
said
when
he
was
a●…
Child
,
that
he
was
made
of
Dirt
kneaded
with
Blood
;
which
agreed
very
well
to
his
Disposition
,
being
Cruel
,
Bloody
,
Lustful
beyond
measure
,
Drunken
,
and
Filthy
in
all
ways
possible
.
Much
of
which
appears
also
upon
his
Medals
.
He
came
to
be
Emperor
at
Fifty
six
Years
old
,
before
which
time
he
had
done
many
signal
Actions
,
and
obtained
great
Victories
over
the
Parthians
,
Illyricans
,
Dacians
,
Armenians
,
Pannonians
,
&c.
but
a
while
after
he
gave
himself
over
wholly
to
Lust
and
Debauchery
;
which
brought
upon
him
a
new
kind
of
Disease
called
Colum
,
and
a
kind
of
Leprosie
all
over
his
Body
.
Yet
notwithstanding
all
these
things
,
he
wa●…
even
in
his
Life-time
almost
adored
,
as
appears
by
his
Medals
;
wherein
is
a
Victory
sitting
upon
a
Firmament
fashioning
a
Crown
for
him
;
wherein
he
is
called
Tiberius
,
or
the
Genius
of
the
River
Tiber
:
Wherein
is
the
Figure
of
a●…
Colossus
erected
in
his
Honor
,
sitting
and
holding
a
Spear
in
one
Hand
and
a
Platter
in
the
other
,
by
the
Cities
of
Asia
repaired
by
him
after
an●…
Earth-quake
,
with
the
words
Civitatibus
Asiae
restitutis
;
wherein
is
a
Stern
fastened
to
a
World
as
if
he
governed
the
whole
World
.
The
Head
of
Augustus
,
another
of
Tiberius
▪
℞
.
Caius
and
Lucius
Caesars
with
two
Shields
either
of
them
an
hasta
pura
,
and
for
the
one
a●…
lituus
,
as
being
chief
Augur
,
the
other
a
Simpulum
as
Pontifex
;
two
of
the
same
Family
no●…
being
permitted
to
be
Pontifices
,
Dio.
l.
39.
no●…
in
the
same
College
of
Priests
.
Only
the
Emperors
being
above
all
Law
,
were
themselves
Pont.
Max.
and
one
of
their
Sons
they
made
Pont.
as
here
Augustus
,
and
in
another
Vespasian
.
Caius
Caesar
,
§
.
2.
Called
Caligula
,
because
of
the
Soldierfashion'd-Shoes
he
wore
,
was
born
in
the
Army
,
A.
U.
C.
764.
reigned
three
Years
and
ten
Months
,
and
lived
twenty
eight
Years
,
five
Months
and
seven
Days
;
was
of
Disposition
Wicked
,
Furious
,
Tyrannical
,
Treacherous
,
Foolish
,
Ridiculous
,
Prodigal
,
Luxurious
,
Cruel
,
●…ncestuous
;
would
needs
be
a
God
,
and
habited
and
accoutred
himself
sometimes
like
one
God
,
sometimes
like
another
;
challenged
Jupiter
to
fight
with
him
;
made
Engines
to
shoot
great
●…ones
against
Heaven
,
and
to
counterfeit
Thunder
;
was
slain
by
Chaerea
.
Few
of
his
Medals
extant
,
the
Senate
in
hate
to
him
,
calling
in
his
Coin
,
to
obliterate
as
much
as
they
could
,
his
Memory
.
Yet
some
there
are
,
as
Pax
Aug.
representing
the
Condition
wherein
he
found
the
Empire
,
as
one
with
the
Heads
of
Caius
and
Caesonia
his
last
Wife
,
℞
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Caesonia
was
every
way
as
wicked
for
a
Woman
as
he
for
a
Man
;
and
their
Daughter
being
but
a
Child
,
let
her
Nails
grow
to
scratch
●…ut
the
Eyes
of
the
Children
her
Play-fellows
:
All
slain
by
Cassius
Chaerea
.
Claudius
,
§
.
3.
Born
A.
U.
C.
743.
reigned
thirteen
Years
nine
Months
,
died
aged
Sixty
three
years
,
was
of
an
hansome
out
side
,
but
a
very
il●…
mind
;
a
great
Glutton
and
Drunkard
,
Luxurious
,
Incontinent
,
Cruel
,
Timorous
,
Inconstant
,
Heavy
,
Lasche
,
a
great
Dicer
,
ruled
by
his
Wives
and
Servants
;
yet
built
many
Magnificent
Works
,
Aquaeducts
,
Highways
,
the
Port
of
Ostia
;
made
good
Laws
,
preserved
the
Bounds
and
Reputation
of
the
Empire
.
But
what
he
did
well
,
was
for
fear
lest
the
chief
Men
should
Conspire
against
him
,
not
for
love
of
Virtue
;
and
the
same
fear
wrought
in
him
by
Messalia
and
Agrippina
his
Wives
,
caused
him
to
cut
off
whomsoever
they
pleased
:
So
that
he
put
to
Death
Thirty
Senators
,
221
Equites
,
and
other
Persons
innumerable
.
So
Foolish
and
Timorous
was
he
,
that
when
his
Wife
Messalina
was
Married
openly
to
Silius
,
it
was
a
long
time
before
he
knew
it
;
and
when
he
did
,
durst
not
a
great
while
take
Vengeance
of
her
.
But
he
was
afterwards
poisoned
by
his
Wife
Agrippina
in
a
Dish
of
Mushrooms
or
Tertuffale
,
which
he
loved
above
all
other
things
,
and
his
Mother
had
longed
for
when
Great
with
him
.
Claudius
had
one
only
Son
called
Britannicus
▪
whom
Nero
and
Agrippina
(
his
Step
mother
)
Murthered
;
of
him
Medals
very
rare
:
Ye●…
Seguinus
hath
one
,
his
Head
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
℞
.
a
naked
Figure
(
supposed
to
be
the
Sun
with
a
Hart
to
shew
his
Swiftness
)
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Alabanda
was
a
City
in
Caria
,
where
the
Sun
was
very
much
worshipped
.
Many
Medals
of
Claudius
;
one
reverse
a
Temple
,
in
which
Peace
or
Rome
crowneth
him
;
the
words
Romae
&
Augusto
communitas
Asiae
.
A
Britain
naked
,
fighting
with
a
Poignard
against
a
Roman
Soldier
armed
.
A
Jupiter
amidst
seven
Stars
,
with
Thunder
in
one
Hand
,
and
a
Trident
in
the
other
;
or
a
Jupiter
and
Neptune
joyned
,
as
if
both
gave
their
Power
to
Claudius
.
There
arose
in
his
days
a
Rebellion
headed
by
Furvus
Camillus
Scribonianus
Legatus
in
Dalmatia
;
the
Army
which
chused
him
Emperor
,
terrified
with
Omens
,
slew
him
the
fifth
day
.
No
Medals
of
him
.
Seguinus
hath
set
down
a
very
curious
Coin
of
Lead
,
on
the
one
side
a
Digamma
,
a
Letter
sound
out
by
Claudius
,
and
not
used
after
his
Death
,
with
a
Palm
issuing
out
of
it
IO.
〈◊〉
Sat.
℞
.
a
Garland
,
which
he
conceives
very
probably
to
be
after
the
Victory
Claudius
obtained
in
Britanny
.
Dio
saith
,
that
the
Gallican
Legions
refusing
to
march
into
Britanny
,
he
sent
Narcissus
his
Freed-man
to
perswade
them
to
it
;
who
coming
to
the
Army
,
and
setting
himself
in
the
General
's
Seat
,
and
beginning
to
make
a
Speech
,
the
Army
universally
cried
out
IO
Saturnalia
!
IO.
as
if
Servants
then
ruled
;
and
turning
to
A.
Plautius
their
General
,
desired
him
to
lead
them
into
Britanny
,
which
he
did
;
and
afterwards
hearing
of
their
good
Success
,
Claudius
came
in
Person
,
and
attributed
to
himself
the
Victory
and
Triumph
.
CHAP.
IV.
Of
Nero
,
Claudius
Macer
.
1.
NERO
was
born
A.
U.
C.
789.
A.
D.
38.
reigned
thirteen
Years
,
seven
Months
,
Twenty
eight
Days
,
died
about
Thirty
two
Years
old
.
The
most
abominable
Monster
for
Lust
,
Debauchery
,
Cruelty
and
all
Wickedness
that
ever
the
World
saw
.
He
gave
his
mind
to
nothing
laudable
but
Singing
and
Playing
.
The
Senate
having
voted
him
to
be
whip'd
to
Death
through
the
Streets
,
he
chused
rather
to
kill
himself
,
crying
out
,
Qualis
Artifex
pereo
.
Medals
many
of
him
(
tho
the
Senate
decreed
his
Coins
should
not
be
Currant
)
because
of
the
length
of
his
Reign
.
Yea
,
mistrusting
some
such
thing
of
the
Senate
,
't
is
probable
that
he
caused
upon
divers
of
his
Coins
,
the
Pourtraict
of
Augustus
and
Tiberius
to
be
stamped
.
2.
As
himself
standing
one
Foot
on
a
Globe
,
and
a
Spear
in
his
Hand
;
as
if
his
Valour
had
given
him
the
Empire
of
the
World
.
The
like
a
Roma
sitting
and
setting
her
Foot
upon
a
Globe
.
His
Figure
standing
,
Raies
about
his
Head
like
the
Sun
,
in
the
one
Hand
a
Laurel
,
in
the
other
a
Victory
;
the
word
Aug.
Germanico
;
perhaps
to
represent
the
Colosse
he
caused
to
be
made
of
himself
;
and
in
imitation
of
that
of
Rhodes
.
Four
Fishes
;
perhaps
coined
in
Greece
upon
the
Birth
of
his
Daughter
Claudia
,
where
it
was
the
Custom
,
that
the
fifth
day
after
the
Birth
of
a
Child
,
the
Women
,
who
had
been
assistant
at
the
Labour
,
first
washed
their
Hands
;
then
took
up
the
Infant
and
carried
it
,
running
throughout
all
the
House
,
to
the
Hearth
especially
;
and
then
the
Kindred
made
a
Feast
of
such
Fishes
as
are
here
expressed
,
Lobsters
,
Pulpes
;
such
viz.
as
are
very
Proliferous
and
Inciters
to
Lust
;
these
Feasts
were
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
By
the
way
Athenaeus
notes
,
that
the
tenth
day
after
the
Child
was
born
,
the
nearest
Kindred
met
together
to
name
the
Child
,
which
they
did
after
they
had
Sacrificed
and
Banqueted
together
.
In
Rome
the
eighth
day
was
commonly
for
Females
,
the
ninth
for
Males
,
the
Lustricus
for
purifying
and
naming
the
Child
.
Ara
pacis
,
and
another
the
Temple
of
Janus
shut
up
;
the
reason
of
opening
of
Janus's
Temple
in
time
of
War
,
was
taken
from
Romulus
,
who
fighting
against
the
Sabins
,
and
being
worsted
,
there
rose
up
immediately
out
of
Janus's
Temple
a
Spring
of
Hot
Water
,
wherewith
the
Romans
scalded
and
so
vanquished
their
Enemies
.
Going
therefore
to
War
,
they
set
open
Janus's
Temple
in
hopes
of
like
Success
.
Three
Arches
of
a
Bridge
with
Con.
C
C
II.
i.
e.
perhaps
Consensu
civitatum
Campaniae
duarum
:
Then
it
signifies
some
Bridge
made
over
the
great
Trench
he
endeavoured
to
cut
between
Avernus
and
Ostia
.
(
The
Port
of
Ostia
,
tho
upon
his
Medals
,
was
chiefly
built
by
Claudius
;
he
only
adorned
and
compleated
it
.
)
A
Triumphant
Chariot
drawn
with
four
Horses
,
and
Nero
holding
a
Crown
and
Palm
,
with
the
word
Euthymius
,
perhaps
representing
his
Victory
at
the
Olympick
Games
in
a
Race
of
Horses
.
Euthymius
was
a
Famous
Wrestler
of
Locri
,
who
fought
with
the
Daemon
Temsus
,
and
delivered
a
Beautiful
Damsel
from
him
;
for
which
reason
he
was
made
a
God
and
worshipped
by
the
Locri
;
who
probably
stamped
this
Medal
in
Honor
of
him
.
An
Hydraulick
Instrument
like
our
Organs
,
in
which
he
was
much
delighted
,
as
Sueton.
noteth
.
A
Serpent
as
ready
to
take
Fruits
from
an
Altar
;
which
either
represented
AEsculapius
;
or
as
a
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
his
Mother
perswading
him
that
sleeping
he
was
preserved
by
a
Serpent
from
the
Trains
of
Messalina
.
Besides
,
it
was
a
good
Augury
to
have
a
Serpent
come
and
eat
upon
their
Altars
,
as
Virgil
noteth
of
AEneas
;
and
that
they
nourished
Serpents
as
signs
of
good
Luck
;
and
this
Nero
did
in
the
Wood
of
Lavinium
amongst
the
rest
.
Nero
Caesar
in
his
Youth
.
℞
.
a
Senator
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
an
Acknowledgment
of
some
Favour
that
City
received
by
his
means
.
Nero
Radiant
as
the
Colossus
of
Rhodes
.
℞
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
the
Rhodians
st●…g
themsel●…es
Rhodi●…
Ne●…nenses
Augusti
.
Nero
like
Apollo
.
℞
.
his
Wife
like
Latona
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Europa
carried
upon
a
Bull.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
She
being
Venus
and
Astarte
.
Nero
with
a
Serpent
about
his
Neck
,
signifying
Felicity
.
℞
.
An
Eagle
with
a
Palm
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
The
River
Meles
,
Famous
for
inspiring
Poetry
.
Nero
and
Agrippina
.
℞
.
Libertas
.
Nero
℞
.
Jupiter
,
the
two
Monarchs
of
Heaven
and
Earth
.
So
of
Serapis
also
.
Nero.
℞
.
Poppaea
Sabina
,
as
a
Juno
.
Nero.
℞
.
Messalina
(
his
last
Wife
)
as
a
Ceres
.
Claudius
Macer
,
3.
Was
Propraetor
in
Africk
when
Nero
died
,
and
commanding
the
Army
there
;
partly
instigated
by
his
own
Ambition
,
partly
by
Calvia
Crispinilla
the
Mistress
and
Minister
of
Nero's
Lusts
,
who
after
Nero's
Death
,
being
condemned
and
sought
for
to
be
slain
,
fled
to
Macer
;
and
perswaded
him
to
hinder
the
City
from
Corn
,
till
they
declared
him
Emperor
;
it
seems
also
he
had
some
Party
in
the
City
amongst
the
Senators
;
since
there
is
a
Medal
of
him
with
his
Image
and
S.
C
on
one
side
,
on
the
other
a
Ratis
with
Propraet
.
Afric
.
But
Galba
being
Emperor
,
sent
Trebonius
Garucianus
immediately
into
Africk
,
who
got
his
Army
from
him
and
●…lew
him
.
CHAP.
V.
Of
Servius
(
Sueton.
)
Sulp.
Galba
.
Salvus
Otho
,
Aulus
Vitellius
.
1.
GAlba
,
born
A.
U.
C.
750.
reigned
seven
Months
,
six
Days
;
died
aged
Seventy
three
Years
;
employed
for
a
long
time
in
great
Charges
and
Commands
,
at
Nero's
Death
he
governed
Spain
;
where
he
was
declared
Emperor
by
the
Army
,
and
Encouragement
of
Julius
Vindex
.
Sriving
to
reduce
the
Army
to
the
ancient
Severity
and
Discipline
,
and
giving
them
nothing
,
but
being
extremely
and
sordidly
Covetous
,
he
fell
into
their
Hatred
.
The
People
also
were
no
less
offended
with
his
Lust
and
Impotency
,
whom
he
governed
by
his
three
Friends
,
T.
Vinius
,
Corn.
Laco
,
and
Icelus
his
Freed
Man
;
Persons
contemptible
for
their
Arrogance
,
Cruelty
and
Baseness
;
they
were
after
a
while
all
together
slain
by
Otho
,
who
had
before-hand
corrupted
the
Army
:
He
chose
Piso
also
,
a
Sour
young
Man
,
to
be
his
Successor
,
who
was
slain
with
him
.
His
Medals
are
a
Soldier
with
a
Victory
in
one
Hand
,
a
Pike
with
an
Eagle
in
the
other
,
with
Roma
renascens
,
as
if
ruined
by
the
former
Emperors
.
And
the
same
℞
.
with
Roma
℞
.
XL.
or
Quadragesima
remissa
,
which
was
a
certain
Tax
paid
at
the
Passages
of
Rivers
and
Ports
,
which
he
remitted
.
A
Triumphant
Arch
with
S.
C.
erected
either
in
remembrance
of
his
former
Victories
,
or
the
Defeat
of
Macer
.
Honos
&
Virtus
.
Mars
presenting
Liberty
kneeling
before
Galba
,
the
word
Libertas
restituta
;
because
by
the
Fame
of
his
Arms
he
forced
Nero
to
kill
himself
.
His
Wife
was
Lepida
,
by
whom
he
had
two
Sons
,
who
both
died
young
.
Q.
Calph.
Piso
frugi
Licinianus
was
,
because
of
their
like
manner
of
Life
,
chosen
by
Galba
to
be
his
Successor
;
he
was
Caesar
but
four
days
,
was
killed
with
him
,
and
buried
by
his
Wife
Verania
who
bought
his
Head
.
Galba's
Head
,
Galba
Imperator
.
℞
.
the
Head
,
as
,
of
a
Goddess
.
Rest.
Num.
which
some
interpret
Restitutor
Nummorum
.
But
no
History
mentions
any
such
thing
of
him
;
besides
Nummus
is
scarce
found
in
that
Sense
,
but
Moneta
.
Others
say
Restitutor
Numidiae
,
where
he
governed
two
Years
Pro-Cos
.
and
established
and
settled
the
Province
.
Others
say
Restitutor
Numinis
,
the
Head
seeming
to
be
of
a
Goddess
,
not
of
a
Country
.
Sueton.
saith
,
that
when
he
took
the
Toga
virilis
,
he
dreamed
that
Fortune
stood
before
his
door
,
and
told
him
,
that
if
he
would
not
let
her
in
,
she
would
go
to
the
first
Man
she
met
;
whereupon
going
to
his
door
,
he
found
a
Brazen
Image
of
Fortune
of
above
a
Cubit
long
,
which
he
took
in
,
carried
to
his
House
at
Tusculum
;
and
kept
an
Anniversary
Sacrifice
to
it
.
M.
Salvius
Otho
.
2.
Born
A.
U.
C.
784.
A.
C.
33.
reigned
three
Months
,
five
Days
,
killed
himself
at
thirty
seven
years
old
:
was
Courteous
,
Prodigal
,
Effeminate
,
Delicate
,
Dissolute
,
Luxurious
:
he
governed
Lusitania
without
blame
;
courted
Galba
,
and
was
the
first
who
perswaded
him
to
take
upon
him
the
Empire
,
coined
all
his
Plate
for
his
Assistance
in
hopes
to
be
adopted
by
him
;
having
contracted
such
great
Debts
that
nothing
less
than
the
Empire
could
deliver
him
.
But
as
soon
as
Piso
was
adopted
,
he
resolved
to
kill
Galba
;
and
by
excessive
Largesses
,
and
other
means
,
drew
the
Soldiers
to
his
part
.
He
was
very
intimate
with
,
and
imitated
Nero
in
his
Life
and
Manners
;
and
the
People
made
their
Acclamation
,
Neroni
Othoni
.
He
debauched
Poppaea
from
her
Husband
to
deliver
her
to
Nero
▪
Whereupon
he
was
sent
Governor
into
Portugal
.
It
is
doubted
whether
any
large
Medals
of
Brass
of
Otho
,
yet
small
Coins
of
Brass
there
are
,
and
of
Silver
not
very
rare
.
Such
as
Otho
-
℞
on
Horse-back
brandishing
a
Spear
Pont
Max.
the
Goddess
Victory
Victoria
Othonis
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
℞
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
also
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
℞
Isis's
Head
LA
the
East
generally
took
part
with
him
,
because
acknowledged
by
and
resident
in
the
City
;
and
Sueton.
saith
particularly
that
he
often
sacrificed
to
Isis.
Aulus
Vitellius
.
3.
Was
born
A.
U.
C.
767.
A.
C.
16.
reigned
six
Months
,
twenty
two
Days
,
died
aged
about
fifty
four
years
;
a
Fat
,
Gross
,
Heavy
,
Dull
,
Sottish
,
Cruel
,
Lustful
,
Drunken
,
Glutton
,
Nasty
Beast
;
having
all
the
Vices
of
Caligula
,
Nero
and
Otho
;
and
nothing
either
of
their
Ingenuity
,
Parts
,
Conduct
or
Gentileness
.
He
came
into
Reputation
with
Tiberius
by
Flattery
and
serving
him
in
his
Lusts
:
by
the
same
Arts
he
continued
in
the
favor
of
the
rest
.
Galba
,
thinking
him
not
fit
to
head
or
manage
a
Design
,
sent
him
General
into
Lower
Germany
,
where
,
by
giving
the
Soldiers
Licence
to
do
what
they
pleased
,
he
got
their
Favors
so
much
,
that
they
saluted
him
Emperor
.
Presently
he
marched
into
Italy
,
where
having
got
the
better
in
one
Battel
:
Otho
,
through
his
Effeminateness
,
impatient
of
Labor
,
never
so
much
as
rallying
his
Men
,
(
who
were
overcome
by
Surprize
,
and
desired
much
to
regain
their
Honor
)
or
retiring
to
his
Army
,
slew
himself
,
and
left
the
Government
to
Vitellius
;
who
behaved
himself
in
it
most
cruelly
and
covetously
,
killing
all
he
could
have
any
Pretence
against
,
for
their
Wealth
;
which
he
consumed
wholly
upon
his
Belly
,
and
so
laschly
that
he
,
without
ordering
or
providing
for
himself
,
was
taken
by
Vespasian's
Soldiers
naked
in
a
Sink
,
and
soled
through
the
City
,
and
at
last
carried
to
the
Scalae
Gemoniae
;
there
a
long
time
tormented
,
and
at
last
thrown
into
Tyber
.
Of
his
Medals
,
—
A
Vesta
,
holding
a
Sacrificing
Platter
in
one
Hand
,
in
the
other
a
Torch
,
with
Vesta
℞
.
(
populi
Romani
)
Quiritun
.
signifying
that
he
was
Pont.
Max
,
or
that
Vesta
was
the
chief
Defendress
of
Rome
,
or
that
his
Government
was
to
be
Eternal
.
—
AEquity
the
Goddess
.
AEquitas
Aug.
Victory
(
with
a
Platter
and
Palm
)
sitting
,
S.
C.
for
he
pretended
to
take
Arms
to
Revenge
Galba's
and
Piso's
death
.
A
Tripode
,
with
a
Dolphin
and
a
Crow
XV
VIR
.
SACR-FAC
(
Quindecimvir
Sacris
faciundis
)
Vitellius
was
one
of
them
,
whose
Office
was
to
keep
the
Sybils
Books
,
and
make
certain
Sacrifices
:
the
Dolphin
a
Fish
of
good
Presage
.
Apollo
was
called
Delphinius
because
he
guided
Castalius
the
Cretan
,
conducting
a
Colony
under
that
shape
.
Theseus
also
sacrificed
to
him
under
that
Name
;
and
Plutarch
testifieth
that
many
Altars
of
the
Greeks
had
a
Dolphin
upon
them
:
the
Crow
Sacred
to
Minerva
,
and
much
esteemed
in
Augury
and
Divination
.
A
Shield
curiously
wrought
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Sextilia
was
his
Mother
,
a
brave
and
vertuous
Woman
,
whom
he
saluted
Augusta
;
which
Title
she
refused
,
saying
,
She
had
born
Vitellius
,
and
not
Germanicus
:
And
afterwards
not
approving
his
Actions
,
it
was
reported
she
was
poisoned
by
him
.
Yet
some
think
that
to
be
her
Image
which
is
on
a
Reverse
of
Vitellius
,
with
Mater
Augusti
,
Mater
Senatus
,
Mater
Patriae
.
His
Wives
were
,
first
Petronia
;
whom
,
after
he
had
a
Son
by
her
,
he
repudiated
and
slew
Dolabella
,
because
he
married
her
.
Second
,
Gelaria
Fundana
,
by
whom
he
had
a
Son
almost
Dumb
and
Stupid
,
slain
by
Matianus
,
and
a
Daughter
whom
Vespasian
married
very
honorably
.
CHAP.
VI.
Of
Flavius
Vespasianus
,
Titus
Vespasianus
,
Domitianus
.
§
.
1.
FLavius
Vespasianus
was
born
A.
V.
C.
761.
A.
C.
10.
reigned
nine
Years
,
11
Months
,
and
twenty
two
Days
,
died
aged
sixty
nine
Years
;
of
mean
Parentage
,
obtained
the
Empire
by
his
Merits
:
for
having
done
great
Services
in
Britanny
,
where
he
fought
thirty
Battels
,
and
Germany
;
he
was
at
last
sent
into
Judaea
,
(
being
not
feared
because
of
his
mean
Extraction
)
where
the
Legions
hearing
of
Galba
,
Otho
and
Vitellius
,
their
Election
by
their
Armies
,
conceived
themselves
as
able
to
raise
an
Emperor
as
the
others
;
and
therefore
by
common
consent
made
choice
of
him
,
who
was
presently
received
by
all
the
Eastern
Legions
.
He
was
a
very
Prudent
,
Sober
,
Vigilant
,
Valiant
,
Clement
,
Moderate
,
Frugal
and
Liberal
Person
:
Frugal
in
his
own
House
,
and
towards
the
Courtiers
,
who
blam'd
him
much
for
Covetousness
;
but
so
Magnificent
in
building
Temples
,
Cities
,
Bridges
,
Highwaies
,
&c.
that
it
is
much
admired
how
he
found
Wealth
enough
to
do
it
,
after
those
expensive
Beasts
;
especially
since
he
oppressed
none
,
but
wept
extraordinarily
even
at
the
just
Punishment
of
Malefactors
.
The
Greeks
,
to
whom
Nero
had
foolishly
given
liberty
,
tax
him
for
reducing
them
again
to
pay
Tributes
,
and
be
subject
to
the
Romans
;
for
which
they
had
no
reason
,
using
their
Liberty
to
quarrels
amongst
themselves
,
and
to
the
prejudice
of
the
Commonwealth
.
Very
many
Medals
of
Vespasian
,
the
chief
are
;
His
Victory
over
Judaea
,
a
Woman
leaning
to
a
Palm-Tree
with
her
Hands
bound
,
signifies
the
Captivity
of
the
People
:
A
Woman
sitting
in
an
unusual
Posture
,
alludes
to
that
of
Isa.
3.
26.
She
,
being
desolate
,
shall
sit
upon
the
ground
.
Two
Capricorns
with
a
Globe
between
.
He
was
born
under
Capricorn
as
was
also
Augustus
,
and
of
later
Times
Charles
V.
and
Cosmus
Medices
,
surnamed
the
Great
.
Vespasian's
Head
.
℞
a
Jupiter
with
a
Patera
in
his
Right
Hand
,
in
his
Left
a
Scepter
with
an
Eagle
on
the
Top.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Anno
novi
Templi
octavo
:
Before
his
coming
to
the
City
,
his
Son
Domitian
and
Sabinus
seized
upon
the
Capitol
,
where
Vitellius
besieged
and
fought
them
;
Sabinus
was
slain
there
,
Domitian
escaped
;
but
the
Temple
of
Jupiter
Capitolinus
was
burnt
,
by
whether
Party
uncertain
.
Vespasian
therefore
coming
to
Reign
in
his
first
Year
rebuilt
that
Temple
,
from
which
Building
he
counts
this
Epocha
.
A
Victoria
Pacifera
,
with
a
Bulla
,
Caduceus
,
and
a
Serpent
before
,
betokening
the
Direction
of
the
Gods
,
as
the
Caduceus
of
Prudence
,
the
word
Paci
Augustae
.
The
Front
of
the
Temple
of
Peace
built
by
him
adorned
with
many
Statues
,
SPQR
.
Vespasian
Consecrated
,
crown'd
with
Laurel
not
Radiant
,
as
being
a
great
and
invincible
Heroe
,
℞
a
Pot
between
two
Laurels
:
The
Pot
represents
the
Pot
of
Oil
set
by
the
Dead
before
they
were
interred
.
Before
their
Doors
also
was
set
a
Pot
of
Water
,
for
them
that
entred
to
Expiate
themselves
.
The
Laurels
were
in
honor
of
his
Victories
.
A
Womans
Head
without
Inscription
;
probably
Coenis
his
Concubine
after
his
Wives
death
,
whom
he
loved
dearly
,
a
prudent
Woman
.
Jupiter
sitting
holding
a
Victory
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
as
much
as
Jupiter
the
Castle-or
Town-Keeper
.
Bolanus
,
he
that
governed
Asia
.
His
Wife
was
Fl.
Domitilla
,
by
whom
he
had
Titus
,
Domitian
,
and
a
Daughter
called
Fl.
Domitilla
;
both
the
Mother
and
Daughter
died
before
he
came
to
be
Emperor
;
but
notwithstanding
they
were
Consecrated
,
and
Medals
made
for
them
.
Titus
Vespasianus
,
§
.
2.
Born
A.
U.
C.
793.
A.
C.
42.
reigned
above
two
Years
,
and
died
,
as
most
say
,
poisoned
by
Domitian
,
aged
forty
Years
.
Was
the
most
Couragious
,
Liberal
,
Prudent
,
Chast
,
Mild
,
Knowing
,
Temperate
,
Innocent
Prince
that
till
that
time
the
Romans
had
.
He
chaced
out
of
the
Court
all
Women
,
&c.
of
evil
Lives
;
sending
away
Q.
Berenyce
,
who
hoped
he
would
have
married
her
;
as
also
all
Accusers
,
Calumniators
and
Flatterers
;
some
of
whom
he
put
even
to
Death
;
he
said
he
lost
that
day
in
which
he
did
not
good
to
some
or
other
.
Being
advised
to
put
to
Death
some
that
conspired
against
him
,
he
said
he
had
rather
dye
himself
;
his
Father
,
himself
and
Brother
,
were
perswaded
that
all
things
were
by
Fate
;
and
that
they
could
not
prevent
the
Death
appointed
and
destined
to
them
by
the
Gods
.
Pax.
Aug.
a
Peace
,
and
a
Thigh
of
a
Sacrifice
upon
a
Stool
;
for
to
Peace
they
Sacrificed
only
the
Thigh
and
Leg-bones
.
Nor
was
it
lawful
to
shed
Blood
in
her
Temple
:
So
they
killed
and
dressed
the
Sacrifice
without
,
and
then
brought
in
and
burnt
the
Bones
.
Antiochia
,
Vesp.
and
Titus
much
honoured
that
City
,
not
only
building
much
of
it
,
but
placing
there
the
Brazen
Cherubims
brought
from
Jerusalem
,
and
building
a
Theatre
in
the
place
where
the
Synagogue
of
the
Jews
stood
.
An
Altar
Providentia
,
intimating
that
it
was
his
Providence
and
Wisdom
that
destroyed
the
Jews
(
under
whom
the
Christians
also
were
comprehended
)
and
established
the
worship
of
the
Gods
.
Victoria
Navalis
over
the
Jews
upon
the
Lake
of
Genesareth
.
An
Elephant
,
a
Symbole
of
Perpetuity
and
Magnificence
;
but
Titus
had
also
a
marvellous
Elephant
;
which
perceiving
one
day
that
the
Wife
of
his
Master
committed
Adultery
with
another
Person
,
killed
them
both
;
and
laying
them
both
together
in
the
Bed
as
they
were
before
,
covered
them
;
and
when
his
Master
came
home
,
he
carried
him
to
the
Bed
,
uncovered
them
,
and
shewed
what
was
done
,
and
afterwards
shewed
his
Teeth
,
which
were
Bloody
.
Titus
sitting
on
a
Rock
,
leaning
on
his
Perizonium
,
and
a
Horse
(
the
Emblem
of
Empire
)
brought
to
him
by
a
Woman
,
supposed
to
be
Fortune
naked
,
without
Wings
,
Wheel
or
Orb
,
they
fancying
that
when
Fortune
had
travelled
all
the
World
over
,
at
last
she
came
to
Tyber
,
and
went
into
the
Palace
,
where
immediately
she
laid
aside
her
Wings
,
Wheel
,
Globe
,
&c.
and
there
rested
.
A
Woman
upon
the
Prow
of
a
Ship
,
(
because
of
the
Situation
upon
the
Sea
)
with
a
Scepter
in
one
Hand
,
a
Vine-branch
in
the
other
(
because
of
its
Fruitfulness
in
excellent
Wines
)
a
Dove
,
(
which
there
were
nourished
in
great
quantity
;
the
Syrians
not
eating
but
nourishing
them
as
Sacred
,
Birds
of
Venus
,
and
into
which
Semyramis
the
great
Queen
was
converted
.
)
The
word
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
like
a
Jupiter
with
Towers
on
his
Head
,
and
a
Flower
in
his
Hand
(
which
seems
to
be
Lotus
,
esteemed
by
them
,
because
of
it
they
made
Bread
.
)
Nilus
was
worshipped
by
the
Egyptians
as
Jupiter
.
His
Wives
were
Arricidia
who
died
without
Children
.
Marcia
Furnilla
(
whom
some
call
Fulvia
)
by
whom
he
had
Julia
Sabina
;
he
was
divorced
from
her
,
being
yet
a
private
Person
.
Julia
Sabina
his
Daughter
,
refused
by
Domitian
,
married
Flavius
Sabinus
,
whom
Domitian
,
for
love
of
her
,
caused
to
be
Murthered
;
and
having
got
her
with
Child
,
perswaded
her
to
destroy
the
Foetus
,
whereby
she
also
killed
her self
.
Her
Medals
a
Julia
Augusta
,
℞
.
a
Peacock
Divi
Titi
F.
Venus
Augusta
,
Venus
resting
upon
a
Pillar
,
in
one
Hand
the
Helmet
of
Mars
,
in
the
other
a
Spear
;
her
Cestus
or
Scarf
(
which
was
a
sort
of
thin
Vestment
,
through
which
the
whole
Body
was
seen
;
therefore
in
the
Cestus
was
said
to
be
placed
the
Charm
of
Love
)
tyed
about
her
Thighs
:
Signifying
that
she
was
Venus
,
and
had
Command
and
Power
over
Domitian
.
Domitian
,
§
.
3.
Was
born
A.
D.
52.
U.
C.
803.
reigned
about
fifteen
Years
,
was
slain
at
the
Age
of
Forty
four
Years
by
his
Domesticks
,
who
were
afraid
he
should
have
Murthered
them
,
as
he
had
done
many
others
.
He
was
Beautiful
enough
,
and
at
first
by
his
good
Laws
for
reforming
their
Religion
,
and
against
Gelding
Boys
,
and
his
frequent
hearing
of
Causes
,
gave
hopes
of
good
Government
;
but
he
changed
after
a
while
,
and
shewed
his
own
Inclinations
to
be
Barbarously
Cruel
,
Traiterous
,
Insolent
,
Cowardly
,
Ignorant
,
Lustful
,
and
every
way
Vitious
.
He
(
because
(
as
some
imagine
)
he
heard
the
Sybils
prophecied
of
a
Virgins
Conception
)
gave
out
,
and
imprisoned
some
for
not
saying
,
that
he
was
the
Son
of
Pallas
;
which
is
the
reason
why
somewhat
of
Pallas
is
upon
most
of
his
Medals
.
He
would
needs
be
a
God
,
sometimes
Jupiter
,
Hercules
,
&c.
would
have
his
Bed
be
called
Pulvinar
;
suffered
himself
to
be
adored
;
gave
his
Hand
to
be
kissed
,
&c.
He
banished
also
all
Learning
,
especially
Philosophy
,
out
of
Rome
.
A
Goat
within
a
Crown
.
Princeps
Juventutis
,
perhaps
in
Flattery
to
resemble
him
to
Jupiter
,
educated
by
a
Goat
of
Amalthaea
,
of
whose
Skin
he
made
his
AEgis
.
A
Ram.
Princeps
Juventutis
;
the
Ram
the
chief
of
the
Flock
,
and
first
of
the
Signs
.
Domitian
having
upon
his
Breast
the
AEgis
—
℞
.
on
Horse-back
,
his
Horses
Foot
upon
the
head
of
a
River
;
representing
a
Statue
described
by
Papinius
Statius
,
made
in
Honour
of
Domitian
after
his
giving
Peace
to
Germany
,
or
rather
his
buying
it
.
A
Triumphal
Arch.
In
the
Habit
of
Mars
,
with
a
Trophy
on
his
Shoulder
for
his
German
Victory
.
Pallas
standing
upon
a
Ship
with
two
Prows
,
her
Invention
;
probably
representing
the
Vessel
in
which
Domitian
passed
the
Rhine
and
Danow
;
being
so
fearful
that
he
could
not
endure
so
much
as
the
trouble
of
Rowing
;
he
had
a
Boat
on
purpose
drawn
by
the
Gallies
,
in
which
he
sate
alone
like
an
Image
.
Plin.
Paneg.
An
Altar
dedicated
to
him
by
the
Nicaeenses
(
probably
for
giving
them
the
Primacy
of
Bithynia
against
the
Nicomedians
)
under
the
name
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
or
Forensis
(
President
of
Tribunals
)
esteeming
him
a
God
.
As
also
in
that
of
an
Eagle
holding
Thunder
;
they
called
him
Jupiter
Domitor
Orbis
.
Isis
stretching
or
displaying
a
Sail
;
called
Pelagia
Goddess
of
Navigation
,
and
Inventress
of
Sails
.
§
.
4.
His
Wife
was
Domitia
Longina
,
Daughter
of
that
brave
Corbulo
,
whom
Nero
caused
to
kill
himself
;
he
took
her
from
her
Husband
AElius
Lamia
,
whom
he
afterwards
also
slew
.
She
was
a
very
wicked
Woman
,
and
governed
by
Paris
a
Comaedian
;
whereupon
Domitian
turned
her
away
,
but
overcome
with
her
Beauty
afterwards
received
her
;
and
for
fear
he
should
again
use
her
worse
,
she
helped
to
Murther
him
.
Others
commend
her
much
for
her
Virtue
;
and
Procopius
saith
,
that
after
Domitian's
Death
,
she
was
so
much
reverenced
by
the
Senate
,
that
she
was
sent
for
thither
,
and
desired
to
request
what
she
pleased
of
her
Husbands
;
she
only
desired
the
liberty
to
set
up
his
Image
where
she
pleased
,
which
was
granted
.
She
sent
therefore
and
gathered
together
his
torn
Limbs
,
and
had
them
put
together
,
and
sowed
,
and
fastened
,
so
as
the
Body
being
given
to
the
Statuaries
,
they
made
a
Statue
upon
it
;
which
she
placed
upon
the
ascent
to
the
Capitol
;
which
he
saith
remained
there
till
his
time
,
representing
the
marks
of
the
sowed
Limbs
.
A
Peacock
,
Concordia
August
.
made
after
her
Repeal
.
By
her
he
had
a
Son
,
which
dying
young
was
consecrated
—
A
Child
sitting
upon
a
Globe
amongst
Stars
.
Domitian
and
Domitia
.
℞
.
a
Temple
with
a
Goddess
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Domitian
began
his
Patents
,
Dominus
ac
Deus
noster
sic
jubet
;
she
might
well
be
a
Goddess
then
.
Lucius
Antonius
injured
by
Domitian
(
who
called
him
Scortum
)
Governour
of
Germany
,
raised
a
Rebellion
,
but
was
overcome
and
slain
by
another
General
.
CHAP.
VII
.
Of
Cocceius
Nerva
,
Ulpius
Trajanus
.
§
.
1.
NErva
was
born
A.
D.
33.
reigned
some
say
sixteen
Months
,
others
27.
he
entered
into
the
twenty
eighth
Month
,
for
he
was
Cos.
IV.
and
in
the
second
year
he
was
made
Emperor
,
for
at
that
time
we
find
his
Medals
;
died
aged
above
Seventy
two
Years
;
was
a
most
Just
,
Mild
,
Wise
,
Tranquill
,
Passionless
,
Irreproachable
,
Bountiful
,
Learned
Prince
;
recalled
those
Domitian
had
banished
;
and
in
their
rooms
sent
the
Informers
,
Accusers
,
Sycophants
of
the
Court
;
was
persecuted
and
banished
by
Domitian
jealous
of
his
Virtues
.
Being
advanced
to
the
Empire
by
the
Murtherers
of
Domitian
,
he
could
not
protect
them
from
the
Rage
of
the
Soldiers
,
who
cut
them
to
pieces
;
the
first
Action
of
Insolence
of
the
Army
,
but
not
the
last
.
A
little
before
his
Death
he
most
wisely
provided
for
the
Commonwealth
,
by
adopting
Trajan
;
who
having
gained
a
great
Victory
in
Pannonia
,
and
sending
a
Crown
to
Nerva
,
was
by
Nerva
adopted
in
the
Temple
of
Jupiter
Capit.
and
immediately
made
Caesar
and
Trib.
Pot.
given
him
;
tho
it
seems
he
abstained
till
after
Nerva
'
Death
,
from
the
Title
of
Augustus
;
yet
was
he
partaker
of
the
Sovereignty
.
Ulpius
Trajanus
,
§
.
2.
Was
born
A.
C.
54.
reigned
nineteen
Years
,
six
Months
,
sixteen
Days
:
we
find
no
more
than
TRI.
Pot.
XVII
.
died
at
the
Age
of
sixty
four
Years
at
Selinapte
,
from
his
death
called
Trajanopolis
;
was
exceedingly
Valiant
,
Magnificent
,
Just
,
Liberal
,
Benign
,
Eloquent
,
(
but
either
for
Laziness
,
State
,
or
his
squeaking
(
and
not
very
intelligible
)
Voice
,
had
another
to
speak
for
him
in
the
Senate
,
)
a
very
great
Soldier
.
Patient
and
Painful
;
was
taxed
for
Drunkenness
,
Lust
,
and
Ambition
of
Honor
,
which
made
him
be
called
Wall-Flower
,
because
so
many
Inscriptions
of
his
Name
upon
Buildings
.
His
Medals
very
many
.
His
Head
with
an
ordinary
Inscription
,
℞
Osyris
,
or
the
Sun
with
a
Peach
upon
his
Head
,
and
a
Stag
(
to
intimate
his
Swiftness
)
in
his
Hand
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
LI
I.
Koptika
was
a
Prefecture
in
Egypt
.
His
Head
an
ordinary
Inscription
,
℞
his
Pillar
with
an
Owl
on
the
Top
,
an
Emblem
of
Vigilance
,
Providence
and
Wisdom
.
A
Ship
with
Soldiers
in
a
Storm
,
and
Trajan
standing
in
the
Sea
calming
it
,
&c.
shewing
the
miserable
Condition
of
the
Commonwealth
when
Trajan
undertook
it
.
Trajan
under
the
shape
of
Hercules
℞
the
Erymanthean
Boar
,
℞
the
Club
,
as
if
Trajan
were
a
new
or
second
Hercules
.
So
he
is
also
represented
as
Euthymius
the
famous
Locrian
Wrestler
,
and
deified
for
it
,
drawn
in
a
Chariot
by
four
Horses
,
as
the
Cities
were
wont
to
bring
home
(
breaking
down
a
part
of
their
Walls
for
them
)
their
Citizens
when
Victorious
in
their
Games
.
Divi
Nerva
&
Trajanus
Pat
[
res
]
For
Trajan
did
extremely
honor
his
Father
Trajanus
,
who
had
obtained
a
great
Victory
against
the
Parthians
,
calling
him
Divus
,
erecting
Statues
,
a
triumphal
Arch
unto
him
,
and
coining
many
Medals
with
his
Name
.
Arabia
with
a
Camel
;
in
one
Hand
a
Branch
(
it
should
seem
)
of
a
Frankincense-Tree
,
or
perhaps
Schoenanthe
the
best
Food
of
the
Camel
;
in
the
other
a
Calamus
Odoratus
:
Never
wholly
conquered
but
by
Trajan
,
who
made
it
a
Province
,
and
endeavored
to
bring
it
under
the
Roman
Laws
.
Italia
,
presenting
two
Children
to
Trajan
,
and
underneath
Alim
.
Ital.
many
People
abstaining
from
marriage
because
of
the
difficulty
of
Educating
their
Children
;
the
Emperor
took
upon
him
that
Charge
,
and
maintained
at
least
five
thousand
of
them
in
Italy
.
At
Alexandria
a
Woman
having
five
Children
at
one
Birth
he
took
Charge
of
them
all
;
and
the
next
year
he
returning
thither
,
she
had
three
more
,
all
which
he
maintained
also
.
Parthia
Capta
,
a
Trophy
between
two
Captives
,
in
Memory
of
Trajan's
great
Victories
there
,
where
he
took
Susa
it self
the
chief
City
,
and
in
honor
of
which
Conquest
Hadrian
instituted
Games
every
year
called
Trajanalia
;
which
continued
a
long
time
,
probably
till
after
Constantine
the
Great
.
An
Athlete
between
two
Goddesses
.
Filinus
,
who
was
an
excellent
Athlete
of
Cos
,
and
won
twenty
four
Prizes
at
the
Olympique
and
other
Games
.
This
was
coined
by
the
Coans
in
honor
of
Trajan
,
to
signifie
that
he
had
won
as
many
Victories
over
his
Enemies
,
as
their
brave
Athlete
had
:
So
the
Locrians
called
him
Euthymius
.
Diana
winged
,
Shooting
,
drawn
in
a
Chariot
by
two
Centaurs
,
and
Trajan-Hercules
marching
before
Diana
drawn
in
a
Chariot
by
a
Lyon
and
a
Boar
;
both
stamped
in
his
honor
of
giving
liberty
to
Hunt
in
the
Circensian
Games
and
other
where
,
which
by
the
former
Emperors
were
forbidden
.
The
Centaurs
taught
Diana
to
Hunt
;
and
they
who
are
born
under
that
Sign
are
supposed
to
have
great
power
over
Beasts
:
or
,
that
Trajan-Hercules
(
as
Hercules
was
said
to
do
)
brought
Diana
from
the
banks
of
Ister
(
Danubius
)
where
she
used
to
Hunt
;
and
where
he
was
favoured
by
her
in
his
Dacick
Wars
,
to
Rome
,
to
inspire
the
Skill
and
Dexterity
of
Hunting
into
the
Romans
.
Imp.
Nervae
Traj
.
,
&c.
℞
Diana
sitting
naked
betwixt
two
Soldiers
standing
with
a
Child
in
one
Arm.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
On
the
same
Medal
Latin
and
Greek
,
which
is
very
rare
.
Dictynna
was
a
Nymph
,
companion
of
Diana
;
afterwards
taken
for
Diana
her self
,
and
so
worshipped
.
The
two
armed
Figures
intimate
perhaps
the
Pyrrhichian
manner
of
Dancing
invented
in
Creet
either
by
one
Pyrrhus
,
as
Pliny
saith
,
or
by
the
Curetes
or
Coribantes
.
A
Croissant
with
a
Star
between
her
Horns
.
B
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
ZANTIN
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
N
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
T
(
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
)
The
Byzantines
(
Constantinopolitans
)
being
besieged
by
Philip
of
Macedon
,
he
endeavored
to
take
the
City
by
a
Mine
in
a
dark
,
cloudy
,
rainy
Night
:
but
upon
a
sudden
the
Moon
broke
forth
,
dispelled
the
Clouds
and
discovered
his
Men
,
(
some
add
also
that
the
Dogs
about
the
Town
by
their
barking
advertised
the
Citizens
)
and
after
the
Moons
setting
,
the
Morning
Star
shined
so
bright
that
Philip
could
not
do
any
thing
that
Night
,
and
afterwards
raised
his
Siege
and
went
away
:
Whereupon
the
Byzantines
grew
very
Devout
towards
the
Moon
,
which
they
called
Hecate
;
to
which
Dogs
also
are
Sacred
,
and
took
the
Moon
for
their
Devise
.
The
Front
of
an
ancient
Temple
with
a
Semicircle
before
it
,
and
four
Pyramids
;
betwixt
the
two
middlemost
a
kind
of
Pyramidal
Figure
,
which
was
of
Venus
Paphia
,
for
there
she
was
worshipped
under
that
form
.
Clem.
Alexand.
Strom.
1.
saith
that
the
Ancients
,
before
they
had
the
Art
of
Statue-making
,
worshipped
Pillars
as
their
Gods
,
citing
a
Passage
out
of
the
Author
of
Phoronis
to
this
purpose
,
Callithoe
,
excelsi
clavem
quae
gest
at
Olympi
Junonis
,
quae
velleribus
festâque
Coronâ
Reginae
ornavit
Sublimem
prima
Columnam
.
and
out
of
the
Author
of
Europaea
,
that
the
Statue
of
Apollo
Delphicus
was
a
Pillar
.
Tacitus
,
Maximus
Tyrius
,
and
others
,
say
that
the
Statue
of
Venus
Paphia
was
a
Pillar
ending
ina
Pyramid
.
The
same
is
said
to
be
done
by
the
Phaenicians
to
their
Gods
,
Euseb.
de
praepar
.
Evang.
l.
1.
Jupiter
sitting
,
&c.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
that
throws
down
Thunder
)
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
of
Cyrrtum
in
Syria
,
A
Vase
or
Water-pot
with
a
Womans
Head
coifed
,
&c.
The
Picture
of
Canopus
the
Egyptian
God
,
who
was
supposed
to
govern
the
Water
;
and
was
much
worshipped
in
Egypt
:
and
when
the
Persians
came
with
their
Fire
,
the
Egyptians
made
a
Canopus
full
of
holes
which
they
stopped
with
Wax
,
and
filled
the
Vessel
with
Water
;
the
Wax
being
melted
with
the
Fire
,
the
Water
running
out
quenched
the
Fire
,
and
so
Canopus
got
the
Victory
over
the
Persian
God
.
A
Temple
and
within
it
a
Mountain
,
under
it
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
for
the
People
thought
that
the
Mons
Casius
was
indeed
Jupiter
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Seleucensis
Pieriae
Syriae
.
Seleucis
was
that
part
of
Syria
called
Tetrapolis
.
Many
of
his
Medals
also
are
reversed
with
his
Pillar
set
up
by
S.
P.
Q.
R.
in
honor
of
him
for
his
Dacick
Victories
;
't
is
still
extant
at
Rome
in
the
same
Place
where
erected
then
.
It
was
designed
by
Julio
Romano
at
the
Expence
and
Command
of
Francis
I.
King
of
France
,
who
had
an
Intention
to
have
such
another
cast
in
Brass
for
himself
in
France
.
Fr.
Villamena
Engraved
it
,
and
Mutianus
first
,
and
afterwards
Ciaconius
.
Interpreted
it
.
His
only
Wife
was
Plotina
,
a
very
Grave
,
Prudent
,
Just
,
Moderate
,
Courageous
Woman
and
Virtuous
.
Pliny
calls
her
Sanctissimam
.
The
first
time
she
entred
the
Palace
,
she
said
openly
,
Talis
huc
ingredior
,
qualem
me
egredi
opto
:
As
Trajan
long
time
refused
to
be
called
Pater
Patriae
,
so
she
with
her
Sister
Marciana
to
be
called
Augustae
.
Hadrian
did
extremely
honor
her
,
whereupon
she
disposed
Trajan
to
adopt
him
his
(
Cousin
)
rather
than
her
own
Cousin
;
he
built
Temples
,
made
Hymns
,
and
mourned
extremely
for
her
.
Pudicitia
.
The
Empress
holding
her
Scarf
or
Veil
by
the
ends
,
whereas
ordinarily
Pudicitia
is
described
a
Woman
veiled
.
His
Sister
Marciana
,
like
him
in
Countenance
and
Manners
,
lived
in
the
Palace
in
wonderful
Concord
with
him
and
Plotina
:
He
built
in
honor
of
her
Marcianopolis
in
Mysia
,
upon
occasion
that
her
Maid
going
to
take
up
Water
out
of
the
River
there
,
let
fall
her
Pitcher
of
Gold
,
which
a
good
while
after
she
took
up
Swimming
upon
the
Top.
For
Trajan
apprehending
there
the
Presence
of
some
God
,
built
that
City
,
and
called
it
by
the
name
of
his
Sister
.
She
had
a
Daughter
called
Matidia
,
who
was
also
Augusta
,
and
had
two
Daughters
,
Sabina
married
to
Hadrian
,
and
Matidia
the
younger
called
the
Aunt
of
Antoninus
Pius
.
She
seems
to
be
the
Mother
of
Ulpia
Gordiana
,
the
Mother
of
the
eldest
Gordianus
.
Matidia
was
also
deified
.
Pietas
Aug.
Matidia
with
her
two
young
Daughters
.
Where
Piety
signifies
the
love
of
Parents
towards
their
Children
;
though
ordinarily
of
Children
toward
Parents
.
CHAP.
VIII
.
Of
Hadrianus
.
1.
HAdrianus
was
born
A.
C.
77.
reigned
20
Years
,
eleven
Months
X
died
aged
Sixty
three
Years
X
was
in
all
Arts
and
Sciences
the
most
knowing
Man
of
his
time
;
but
withal
so
Ambitious
,
Envious
and
Jealous
of
the
Reputation
of
his
Knowledge
,
that
he
could
not
brook
any
one
should
pretend
to
equal
him
;
and
for
this
cause
some
he
put
to
Death
.
Historians
report
him
,
yet
he
seemeth
not
to
have
been
,
of
a
Cruel
Disposition
;
for
tho
he
put
many
to
Death
,
yet
there
were
also
many
Conspiracies
against
him
,
especially
the
first
and
last
Years
of
his
Reign
.
And
to
Nigrinus
(
one
of
those
he
executed
)
he
designed
the
Succession
in
the
Empire
,
and
de
facto
adopted
his
Son
in
Law
AElius
.
He
was
,
or
at
least
seemed
to
be
,
extremely
Devout
towards
the
Gods
;
forbidding
all
Human
Sacrifices
;
building
many
Temples
,
and
in
many
of
them
placing
no
Statues
(
which
Temples
were
called
Hadriania
,
)
some
to
our
Lord
Jesus
Christ
,
as
admiring
his
great
Miracles
.
He
forgave
the
People
a
great
Summ
of
Money
due
to
the
Exchequer
,
of
which
a
Medal
—
Reliqua
vetera
Sestertium
novies
millies
abolita
:
And
giving
great
Congiaria
,
was
called
by
the
Senate
,
Optimus
Maximusque
Princeps
.
By
a
great
Bleeding
at
the
Nose
he
fell
into
a
Dropsie
,
which
he
first
assayed
to
cure
by
Magick
,
which
not
succeeding
,
he
afterwards
betook
himself
to
the
Physicians
;
being
in
very
great
Pain
he
grew
Mad
,
and
commanded
many
Senators
to
be
slain
,
who
were
saved
by
Antoninus
called
therefore
Pius
.
For
the
recovery
of
his
Phrensie
,
he
went
to
Oreste
,
which
he
therefore
called
Hadrianopolis
.
He
visited
almost
all
the
Provinces
of
the
Empire
,
on
foot
,
with
great
Labour
and
Pains
,
going
always
bare-headed
:
To
many
of
them
he
was
a
Benefactor
,
as
appears
by
his
Medals
,
especially
to
Africk
,
where
,
it
seems
,
his
Father
was
Pro-praetor
;
whose
Figure
,
with
his
Mothers
Domitia
Paulina's
,
seems
to
be
that
with
two
Heads
,
Divis
Parentibus
.
A
Crescent
with
one
Star
;
the
Star
signified
the
Soul
of
his
dear
Antinous
,
which
he
supposed
,
and
said
he
often
saw
in
the
Moon
;
with
the
Seven
Stars
,
perhaps
an
Emblem
of
his
happy
Marriage
to
Sabina
.
Adrian
,
on
his
right
Hand
an
Eagle
reaching
him
a
Scepter
,
as
from
the
Gods
,
Providentia
Deorum
.
Also
another
with
a
Thunder
,
alluding
to
a
Dream
,
which
he
had
at
Antioch
two
nights
before
his
Adoption
,
that
he
saw
Fire
descend
from
Heaven
upon
his
Body
,
which
compassed
,
but
harmed
or
frighted
him
not
.
An
Head
Radiant
Oriens
,
signifying
that
the
East
conspired
and
united
at
his
Adoption
.
Also
the
East
was
the
place
whence
their
Gods
came
,
and
there
were
born
;
and
therefore
the
Temples
opened
towards
the
East
,
that
the
Gods
might
come
in
;
and
at
Noon
none
entered
their
Temples
,
because
then
they
were
full
of
Gods
,
and
they
prayed
toward
the
West
.
The
Christians
quite
contrary
prayed
toward
the
AEquinoctial
East
,
as
Sidonius
saith
.
They
thought
also
that
the
Sun
arose
out
of
the
East
,
and
run
his
course
only
to
gratifie
their
Emperors
;
thence
those
Inscriptions
,
Soli
invicto
Comiti
.
Sol
Dominus
populi
Romani
.
Sol
invictus
pacator
Orbis
,
&c.
A
Woman
with
two
naked
Children
Sacrificing
on
an
Altar
before
.
Hadrian
.
Adventus
Aug.
Judaeae
;
signifying
that
by
his
coming
he
forced
the
Jews
to
Sacrifice
to
his
Gods
,
and
not
Circumcise
their
Children
;
for
he
made
a
most
Cruel
(
the
only
one
he
made
all
his
time
)
War
against
them
,
and
destroyed
them
exceedingly
,
rebuilding
Jerusalem
,
and
calling
it
AElia
.
A
Woman
sitting
,
&c.
Britannia
&
exercitus
Britannicus
;
and
—
Restitutori
Britanniae
;
signifying
his
settling
of
Britanny
in
Peace
,
and
his
building
the
Wall
of
Eighty
Miles
from
New-castle
to
Carlisle
,
to
defend
them
from
the
Scots
and
Picts
.
Hadrian
travelling
through
divers
Provinces
,
settled
and
ordered
their
Affairs
quietly
and
peaceably
;
therefore
we
see
upon
many
of
them
,
Restitutori
,
&c.
a
Woman
kneeling
,
and
him
in
Robes
of
Peace
taking
her
by
the
Hand
;
with
some
mark
to
know
the
Province
by
,
as
for
Achaia
the
Herb
Oreoselinum
in
a
Vase
;
being
that
wherewith
Hercules
was
much
refreshed
after
his
killing
the
Nemean
Lyon
,
and
wherewith
they
crowned
the
Victors
in
the
Nemean
Games
.
So
Adventus
Augusti
.
Terra
Stabilita
,
an
Husband-man
with
a
Plow
and
Anchor
,
to
shew
not
only
the
Firmness
of
the
Peace
,
but
that
by
his
Piety
he
had
obtained
that
there
should
not
be
so
many
Earthquakes
;
which
in
the
beginning
of
his
Reign
were
very
frequent
.
Sabina
holding
a
Palm-branch
,
and
two
Children
at
her
Feet
,
Hilaritas
P.
R.
the
People
wishing
Fecundity
to
Sabina
;
tho
we
read
not
that
she
had
any
Children
.
The
Palm-tree
was
accounted
Happy
,
to
cause
Fecundity
,
and
to
help
Women
to
an
easie
Delivery
.
Hilaritas
was
chiefly
for
the
Birth
of
Children
,
and
Hilaria
the
Feasts
publick
for
Great
Mens
,
Hilariae
private
for
the
Birth
of
Common
Mens
,
Children
.
Hadrian
Hercules
with
a
Club
,
and
three
Apples
,
and
a
Navigable
River
,
intimating
that
Hadrian
like
Hercules
(
worshipped
at
Gades
near
to
which
Adrian's
Family
was
)
went
up
and
down
settling
Peace
and
Concord
,
and
taking
all
Thieves
and
Robbers
out
of
the
World
;
the
River
is
Baetis
.
A
great
Serpent
or
Dragon
(
which
is
Osiris
,
and
signified
the
River
Nile
)
with
a
Caduceus
,
as
being
the
cause
of
the
Felicity
of
Egypt
,
and
a
Sistrum
.
The
God
Lunus
,
&c.
Nisae
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
n
,
a
City
in
Armenia
near
to
Mesopotamia
,
where
this
God
was
worshipped
,
as
making
his
worshippers
Masters
of
their
Wives
,
whereas
they
thought
those
that
worshipped
Dea
Luna
were
under
the
Power
of
their
Wives
.
A
Crown
like
Flames
issuing
out
in
certain
places
in
the
midst
.
A
,
conceived
to
be
Corona
Antinoa
,
in
Honour
of
Antinous
,
made
of
the
Buds
of
Lotus
and
Palm-leaves
.
Isis
Suckling
Orus
with
a
Water-pot
behind
her
.
Isis
and
Osiris
being
taken
for
the
Genius's
of
Nature
,
and
its
Fecundity
,
which
consists
in
Moisture
,
they
always
carried
in
their
Procession
a
Pot
of
Water
;
as
the
Romans
had
a
Vessel
they
called
Praefericulum
.
The
armed
Head
of
Pallas
probably
stamped
at
Athens
,
which
City
being
ruined
by
the
Wars
,
he
restored
,
repairing
their
Walls
,
their
Temples
,
building
an
Academy
and
other
Temples
;
for
which
the
People
rendered
him
all
the
Honour
they
possibly
could
;
amongst
the
rest
erected
a
great
Colossus
of
him
,
and
called
a
Colony
of
theirs
in
Delos
,
Novae
Athenae
Hadrianiae
.
2.
Hadrian's
Wife
was
Julia
Sabina
,
with
whom
he
did
not
well
agree
,
accusing
her
of
Morosity
,
Frowardness
,
and
ill
Humour
;
tho
she
seems
indeed
to
have
been
a
Virtuous
and
Grave
Woman
,
but
much
offended
with
his
wicked
and
horrible
Love
to
Antinous
his
Boy
.
She
had
no
Children
,
endeavouring
not
to
have
any
,
left
(
as
she
said
)
she
should
of
that
Man
breed
a
Plague
to
Mankind
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
A
Temple
with
a
Semicircular
〈◊〉
,
in
the
midst
the
Umbilical
Image
of
Venus
Paphien
,
on
the
top
a
Crescent
with
the
Morning
Star
,
as
to
the
Moon
;
on
either
side
a
Dog
watching
as
to
Hecate
or
Diana
;
intimating
that
Sabina
was
Diana
for
Chastity
,
the
Moon
for
Brightness
and
Beauty
,
and
Venus
for
Fecundity
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Two
Fishes
which
seem
to
be
the
Pelamides
,
or
young
Tunny-fish
before
a
Year
old
,
which
is
there
caught
the
best
and
in
great
abundance
.
Of
his
Sisters
none
named
but
Paulina
married
before
Trajans
Adoption
to
C.
Jul
Servilius
Ursus
Servianus
.
She
died
before
Adrian
;
not
any
Medals
mentioned
of
hers
,
nor
that
she
was
called
Augusta
.
3.
He
had
a
Favorite
and
Ganimede
called
Antinous
,
born
in
Bithynium
or
Claudiopolis
the
Capital
City
of
Bithynia
(
for
whose
sake
he
favoured
much
that
Country
)
who
(
as
some
say
)
to
avert
some
Dangers
fore-signified
by
certain
Dreams
and
Prodigies
,
from
the
Emperor
;
or
(
as
others
)
that
the
Emperor
might
,
by
his
Intrails
,
be
resolved
in
some
difficult
matter
,
was
content
to
be
Sacrificed
;
for
such
Affection
of
his
,
Hadrian
heaped
upon
him
all
the
Honours
he
possibly
could
;
calling
Flowers
,
Stars
,
Cities
,
Games
,
Sacrifices
by
his
Name
,
and
building
Temples
to
him
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
℞
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
A
young
Man
(
seeming
to
be
Antinous
)
with
winged
Feet
,
and
a
Pedum
or
feeding
Staff
,
and
sometimes
a
Caduceus
(
representing
Mercury
)
and
with
his
right
Hand
pointing
to
a
Cow
;
intimating
,
probably
,
the
Descent
and
Original
of
that
wretched
Boy
,
whom
some
call
Philasius
,
and
feign
him
to
be
of
the
Progeny
of
Hercules
.
Antinous's
Head
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
℞
.
an
Upupa
or
Houpe
in
a
Crown
of
Laurel
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
That
was
ordinarily
a
sign
of
Piety
towards
the
Gods
and
Parents
.
4.
Hadrian
being
Sick
,
adopted
L.
Aurelius
Ceionius
Commodus
Verus
,
who
afterwards
took
the
name
of
L.
AElius
Verus
,
it
should
seem
for
his
Beauty
;
he
was
Learned
and
of
excellent
Discourse
,
governed
Pannonia
with
Reputation
,
but
his
manner
of
living
was
Effeminate
and
Luxurious
;
being
very
Sickly
he
died
before
Hadrian
,
leaving
a
Daughter
(
Fadia
)
and
a
Son
L.
Ceionius
AElius
Commodus
Verus
,
who
afterwards
reigned
with
M.
Aurelius
.
AElius
Caesar
℞
.
Pannonia
,
presenting
an
Ensign
or
Cornet
to
him
,
lying
along
in
form
of
the
River
Danubius
,
intimating
that
that
River
was
not
advantageous
to
them
,
but
by
his
Aid
.
Angeloni
saith
,
his
Wives
Name
was
Lucilla
,
and
that
it
is
she
we
see
upon
Medals
with
six
Children
about
her
,
with
Faecunditas
Aug.
but
this
is
not
likely
that
she
should
be
Augusta
and
not
her
Husband
;
besides
that
no
History
mentions
it
to
be
so
.
CHAP.
IX
.
Of
T.
AElius
Hadrianus
,
Antoninus
Pius
,
Aurelius
Fulvius
,
Boionus
Antoninus
,
called
before
.
1.
ARrius
Son
of
Aurelius
Fulvius
and
Arria
Fadilla
was
born
A.
C.
87.
reigned
twenty
two
Years
,
six
Months
;
died
aged
Seventy
four
Years
,
six
Months
,
A.
C.
162.
When
Hadrian
felt
himself
declining
,
and
not
knowing
whom
to
chuse
,
as
he
was
coming
one
day
to
the
Senate
,
he
saw
this
Antoninus
sustaining
his
Aged
and
Impotent
Father
,
and
conducting
him
into
the
Senate
;
with
which
Action
Hadrian
was
so
much
pleased
,
that
he
immediately
adopted
him
,
having
no
Relation
before
to
him
or
his
Family
.
He
was
the
best
of
all
the
Emperors
,
of
an
excellent
Understanding
,
Knowing
,
Eloquent
,
Taciturn
,
but
Cheerful
;
Skilful
in
governing
,
Courteous
,
Bountiful
,
Moderate
and
Chast.
Tho
he
spent
most
of
his
time
in
the
Country
,
yet
he
governed
the
Empire
very
well
,
with
great
Vigilance
,
Justice
,
Activity
,
Clemency
and
Prudence
:
Being
blamed
by
his
Wife
for
giving
too
little
of
his
own
Inheritance
to
a
Servant
;
he
answered
,
Stulta
,
postquam
ad
imperium
transivimus
,
&
illud
,
quod
habuimus
ante
,
perdidimus
.
He
punished
but
one
for
Treason
,
and
forbad
also
to
enquire
of
his
Complices
,
and
was
very
kind
to
his
Son
.
Either
because
of
his
Piety
towards
the
Gods
,
or
his
observance
of
Hadrian
,
or
the
saving
of
many
Senators
Lives
whom
Hadrian
commanded
to
be
killed
,
the
Senate
gave
him
the
Surname
of
Pius
;
which
with
the
addition
of
Felix
(
P.
F.
)
the
succeeding
Emperors
continually
used
.
Magnifick
Games
called
Pialia
were
made
in
his
Honor.
He
sacrificed
in
his
own
Person
ordinarily
every
day
,
blamed
the
Heathens
for
imputing
the
causes
of
publick
Calamities
to
the
Christians
.
Genio
Pop
Rom.
It
was
not
lawful
to
publish
the
name
of
the
Genius
of
Rome
as
long
as
it
was
a
Commonwealth
;
but
afterwards
the
Emperors
were
esteemed
the
Genius
of
it
;
and
that
they
were
animated
by
the
Spirit
of
the
Gods
immediately
,
for
we
see
Genius
Caesaris
,
by
which
they
frequently
swore
.
—
Genio
Senatus
it
should
seem
,
was
coined
in
Honour
of
him
,
when
he
gave
liberty
to
the
Senators
to
dispose
of
all
their
Goods
by
Will
,
whereas
Caesar
before
had
restrained
them
to
half
,
to
the
other
half
the
Emperor
succeeding
.
Alexandria
(
the
chief
City
of
Egypt
,
and
second
of
the
Empire
)
holding
in
one
Hand
either
a
Book
(
as
the
chief
place
for
Learning
)
or
some
square
Packet
(
for
Merchandise
,
)
in
the
other
Ibis
(
a
black
Stork
that
devoured
their
Serpents
,
and
was
Sacred
to
Mercury
.
)
Laetitia
Cos.
IIII.
(
which
was
the
Year
when
M.
Aurelius
espoused
Faustina
,
and
gave
great
Donatives
even
to
the
Soldiers
,
made
great
shews
,
&c.
as
appears
by
many
of
his
Medals
.
Annona
Cos.
IIII.
&c.
)
two
Goddesses
,
the
one
taller
(
which
was
Faustina
the
Mother
,
(
for
their
Heroes
they
figured
about
a
third
part
taller
than
the
ordinary
Stature
,
and
the
Gods
double
to
ordinary
Persons
)
holding
in
her
Hand
Ears
of
Corn
;
for
whereas
before
her
Death
,
there
was
a
great
Famine
,
and
presently
after
great
Plenty
,
they
attributed
it
to
her
then
deified
,
that
she
had
obtained
it
for
them
of
the
Gods
,
hereupon
the
Emperor
gave
the
People
a
Congiary
,
)
the
other
lesser
,
as
being
yet
Mortal
,
which
was
Faustina
married
to
M.
Aurelius
,
with
a
Ball
in
her
Hand
,
because
the
World
was
her
Dowry
,
or
Venus
her
Apple
.
This
young
Faustina
was
also
after
her
Death
worshipped
as
a
younger
Ceres
,
her
Mother
being
the
Elder
;
and
Ceres
or
Corn
is
the
great
cause
of
publick
Joy
.
Pietati
Senatus
,
giving
them
thanks
for
their
Decree
of
the
Surnames
of
Pius
and
Pater
Patriae
.
His
Head
.
℞
.
SPQR
.
A.
N.
F.
F.
Optimo
Princip
.
that
Annum
novum
Faustum
foelicem
.
A
Jupiter
veiled
over
a
Goddess
(
Juno
)
as
flying
and
holding
a
Globe
;
over
either
a
Star
signifying
Antoninus
and
Faustina
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
a
Jupiter
;
at
Trallae
he
received
the
first
Omen
of
his
Empire
,
the
Priestess
of
Jupiter
,
instead
of
saluting
him
ave
Proconsul
,
saying
ave
Imperator
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
&c.
a
Mount
,
two
Temples
,
&c.
as
described
by
Josephus
called
Hermon
,
afterwards
Panium
,
because
of
a
Famous
Temple
of
Pan
;
under
it
the
City
Paneas
anciently
called
Dan
,
because
of
one
of
the
Fountains
of
Jordan
,
afterwards
rebuilt
and
called
Caesarea
Paneadis
,
and
Caesarea
Philippi
,
the
two
Temples
one
to
Augustus
,
the
other
to
Antoninus
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
AEsculapius
and
Venus
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
being
quite
ruined
by
an
Earthquake
,
as
also
a
great
part
of
Ionia
sore
shaken
,
Antoninus
repaired
them
,
and
planted
Coos
with
a
Colony
of
Milesians
;
therefore
Antoninus
and
Faustina
were
meant
by
the
two
Deities
.
Cybele
sitting
upon
a
Rock
,
under
her
a
Man
with
his
Head
and
Arms
above
Water
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
Flavia
)
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
Samosate
)
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
Sacrum
asylum
)
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
legibus
suis
vivens
)
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
Metropolis
Comagenes
.
)
The
Man
seems
to
be
Euphrates
the
Son
of
Arandax
,
who
finding
his
Son
Axurta
sleeping
one
day
near
his
Mother
by
mistake
slew
him
,
and
afterwards
drowning
himself
,
gave
name
to
the
River
Euphrates
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
A
Jupiter's
Head
with
Serapis's
Bushel
,
Ammon's
Horns
,
and
Osiris
or
the
Suns
Beams
,
AEsculapius's
Serpent
twisted
about
a
Pisis
,
or
Neptune's
Trident
like
a
Mercuries
Caduceus
,
and
a
Cornucopia
for
Nilus
.
The
NT.
probably
Antoninus
,
as
if
he
were
acknowledged
by
the
Egyptians
to
have
been
their
Serapis
,
or
comprehending
all
the
Gods
of
the
Heathen
.
℞
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
A
Man
on
Horse-back
under
him
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
perhaps
for
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
one
of
the
Cabiri
,
Corybantes
,
or
Idaei
Dactili
.
Antoninus's
Head
—
Antoninus
Aug.
Pius
P
P.
TR.
P.
Cos.
IV.
℞
.
a
young
Child
swathed
,
newly
born
,
not
Faustina
,
for
she
was
married
when
he
was
Cos.
IV.
whose
Mother
seems
there
to
represent
Rhea
or
Mater
Magna
,
with
the
Corybantes
or
People
with
Instruments
of
Musick
,
and
Satyrs
.
Antoninus's
Head
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
&c.
℞
Jupiter
(
or
Pius
in
his
shape
)
sitting
upon
Rocks
and
raining
out
of
an
Horn
upon
a
Statue
lying
along
underneath
,
probably
some
River
,
a
Rock
also
,
a
little
House
or
Temple
,
and
a
Cypress-Tree
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
where
note
that
it
should
seem
I
anciently
in
Latin
was
not
pronounced
like
ee
.
since
the
Greeks
express
it
by
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
and
Seneca
Ep.
58.
renders
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
by
I.
Antoninus's
Head
,
&c.
℞
a
Woman
naked
sitting
upon
a
Rock
,
with
a
Water-flower
in
her
Hand
,
and
a
Water-plant
behind
the
Rock
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Marcus
Sabinus
Governor
of
Philippopolis
a
City
in
Thrace
under
Mount
Rhodope
coined
this
:
it
should
seem
by
this
that
Rhodope
was
so
called
,
not
from
a
Queen
of
Thrace
,
but
from
a
Nymph
Daughter
of
Strymon
got
with
Child
by
Neptune
.
2.
His
Wife
was
Annia
Galeria
Faustina
,
Sister
to
AElius
Caesar
,
a
foolish
lightheaded
Woman
,
who
denied
her self
nothing
she
desired
;
she
died
at
thirty
six
Years
three
Months
old
,
she
had
two
Daughters
,
one
died
in
his
Proconsulat
married
to
Silianus
Lamia
,
the
second
was
Faustina
;
and
two
Sons
,
one
(
of
whom
a
Medal
with
his
Mother
deified
)
Galerius
Anton.
the
others
name
not
known
,
as
neither
the
time
of
their
Death
,
as
neither
whether
the
two
Cornucopia's
a
℞
of
Antoninus
be
meant
of
them
or
the
two
Sons
of
M.
Aurelius
.
Faustina
,
that
hath
her
Hair
wreathed
on
the
top
of
her
Head
is
the
Mother
,
she
that
hath
it
tied
up
behind
the
Daughter
.
CHAP.
X.
Of
Marcus
Aurelius
Antoninus
,
and
Lucius
Aurelius
Verus
.
1.
M
Aurelius
Antoninus
Son
of
M
Annius
Verus
,
(
Brother
of
AElius
Caesar
)
and
Domitia
Lucilla
was
born
A.
C.
122.
reigned
nineteen
Years
ten
Days
,
died
at
fifty
nine
Years
old
—
At
Syrmium
by
the
help
of
his
Physicians
(
as
some
say
)
in
favor
of
Commodus
.
Was
sickly
,
but
exceeding
Couragious
,
Laborious
,
Prudent
,
Just
,
Mild
,
Learned
,
(
in
Philosophy
especially
)
and
Chast.
He
put
none
to
death
,
but
only
banished
them
,
for
Treason
:
forbad
Gladiators
to
kill
one
another
,
and
therefore
blunted
their
Weapons
.
Whilst
he
was
Caesar
he
wore
not
Garments
different
from
ordinary
Persons
,
nor
would
suffer
Fire
to
be
carried
before
him
;
his
word
was
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
All
things
flow
from
Above
;
and
that
he
that
would
live
or
govern
happily
must
imitate
the
Gods
.
Very
liberal
towards
all
Poor
Persons
,
even
the
Christians
,
as
appears
by
Capitolinus
who
calleth
them
homines
novos
:
where
see
also
who
was
Lucius
Commodus
Verus
:
He
gave
to
Hierapolis
(
which
was
almost
wholly
Christian
)
at
one
time
three
thousand
quarters
of
Coin
.
Yet
held
the
Soul
to
be
Mortal
,
and
the
Gods
to
have
Bodies
.
Notwithstanding
his
great
Wars
he
never
forsook
his
study
of
Philosophy
,
which
yet
made
him
not
at
all
morose
.
Aurelius
Caesar
armed
,
riding
upon
a
Sphinx
,
(
the
Emblem
of
Subtilty
,
Cunning
and
Prudence
,
as
also
of
Egypt
)
either
as
if
by
his
Prudence
he
conquered
Barbarians
,
and
all
other
his
Enemies
;
or
particularly
some
Exploit
in
Egypt
.
A
Woman
(
perhaps
Faustina
praying
for
the
Health
of
M.
Aurelius
,
or
perhaps
of
the
whole
Empire
,
which
was
in
his
time
much
afflicted
with
the
Plague
and
such
Diseases
)
before
the
Altar
of
Salus
,
(
another
of
AEsculapius
)
presenting
a
little
Cake
(
which
they
called
Sanitatem
;
and
being
put
into
the
hands
of
the
Idol
,
and
taken
out
again
,
was
accounted
Sovereign
for
many
Diseases
)
and
a
small
Vase
it
may
be
the
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
or
poculum
Sanitatis
.
The
Temple
of
Mercury
upon
four
Hermes's
:
Over-head
a
Dog
,
a
Cock
,
a
Tongue
,
Relig.
Aug.
for
☿
as
the
Inventor
of
Religion
and
Sacrifice
was
accounted
the
Genius
of
Piety
and
Religion
;
with
a
Purse
,
to
shew
the
plentiful
Provision
for
the
Entertainment
of
his
Temple
,
by
the
Bounty
of
the
Emperors
;
A
Dog
,
(
Fidelity
)
a
Cock
,
(
Vigilance
)
and
a
Tongue
,
(
Perswasiveness
)
necessary
to
a
Pontifex
.
This
God
much
worshipped
by
M.
Aurelius
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
A
King
with
a
Diadem
and
Head-●…e
,
not
unlike
an
Imperial
one
:
the
name
of
the
Kings
of
the
Osdroenians
,
Eddessenians
,
&c.
which
are
parts
of
Arabia
,
who
seemed
to
be
Christians
,
and
are
divers
of
them
called
by
the
Fathers
Viri
Sancti
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
The
Emperor
presenting
an
Eagle
to
Cybele
.
Attalus
the
Son
of
Polemon
the
great
Sophister
,
(
probably
)
sent
to
the
Emperor
in
behalf
of
his
Country
ruined
by
Earthquakes
,
obtained
great
Succor
;
for
he
repaired
them
and
many
other
of
those
Asian
Cities
,
which
worshipped
the
Goddess
Cybele
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Two
Athletes
with
Cestus's
:
probably
some
Eminent
Persons
the
Lacedemonians
(
a
People
above
all
other
addicted
to
Martial
Exercises
)
sent
to
the
Emperor
;
who
also
practised
those
Athletick
Exercises
very
much
,
to
strengthen
his
Health
,
as
he
did
also
Hunting
and
Hawking
,
as
his
Father
loved
Fishing
.
If
it
be
enquir'd
what
kind
of
Hawking
was
then
in
use
among
the
Romans
,
whether
like
our
Modern
?
and
of
what
Continuance
that
hath
been
?
I
answer
,
that
it
is
out
of
my
design
to
enter
into
such
Discourses
;
but
that
I
am
informed
that
a
Person
of
Quality
of
this
Nation
hath
an
ancient
Greek
Author
of
this
Subject
ready
for
the
Press
.
2.
His
Wife
was
Faustina
,
a
very
beautiful
and
sprightly
,
but
a
vile
abominable
Woman
for
Lasciviousness
,
and
all
other
Wickedness
;
which
yet
either
her
Husband
was
ignorant
of
,
or
would
not
be
informed
,
or
dissembled
;
for
in
his
Book
he
commends
her
much
,
and
when
she
died
bewailed
her
in
a
most
extraordinary
manner
,
as
if
he
had
never
understood
Philosophy
;
and
afterwards
deified
her
,
for
which
Actions
he
is
justly
censured
.
He
had
by
her
six
Children
as
appears
by
a
Medal
of
Faustina
with
two
in
her
Arms
,
and
four
about
her
:
No
Son
attained
to
Age
save
Commodus
,
Sextus
Annius
Verus
younger
than
Commodus
died
at
the
Age
of
seven
Years
,
by
the
unskilful
cutting
of
an
Imposthume
behind
his
Ear
,
his
Father
punished
not
,
but
comforted
the
Physicians
,
and
mourned
for
him
only
five
days
.
There
are
Medals
of
him
.
Antonius
Geminus
,
Twin
with
Commodus
,
died
at
four
Years
old
.
Annia
Cornificia
,
Sister
to
M
Aurel.
married
Numidius
Quadratus
,
by
whom
she
had
a
Son
of
the
same
name
,
to
whom
M.
Aurelius
left
his
Mothers
Inheritance
;
he
was
put
to
death
by
Commodus
.
Lucilla
married
L.
Verus
.
Fadilla
put
to
death
by
Caracalla
,
of
the
rest
little
known
.
Veneri
Victrici
.
Faustina
(
as
Venus
)
half
naked
holding
M.
Aurel.
(
as
Mars
)
lest
he
should
●…o
to
the
Wars
;
or
else
getting
him
to
her self
from
Fadia
the
Daughter
of
AElius
Caesar.
Fortunae
muliebri
,
to
which
she
was
much
devoted
,
her
Temple
four
Miles
out
of
Rome
,
whither
went
only
such
as
were
Univirae
,
and
offered
a
Crown
.
Soeculi
felicitas
:
Two
Children
upon
a
Bed
.
When
Male
Children
of
a
good
House
were
born
they
carried
them
into
the
Temple
of
Juno
Lucina
,
and
laid
them
upon
a
Bed
of
the
bigness
of
that
Hercules
lay
in
when
he
slew
the
Dragons
;
for
an
Omen
of
their
future
Prowess
.
AEternitas
.
Faustina
carried
upon
the
Wing
of
a
Victory
,
or
Minerva
,
or
perhaps
Diana
Lucifera
,
into
Heaven
after
her
Consecration
.
AEternitas
.
Faustina
of
a
grand
and
divine
Stature
set
between
two
Heroines
,
or
lesser
Goddesses
;
probably
her
own
and
Husband's
Sister
both
installed
amongst
the
Demi-Goddesses
,
as
coming
to
accompany
her
to
Heaven
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
a
City
of
Thrace
gratifying
the
Emperor
for
setling
their
Peace
,
by
his
Victories
over
their
Neighbors
.
Isis
and
Anubis
,
Dog-headed
,
whom
the
Egyptians
conceived
the
chiefest
God
and
Goddess
,
intimating
Faustina
and
Aurelius
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Certain
Quinquennalian
Games
celebrabrated
at
Actium
,
perhaps
renewed
by
Aurelius
.
3.
Lucius
Aurelius
Verus
,
(
called
also
Commodus
before
his
Adoption
)
Son
of
AElius
Caesar
was
born
A.
C.
129.
reigned
about
eleven
years
,
and
died
of
an
Apoplexy
about
forty
two
years
old
:
He
was
a
Foil
to
M.
Aurel.
being
Rash
,
Heady
,
Light
headed
,
Prodigal
,
Voluptuous
,
a
Mocker
,
so
much
given
to
Whoredom
,
that
at
the
request
of
a
common
Strumpet
he
cut
off
his
Beard
which
he
had
so
carefully
nourished
,
easily
drawn
and
ordered
by
his
Servants
.
At
first
he
was
not
so
bad
as
after
the
Parthian
War
,
which
he
finished
chiefly
by
his
Lieutenants
.
M.
Aurelius
notwithstanding
with
great
Prudence
covered
his
Faults
,
and
commended
in
him
what
was
good
,
i.
e.
to
love
his
Servants
,
not
to
dissemble
,
not
to
be
bloody
.
Rex
Armenis
datus
,
They
say
his
Name
was
Soëinus
ejected
first
by
Valogesus
,
who
flying
to
the
Romans
was
made
a
Senator
,
and
afterwards
re-established
;
which
perhaps
is
shewed
by
his
Roman
habit
.
Col.
Patr
[
ensis
rather
than
Patricia
]
an
Athlete
,
sacrificing
and
laying
his
left
Hand
upon
a
Term
,
(
or
Pillar
with
a
Head
upon
it
)
as
sacrificing
to
☿
the
God
of
Games
,
for
Patrae
was
a
City
of
Achaia
,
the
Theatre
of
Games
,
to
which
Verus
was
much
addicted
.
The
Statue
of
Jupiter
in
the
shape
of
Verus
upon
the
top
of
a
Mount
flaming
on
one
side
and
Trees
on
the
other
,
perhaps
Vesuvius
:
it
may
be
the
Inhabitants
thereabouts
worshipped
him
to
deliver
them
from
the
danger
of
those
Eruptions
;
or
else
as
Jupiter
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
or
President
of
the
Mountains
,
upon
the
top
of
which
the
Heathens
used
to
worship
their
Gods
.
Venus
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
or
on
Horseback
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
i.
e.
Anatho
a
holy
Town
of
the
Isle
Prosopites
,
(
an
Island
made
by
Nilus
)
and
an
Asylum
.
His
Wife
was
Lucilla
the
Daughter
of
M.
Aurelius
,
whom
he
married
in
his
Parthick
Expedition
;
her
Father
promised
to
accompany
her
into
Syria
,
though
he
went
no
farther
than
Brundusium
;
but
her
Husband
,
lest
M.
Aurelius
should
be
witness
of
his
Debauches
,
met
her
at
Ephesus
,
where
they
were
married
.
But
before
that
she
was
possessed
with
the
Devil
,
which
could
not
be
ejected
by
any
but
Abertius
Bishop
of
Hierapolis
;
to
which
City
after
the
Ejection
,
the
Emprors
gave
that
great
Largess
of
Corn.
After
Verus's
death
she
was
married
to
Claudius
Pompeianus
,
a
very
virtuous
and
worthy
,
though
mean
,
Person
;
but
she
maintained
her
quality
of
Emperess
,
till
Commodus
being
displeased
with
her
,
at
first
banished
,
and
afterwards
killed
,
her
.
She
was
a
Daughter
worthy
such
a
Mother
,
such
an
Husband
,
such
a
Brother
.
Her
Head
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
℞
.
Ceres
sitting
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Dio
speaks
in
Trajan's
time
of
Manus
a
King
of
the
Arabians
beyond
Euphrates
between
the
Osroeni
and
Armenia
Major
,
possibly
this
Mannus
might
be
his
Son
or
Grand-child
.
For
Verus
sending
Avidius
Cassius
against
Vologaesus
a
near
Neighbor
to
this
Mannus
,
Mannus
being
afrighted
,
cajoled
the
Empress
then
being
at
Antioch
with
her
Husband
,
pretending
friendship
to
the
Romans
for
fear
.
4.
Under
M.
Aurelius
and
Verus
arose
up
a
Rebel
,
Avidius
Cassius
,
a
Man
of
many
,
especially
Military
,
Virtues
;
who
endeavored
to
engage
in
his
quarrel
the
Legions
of
Asia
,
Syria
and
Egypt
;
pretending
first
to
restore
the
ancient
popular
Government
,
but
afterwards
taking
upon
him
the
Title
of
Emperor
,
he
was
slain
after
three
Months
by
common
Consent
of
the
Armies
and
People
,
wonderfully
affectionate
to
the
Virtues
of
M.
Aurelius
.
CHAP.
XI
.
Of
Commodus
,
1.
COmmodus
was
born
A.
C.
162.
reigned
12
Years
nine
Months
,
and
was
strangled
at
the
Age
of
thirty
one
Years
.
In
his
Impurity
,
Brutishness
,
Cruelty
,
Injustice
,
Gluttony
,
Drunkenness
,
Impiety
equalled
Caligula
,
Nero
,
Vitellius
and
Domitian
.
He
murdered
his
Wife
,
his
Sister
,
his
Cousin
German
,
his
Aunt
,
all
his
Friends
and
twenty
four
of
the
eminentest
Persons
of
the
Empire
.
He
violated
his
Sisters
,
the
Vestal
Virgins
;
had
three
hundred
Concubines
,
and
as
many
This
his
Incontinency
was
augmented
by
the
Ointments
and
Medicines
he
took
to
preserve
him
from
the
Plague
;
which
reigned
violently
in
his
time
.
He
defiled
the
Temples
and
Altars
with
Murder
and
Lust
,
gave
his
mind
to
be
a
Gladiator
,
Charioteer
,
Pimp
,
&c.
Yet
in
hate
to
the
Senate
Severus
afterwards
made
him
a
God
.
Jupiter
laying
his
Hand
on
the
Shoulder
of
Commodus
.
I.
O.
M.
Spon
[
sori
]
Sec
[
uritatis
]
Aug
[
usti
]
.
Col
[
oniae
]
Aug
[
ustae
]
f
[
elio
]
Cermeno
,
in
another
Germeno
,
a
Wolf
suckling
two
Children
.
Rome
being
much
desolated
by
a
great
Plague
,
Commodus
repeopled
,
and
would
have
it
called
Colonia
Commodiana
.
Now
Rome
was
composed
anciently
of
four
Villages
▪
Romula
,
Velia
,
Germalum
and
Forum
;
this
Germalum
called
also
Germanum
,
was
(
as
Plutarch
notes
afterwards
called
Cermanum
,
Cermenum
;
which
it
seems
Commodus
stored
with
People
.
Commodus
with
a
Lion's
Skin
L.
AE
L.
Aurel.
Commod
.
P.
F.
℞
Herculi
Romano
Aug.
for
amongst
other
Madnesses
of
this
Sot
,
this
was
one
,
that
he
would
be
called
and
clothed
as
one
of
the
Gods
,
so
Anubis
Nobilitas
Aug.
P.
M.
he
said
Anubis
was
his
Ancestor
at
whose
Ceremonies
he
presided
,
and
was
masked
like
Anubis
with
his
Dog's
Head
,
with
the
Snout
whereof
he
used
to
beat
the
bare
Scalps
of
such
as
went
nigh
him
.
Crispina
in
the
habit
of
Fortuna
Victrix
,
before
her
a
Basket
of
Fruits
,
behind
three
Children
,
one
swathed
,
as
if
Crispina
were
the
cause
of
all
his
good
Fortune
;
that
she
had
any
Children
is
known
only
by
her
Medals
:
It
seems
they
lived
not
long
.
Africk
and
Egypt
giving
a
handful
of
Corn
to
Commodus
habited
as
Hercules
Romanus
,
setting
his
foot
upon
a
Prow
.
For
by
his
Negligence
there
being
a
great
Famine
,
and
the
People
mutining
,
he
built
a
Fleet
to
fetch
Corn
out
of
Afrrick
and
Egypt
.
The
Goddess
Salus
(
Daughter
of
AEsculapius
)
raising
up
a
Man
.
Salus
generis
humani
,
seems
to
initiate
the
recovery
of
Commodus
(
and
in
him
of
the
whole
World
)
from
some
great
Disease
.
Apollini
Monetae
,
perhaps
referring
to
this
,
that
Commodus
inspired
by
him
,
had
put
to
death
Cleander
,
the
Cause
of
the
Dearth
and
Poverty
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Telesphorus
,
(
a
God
of
Health
,
and
Son
or
Grand-child
of
AEsculapius
)
upon
an
Altar
in
a
Capuch
,
and
his
Hands
(
as
if
cold
)
under
a
long
wide
Vestment
,
as
he
is
usually
represented
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Juno
the
Goddess
of
the
Samians
,
Juno
Pronuba
,
or
as
she
presided
at
Marriages
,
therefore
is
she
habited
like
a
new
married
Woman
.
This
seems
coined
in
Honor
of
the
Marriage
of
Commodus
.
Bacchus
drawn
by
four
Elephants
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
calling
Commodus
,
as
it
were
,
their
new
Founder
.
An
Eagle
and
a
Serpent
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Nicomedia
being
horribly
ruined
with
an
Earthquake
,
the
People
had
a
design
to
build
it
in
another
place
over
against
the
ancient
Situation
.
As
they
were
therefore
Sacrificing
,
an
Eagle
came
and
took
the
Head
of
the
Sacrifice
off
the
Altar
,
and
carried
it
on
the
top
of
a
Rock
on
the
other
side
of
an
Arm
of
the
Sea
,
a
vast
Serpent
appeared
at
the
same
time
,
which
Swom
to
the
same
place
;
which
the
Inhabitants
following
there
built
their
City
.
2.
His
Wife
was
Crispina
the
Daughter
of
Brutius
Praesens
,
whom
having
taken
in
Adultery
,
he
slew
.
A
naked
Woman
stooping
down
with
a
Laurel
branch
in
her
Hand
,
and
setting
her
Foot
upon
I
know
not
what
Colo.
Aug
[
usta
]
Troas
:
Troas
was
called
Alexandria
from
Paris
the
Son
of
Priam
;
and
Antigonia
,
Antigonus
re-peopling
it
;
and
was
situated
between
Mount
Ida
and
the
Sea
.
The
Figure
seems
to
be
of
Herophile
the
Sybil
in
her
posture
of
Prophecying
,
standing
upon
a
Stone
,
and
Laurel
in
her
Hand
;
which
Herophile
lived
a
great
part
of
her
time
at
and
was
buried
near
,
this
Alexandria
.
From
whence
she
was
called
Phrygia
,
Trojana
,
Hellespontica
,
Gergithea
,
Marpessa
,
Erythrea
,
(
from
Marpesses
called
Erythrea
,
because
of
the
red
Soil
)
Ancyrana
,
and
Delphica
;
from
the
several
places
of
her
Abode
and
Prophecying
.
CHAP.
XII
.
Of
Helvius
Pertinax
,
Didius
Julianus
,
Pescennius
Niger
,
and
Clodius
Albinus
.
1.
P.
Helvius
Pertinax
,
Son
of
Helvius
Successus
,
Son
of
a
Freed
Man
,
was
born
A.
C.
127.
reigned
about
four
Months
,
died
aged
67
Years
four
Months
,
more
or
less
,
slain
by
the
Praetorian
Soldiers
,
his
Guards
.
He
was
very
Prudent
,
Learned
,
Eloquent
,
Valiant
,
Constant
,
of
a
present
Spirit
,
Moderate
,
Just
,
so
Frugal
that
he
seemed
Avaritious
.
A
very
skillful
and
experienced
Soldier
;
was
very
averse
from
receiving
the
Empire
,
put
upon
him
by
the
Murderers
of
Commodus
;
In
the
Senate
preferring
others
before
himself
,
hindering
his
Wife
as
much
as
he
could
from
being
called
Augusta
,
and
his
Son
from
being
Caesar
;
saying
,
That
it
was
sufficient
that
himself
reigned
against
his
will
.
Whether
discouraged
by
his
obscure
Birth
,
his
old
Age
,
or
the
Licentious
Times
,
is
unknown
.
He
endeavored
with
great
Labor
,
Vigilance
,
Courage
and
Dexterity
,
to
settle
the
Common-wealth
in
good
order
;
repressing
the
Insolencies
of
the
Soldiers
,
banishing
and
punishing
all
the
Ministers
of
Tyranny
,
bestowing
the
wast
and
untilled
Grounds
upon
such
as
would
husband
them
;
saying
,
That
those
Possessions
were
the
Commonwealths
,
not
the
Emperors
;
taking
away
illegal
Taxes
;
selling
all
Commodus's
Superfluous
and
Luxurious
Statues
,
Eunuchs
and
Houshold-stuff
to
pay
a
Largess
to
the
Soldiers
and
Citizens
;
recovering
vast
Sums
of
Money
which
Commodus
had
sent
to
the
Barbarians
to
buy
Peace
of
them
;
retrenching
the
Expences
of
his
House
.
And
it
is
almost
incredible
what
Reformations
he
made
in
those
few
Months
of
his
Reign
.
His
Head
.
Imp.
C.
P.
Helvius
Pertinax
Aug.
℞
.
A
Woman
with
a
Cornucopia
and
a
Tessera
,
such
a
one
as
they
used
in
their
Largesses
.
Civibus
Liberatis
.
Either
from
the
Tyranny
of
Commodus
;
the
People
as
they
met
any
Senator
crying
out
Age
,
Age
,
Salvus
evasisti
,
vicisti
;
or
because
People
being
very
much
necessitated
for
want
of
Corn
,
himself
went
by
Sea
to
hasten
home
the
Corn
that
was
sent
for
.
2.
His
Wife
was
Fl.
Titiana
,
of
a
loose
and
wicked
Behavior
,
which
is
the
Reason
he
would
never
permit
her
to
be
called
Augusta
,
therefore
also
few
Medals
of
her
;
besides
he
was
enamoured
of
Cornificia
his
Concubine
,
but
not
to
the
Prejudice
of
any
one
.
He
had
by
his
Wife
divers
Children
,
amongst
the
rest
a
Son
called
Pub.
Helvius
Pertinax
,
whom
he
educated
as
a
private
Person
,
at
his
Father's
House
,
at
School
,
&c.
nor
suffered
him
to
use
the
Title
of
Caesar
the
Senate
gave
him
;
after
his
Father's
Death
and
Consecration
he
was
made
his
Priest
,
and
afterwards
Consul
,
and
was
at
last
murdered
by
Caracalla
,
for
having
called
him
Geticus
after
the
Murder
of
his
Brother
Geta.
DIS
Custodibus
.
A
Fortune
setting
her
Stern
upon
a
Globe
;
either
intimating
the
Golden
Fortune
,
which
was
solemnly
carried
into
the
Palace
of
the
new
Emperors
;
or
else
some
Statue
of
Fortune
,
erected
by
him
in
Honor
of
the
Gods
that
so
protected
him
.
Col.
Hel.
Colonia
Helvia
,
of
which
two
are
mentioned
,
one
on
the
Promontory
of
Lilybeum
in
Sicily
;
the
other
in
Piceno
.
Two
Hercules's
with
their
Clubs
;
the
one
supposed
the
Divine
Hercules
,
the
other
Pertinax
.
It
was
taken
as
an
Omen
of
the
Empire
,
that
Commodus
that
day
he
was
slain
gave
to
Pertinax
his
Club
to
hold
wherewith
he
acted
Hercules
.
3.
M.
Didius
Severus
Commodus
Julianus
was
born
A.
C.
134.
reigned
two
Months
,
six
Days
,
and
was
beheaded
by
the
command
of
Severus
at
the
Age
of
sixty
Years
,
four
Months
,
four
Days
.
The
Praetorian
Soldiers
having
murdered
Pertinax
,
retired
into
their
Camp
,
and
proclaimed
,
that
he
,
who
would
give
most
,
should
by
them
be
made
Emperor
;
which
Julianus
hearing
,
made
them
such
offers
as
contented
them
;
whereupon
they
presently
saluted
him
Emperor
,
and
conducted
him
to
the
Palace
,
where
seeing
the
Frugal
Provision
made
for
Pertinax
,
he
scorned
it
very
much
,
and
commanded
great
Preparations
to
be
made
;
intending
to
live
more
like
Commodus
,
to
be
thereby
more
grateful
to
the
Soldiers
;
to
content
whom
also
he
took
his
Name
.
But
hereby
he
incurred
the
hate
of
the
People
,
(
whom
at
first
he
despised
,
but
afterwards
slew
many
of
them
by
his
Soldiers
)
and
the
Senate
;
where
entring
,
he
made
an
insolent
and
foolish
Oration
in
Commendation
of
himself
.
And
as
he
invaded
the
Empire
unworthily
,
so
he
carried
himself
laschly
,
and
negligently
,
especially
when
the
People
first
cried
up
Pescennius
Niger
,
and
afterwards
Sept.
Severus
,
to
whom
he
offered
at
last
to
be
Partaker
of
the
Empire
;
which
Severus
refused
,
who
sent
his
Soldiers
disguised
into
Rome
,
who
slew
Julianus
after
he
was
condemned
by
the
Senate
.
His
Wife
was
Manlia
Scantilla
,
who
together
with
his
Daughter
Didia
Clara
,
(
married
to
Cornelius
Repentinus
her
Cousin
German
)
both
of
them
stiled
by
the
Senate
Augustae
,
incited
the
old
Man
to
take
upon
him
the
Empire
.
Little
notice
is
taken
of
them
by
Historians
;
and
but
few
Medals
of
them
.
3.
C.
Pescennius
Niger
Justus
Son
of
Annius
Fuscus
and
Lampridia
,
was
born
,
when
and
where
not
known
;
reigned
about
eight
Months
,
and
after
many
Battels
was
slain
by
Severus
about
fifty
eight
Years
old
:
was
called
Niger
,
because
of
the
Sun-burntness
of
his
Neck
and
Face
;
the
rest
of
his
Body
being
very
white
.
Was
very
Sober
,
and
so
Chast
that
he
never
accompanied
his
Wife
but
that
he
might
have
Children
by
her
.
Rather
plain
,
open
and
generous
than
cunning
,
yet
Wife
and
Prudent
;
he
by
Letters
perswaded
M.
Aurelius
to
continue
the
Governors
of
the
Provinces
five
Years
at
least
;
that
the
Assistants
of
the
Governors
should
succeed
them
;
that
the
Governors
and
their
Counsellors
should
have
their
Salary
duely
paid
them
;
saying
,
Judicem
nec
dare
debere
nec
accipere
.
Was
in
great
Employments
,
which
he
discharged
with
great
Honor.
Was
because
of
his
Valor
,
Virtue
and
Generosity
,
in
the
East
called
the
Second
Alexander
.
Imitating
the
ancient
Captains
in
the
Discipline
of
War
.
His
Wife
,
Children
,
and
whole
Family
were
put
to
death
by
Severus
.
Minerva
Victrix
.
Minerva
reaching
Niger
a
Crown
,
and
he
offering
her
a
Globe
,
hereby
acknowledging
her
for
his
singular
Patroness
.
Probably
he
dedicated
some
Statue
to
her
in
this
Posture
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
(
a
City
in
Syria
Euphratesianâ
)
Niger
,
as
AEsculapius
,
acknowledging
him
thereby
their
Saviour
.
5.
Decimus
Clodius
Albinus
(
called
also
Septimius
by
Severus
when
he
made
him
Caesar
)
Son
of
Ceionius
Postumius
Albinus
,
and
Aurelia
Messalina
,
reigned
about
three
Years
,
eight
Months
,
killed
himself
being
vanquished
by
Severus
.
Was
Hasty
,
Proud
,
Cholerick
,
Active
,
Valiant
;
So
bold
a
Gladiator
that
he
was
called
the
Cataline
of
his
Age.
Very
Lascivious
,
a
horrible
Eater
,
but
little
Drinker
.
Grave
,
exceeding
severe
towards
the
Soldiers
,
Learned
,
and
Eloquent
.
Commodus
would
have
made
him
Caesar
,
which
he
refused
;
but
accepted
afterwards
from
Severus
,
who
honor'd
him
only
to
amuse
him
;
sending
at
the
same
time
five
Persons
to
kill
him
,
whom
Albinus
compelled
to
confess
by
force
of
Torments
.
Whereupon
he
went
to
fight
Severus
;
and
first
defeated
his
Lieutenant
Lupus
:
and
afterwards
encountered
Severus
himself
near
to
Lions
,
where
Severus's
Party
being
almost
overcome
,
was
restored
by
Laetus
,
who
brought
a
fresh
Army
;
whereupon
Albinus
through
Despair
killed
himself
,
and
his
Body
was
most
barbarously
used
by
Severus
.
Saeculo
Frugifero
Cos.
II.
(
and
another
Saeculi
foelicitas
,
much
what
the
same
thing
their
chief
Felicity
consisting
in
Plenty
)
.
A
Deity-raies
about
his
Head
like
Apollo
,
a
Caduceus
like
☿
and
a
Trident
like
Neptune
.
Probably
the
☿
of
the
Galls
,
which
was
the
great
Genius
of
the
world
,
and
therefore
Author
of
Fecundity
;
the
Head
is
the
Sun
presiding
over
the
Seasons
of
the
Year
,
the
Caduceus's
Wings
represent
the
Fecundity
of
the
Air
,
as
the
Serpents
do
the
Harmony
of
the
Elements
;
and
the
Trident
the
Fruitfulness
of
the
Water
.
Another
like
the
former
,
but
the
Head
like
Cybele
,
and
an
Howe
instead
of
a
Trident.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
Sidetens●…um
the
Second
City
of
Pamphylia
,
where
it
seems
Albinus
had
been
Governor
,
and
which
Severus
chose
to
himself
)
two
Warriors
joining
hands
,
Severus
in
Arms
as
Superior
,
the
other
without
as
Inferior
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
Gaditanorum
)
a
Temple
and
Hercules
standing
;
being
much
worshipped
there
.
Albinus
was
an
African
,
and
had
governed
Spain
.
Gades
two
Islands
,
one
belonging
to
Africk
,
the
other
to
Europe
.
His
Wife
was
Pescennia
Plautiana
,
Daughter
of
Plautius
Quintillus
,
whom
Severus
slew
.
By
her
he
had
a
Son
Pescennius
Primaeus
,
or
Prinaeus
slain
with
his
Mother
(
though
before
pardoned
)
by
Severus
;
after
the
Victory
over
Albinus
.
CHAP.
XIII
.
Of
L.
Septimius
Severus
,
Bassianus
Caracalla
,
Septimius
Geta
,
and
M.
Opilius
Macrinus
.
1.
L.
Septimius
Severus
,
Son
of
L.
Sept.
Geta
,
and
Fulvia
Pia
,
was
born
at
Laeptis
,
A.
D.
147.
reigned
seventeen
Years
,
eight
Months
,
three
Days
;
and
died
at
Sixty
five
Years
,
nine
Months
,
twenty
three
Days
old
;
was
very
Active
,
Vigilant
,
Couragious
,
Indefatigable
,
Provident
,
(
especially
for
Provision
)
of
good
Understanding
,
and
a
Lover
of
Learning
,
tho
himself
not
Learned
;
but
withal
most
horribly
Ambitious
,
Traiterous
,
Cruel
,
Covetous
and
Vindicative
,
more
than
any
of
his
Predecessors
,
having
put
to
Death
Forty
of
the
eminentest
Persons
of
the
Empire
at
once
,
without
hearing
their
Cause
,
upon
Suspition
of
their
Conspiring
with
Albinus
;
for
which
,
being
exceedingly
hated
,
he
endeavoured
to
engage
the
Soldiers
to
himself
,
by
giving
them
many
Gifts
,
and
Licences
to
wear
Gold
Rings
,
to
have
Wives
with
them
,
&c.
the
cause
of
much
Misery
and
Ruine
of
the
Empire
,
and
even
of
himself
;
for
as
soon
as
Caracalla
came
into
his
Youth
,
they
began
to
cast
their
Eyes
upon
him
,
and
neglect
Severus
;
made
Caracalla
Augustus
in
despight
of
him
;
which
so
heightned
him
,
that
he
continually
sought
to
kill
his
Father
,
sometimes
by
Poyson
,
sometimes
by
the
Sword
;
which
so
enraged
the
Gouty
Old
Man
,
that
his
Disease
increased
exceedingly
,
and
became
so
insupportable
,
that
he
would
have
killed
himself
,
but
was
hindered
;
and
at
last
eat
so
enormously
on
purpose
that
he
died
upon
it
,
after
he
had
in
vain
endeavoured
to
punish
his
Son
,
whom
he
mortally
hated
.
Dying
he
said
,
Omnia
fui
,
&
nihil
expedit
.
Diis
Auspicibus
,
&c.
Col.
II.
Hercules
and
Bacchus
with
a
Dog
.
Severus
going
to
fight
in
the
East
against
Niger
,
purposing
also
to
invade
the
Parthians
and
Indians
,
Sacrificed
to
these
two
Gods
,
under
whose
Auspicia
[
Standards
]
of
the
one
,
as
a
Victor
over
Tyrants
,
of
the
other
,
as
over
the
Indians
.
Auspicia
also
they
called
the
Sacrifices
they
made
the
day
of
their
entering
their
Office
or
Employment
.
The
Heroes
anciently
were
said
to
have
Dogs
with
them
;
both
because
of
their
Fidelity
,
&c.
and
of
their
Divination
;
they
attributing
much
to
their
Barking
,
Howling
or
Fawning
.
Hercules's
Dog
,
crushing
a
Purple
Fish
,
discovered
to
Hercules
that
excellent
Die
.
Saeculi
felicitas
,
a
Crescent
with
Seven
Stars
,
shewing
the
numerous
Issue
he
had
;
besides
his
Sons
,
two
Daughters
,
and
Grand-children
of
Caracalla
—
So
Julia
between
Caracalla
and
Geta.
So
a
Ship
under
Sail
,
shewing
the
Common-wealth
,
after
the
Storms
of
Civil
Wars
,
sailed
quietly
.
Severus
,
Julia
and
his
two
Sons
,
before
his
going
to
Britanny
reconciling
them
.
Geta
with
an
Helmet
,
as
being
to
have
part
of
the
Army
under
his
Command
.
Pacator
Orbis
,
a
young
Head
radiant
;
it
was
one
of
the
Titles
bestowed
upon
him
after
the
Parthick
Victory
;
the
Head
is
of
Caracalla
,
and
Sun
mingled
together
;
Caracalla
went
with
him
in
this
Expedition
.
Marti
Statori
;
it
should
seem
some
Vow
made
to
him
,
when
in
the
Battel
against
Albinus
,
the
Soldiers
running
,
and
his
Horse
Slain
,
and
himself
on
the
Ground
,
yet
he
rallied
and
conquered
.
Libero
Patri
,
a
Bacchus
;
to
whom
he
dedicated
a
great
Temple
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
certain
Games
first
instituted
in
the
Honour
of
Apollo
,
renewed
in
Honour
of
Severus
)
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Two
Earthen-pots
upon
a
Table
with
two
Palms
;
on
the
Ground
a
Sacrificing
Pot
and
five
Apples
,
which
seem
to
be
the
Prize
contended
for
.
Many
Medals
made
by
the
Perinthians
in
Honour
of
Severus
,
who
after
the
taking
of
Byzantium
after
three
years
Siege
,
bestowed
the
Privileges
thereof
upon
the
Perinthians
,
to
whom
also
,
he
subjected
it
with
all
its
Territory
;
insomuch
that
they
stiled
their
City
Metropolis
Europae
.
Tho
afterwards
he
restored
all
to
Byzantium
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
—
Abgarus
King
of
the
Edessenians
confederate
with
Severus
,
and
assisted
him
exceedingly
with
his
Archers
against
the
Parthian
.
(
Civitas
)
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Honorat
hac
Statuâ
(
Minervae
)
Severum
Aug.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
The
Ilienses
or
Trojans
accounted
Severus
their
great
Heros
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
(
The
Praetor
of
the
Smyrneans
)
about
,
an
Oaken
Garland
;
within
which
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
which
were
the
first
solemn
Plays
made
in
the
Honour
and
presence
of
Severus
and
his
two
Sons
returning
from
the
Parthick
War
;
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
because
made
at
the
common
Charge
of
the
Towns
of
that
Province
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
of
Egypt
,
where
was
a
Famous
Temple
of
Serapis
,
and
the
Sepulchre
of
Osiris
;
Severus
with
a
Bushel
as
Serapis
.
Caracalla
with
Rays
as
Osiris
.
Concord
holding
in
either
Hand
a
Temple
,
one
to
Severus
,
another
to
his
Sons
,
built
probably
on
either
side
of
her
Temple
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
certain
Games
of
which
we
know
nothing
.
A
Temple
of
an
Antick
Fashion
,
I.
O.
M.
H.
Jovi
optimo
Maximo
Helvio
,
i.
e.
Pertinaci
Jovi
facto
.
Col
[
onia
]
Hel
[
via
]
in
Piceno
;
eundem
honorem
etiam
Severo
post
mortem
decernentes
.
2.
Severus's
first
Wife
was
Martia
,
by
whom
he
had
two
Daughters
married
to
Probus
and
AElius
two
eminent
Persons
;
it
seems
he
loved
her
well
,
and
afterwards
erected
a
Statue
to
her
.
His
second
Wife
was
Julia
Domna
,
and
so
the
Syrian
and
Asian
Medals
stile
her
,
Surnamed
Pia
after
she
came
to
Rome
in
Honour
of
Fulvia
Pia
the
Mother
of
Severus
.
She
was
born
at
Emesa
in
Syrophaenicia
,
Daughter
of
the
Priest
of
the
Sun
named
Bassianus
.
Severus
,
then
Governour
of
the
Lionnois
in
the
sixth
year
of
the
Reign
of
Commodus
,
understanding
by
his
Astrologues
(
to
whom
he
was
much
given
)
that
her
Horoscope
was
,
that
she
should
be
married
to
an
Emperor
,
was
never
quiet
till
he
obtained
her
.
She
was
very
Beautiful
,
Learned
and
of
great
Capacity
;
wherefore
he
consulted
with
her
in
all
Affairs
of
Consequence
,
and
put
her
Name
in
all
his
Letters
and
Missives
to
the
Senate
:
She
also
saluted
all
as
Severus
and
Caracalla
did
.
He
did
not
love
her
,
being
she
was
exceeding
Proud
,
Arrogant
,
Malicious
,
Cunning
,
Quarrelsome
,
and
given
to
her
Lusts
and
Pleasures
.
Yet
did
he
not
control
her
,
tho
she
conspired
to
take
away
his
Life
.
After
the
Death
of
Severus
,
she
endeavoured
all
she
could
to
reconcile
the
two
Brothers
;
till
at
last
Geta
was
killed
by
his
Brother
in
her
Lap
,
which
also
she
durst
not
resent
,
nor
Lament
,
for
fear
he
should
kill
her
also
;
as
he
would
have
done
,
had
he
not
feared
an
universal
Revolt
.
When
Caracalla
was
slain
by
Martialis
the
Friend
of
Macrinus
,
she
fell
into
bitter
passionate
words
against
Macrinus
;
and
would
have
killed
her self
,
but
the
Blow
was
not
Mortal
:
But
after
that
Macrinus
had
treated
her
well
,
she
took
heart
,
till
her
words
and
endeavours
to
get
the
Army
from
him
were
told
him
;
then
he
sent
her
word
to
retire
her self
whither
she
pleased
;
but
she
chused
rather
to
starve
her self
to
Death
.
She
had
two
Sons
,
Caracalla
in
the
first
year
of
her
Marriage
;
to
whom
she
was
never
married
,
as
some
Historians
report
,
and
Geta.
Julia's
Grand-mother
seems
to
be
Varia
Soaemias
;
her
Father
M.
Jul
Bassianus
,
her
Sister
Julia
Maesa
called
before
Varia
;
who
had
two
Daughters
Julia
Soaemias
and
Julia
Mamaea
,
by
Julius
Avitus
Lupus
.
Soaemias
married
Varius
Marcellus
,
by
whom
she
had
Varius
Avitus
Lupus
,
called
Elagabalus
.
Mamaea
married
Genesius
Marcianus
Father
of
Alex.
Severus
.
Marcellus
and
Marcianus
seem
to
be
B
others
,
Sons
of
Varius
Marcellus
Alexianus
;
and
Severus
Alexander's
Name
was
Alexianus
Marcellus
.
Foecunditas
,
the
Goddess
Tellus
lying
half
along
to
shew
her
Stability
;
and
not
subject
to
Earthquakes
as
under
Antoninus
;
four
Children
(
the
four
Seasons
)
about
a
Globe
with
Stars
upon
it
,
intimating
Julia
and
her
four
Children
,
two
Sons
and
two
Daughters
.
Luna
Lucifera
,
the
Moon
in
a
Chariot
drawn
by
Horses
,
two
by
Oxen.
1.
Mater
Castrorum
.
2.
Mater
Augg.
3.
Mater
Deum
.
1.
As
Sacrificing
to
the
Ensigns
.
2.
As
Cybele
sitting
on
a
Cube
,
which
signifies
Stability
,
drawn
by
four
Lyons
.
3.
As
Cybele
sitting
leaning
on
a
Globe
with
two
Lyons
beside
her
.
Mater
Augg.
Mater
Sen
[
at●…s
]
Mater
Pat
[
riae
.
]
an
Inscription
common
also
to
other
Empresses
.
Her
Head
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
℞
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Bacchus
(
who
in
Egypt
is
〈◊〉
Osyris
the
Husband
of
,
)
and
,
Isis
●…awn
in
a
Chariot
by
a
Male
and
Female
Centaure
,
those
Creatu●…s
being
accounted
great
D●…inkers
;
on
Isis's
le●…t
Hand
Cupid
with
a
Torch
;
and
Cissus
,
Bacchus's
boy
Dancing
;
for
when
Cissus
was
Dancing
with
a
Satyr
,
the
Satyr
struck
him
down
and
wounded
him
mortally
;
whereupon
Bacchus
turned
him
into
an
Ivy
tree
called
therefore
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
and
therefore
also
Sacred
to
Bacchus
.
3.
Bassianus
called
at
first
,
and
by
a
Nick-name
,
Caracalla
,
but
afterwards
M.
Aurelius
Antoninus
;
was
born
A.
C.
188.
reigned
six
Years
,
two
Months
,
five
days
,
and
was
killed
by
a
Captain
as
he
was
at
stool
,
in
the
Twenty
ninth
year
of
his
Age
;
was
very
unhansome
,
and
therefore
strived
to
make
himself
Terrible
;
he
was
Proud
,
Violent
,
Impatient
,
Brutish
,
Furious
,
Bloody
,
Light-headed
,
Traiterous
,
Presumptuous
,
Covetous
,
Prodigal
,
Cowardly
,
Lustful
;
so
that
he
had
in
a
short
time
,
by
his
Lusts
,
wasted
and
decayed
his
Body
,
and
made
himself
uncapable
of
Generation
.
He
slew
Twenty
thousand
Persons
at
one
time
,
as
also
almost
all
the
Eminent
Persons
of
the
Empire
;
almost
all
the
Inhabitants
of
Alexandria
(
for
having
mocked
him
)
and
that
most
Treacherously
:
So
did
he
also
to
the
Germans
;
under
pretext
of
Marriage
with
his
Daughter
,
he
invited
Artabanus
King
of
the
Parthians
,
with
his
Nobility
,
into
a
great
Plain
,
and
the●…e
slew
most
of
them
,
but
the
King
escaped
.
He
designed
to
Murther
his
Father
,
threatned
his
Mother
,
killed
his
Brother
,
his
Father-in-Law
Plautianus
,
his
Aunt
Lucilla
,
his
Governour
and
Kinsinan
Papinianus
;
forced
his
Preceptor
to
kill
himself
;
for
which
he
was
so
haunted
,
that
many
times
he
became
Furious
,
crying
out
upon
his
Father
and
Brother
for
Persecuting
him
,
so
much
▪
that
none
durst
●…ame
Geta
to
him
.
Tho
his
Baseness
was
such
,
●…hat
he
durst
not
put
on
Armour
.
〈◊〉
●…is
Fear
●…rced
him
to
make
his
Cloaths
so
like
Armour
,
●…hat
he
was
believed
alwa●…●…o
〈◊〉
A●…med
.
As
he
passed
through
Macedoma
he
imitated
Alexander
the
Great
,
would
be
called
Magnus
,
and
set
both
their
Heads
upon
the
B●…sts
of
●…is
Statues
.
At
Ilium
he
would
needs
be
Achilles
.
Providentia
,
the
Head
of
the
Sun
(
to
whom
Providence
is
many
times
attributed
as
well
as
Power
)
shewing
the
Providence
of
Severus
in
●…aking
Antoninus
Caesar.
A
Lyon
Radiant
with
Thunder
in
his
Mouth
,
●…ems
to
signifie
the
Lyon
,
which
,
as
he
was
going
against
the
Parthians
,
came
down
from
〈◊〉
Mountain
,
and
fought
against
his
Enemies
〈◊〉
the
head
of
his
Troops
.
He
also
nourished
〈◊〉
Tame
Lyon
,
which
he
sed
at
his
Board
,
●…d
carried
always
with
him
,
and
which
,
when
he
went
forth
that
time
he
was
slain
,
●…ould
have
stayed
him
in
his
Tent
,
so
that
●…e
tore
his
Garment
.
A
Lyon
also
in
this
Figure
,
was
worshipped
at
Heliopolis
(
the
Country
of
Julia
)
and
thereabouts
,
as
the
God
Genaeus
or
the
Sun
;
a
certain
〈◊〉
,
●…amed
Eusebius
,
testifying
that
●…e
saw
a
Globe
〈◊〉
Fire
descending
from
Heaven
,
and
that
it
●…as
the
God
Genaeus
.
Col.
Caesarea
A●…ph
.
in
the
〈◊〉
o●…
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
a
Goddess
〈◊〉
like
a
Nun
,
〈◊〉
●…eems
to
be
Diana
Alp●…a
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Indulgentiae
foecundae
.
Julia
sitting
as
a
Goddess
,
obtaining
some
Favour
or
Indulgence
for
Carthage
or
some
other
City
.
v.
g.
some
Privilege
,
Liberty
,
Prerogative
,
&c.
So
the
Romans
expressing
by
this
Medal
,
the
great
Benefit
to
all
the
World
by
her
Fecundity
.
Caracalla
Radiant
(
imitating
the
Sun
)
in
a
little
Oval
Chariot
drawn
by
four
Horses
;
which
was
the
manner
in
the
Ludi
Circenses
in
Honour
of
the
Sun
,
whom
they
fansied
to
be
carried
about
the
World
in
such
a
Vessel
.
With
these
and
such-like
Games
was
Caracalla
mightily
delighted
.
AEsculapius
with
the
little
God
Telesphorus
,
and
a
Ball
;
it
seems
coined
for
the
recovery
of
Caracalla
from
some
great
Sickness
;
and
that
he
submitted
his
Empire
unto
them
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
(
i.
e.
Decreto
Senatus
.
)
An
Eagle
crowning
Caracalla
,
&c.
Severus
,
to
the
great
affright
of
the
Senate
,
declared
himself
Son
of
M.
Aurel.
and
Caracalla
took
upon
him
the
name
of
Commodus
.
Two
Gods
,
the
one
in●…olded
in
the
Scarf
of
the
other
,
drawn
by
two
Horses
:
Probably
Caracalla
and
Julia
,
represented
by
the
Perinthians
,
in
their
Games
,
as
the
Sun
and
Moon
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
(
Zeugma
was
a
strong
City
and
Castle
upon
a
Passage
over
Euphrates
on
the
other
side
,
on
the
edge
of
a
vast
Solitude
)
a
Temple
on
the
Top
of
an
high
Rock
,
to
which
there
are
two
Asc●…nts
;
probably
erected
by
Vespasian
,
and
repaired
by
Caracalla
at
his
return
out
of
Parthia
,
or
by
the
People
in
Honour
of
him
;
with
a
Capricorn
alluding
to
the
Situation
of
the
place
;
on
one
side
being
a
place
fit
for
Goats
only
;
the
other
for
Fishes
,
i.
e.
Euphrates
where
Venus
turned
her self
into
a
Fish
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
A
freed
Man
of
the
Emperor
's
made
Governour
of
Magnesia
a
City
of
Ionia
at
the
Mouth
of
Maeander
.
A
young
Man
(
Caracalla
)
crowned
with
Olive
,
and
a
Girdle
(
of
Scarlet
)
sitting
before
an
Altar
,
whereon
is
a
Pine-Apple
(
Sacred
to
Cybele
)
and
about
him
three
Coribantes
beating
their
Sheilds
:
probably
intimating
the
Initiation
of
the
Emperor
in
these
Mysteries
,
for
the
Expiation
of
his
Fratricide
(
for
which
these
Ceremonies
were
accounted
very
Efficacious
,
two
of
the
Coribantes
having
killed
their
Brethren
)
and
Preservation
from
Danger
.
This
Emperor
being
very
Timorous
,
and
also
much
troubled
in
mind
for
that
Fratricide
,
of
which
yet
(
probably
by
being
thus
initiated
)
he
was
not
recovered
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
A
Serpent
with
a
Man's
Head
;
the
Serpent
the
Genius
of
Wisdom
,
&c.
was
frequently
worshipped
,
and
particularly
by
the
Nicomedians
;
the
Egyptians
brought
in
the
manner
of
joyning
Beasts
with
Mens
Heads
or
Bodies
.
Bacchus
leaning
upon
,
and
caressing
,
Pan
;
in
the
other
Hand
a
Capricorn
(
into
which
Sign
Pan
was
converted
●…or
transforming
himself
first
into
it
,
and
thereby
shewing
the
Gods
the
means
to
escape
Typhon
,
who
had
almost
surprised
them
.
)
Pan
is
joyned
to
Bacchus
,
both
because
he
was
brought
up
in
the
Cave
with
him
(
☿
his
Father
leaving
him
there
to
keep
him
company
)
and
that
he
was
the
Best
and
Drunkennest
Companion
he
had
.
Bacchus
was
worshipped
chiefly
at
Nysa
in
Egypt
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
An
Instrument
betwixt
an
Ox
and
Sheep
,
it
may
be
to
draw
Water
out
of
the
bottom
of
the
Sea
;
as
they
say
they
did
,
their
Island
(
s●…uate
in
the
Phaenician
Sea
)
being
a
Rock
,
and
having
no
Spring
being
once
besieged
.
Geta
in
a
Croissant
,
they
imagined
that
the
Souls
of
thei●…
〈◊〉
inhabited
the
Air
from
the
Earth
to
the
Moon
;
but
the
Gods
above
the
Moon
and
Sun
;
and
that
the
Goddesses
,
or
〈◊〉
,
〈◊〉
passed
through
the
Moon
,
and
some
pure
and
innocent
Men
also
as
Geta.
(
But
this
ra●…ly
▪
for
ordinarily
they
took
their
way
through
the
Sun
.
)
His
Wi●…
was
〈◊〉
Plautilla
Daughter
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
the
greatest
Favourite
the
〈◊〉
Empire
ever
saw
,
a
Vile
,
Brutal
,
Traitor
;
that
〈◊〉
one
time
caused
a
hundred
Citizens
So●…
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
quality
to
be
g●…lded
for
Musitians
●…o
〈◊〉
Daughter
;
he
was
slain
for
Treason
in
〈◊〉
his
presence
;
and
his
Daughter
,
with
the
two
Children
,
thereupon
banished
,
and
afterwards
slain
;
a
fit
end
for
so
shameless
and
impudent
a
Woman
.
Venus
felix
;
Plautilla
like
Venus
,
giving
an
Apple
to
her
Son
young
Antoninus
.
4.
P.
Septimius
Geta
was
born
A.
C.
190.
reigned
with
his
Brother
ten
Months
,
fifteen
Days
,
was
slain
by
him
in
his
Mothers
Bosom
,
at
the
Age
of
Twenty
three
Years
;
was
like
his
Father
Severe
,
but
not
Cruel
,
having
(
as
some
Authors
say
)
disswaded
him
from
putting
to
Death
so
many
of
the
Friends
of
Niger
and
Albinus
,
lest
there
should
be
more
in
Rome
sorry
than
glad
for
their
Victory
.
Delighted
much
in
Neatness
,
Gardens
,
learned
and
virtuous
Mens
Conversation
;
acquitted
himself
well
in
the
Wars
;
wherefore
his
Brother
,
jealous
of
the
Affection
generally
born
to
him
▪
never
rested
till
he
had
slain
him
,
and
to
satisfie
the
People
he
afterwards
Consecrated
him
.
Principi
Juventutis
.
Geta
on
Horse-back
,
looking
back
upon
two
others
that
ride
after
him
.
The
Ludus
Trojanus
invented
by
Ascanius
and
described
AEneid
.
5.
Castor
standing
by
his
Horse
Cyllanus
,
intimating
the
Excellency
of
Geta
in
that
Exercise
.
Castor
being
the
better
Horse-man
,
and
Pollux
the
better
Pugil
.
Hercules
and
Juno
.
Dii
Patrii
,
both
the
Gods
of
their
Family
and
their
Country
Tripolis
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
A
Vase
full
of
Apples
(
gathered
out
of
the
Gardens
Sacred
to
Apollo
)
the
Rewards
of
the
Victors
at
the
Pythian
Games
at
last
,
as
an
Oaken
at
first
,
and
afterwards
a
〈◊〉
Garland
.
Palms
were
generally
given
to
all
Conquerors
.
M.
Opilius
Severus
Macrinus
,
5.
Of
an
Equestrian
Family
,
was
born
A.
C.
166.
reigned
fourteen
Months
,
three
Days
;
at
Fifty
four
Years
old
was
overcome
and
slain
by
the
Army
of
Elagabalus
;
he
was
before
he
came
to
be
Emperor
,
of
good
Government
and
Reputation
;
but
afterwards
very
Luxurious
,
given
to
Pleasures
and
Vanities
,
to
Plays
,
Foolish
Pastimes
,
and
also
Haughty
(
tho
Rustical
in
his
Behaviour
)
giving
difficult
Access
,
and
seldom
answering
to
the
Satisfaction
of
Petitioners
;
withal
Unfortunate
,
being
vanquished
by
Artabanus
;
of
whom
he
bought
a
Peace
with
a
vast
Summ
of
Money
;
yet
he
endeavoured
to
reduce
the
Soldiers
to
their
ordinary
Pay
,
and
disaccustom
them
to
those
P●…ofuse
Largesses
of
Severus
and
Caracalla
;
〈◊〉
which
causes
he
was
hated
by
them
;
and
th●…
hat●…ed
helped
by
the
Practices
of
Jul.
Maesa
,
and
her
Money
made
them
receive
her
Grandchild
Elagabalus
,
and
destroy
both
him
and
his
Son
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
—
An
high
Mountain
of
Rocks
,
underneath
which
a
Temple
and
two
gr●…t
Stones
.
It
should
seem
Caesarea
of
〈◊〉
,
o●…
some
place
thereabouts
,
in
the
〈◊〉
Maurimena
,
where
he
was
born
,
and
to
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Temple
seems
dedicated
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Macrinus
in
the
form
of
Jupiter
Urbanus
.
His
Wife
was
Nonia
Celsa
Daughter
of
one
Diadumenus
:
little
known
of
her
but
her
Unchastity
;
being
supposed
to
have
by
another
Man
6.
M.
Opelius
Antoninus
Diadumenianus
slain
with
his
Father
at
the
Age
of
twelve
Years
;
perhaps
so
called
,
because
he
was
born
,
instead
of
a
Caul
,
with
a
Diadem
about
his
Head
,
so
strong
,
that
it
could
not
easily
be
broken
.
Was
exceedingly
Beautiful
,
Graceful
and
Ad●…oit
.
Little
else
known
of
him
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
A
Cow
,
probably
the
black
Cow
they
Sacrificed
yearly
to
Proserpina
,
which
being
at
Pasture
when
Mithridates
besieged
the
Town
,
came
in
of
her
own
accord
at
the
time
of
the
Sacrifice
;
the
Inhabitants
intending
to
Sacrifice
,
in
her
stead
,
a
Cow
of
Paste
.
A
Town
Famous
for
Beautiful
Women
:
Proserpina
they
called
Servatrix
,
because
in
the
War
with
the
Gyants
,
she
,
with
Hercules
,
fought
with
them
in
that
place
,
and
saved
their
Town
,
which
the
Gyants
would
have
destroyed
.
CHAP.
XIV
.
Of
Varius
Avitus
Lupus
,
Elagabalus
,
Severus
Alexander
.
1.
VArius
Avitus
Lupus
,
called
to
gain
the
Favour
of
the
Soldiers
,
Bassianus
;
they
proclaimed
him
Emperor
,
and
called
him
Antoninus
.
Afterwards
he
called
himself
[
*
](A67248-e72970-b)
*
The
divers
writing
of
this
name
Elagabalus
,
Sec
Selden
de
Diis
Syris
Synt.
2.
c.
1.
Elagabalus
,
assuming
the
name
of
the
God
whose
Priest
he
was
Hered●…tarily
;
was
born
A.
C.
205.
reigned
about
five
Years
(
as
appears
by
his
Medals
)
tho
others
say
but
about
three
Years
,
eight
Months
,
and
was
killed
,
drag'd
through
the
Street●…
into
a
Jakes
,
afterwards
cast
into
Tyber
,
aged
20
Years
more
or
less
.
He
was
a
Devil
in
the
shape
of
an
Hermaphrodite
,
a
Prodigy
of
Impiety
,
Villany
,
Lust
,
Debauchery
,
Gluttony
and
Cruelty
.
He
brought
his
God
to
Rome
,
built
him
a
stately
Temple
,
into
which
he
transferred
all
the
Mysteries
and
Holy
things
of
all
the
other
Gods
,
as
the
Palladium
,
Fire
of
Vesta
,
Ancilia
,
&c.
His
Lust
was
unexpressible
,
clothed
himself
like
a
Woman
,
was
married
to
a
vile
Man
,
and
used
as
his
Wife
;
would
have
made
Hierocles
,
the
vilest
of
his
Rakehels
,
Caesar
,
and
his
Successor
;
bathed
himself
in
Sweet
Waters
;
exhibited
a
Naval
Fight
in
a
Lake
of
Wine
,
trod
upon
Plates
of
Gold
;
his
Chamber-pots
were
of
Onyx
,
and
his
Close-stools
of
Massy
Gold
:
Called
the
Senators
his
Slaves
,
brought
his
Mother
to
sit
and
Sign
amongst
them
;
designed
to
set
fourteen
of
his
Infamous
Rout
over
the
Fourteen
Regions
of
the
City
,
and
other
Pimps
and
Coach-men
,
&c.
over
the
Provinces
,
&c.
sent
to
gather
all
the
Cob-webs
of
Rome
,
which
amounted
to
ten
thousand
Pound
weight
.
His
〈◊〉
,
&c.
was
beyond
Apicius
,
betwixt
five
and
six
hundred
Heads
of
〈◊〉
at
a
Meal
,
to
pick
out
the
Brains
;
he
〈◊〉
his
Slaves
with
Peasant
.
He
slew
Euthymianus
〈◊〉
,
his
〈◊〉
●…ther
,
who
took
care
of
him
,
made
him
〈◊〉
&c.
because
he
was
a
Prudent
Man
,
and
the
Soldiers
refusing
to
kill
him
,
he
struck
him
first
himself
;
took
hundreds
of
the
best
Mens
Sons
in
Rome
and
Italy
,
to
Sacrifice
them
by
the
Advice
of
his
Magicians
;
and
as
he
said
,
that
the
Grief
might
be
more
general
,
he
took
none
but
such
whose
Parents
were
alive
.
He
would
have
slain
his
Cousin
Alexianus
,
whom
he
had
adopted
;
but
durst
not
for
the
Soldiers
who
guarded
him
,
and
slew
Elagabalus
;
who
had
provided
Scarlet
Silken
Cords
,
Golden
Daggers
,
&c.
to
kill
himself
withal
.
It
is
difficult
to
distinguish
the
Medals
of
Caracalla
from
those
of
Elagabalus
;
Caracalla
is
made
commonly
Frowning
,
the
other
not
so
.
Elagabalus
puts
commonly
Imp.
on
his
Medals
,
the
other
not
;
saith
Leon-August
.
A
Temple
with
a
Victory
crowning
Security
,
Col.
Berytus
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
A
Thunder
bolt
upon
an
Altar
.
Seleucia
in
Syria
upon
the
Mediterranean
Sea-coast
;
which
Seleucus
there
built
,
having
,
as
an
Omen
of
its
future
Felicity
,
a
Thunder-bolt
there
falling
;
and
the
Seleucians
worshipped
it
as
the
chiefest
God
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
a
City
in
Jonia
)
Hercules
in
a
Temple
:
there
arrived
a
Bark
with
an
Image
of
Hercules
between
Chius
and
Erythrae
,
which
either
City
strived
to
have
to
themselves
;
a
certain
Man
dreamed
that
the
Erythraean
Women
should
cut
off
their
Hair
,
make
a
Cable
of
it
,
and
draw
the
Bark
to
their
Town
;
which
the
better
sort
refused
,
but
the
poor
Thracian
Women
there
did
so
,
and
drew
the
Bark
and
Image
which
was
there
very
much
worshipped
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
The
Sun
or
Orient
figured
as
Elagabalus
.
℞
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
The
Goddess
Salus
,
with
little
Telesphorus
behind
her
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
or
Ad●…d
the
Sun
,
Benos
or
Belus
a
King
.
The
Goddess
Salus
seems
to
be
Margatis
or
Dea
Syria
.
His
Wives
were
six
,
First
Annia
Faustina
Great
Grandchild
to
M.
Aurel.
Ant.
whose
Husband
Pomponius
Bassus
he
●…ew
to
have
her
,
and
forbad
her
to
mourn
for
him
.
The
Marriage
of
Elagabalus
with
Faustina
;
the
Sun
(
his
God
)
between
them
.
2.
Julia
Cornelia
Paula
,
he
married
her
to
have
Children
,
and
gave
a
great
Donative
to
the
Senators
,
Equites
,
their
Wives
,
the
Soldiers
and
the
People
;
besides
many
Games
,
&c.
after
a
while
he
repudiated
her
,
because
(
as
he
said
)
she
had
a
Stain
in
a
secret
part
of
her
Body
.
Concordia
,
a
Woman
beyond
them
embracing
them
both
,
having
their
Hands
joined
over
an
Altar
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
&c.
Anazarbeorum
Metropolitarum
Amanicae
Ciliciae
anno
secundo
,
a
Capricorn
over
a
Globe
.
Anazarbus
,
a
famous
City
of
Cilicia
called
Dio
Caesarea
,
Caesar
Augusta
,
and
afterwards
Justinopolis
,
being
repa●…ed
by
Justine
as
before
by
Augustus
;
in
Memory
of
which
they
coined
his
Capricorn
.
3.
Julia
Aquilia
Severa
,
a
Vestal
Virgin
,
but
very
beautiful
,
and
for
that
cause
taken
by
him
out
of
the
Sanctuary
;
saying
,
That
being
a
Priest
and
marrying
a
Vestal
their
Children
must
needs
be
holy
;
yet
after
a
while
he
cast
her
off
and
married
three
others
successively
(
whose
names
are
lost
)
and
took
her
again
at
last
.
2.
The
Mother
of
Elagabale
was
Jul.
Sooemias
,
who
educated
him
to
that
Lasciviousness
and
Wickedness
he
afterwards
practised
,
being
her self
so
inclined
;
after
her
Husband's
death
she
took
to
her
Assistance
in
all
her
Affairs
in
Bed
and
elsewhere
Eutychianus
a
Freed
Man
,
who
had
been
a
Comaedian
;
but
a
prudent
Man
whom
Elagab
.
slew
.
She
was
very
Proud
,
taking
place
in
the
Senate
,
and
Voting
and
Signing
all
Acts
as
did
Maesa
also
;
endeavoring
by
all
means
to
destroy
Alex.
Severus
her
Sisters
Son
,
she
drew
Ruin
upon
her Self
and
Son
by
the
universal
Hatred
all
Mankind
bore
to
them
.
She
erected
a
little
Council
of
Women
,
where
they
voted
ridiculously
concerning
their
Habits
,
Ornaments
,
&c.
Venus
Caelestis
.
Sooemias
in
habit
of
Venus
,
with
a
little
Boy
(
Elagab
.
)
and
the
Sun
upon
a
Globe
,
she
publishing
him
to
be
the
Son
of
Caracalla
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
a
Goddess
with
a
Wheel
and
a
Rhombus
,
representing
Fortune
,
Venus
,
Nemesis
or
Hecate
favorable
to
Sooemias
and
her
Family
.
〈◊〉
Rhombus
accompanieth
Hecate
,
and
was
a
certain
Instrument
whereby
Magicians
pretended
to
work
many
Feats
;
whose
help
these
People
it
seems
used
to
get
the
Empire
.
Julia
Maesa
,
was
called
Maesa
because
Priestess
of
the
Sun
by
them
named
Mese
;
a
Subtil
,
Prudent
,
and
Sprightful
Woman
,
was
exceedingly
enriched
by
living
in
the
Court
of
Severus
and
Caracalla
,
all
which
Macrinus
to
shew
that
he
was
no
Enemy
to
the
House
of
Severus
,
suffered
her
to
enjoy
,
and
inherit
also
her
Sisters
Wealth
;
by
which
she
afterwards
corrupted
the
Soldiers
against
Macrinus
.
Under
Elagabalus
she
shewed
her self
a
discreet
Woman
,
managing
whatever
she
had
committed
to
her
very
prudently
,
and
she
was
the
only
Support
he
had
,
but
perceiving
his
Courses
,
she
foresaw
he
could
not
escape
sudden
Death
,
and
therefore
perswaded
him
to
adopt
Alexander
Severus
;
for
fear
also
lest
he
should
adopt
Hierocles
whom
he
married
:
To
this
purpose
for
a
while
she
accompanied
him
in
his
wicked
detestable
Actions
,
but
after
he
had
adopted
him
,
she
took
very
great
care
for
his
Preservation
,
and
afterwards
advised
him
very
prudently
in
Governing
and
Reforming
,
and
at
last
died
very
Aged
,
and
was
consecrated
.
When
the
Soldiers
were
worsted
by
Macrinus's
,
she
descended
from
a
Tower
where
she
beheld
the
Fight
,
run
amongst
them
with
Elagabalus
on
Horse
back
,
and
by
Perswasions
and
Reproaches
rallied
them
again
and
won
the
Fight
.
3.
Alexianus
Marcellus
,
called
afterwards
Bassianus
,
in
favor
of
Caracalla
,
whom
he
was
not
unwilling
should
be
thought
to
be
his
Father
rather
than
Varius
Genec●…s
〈◊〉
a
Sy●…an
.
But
being
Emperor
he
was
called
M
〈◊〉
Severus
(
in
honor
of
those
two
〈◊〉
,
)
Alexander
,
changing
Alexianus
into
Alexander
,
in
Honor
of
Alexander
the
Great
,
in
whose
Temple
,
on
whose
Birth-day
he
was
born
at
Ar●…na
,
whom
he
desired
to
imitate
,
and
i●…
he
could
,
to
equal
.
He
was
born
A.
C.
207.
reigned
thirteen
Years
,
seven
Months
,
seventeen
Days
,
and
was
slain
by
Maximinus
at
the
Age
of
twenty
nine
Years
.
He
was
of
a
vivacious
Spirit
,
which
appeared
by
his
bright
and
sparkling
Eyes
,
which
they
who
looked
upon
him
were
not
able
stedfastly
to
behold
;
and
by
the
Subtilty
and
Piercingness
of
his
Spirit
many
were
perswaded
that
there
was
somewhat
more
than
Human
in
him
.
He
was
excellently
●…arned
in
most
kinds
of
good
Literature
,
be●…g
of
an
excellent
Wit
and
Memory
.
He
was
Wise
,
Moderate
,
Prudent
,
Just
,
Merciful
,
be●…ved
and
reverenced
of
all
good
Men
,
though
〈◊〉
seve●…
a
Justicer
that
the
Colour
came
in
his
face
,
and
his
Choler
was
stirred
,
even
to
vomit●…g
,
at
the
sight
of
a
corrupt
Judge
;
yet
was
not
Cruel
,
nor
ever
put
to
death
any
who
was
not
condemned
by
the
Senate
.
So
Pious
that
●…e
adjugded
a
Tavern
in
Controversie
betwixt
●…he
Christians
for
a
Church
,
and
the
Host
to
〈◊〉
Christians
,
saying
,
That
it
was
much
better
●…od
should
be
served
there
,
in
any
manner
,
than
it
●…ould
be
a
place
of
Debauchery
:
He
also
worshipped
Christ
and
Abraham
amongst
his
Lares
or
private
Gods
,
and
made
use
of
Sentences
of
Scripture
which
he
had
learned
up
and
down
.
Though
accused
by
the
Soldiers
and
such
People
as
under
the
last
Emperors
were
only
enriched
,
of
Avarice
;
yet
was
it
necessary
,
after
the
Commonwealth
was
so
exhausted
by
those
Prodigies
,
that
good
Husbandry
should
recover
it
;
and
he
began
the
Reformation
in
himself
,
retrenching
all
Superfluity
at
his
Table
,
Utensils
,
Cloths
,
of
which
all
he
used
were
very
ordinary
and
of
common
sort
;
he
sold
all
his
Jewels
,
applied
the
Taxes
and
Paiments
of
the
Cities
toward
the
Reparation
of
their
publick
Places
;
set
up
Manufactures
,
lent
Money
to
Poor
People
,
he
repaired
the
Ruins
of
all
the
ancient
Buildings
,
and
put
not
his
Name
upon
any
of
them
;
and
erected
many
new
.
He
gave
four
Congiaries
to
the
People
,
and
a
quantity
of
Oil
promised
by
Severus
.
When
a
Governer
returned
from
his
Charge
,
if
he
had
done
well
,
he
thanked
him
in
the
name
of
the
Commonwealth
,
used
him
with
all
possible
Honor
,
and
rewarded
him
Nobly
.
He
reduced
the
Taxes
to
a
third
part
,
repaired
many
Cities
and
Temples
ruined
with
Earth-quakes
;
settled
Salaries
for
the
Professors
of
Sciences
,
and
the
Nourishment
of
such
Poor
Children
as
were
willing
and
fit
for
Study
.
Would
often
Chide
virtuous
Persons
who
had
served
the
Common-wealth
fo●…
not
asking
somewhat
of
him
;
founded
and
endued
many
Hospitals
for
such
Children
as
had
thei●…
Patrimonies
ruined
in
the
Wars
.
For
these
an●…
such-like
Actions
the
Comedians
,
Calumniators
,
and
other
wicked
Courtiers
,
and
especially
the
Soldiers
accustomed
to
the
Profuseness
of
Caracalla
and
Elagab
.
hated
him
extremely
;
as
likewise
because
he
endeavored
to
reform
their
Discipline
exceedingly
corrupted
,
that
he
with
great
Courage
and
Dexterity
,
cashiered
a
Legio●…
sometimes
all
at
once
which
was
incorrigible
.
And
Maximinus
,
(
offended
with
him
for
a
just
Reproof
given
him
by
the
Emperor
for
some
indiscreet
Actions
in
the
Parthian
War
,
(
wherein
Severus
,
though
with
great
Loss
,
so
suppressed
and
abated
the
Fury
of
the
Parthian
,
that
he
stirred
not
in
many
Years
afterwards
)
taking
occasion
upon
it
,
)
perswaded
the
Soldiers
to
Murther
him
,
which
they
most
vilely
and
wickedly
did
near
Ments
in
Germany
:
Thus
died
the
Repairer
of
the
almost
ruined
Commonwealth
,
the
Stay
of
Justice
,
the
Reformer
of
the
Soldiers
,
the
Refuge
of
the
Poor
;
and
who
for
good
Government
had
no
equal
amongst
all
the
Emperors
;
he
did
nothing
without
the
Advice
of
twenty
of
the
Prudentest
,
most
experienced
Persons
in
the
Commonwealth
.
When
the
Legions
mutined
in
the
East
,
and
threatned
to
kill
him
,
with
wonderful
Courage
he
commanded
them
to
lay
down
their
Arms
and
Disband
.
When
Camillus
would
have
made
himself
Emperor
,
he
accorded
to
him
that
Honor
at
his
Table
,
and
every
other
Place
,
carrying
him
along
to
the
Wars
with
him
,
and
inviting
him
to
take
pains
,
&c.
according
to
his
Example
;
which
so
wearied
Camillus
that
he
desired
leave
to
retire
,
and
so
did
.
He
changed
all
Elagab's
Officers
,
which
he
had
set
in
all
the
Empire
.
He
forbad
all
vicious
Persons
to
salute
and
come
to
him
;
but
good
Men
he
visited
even
in
their
own
Houses
,
especially
when
Sick
.
To
Courtiers
and
Smoak-sellers
he
was
an
implacable
Enemy
;
stifling
one
of
them
with
Smoak
because
he
Sold
Smoak
.
He
would
not
have
any
Panegyrick
made
in
his
Praise
.
Severus
and
Maesa
℞
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
&c.
Bona
for
tuna
sive
Tucca
Terebentinorum
Carthaginensium
:
Fortune
with
a
Globe
,
Scepter
and
Wheel
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
was
the
Name
of
a
Town
which
worshipped
Fortune
,
which
they
here
apply
to
Maesa
,
by
whose
Conduct
Severus
came
to
the
Empire
.
A
Lectisternium
to
Fortune
,
as
giving
her
thanks
for
the
Empire
.
Severus
Alex.
without
a
Garland
.
℞
.
Alex.
the
Great
's
Effigy
,
a
sign
of
the
great
Honor
and
Devotion
he
bore
to
him
.
A
Garland
of
Gold
within
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
&c.
Chrysanthina
Sardianorum
ter
Neocororum
.
The
Sardians
,
as
Neocori
made
Games
and
Wrestlings
in
Honor
of
Sev.
Alex.
called
Chrysanthina
,
and
sent
him
this
Crown
of
Gold
made
in
fashion
of
Leaves
(
probably
of
the
Plant
and
Flower
Chrysanthis
,
)
these
Games
probably
instituted
by
Chrysanthas
,
a
great
Commander
of
Cyrus
the
Great
,
famous
for
his
great
Services
to
him
,
whom
he
set
over
Lydia
and
Ionia
,
after
the
Example
of
Cyrus
himself
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
Tenos
was
an
Isle
one
of
the
Cyclades
)
a
Trident
charged
with
a
Serpent
.
In
that
Isle
Neptune
was
worshipped
under
the
Epithete
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Neptune
also
brought
Storks
amongst
them
〈◊〉
devour
their
trouble-some
Serpents
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
The
Zacinthyans
,
(
Zante
now
the
Isle
is
called
)
a
Colony
of
the
Ionians
,
were
very
idle
and
effeminate
Persons
,
given
much
to
Plays
and
Dances
,
one
of
which
is
here
represented
,
i.
e.
Diana
,
as
surprising
the
Satyrs
;
and
old
drunken
Maron
Dancing
about
one
of
her
Nymphs
lying
asleep
.
〈◊〉
His
Wife
was
(
Sulpitia
)
Memmia
,
Daughter
Sulpitius
Marcianus
,
a
Person
of
great
Reputation
,
Power
,
and
a
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
in
also
to
the
Emperor
.
Mamaea
being
offended
that
she
took
the
Name
of
Augusta
,
caused
her
to
be
banished
;
wherefore
her
Father
being
Angry
,
endeavored
to
raise
a
Mutiny
amongst
the
Soldiers
against
the
Emperor
,
for
which
he
was
put
to
death
.
Monsieur
Seguin
(
as
Morellus
saith
)
discovered
S.
Barbiam
Orbianam
to
have
been
the
Wife
of
Alex.
Severus
.
He
had
a
Sister
called
Theoclia
,
whom
he
would
have
married
to
Maximus
Son
of
Maximinus
,
had
it
not
been
for
the
barbarousness
of
the
Father
,
which
exasperated
his
Father
against
him
.
Afterwards
she
was
married
so
Messala
Son
of
Silius
Messala
,
put
to
death
by
Elagabale
.
Julia
Mamaea
(
Mother
to
Sev.
Alex.
)
was
at
first
instructed
by
Origen
and
the
Christians
,
but
afterwards
fell
into
divers
Heresies
that
taught
her
to
conceal
,
next
to
counterfeit
,
and
and
lastly
to
quit
all
Religion
;
and
give
her self
up
to
hoarding
of
Money
.
She
became
also
Proud
and
Haughty
,
by
which
Courses
she
brought
that
excellent
Emperor
into
Dis●…putation
;
he
strived
to
reform
and
restrain
her
,
but
could
not
;
she
having
got
so
great
Power
.
A
Medaillon
,
wherein
she
is
represented
as
having
somewhat
of
Isis
(
having
a
Peach
between
two
Leaves
on
her
Head
)
the
Moon
,
(
by
the
Crescent
)
Nature
,
(
by
her
Breasts
discovered
)
Concord
,
(
a
Cornucopia
)
Minerva
,
(
by
her
Nose-gay
of
Olive
and
Laurel
)
and
Victory
,
(
by
her
Wings
.
)
℞
.
Felicity
,
or
Maesa
Crowning
Mamaea
,
holding
a
Sacrificing
Platter
and
a
Scepter
.
Two
other
Figures
perhaps
of
Theoclia
and
Memmia
Col.
F.
Bostra
Alexandrea
.
Bostra
,
one
of
the
chiefest
Cities
of
Arabia
,
first
made
a
Colony
by
Trajan
,
afterwards
repaired
by
this
Emperor
.
A
Head
with
Towers
to
shew
its
Strength
,
Cornucopia
for
its
Plenty
,
and
a
Star
for
the
East
.
5.
Sulpitius
Martianus
,
Father-in-Law
to
Alex.
made
Caesar
by
him
.
V.
S.
Antoninns
,
was
by
the
Guards
,
who
had
slain
Ulpianus
,
set
up
;
but
he
refused
to
be
Emperor
,
and
going
away
lived
unknown
.
After
his
refusal
they
set
up
Uranius
.
In
the
East
one
Taurinus
set
up
himself
,
but
for
fear
drowned
himself
in
Euphrates
.
Ovinius
Camillus
also
rebelled
against
him
,
whom
Alex.
sent
for
,
carried
him
into
the
Senate
,
declared
him
his
Companion
,
communicated
Counsels
with
him
;
took
him
with
him
to
the
War
,
where
he
presently
grew
weary
,
and
disposed
to
kill
himself
;
which
the
Emperor
prevented
,
sending
him
to
his
own
House
with
a
Guard
of
Soldiers
;
but
afterwards
finding
that
he
practised
the
Soldiers
against
him
,
and
that
the
Soldiers
were
inclined
to
him
,
as
one
likely
to
let
them
do
what
they
list
,
he
was
put
to
death
.
CHAP.
XV.
Of
Julius
Verus
Maximinus
and
Maximus
.
1.
C.
Julius
Verus
Maximinus
Son
of
Micca
and
Abaqua
,
the
one
a
Goth
the
other
an
Alain
,
born
in
a
Village
of
Thrace
about
A.
D.
173.
reigned
five
Years
more
or
less
,
was
slain
with
his
Son
Maximus
about
the
Age
of
sixty
five
Years
,
was
a
Gyant
in
Stature
,
Bulk
,
Strength
,
Force
,
Boldness
,
Eating
,
&c.
a
great
Enemy
to
Idleness
,
Filthiness
,
&c.
which
made
him
retire
under
Elagabale
;
but
otherwise
Impious
,
Sacrilegious
,
Ungrateful
in
the
highest
degree
to
his
Emperor
,
who
had
brought
him
from
his
Retreat
,
made
him
General
of
his
Armies
,
and
had
thoughts
of
Marrying
his
Sister
to
his
Son
;
Murdring
him
,
and
all
those
who
had
assisted
him
in
his
necessitous
and
low
Condition
;
Cruel
and
Avaritious
,
putting
to
death
all
Alexander's
Friends
and
Counsellors
,
all
the
chiefest
Christians
,
all
the
Eminentest
Persons
of
the
Commonwealth
to
get
their
Wealth
;
suborning
Accusers
,
Informers
and
Calumniators
against
them
:
an
incredible
number
of
whom
was
put
to
death
by
Pupienus
,
&c.
Inconsiderat
,
Rash
,
Imprudent
,
even
in
War
,
losing
by
his
ill
Conduct
an
Army
that
he
carried
against
the
Persians
,
and
at
last
his
Life
also
by
his
indiscreet
besieging
of
Aquileia
,
which
not
being
able
to
take
,
he
accused
his
Officers
,
and
put
most
of
them
to
death
,
which
made
the
whole
Army
rise
against
him
,
and
kill
him
and
his
Son
in
his
Tent.
Maximinus
and
his
Son
,
℞
.
Castor
and
Pollux
,
naked
on
foot
with
their
Bucklers
and
Javelins
.
Maximinus
and
Maximus
,
℞
.
Neptune
sitting
,
and
two
Tritons
who
were
the
Sons
of
Neptune
,
and
Salacia
BPOYZHN
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
N.
which
is
no
other
than
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
(
the
like
Letters
being
often
changed
one
into
another
)
a
City
of
Bithynia
upon
the
Sea
of
Propontis
.
His
Wife
probably
was
Paulina
,
a
good
Woman
,
aged
when
he
came
to
the
Empire
;
who
endeavored
to
perswade
him
from
that
Cruelty
he
used
,
and
was
sorry
when
he
committed
it
;
which
the
Tyrant
not
enduring
made
her
away
also
.
She
was
Consecrated
,
of
which
some
Medals
.
His
Son
was
C.
Jul.
Verus
Maximus
,
the
beautifullest
Person
of
his
time
,
and
withal
Chast
,
Liberal
,
and
not
Cruel
;
yet
Prouder
,
Statelier
,
than
his
Father
:
was
born
A.
D.
218.
and
was
slain
with
his
Father
about
twenty
one
Years
Old
.
Col
[
onia
]
Fl
[
avia
]
Pac
[
ifica
]
Diylt
[
um
]
a
City
in
Thrace
so
called
.
An
Apollo
.
He
was
betrothed
,
but
not
married
,
to
Junia
Fadilla
of
the
Family
of
Antoninus
Pius
,
as
it
should
seem
.
After
his
death
she
married
Toxotius
.
There
rebelled
against
Maximinus
,
Magnus
a
Commander
in
his
Army
,
whom
he
slew
,
and
with
him
four
thousand
Soldiers
unheard
.
Titus
Quartinus
,
General
of
the
Strangers
,
in
favor
of
Alexander
Severus
,
whom
a
private
Soldier
slew
,
and
cut
off
his
Head
.
His
Wife
was
Calphurnia
,
both
of
them
very
Wise
and
Virtuous
Persons
.
Also
Pompeianus
,
possibly
M.
Aur.
Cl.
Pompeianus
,
Grand-child
of
M.
Aurel.
Anto.
chosen
by
the
Senate
after
Gordian's
death
,
he
died
suddenly
two
Months
after
his
Election
.
CHAP.
XVI
.
Of
M.
Anton.
Gordianus
,
Father
and
Son
.
§
.
1.
M.
Anton.
Gordianus
,
Son
of
Mettias
Marullus
,
and
Ulpia
Gordiana
,
was
born
A.
D.
158.
reigned
eighteen
Months
and
hanged
himself
,
because
his
Son
was
defeated
and
slain
,
through
Despair
,
being
above
eighty
Years
Old
.
He
was
exceedingly
Noble
,
Rich
and
Learned
;
was
also
of
very
good
Reputation
for
Prudence
,
Moderation
,
Sobriety
,
Neatness
,
Liberality
and
Magnanimity
.
He
was
proclaimed
Emperor
being
absent
at
Thysdrum
in
Africk
his
Government
,
utterly
against
his
will
;
nor
did
he
accept
of
it
,
till
constrained
by
force
.
He
associated
his
Son
to
him
,
and
sent
him
with
a
new
raised
Army
against
Capellianus
,
who
headed
the
Army
of
Maximin
,
by
whom
he
was
slain
;
which
the
old
Man
hearing
,
rather
than
come
into
the
Hands
of
his
Enemy
,
hanged
himself
:
Both
their
Bodies
were
(
as
they
were
a
Transporting
to
Rome
to
their
Sepulchres
)
drowned
in
the
Sea
.
His
Wife
was
Fadia
Orestilla
,
Daughter
of
Annius
Severus
,
of
the
Family
of
Antoninus
.
§
.
2.
M.
Antoninus
Gordianus
their
Son
was
born
A.
D.
192.
and
slain
about
forty
six
Years
Old
,
was
a
Man
of
very
good
Understanding
,
Honesty
,
Integrity
,
Civility
,
but
not
used
to
Wars
;
and
besides
much
given
to
Pleasure
,
for
he
married
not
but
kept
many
Concubines
;
he
was
Bald
,
and
of
a
long
Visage
,
by
which
only
his
Medals
are
distinguished
from
his
Fathers
.
His
Sister
was
Mettia
Faustina
,
married
to
Julius
Balbus
.
CHAP.
XVII
.
Of
D.
Caelius
Balbinus
.
M.
Clodius
Pupienus
.
Ant.
Gordianus
.
1.
D.
Caelius
Balbinus
was
born
A.
D.
179.
reigned
about
a
Year
,
and
with
Pupienus
was
slain
by
the
Soldiers
about
the
Age
of
sixty
Years
,
was
of
a
noble
Family
,
very
Rich
,
Prudent
,
Cheerful
,
Bountiful
,
Sincere
,
peaceful
Disposition
.
He
was
esteemed
a
great
Politian
,
having
governed
many
Provinces
with
great
Reputation
;
but
not
experienced
in
War
;
therefore
there
was
joined
to
him
Pupienus
,
a
severe
warlike
Person
;
these
two
falling
to
despise
one
another
,
and
both
of
them
the
young
Gordian
,
together
with
some
discontents
which
the
Soldiers
received
about
their
Election
,
made
the
Soldiers
kill
them
both
.
Foelicitas
temporum
.
Three
Obelisques
dedicated
to
him
,
Pupienus
and
Gordianus
.
Two
Hands
joined
,
(
Balbinus
and
Pupienus
)
Patres
Senatus
.
2.
M.
Clod.
Pupienus
Maximus
,
Son
of
Maximus
and
Prima
,
was
born
A.
D.
175.
reigned
about
one
Year
and
was
slain
,
aged
seventy
four
Years
;
was
of
a
severe
Countenance
,
Sober
,
Just
,
Chast
,
Clement
,
Pardoning
as
soon
as
any
demanded
it
;
not
Cholerick
,
Prudent
in
Affairs
;
very
Valiant
,
Experienced
,
and
Fortunate
in
Wars
:
Loved
by
the
Senate
,
and
feared
for
his
Severity
by
the
People
;
who
therefore
Mutining
,
would
not
be
appeased
till
Gordianus
also
was
joined
with
them
.
He
presently
went
against
Maximin
,
and
by
Prudent
managing
his
Affairs
,
destroyed
him
.
Jovi
Ultori
.
Jupiter
naked
marching
with
a
Whip
in
his
Hand
,
either
against
the
Gyant
Maximin
,
or
the
Persians
,
whither
Pupienus
designed
to
go
;
as
if
the
God
of
the
Romans
,
Jupiter
,
had
taken
the
Whip
out
of
the
Hand
of
the
Sun
,
the
Persian
God
.
A.
K.
M.
K.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
℞
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
&c.
Tarsi
Metropolis
Amano
idicae
Ciliciae
Secundo
Anno.
A
Sea-Monster
,
or
Deity
playing
on
a
Shell
,
with
a
Stern
and
Dolphin
above
perhaps
Amphitrite
,
the
Wife
of
Neptune
,
perswaded
to
marry
him
by
the
Dolphin
.
The
Stern
signifying
some
Supreme
Power
,
her
Trumpet
or
Shell
to
call
and
give
orders
to
the
Sea
to
Ebb
and
Flow
,
Calm
,
&c.
3.
M.
Anton.
(
called
both
Antonius
and
Antoninus
)
Gordianus
Son
of
Gordianus
the
African
,
or
(
as
some
say
)
of
his
Sister
,
was
born
A.
D.
226.
reigned
six
Years
,
was
Murdered
by
the
Treason
of
Philippus
at
the
Age
of
twenty
two
Years
,
was
nobly
descended
,
very
well
inclined
,
Knowing
,
Eloquent
,
defective
in
nothing
but
Age
,
and
exceedingly
beloved
of
all
Men
;
till
giving
himself
to
his
Pleasures
,
his
Eunuchs
and
Courtiers
took
Licence
to
do
many
Injustices
.
But
after
he
married
Tranquillina
the
Daughter
of
Misitheus
,
an
upright
,
wise
,
and
experienced
Man
,
he
was
guided
wholly
by
his
Counsels
,
and
first
chased
away
those
Vermin
of
Courtiers
,
and
set
good
Men
in
Command
:
and
prospered
mightily
,
reducing
Sabinianus
a
Rebel
,
and
Conquering
the
Persians
,
till
Misitheus
dying
,
the
Traytor
Philip
turning
,
by
many
Artifices
,
the
Army
against
Gordianus
,
at
last
Murdered
him
:
He
was
afterwards
Consecrated
.
Col.
Tyr.
Metrop
.
Ambrocie
Petre.
Two
Rocks
,
a
Cup
with
Fire
and
a
Purple
Fish
.
U.
S.
Two
Stones
near
Tyrus
,
of
which
many
Stories
.
Serapis
with
his
Basket
and
a
Garland
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Carrae
,
a
City
in
Mesopotamia
,
after
his
Persian
Victory
,
set
up
(
it
should
seem
)
a
Statue
in
Honor
of
Gordian
as
to
Mars
Romanus
;
before
which
they
Sacrificed
upon
an
Altar
.
A
Cybele
and
Crescent
the
Gods
worshipped
in
all
those
Countries
,
being
the
Dea
Syria
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Apollo
in
habit
of
a
Goddess
with
his
Tripos
,
Snake
,
Crow
,
&c.
being
much
worshipped
there
,
though
rendring
Oracles
only
in
Winter
,
and
in
Summer
at
Delos
.
About
Patera
he
was
born
,
where
,
when
he
was
young
a
little
Girl
brought
him
in
a
Box
divers
sorts
of
Sweet-meats
;
which
the
Wind
taking
from
her
,
carried
into
the
Sea
,
which
cast
them
up
not
far
thence
,
where
they
built
Patera
,
after
the
name
of
the
Box
;
which
is
marked
by
the
Crow
sitting
upon
a
Box
in
the
Medal
.
Or
it
may
be
the
Box
signifies
Ointment
and
Medicines
,
in
which
Lycia
abounded
.
and
of
which
Apollo
the
God
of
Health
makes
use
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
B.
N.
bis
Neocorus
Ao
1
o
Gordiani
here
designed
very
young
with
a
Mountain
upon
his
Head
,
as
the
Sovereign
Genius
of
that
famous
Mountain
Argaeus
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
The
Emperor
and
Empress
as
taking
Palms
to
bestow
on
the
Victors
at
their
Games
,
in
the
Front
of
a
Temple
under
a
Hill
,
representing
the
Situation
of
Nicomedia
.
Gordian
and
Asgarus
:
Asgarus
probably
acknowledging
the
Resettlement
of
him
in
his
Kingdom
,
or
some
part
of
it
to
Gordian
.
The
Ox
,
Mnevis
,
with
a
Peach
upon
his
Head
,
and
a
Garland
about
his
Neck
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
;
perhaps
some
great
Body
of
the
Ephesians
dwelling
at
Alexandria
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Seleucia
in
Cilicia
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
&c.
Bacchius
Panegyricus
Apameorum
[
Phrygiae
]
situated
upon
two
Rivers
,
Marsyas
or
Lycus
and
Maeander
,
grown
bigger
with
Orga
or
Orba
,
newly
received
into
its
Channel
;
Marsyas
holding
a
Flute
in
his
Hand
,
because
there
grows
in
him
a
certain
Reed
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
the
word
signifying
a
〈◊〉
)
which
being
shaken
with
the
Wind
makes
excellent
Melody
,
or
perhaps
of
which
Flutes
were
made
.
Marsyas
also
was
the
first
that
invented
that
Instrument
,
on
which
he
plaid
so
cunningly
,
that
he
challenged
Apollo
with
his
Harp
,
who
overcoming
him
fleaed
him
alive
;
for
whom
the
Nymphs
and
Satyrs
were
so
grieved
,
that
they
increased
his
small
Stream
with
their
Tears
into
a
River
.
Diana
of
the
Ephesians
worshipped
also
at
Apamea
,
and
all
the
Country
thereabout
:
The
two
Nymphs
also
represent
the
Situation
of
the
City
between
two
Mountains
and
these
two
Rivers
;
one
of
them
having
in
her
Hand
a
Rock
with
a
Cave
,
whence
issueth
the
River
Marsyas
.
What
the
Letters
signifie
is
not
known
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Hypaepenorum
Praetore
Ant.
Tauro
Anno
primo
.
Hypaepis
a
Town
of
Lydia
.
Gordianus
.
℞
.
a
Woman
crowned
with
Towers
sitting
upon
Rocks
,
at
her
Feet
the
River
Tygris
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Singara
a
Town
in
Mesopotamia
,
whither
it
should
seem
Severus
transported
a
Colony
,
calling
it
Aurelia
,
because
of
his
great
Affection
and
Observance
to
M.
Aurelius
.
Gordianus
undertook
such
another
Expedition
into
these
places
,
as
Severus
had
done
before
.
His
Wife
was
Furia
Sabina
Tranquillina
,
of
whom
little
written
or
known
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Chalcedon
.
A
Swan
carrying
Apollo
up
to
Heaven
,
which
was
the
Form
under
which
the
Chalcedonians
worshipped
him
.
Against
this
Emperor
the
Carthaginians
chose
one
Sabinianus
,
whom
afterward
being
besieged
by
the
Emperor's
Army
,
they
delivered
up
into
his
hands
.
The
Senate
also
chused
Severus
Hostilianus
to
oppose
the
Violence
of
Philip
who
had
murthered
the
Emperor
,
but
Philip
advancing
before
Hostilianus
was
in
order
to
receive
him
,
he
either
slew
himself
,
or
by
ill
binding
his
Wound
,
after
letting
Blood
,
he
bled
to
Death
.
CHAP.
XVIII
.
Of
M.
Julius
Philippus
,
Father
and
Son
,
Carvil
.
Marinus
,
G.
Messius
Quintus
Trajanus
Decius
,
Q.
Hetruscus
Messius
Decius
,
Caius
Valens
Hostilianus
,
Messius
Quintus
,
C.
Julius
Valens
Hostilianus
,
C.
Vibius
Trebonianus
Gallus
,
C.
Vibius
Volusianus
,
C.
Julius
AEmylianus
.
1.
M.
Julius
Philippus
,
born
at
Bostra
,
his
Father
was
a
Famous
Captain
of
Robbers
,
his
name
Saturnius
,
reigned
about
five
Years
and
a
half
,
and
with
his
Son
was
slain
by
Decius
A.
D.
253.
an
Ambitious
,
Bloody
,
Traiterous
Person
;
and
a
Fighting
,
but
not
very
resolute
or
provident
Soldier
:
He
celebrated
with
great
Pomp
the
Ludi
Saeculares
,
and
was
slain
by
Decius
his
own
General
,
whom
he
had
sent
against
the
Rebels
.
Virtus
Augg.
the
two
Emperors
on
Horseback
:
Philip
desired
to
bring
that
Militia
into
request
above
foot
.
P
[
rovinciae
]
M
[
ysiae
]
S
[
uperioris
]
Col
[
onia
]
Uim
[
inacium
]
An.
VII
.
perhaps
Annona
VII
.
a
Goddess
(
the
City
)
between
a
Cow
for
a
Colony
,
and
a
Lyon
shewing
the
Valour
of
the
People
.
The
Heads
of
Jupiter
and
Bacchus
,
representing
the
two
Philips
.
Bacchus
being
born
in
Arabia
,
or
rather
unsowed
from
the
Thigh
of
his
Mother
Semele
.
Philip's
Head
.
℞
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
the
three
Furies
;
one
with
a
Serpent
and
Key
;
(
with
a
Key
perhaps
they
open
and
shut
Hell-gates
at
their
pleasure
,
)
another
with
two
Fire-brands
or
Torches
;
a
third
with
a
Sword
and
Whip
and
two
Dogs
.
—
Visaeque
canes
ululare
per
umbras
Adventante
Deâ
—
AEn.
6.
They
were
worshipped
in
divers
places
that
they
might
not
hurt
.
His
Wife
was
Marcia
Otacilla
Severa
,
a
Virtuous
,
Prudent
and
Chast
Woman
;
of
whom
little
known
,
save
that
some
say
she
was
a
Christian.
Provincia
Dacia
;
probably
her
Country
Transilvania
;
a
Woman
between
an
Eagle
and
Lyon
,
signifying
their
Faithfulness
to
the
Romans
,
and
their
Valor
.
His
Son
was
Caius
Saturnius
afterwards
called
M.
J.
Philippus
,
was
slain
in
the
Arms
of
his
Mother
at
twelve
Years
old
;
naturally
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
He
had
a
Sister
married
to
Sabinianus
.
Carvilius
Marinus
Governor
of
the
Legions
of
Pannonia
,
&c.
rebelled
against
Philip
;
who
sent
Decius
against
him
,
but
the
Soldiers
had
slain
him
before
;
and
perswaded
Decius
to
take
the
Empire
,
who
joyning
those
Rebels
to
his
own
Army
,
came
into
Italy
,
conquered
and
killed
Philip.
Seguin
hath
a
Coin
,
an
Head
with
an
Eagle
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
it
seems
Marinus
was
consecrated
,
either
by
the
Soldiers
repenting
of
their
Murther
,
or
in
hatred
to
Philip
,
whose
Vengeance
they
feared
;
or
by
Decius
,
thinking
by
this
means
to
gain
his
Soldiers
;
or
by
Philip
to
divert
from
himself
the
opinion
of
his
Murther
.
℞
.
Rome
sitting
with
a
Victory
on
her
Hand
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
S.
C.
Jotapianus
also
in
Syria
was
slain
by
his
Soldiers
.
Lucius
Priscus
,
Brother
to
Philip
,
Governor
of
Syria
,
after
his
Brothers
Death
,
set
up
for
himself
,
but
was
slain
by
the
Soldiers
.
2.
G.
Messius
Quintus
Trajanus
Decius
born
at
Bubalia
(
Buda
)
A.
D.
211.
reigned
about
two
Years
,
and
died
swallowed
in
a
Marish
as
he
was
flying
from
Cneva
King
of
the
Goths
;
he
was
a
prudent
Person
able
to
govern
a
great
Empire
,
by
reason
of
his
Experience
,
Vigilant
,
Couragious
,
not
Ambitious
,
Fair-conditioned
;
but
a
cruel
Persecutor
of
the
Christians
,
insomuch
that
he
slew
a
Kings
Son
,
an
Hostage
in
his
Court
,
only
because
he
saw
him
frequent
the
Christians
Church
.
The
Arabians
were
so
implacably
offended
with
him
,
that
to
keep
them
in
order
(
since
he
could
not
send
an
Army
against
them
)
he
caused
many
Lyons
,
as
also
Serpents
of
both
Sexes
to
be
brought
out
of
Lybia
and
sent
amongst
them
.
Dacia
,
A
Woman
with
an
Ass's
Head
upon
a
Spear
.
Dacia
contains
Transilvania
,
Moldavia
,
and
Walachia
;
the
People
were
called
Getae
by
the
Greeks
;
they
carried
an
Ass's
Head
as
their
chief
Ensign
before
the
Battel
,
intimating
their
Constancy
and
Fearlesness
of
Death
,
their
Sufferance
also
,
&c.
also
a
Sign
of
good
Luck
.
CE
II.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Septimia
Colonia
Rhesaenesiorum
.
Anno
1.
A
City
in
Mesopotamia
near
the
River
Aborus
,
made
a
Colony
by
Sept.
Severus
.
His
Wife
was
Herennia
Sallustia
Barbia
Orbiana
,
of
whom
little
is
written
;
and
very
few
Medals
found
;
tho
others
say
that
she
was
the
Wife
of
Alex.
Severus
,
and
that
Decius's
Wife
was
Herennia
Etruscilla
.
His
Son
was
L.
Herennius
Hetruscus
Messius
Decius
,
made
by
his
Father
Caesar
at
the
beginning
of
his
Empire
,
and
Augustus
when
he
took
him
with
him
in
his
Expedition
against
the
Goths
;
where
he
was
slain
with
an
Arrow
valiantly
fighting
in
the
Van-guard
;
which
being
related
to
his
Father
,
he
said
,
the
loss
of
one
Soldier
was
no
great
matter
.
Pietas
Augg.
☿
without
wings
,
as
being
continually
to
reside
with
the
Emperors
,
and
not
to
return
to
Heaven
;
with
a
Purse
,
as
if
all
their
Piety
was
for
Interest
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
&c.
Sub
Praetore
Glycone
Theologo
●ergamenorum
primorum
Neocororum
.
AEsculapius
under
the
Countenance
of
young
Decius
,
and
Juno
Pronuba
or
Nuptialis
,
in
Honor
of
the
Marriage
of
this
young
Prince
,
carrying
two
Torches
,
as
Mother
of
the
Sun
and
Moon
;
as
also
the
Mother
,
or
at
least
the
next
Kindred
,
carried
Torches
before
the
Bride
;
and
a
Veil
wrought
only
by
the
Hands
of
Chaste
and
Fruitful
Matrons
.
His
Wife
,
the
Martyrologies
say
,
was
Tryphonia
,
a
Christian
Woman
who
suffered
Martyrdom
(
as
is
supposed
)
under
Valerian
.
3.
Caius
Valens
Hostilianus
Messius
Quintus
seems
to
be
the
Son
of
Severus
Hostilianus
Caesar
,
before
Philippus
;
he
received
the
names
of
Messius
Quintus
by
the
Adoption
of
Decius
,
who
married
to
him
his
Daughter
Gneia
Seia
Sallustia
Barbia
Orbiana
;
and
left
him
to
govern
Rome
and
Italy
whilst
he
went
against
the
Goths
:
Decius
thus
providing
to
settle
the
Empire
in
his
Family
;
but
was
deceived
,
the
Pestilence
taking
away
Hostilianus
about
the
same
time
the
Decii
were
slain
by
the
Goths
.
His
Wife
was
Gneia
Seia
,
&c.
not
Herennia
as
her
Mother
was
called
.
Caius
Julius
Valens
Licinianus
seems
to
be
the
Brother
of
Hostilianus
;
him
the
People
,
seeing
the
Decii
were
dead
,
perswaded
to
be
Emperor
;
who
going
into
Illyricum
to
fight
against
Gallus
,
was
abandoned
and
slain
by
his
Soldiers
.
The
Senate
also
chused
Hostil
.
Perpenna
Licinianus
,
of
the
same
Family
,
who
was
also
after
a
while
taken
away
by
the
Plague
.
4.
C.
Vibius
Trebonianus
Gallus
,
was
born
Anno
Christi
207.
was
with
his
Son
Volusianus
made
Emperor
in
the
Isle
Meninge
or
Girba
,
reigned
about
two
Years
six
Months
,
was
slain
by
AEmilianus
at
the
Age
of
Forty
seven
Years
;
seems
to
have
married
Hostilia
Severa
Daughter
of
Severus
Hostilianus
,
and
his
Son
Volusianus
to
have
married
Herennia
Hetruscilla
Daughter
of
Decius
;
so
that
Decius
could
not
trust
any
Man
better
to
go
against
the
Goths
,
who
had
seized
upon
Philippopolis
in
Thrace
;
nor
is
it
probable
what
many
Authors
say
,
that
Gallus
betrayed
Decius
into
the
Hands
of
the
Goths
,
shewing
them
what
was
to
be
done
to
ruine
Decius
;
but
rather
that
Decius
was
Ruined
by
his
own
Rashness
,
constraining
the
Goths
to
fight
with
him
upon
Disadvantages
,
for
hastily
and
disorderly
pursuing
them
through
a
Marsh
,
they
turned
Head
and
destroyed
him
;
but
Gallus
gathering
the
Relicks
of
the
Army
,
and
what
more
Men
he
could
get
together
,
put
himself
speedily
in
a
condition
to
fight
them
;
but
because
of
the
Persians
then
Invading
,
and
the
Plague
within
ruining
,
the
Empire
,
he
chose
rather
to
make
them
a
Bridge
of
Gold
,
and
send
them
away
with
a
〈◊〉
of
Money
;
which
though
Dishonorable
,
yet
was
then
a
necessary
Composition
.
Returning
to
Rome
,
he
began
to
make
Preparation
against
the
Persians
,
who
had
taken
and
pillaged
as
far
as
Antioch
;
mean
while
AEmylianus
,
left
by
him
Governor
in
Pannonia
,
practised
the
Soldiers
against
him
,
who
●…lew
him
and
his
Son
at
Interamna
(
Tarni
)
as
he
was
marching
against
the
Persians
.
Junoni
Martiali
,
the
Mother
of
Mars
,
and
also
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Fortitude
presiding
over
Arms
;
whence
by
the
Falisci
called
Curitis
▪
from
Curis
,
signifying
a
Spear
.
Juno
sitting
with
a
pair
of
Sizers
,
or
some
such
thing
in
her
Hand
;
if
Sizers
,
it
denotes
the
Custom
that
Men
had
to
cut
off
,
and
cleanse
themselves
from
,
their
Hair
before
her
Images
;
or
because
Sizers
are
the
chiefest
and
most
ordinary
Tools
of
Womens
labor
.
Apollini
Salutari
,
because
the
Emperors
took
great
care
to
free
the
Empire
from
the
Contagion
that
reigned
,
they
were
called
Apollines
Salutares
.
His
Wife
was
Hostilia
Severa
,
of
whom
we
find
nothing
.
In
Sir
J.
Cotton's
Library
is
a
small
broken
Coin
,
with
OCTIA
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
probably
this
Woman
.
5.
C.
Vibius
Volusianus
,
little
noted
,
except
for
a
great
Persecutor
of
the
Christians
,
and
his
care
for
Interring
such
as
died
of
the
Plague
.
Was
●…ain
with
his
Father
.
His
Wife
seems
to
be
Herennia
Hetruscilla
,
of
whom
little
is
spoken
;
yet
there
are
some
Me●…als
both
of
her
Husband
and
her self
,
but
easie
●…o
be
understood
.
6.
C.
Julius
AEmylianus
,
called
by
Victor
AEmilius
AEmilianus
,
was
a
Moor
,
and
born
about
A.
D.
214.
reigned
about
four
Months
,
and
was
slain
in
his
Palace
at
Spoleto
about
forty
six
Years
old
,
got
the
Emp●…
by
Treachery
and
Ingratitude
,
kept
it
without
any
Reputation
,
and
lost
it
shamefully
,
being
by
the
Senate
declared
publick
Enemy
,
and
sending
to
Valerianus
then
with
the
Gaulish
Legions
offering
to
make
him
Emperor
if
he
would
destroy
AEmilianus
;
which
he
understanding
offered
to
lay
down
the
Empire
,
so
that
he
might
command
the
Army
against
the
Persians
;
but
Valerian
would
not
Capitulate
with
,
but
slew
,
him
.
Votis
decennalibus
S.
C.
the
Senate
made
solemn
Prayers
that
it
would
please
the
Gods
to
grant
him
a
Reign
of
Ten
Years
,
when
they
would
renew
them
again
.
CHAP.
XIX
.
Of
P.
Licinius
Valerianus
,
M.
Cyriades
,
Ingenuus
,
Q.
Nonius
Regilianus
,
M.
Fulvius
Macrianus
,
(
Father
and
Son
)
Quietus
,
Balista
,
Odenatus
,
Moeonius
,
Herodes
,
Valens
,
Piso
,
AEmylianus
,
Saturninus
,
Trebellianus
,
Celsus
,
Victorinus
.
§
.
1.
P.
Licinius
Valerianus
,
Sirnamed
Colobius
,
Son
of
Valerius
Licin
.
Gallienus
was
born
A.
C.
184.
reigned
about
seven
Years
,
was
taken
Prisoner
at
Cesarea
by
Sapor
King
of
Persia
,
and
afterwards
cruelly
flea'd
to
death
at
seventy
six
Years
old
.
Notwithstanding
what
some
Authors
say
,
he
seems
to
have
been
a
Man
of
great
Valor
,
Prudence
and
Conduct
,
of
great
Experience
and
an
Exemplary
Life
;
being
by
Decius
made
Censor
,
an
Office
usually
annexed
to
the
Emperor's
Person
,
and
partaker
of
the
greatest
Charges
of
the
Empire
;
and
was
in
such
Reputation
that
he
was
generally
desired
by
all
Men
to
be
Emperor
.
At
first
he
ceased
the
Persecution
raised
against
the
Christians
,
and
employed
them
very
much
;
afterwards
by
the
perswasion
of
a
certain
Magician
,
he
began
a
most
violent
and
inhuman
Persecution
against
them
;
using
also
most
devillish
Sacrifices
and
Practises
,
for
which
causes
God
Almighty
(
it
seems
)
gave
him
up
into
the
Hands
of
the
Persians
.
For
many
of
his
Lieutenants
being
by
them
beaten
,
and
the
East
Country
much
ruined
by
the
Plague
and
the
Wars
;
he
was
forced
to
go
in
Person
,
where
Fighting
,
his
Army
was
ruined
,
and
himself
taken
Prisoner
,
and
laden
with
Chains
in
his
Robes
,
was
forced
to
be
a
Foot-stool
to
the
Persian
when
he
got
on
Horse-back
,
for
many
Years
together
,
and
at
last
flea'd
alive
.
Col
[
lonia
]
Julia
Augusta
Felix
Helvia
(
Lilybeum
in
Sicily
)
certamina
Sacra
Capitolina
OEcumenica
Iselastica
Helvia
.
Three
Vessels
with
Palms
in
them
,
Prizes
for
the
Victors
.
OEcumenica
probably
because
free
for
all
Nations
to
come
,
and
all
sorts
of
Exercises
.
Iselastica
,
because
the
Victors
were
drawn
in
a
Chariot
of
four
Horses
into
their
own
Town
,
and
received
a
certain
Stipend
from
the
Emperors
called
therefore
Iselasticum
.
Coloniae
Tyro
Metropoli
:
Tyre
made
Metropolitan
of
Phoenicia
by
Hadrian
,
and
a
Colony
by
Sept.
Severus
.
A
Man
upon
a
Gate
with
a
Goddess
,
the
Sun
,
&c.
hard
to
be
understood
except
it
refer
to
the
Story
of
the
Slaves
,
who
having
all
but
one
(
Straton
)
slain
their
Masters
,
ordered
that
he
should
be
King
who
saw
first
the
Sun
arising
;
Straton
,
by
the
Advice
of
his
Master
,
looked
Westwards
upon
the
House-tops
,
&c.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
of
Julis
a
City
in
the
Isle
Ceum
;
Three
Nymphs
naked
,
perhaps
the
Graces
or
some
other
Nymphs
there
worshipped
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Diana
(
or
rather
Mariniana
)
like
Fortune
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Valerian's
Head
℞
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
The
God
Lunus
with
Horns
upon
his
Shoulders
,
an
Hunting
Spear
in
his
left
hand
,
a
Discus
or
some
such
thing
in
his
right
;
an
Oxe's
Head
at
his
Foot
.
Seguin
.
Some
Historians
say
that
he
had
two
Wives
,
by
the
first
whose
name
is
not
known
,
he
had
Gallienus
;
by
the
other
called
Mariniana
,
probably
the
〈◊〉
of
Carvilius
Marinus
,
Licinius
Valerianus
,
who
was
first
Caesar
and
afterwards
Augustus
;
after
her
death
she
was
Consecrated
,
of
which
there
are
Medals
.
2.
There
rebelled
against
Valerian
Marcus
Cyriades
the
Son
of
a
rich
Syrian
,
who
being
Antiochia
,
Caesarea
,
and
many
other
Places
,
slew
his
own
Father
,
called
himself
Augustus
;
and
was
at
length
slain
by
the
Treachery
of
his
own
Soldiers
.
Gallienus
,
after
the
departure
of
his
Father
,
Gallia
;
Ingenuus
General
in
Pannonia
rebelled
,
and
declared
himself
Augustus
,
against
whom
Gallienus
fought
near
Murcia
,
and
conquering
him
,
he
slew
himself
.
Q.
Nonius
Regilianus
gathered
up
in
Maesia
the
Rex
,
Regis
,
Regi
,
Regilius
,
Regilianus
,
as
if
thereby
destined
to
reign
:
Though
a
very
Valiant
,
and
against
the
Sarmatae
,
a
very
Fortunate
Captain
,
yet
Gallienus
came
upon
him
,
and
overcame
him
:
His
Soldiers
,
to
make
their
Peace
the
better
,
slew
him
.
He
was
consecrated
as
his
Medals
intimate
.
3.
M
Fulvius
Macrianus
,
by
his
Prudence
,
(
Balista
refusing
it
because
of
his
Age
)
Emperor
,
with
his
two
Sons
Macrianus
and
Quietus
.
Having
therefore
settled
the
East
as
well
as
he
could
,
he
left
Balista
and
Odenatus
to
fight
against
the
Persians
:
Himself
,
with
his
Son
Macrianus
,
and
an
Army
of
Forty
thousand
chosen
Men
,
came
for
Italy
;
but
in
Illyricum
were
fought
,
and
by
Aureolus
(
who
there
made
himself
Emperor
,
pretending
it
was
by
the
consent
of
Gallienus
)
and
his
Lieutenant-General
Domitius
Domitianus
.
they
were
vanquished
and
slain
.
M.
Fulvius
Macrianus
the
Son
,
was
for
his
extraordinary
C.
Fulvius
Quietus
,
being
left
in
the
East
with
Emesa
,
Balista
;
and
the
Emesians
slew
Quietus
after
their
Defeat
.
Servius
Anicius
Balista
,
Praefectus
Praetorii
to
Valerian
,
an
exceeding
prudent
,
valiant
Person
;
4.
Odenatus
was
first
General
of
the
Palmyrenians
,
Odenatus
had
Herodes
by
a
former
Wife
,
by
Zenobia
(
who
was
thought
consenting
to
the
Murther
,
that
her
Sons
might
come
to
the
Crown
)
Herennianus
and
Timolaus
.
Herodes
or
Herodianus
was
,
though
Valiant
,
altogether
unlike
his
Father
,
being
given
to
the
Luxury
and
Delicateness
of
the
Asiaticks
,
which
his
Father
bore
withall
very
much
,
giving
him
all
Sapor's
Concubines
and
Jewels
.
Some
Medals
of
them
both
,
(
that
is
,
Odenatus
and
Herodes
.
)
He
seems
to
have
had
a
Son
called
Hermias
Vaballathus
.
5.
P.
Valerius
Valens
,
a
wise
valiant
and
experienced
Lucius
Calpurnius
Piso
Frugi
of
the
Ancient
Tiberius
Cestius
Alexander
AEmylianus
was
Governor
of
Egypt
,
whither
Equites
only
were
sent
,
6.
Sextus
Julius
Saturninus
was
a
Person
of
C.
Annius
Trebellianus
was
first
chosen
Prince
C.
Titus
Cornelius
Celsus
,
having
a
long
time
,
with
great
Reputation
,
served
in
Africk
,
the
7.
M.
Piauvonius
Victorinus
,
Son
of
Victorina
Invictus
,
the
Sun
running
,
either
to
shew
Victorinus's
Celerity
in
his
Warlike
Enterprizes
,
or
his
design
to
go
into
the
East
;
whither
his
Mother
,
envious
of
the
Glory
of
Zenobia
,
urged
him
to
go
.
Saeculi
felicitas
,
Fortune
carrying
the
Infant
Platus
,
as
represented
at
Thebes
,
as
Pausanias
reporteth
in
his
ninth
Book
.
Shewing
,
that
by
Fortune's
favoring
the
Enterprizes
of
Victorinus
,
Riches
were
much
encreased
.
L.
A.
(
perhaps
Aurelius
)
Piauvonius
Victorinus
,
Son
of
the
other
,
was
made
Caesar
when
his
Father
was
made
Augustus
,
and
afterwards
Augustus
also
,
probably
slain
with
his
Father
.
A
Galley
I.
AASVI
.
what
the
meaning
is
,
is
not
known
.
CHAP.
XX.
Of
Licinius
Gallienus
,
Cornelius
Saloninus
Valerianus
,
Q.
Julius
Saloninus
Gallienus
,
P.
Licinius
Valerianus
.
§
.
1.
P.
Licinius
●…gnatius
Gallienus
,
born
A.
C.
219.
reigned
with
his
Father
near
seven
Years
,
and
eight
Years
alone
,
was
slain
about
the
Age
of
Fifty
Years
;
was
very
Courteous
and
Liberal
,
Quick
,
Ingenious
,
Easie
,
Learned
,
Eloquent
,
Vigilant
,
also
Circumspect
and
Valiant
;
but
very
Vindicative
,
putting
to
Death
Four
thousand
of
Ingenuus's
Soldiers
in
cold
Blood
;
very
Debauched
,
Wanton
,
and
given
to
his
Pleasures
;
which
he
unwillingly
left
when
he
was
to
go
upon
any
Exploit
:
He
ruined
Three
hundred
thousand
Goths
with
Ten
thousand
Men
;
he
conquered
also
Ingenuus
,
Regilianus
and
divers
other
Tyrants
;
but
Postumus
he
could
not
overcome
;
nor
did
he
pursue
his
Victories
against
the
Barbarians
,
nor
endeavor
to
redeem
his
Father
;
nothing
but
imminent
Danger
forcing
him
to
quit
his
Voluptuousness
and
Debauchery
:
And
as
he
neglected
to
provide
against
the
Goths
,
who
invaded
the
Empire
,
the
Officers
of
the
Army
slew
him
,
and
chose
Claudius
in
his
stead
;
wherewith
the
Soldiers
were
much
displeased
,
but
the
same
Officers
appeased
their
Mutiny
,
by
Money
distributed
amongst
them
.
Gallienus
,
as
the
Genius
of
the
City
of
Rome
,
℞
.
Intrans
S.
C.
Urbem
,
probably
when
made
Augustus
by
his
Father
,
and
sent
with
an
Army
to
protect
the
West
;
where
the
Barbarians
made
great
Spoil
even
in
Italy
it self
:
to
the
great
Affright
of
the
Romans
,
who
thought
themselves
secure
by
his
,
their
good
Genius's
,
entering
the
City
.
Gallienum
Aug.
(
possibly
to
be
supplied
SPQR
Statuâ
donavit
)
℞
.
ob
conservationem
salutis
;
he
endeavoring
to
remedy
the
great
Mortality
which
continued
in
his
time
.
Restit
.
Galliarum
;
probably
after
a
Battle
which
he
gained
against
Postumus
,
he
took
this
Title
;
Galliarum
were
the
three
Gallia's
,
Cisalpina
,
Narbonensis
,
Comata
.
Apollini
Cons.
Aug.
a
Centaure
shooting
:
Apollo
being
Famous
for
it
,
and
for
his
Horses
,
they
are
both
joyned
together
to
preserve
the
Emperor
from
the
Archers
of
the
Persians
on
Horseback
.
Leg
II.
Parthica
VII
.
(
Septimum
)
Pia.
VII
.
Felix
.
He
gave
these
Titles
to
his
Legions
as
often
as
they
did
him
Service
eminently
;
which
they
carried
also
in
their
Ensigns
;
and
was
a
gentile
Invention
to
engage
them
to
him
.
So
Leg
Mi
[
nervia
P
[
ia
F
[
elix
Vic
[
trix
.
Jovi
Cons.
Aug.
the
Amalthean
Goat
which
nourished
him
,
of
whose
Horn
he
made
the
Horn
of
abundance
,
of
her
Skin
his
AEgis
;
and
made
her self
a
Star
.
Soli
Cons.
Aug.
an
Ox
consecrated
to
Apollo
,
who
by
his
force
brings
forth
Pasturage
for
them
.
Mnevis
was
an
Ox
sacred
to
Jupiter
,
as
Apis
to
the
Moon
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
without
naming
him
Emperor
or
Aug.
℞
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
A
Mans
Head
altogether
unknown
,
probably
some
Kinsman
of
the
Emperor's
.
§
.
2.
His
Wife
was
Cnea
Cornelia
Salonina
Daughter
of
Attalus
,
and
before
called
Chrysogone
,
a
learned
Woman
,
and
Favorer
of
Plotinus
,
and
other
knowing
Persons
:
He
had
a
Concubine
dearly
beloved
of
him
,
called
Pipara
or
Pipa
,
Daughter
of
a
King
of
Germany
,
to
whom
he
gave
part
of
Pannonia
for
his
Daughter
.
Juno
Aug.
Salonina
,
in
the
Habit
of
Juno
with
a
Flower
(
Lilly
)
in
one
Hand
the
Flower
over
which
Juno
passing
conceived
Mars
,
and
which
signifieth
the
Chaste
Love
of
Man
and
Wife
;
and
a
Torch
in
the
other
.
AEquitas
publica
:
Three
Goddesses
with
Balances
and
Cornucopia's
,
expressing
the
Justice
of
the
Emperor
in
governing
the
three
parts
of
the
Empire
,
signified
Africk
by
Serapis
,
Asia
by
the
Sun
,
and
Europe
by
Salonina
.
Augusta
in
pace
.
Salonina
sitting
in
the
habit
of
Peace
.
Junoni
Cons.
Aug.
Stags
with
Horns
;
Dian
Hunting
spied
five
mighty
Stags
with
Golden
Horns
,
four
whereof
she
took
,
the
fifth
by
the
help
of
Juno
escaped
,
and
was
slain
by
Hercules
after
.
Deae
Segetiae
,
or
she
that
takes
care
of
the
Corn
after
it
appears
out
of
the
Earth
.
3.
Publius
Licinius
Cornelius
Saloninus
Valerianus
Son
of
Gallienus
and
Salonina
:
all
the
Medals
inscribed
P.
C.
Lic
.
Valerianus
Nob.
Caes.
are
of
this
Person
.
So
those
with
Pub.
Lic
.
Saloninus
Valerianus
Caes.
So
with
D.
Valeriano
Caesari
or
Divo
Caesari
Valeriano
,
was
of
a
good
Wit
,
but
given
to
his
Pleasures
as
much
as
his
Father
;
being
young
he
was
sent
to
Gallia
with
Albinus
,
yet
under
the
Command
of
Postumus
to
dispose
the
Legions
there
to
oppose
the
Goths
.
When
he
arrived
,
Postumus
had
defeated
the
Goths
,
and
recovered
from
them
a
very
great
Booty
;
which
Albinus
said
he
ought
to
have
presented
to
Saloninus
as
representing
his
Father
.
Postumus
,
provoked
by
the
Reproaches
of
that
Man
,
made
the
Soldiers
(
to
whom
he
had
distributed
a
great
part
of
it
)
to
Mutiny
,
and
bringing
them
before
Colen
,
the
Citizens
delivered
up
Saloninus
and
Albinus
into
his
hands
,
who
presently
put
them
to
death
,
and
proclaimed
himself
Augustus
.
Gallienus
Consecrated
his
Son
.
Dii
Nutritores
.
Jupiter
giving
a
Victory
to
his
Father
,
both
of
them
are
called
his
Nourishers
.
Jovi
Crescenti
Valerian
;
an
Infant
upon
a
Goat
,
it
being
their
Custom
first
to
set
them
upon
Sheep
and
Goats
,
and
afterwards
upon
Horses
.
Q.
Jul.
Saloninus
Gallienus
was
the
second
Son
of
Gallienus
;
little
known
of
him
,
the
Historians
confounding
him
with
his
Brother
,
only
their
Medals
shew
them
several
Persons
;
Some
Inscriptions
also
mention
a
Sister
they
had
called
Julia
Galla
,
who
being
possessed
with
the
Devil
,
was
dispossessed
by
S.
Zeno
Bishop
of
Verona
.
She
was
married
to
Serg.
Terentianus
Prefect
of
the
City
.
4
P.
Licinius
Valerianus
was
Brother
to
Gallienus
by
the
Father
,
but
not
the
Mother
:
He
was
made
Caesar
by
his
Father
,
and
Augustus
by
his
Brother
,
with
whom
he
was
also
slain
A.
C.
269.
for
as
Gallienus
and
he
were
Marching
against
Aureolus
,
the
Army
seeing
no
hopes
from
them
to
chace
away
the
Goths
and
Barbarians
,
or
recover
Gallia
,
Brittanny
,
and
part
of
Spain
,
possessed
by
Tyrants
;
they
slew
them
.
Though
Valerian
was
of
good
Understanding
,
Valiant
,
and
not
at
all
debauch'd
;
insomuch
that
Gallus
lamented
much
his
death
,
and
erected
him
a
Sepulchre
.
Deo
Volkano
,
he
erected
a
Temple
to
him
as
his
Brother
did
to
Mars
,
he
being
as
necessary
to
war
as
any
other
God
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Seems
to
be
the
City
it self
,
sitting
and
holding
an
Image
of
Juno
Pronuba
upon
her
Head
,
perhaps
intimating
the
Marriage
of
this
Prince
with
His
Wife
Cornelia
Supera
,
as
is
very
probable
,
though
Historians
mention
her
not
,
yet
some
Medals
do
.
CHAP.
XXI
.
Of
M.
Cassius
Latienus
Postumus
,
his
Son
,
Lollianus
,
M.
Aurelius
Marius
,
Lucius
AElianus
,
Cecrops
,
Appius
Claudius
Censorinus
,
M.
Acilius
Aureolus
,
M.
Aurelius
Claudius
,
Claudius
Quintillus
,
Victorina
,
Zenobia
,
Herennianus
,
Timolaus
,
Vaballathus
,
Septimius
,
Domitianus
,
Firmius
,
C.
Tetricus
,
and
his
Sons
.
1.
M.
Cassius
Latienus
Postumus
,
born
in
France
of
mean
,
perhaps
Equestrain
,
Parents
,
was
of
all
the
Tyrants
the
most
Illustrious
,
Generous
,
Constant
,
Magnanimous
,
Wise
,
and
beneficial
to
the
Commonwealth
;
a
Valiant
and
experienced
Captain
,
an
excellent
States-man
,
and
true
Justicer
:
Wherefore
he
was
marvelously
beloved
,
not
of
the
Gauls
only
,
but
many
of
the
Roman
Senators
went
over
through
discontent
unto
him
.
Being
made
Emperor
,
and
having
slain
the
Son
of
Gallienus
;
Gallienus
came
against
him
with
a
great
Army
and
was
vanquished
;
in
another
Battel
he
got
the
better
,
and
besieged
Postumus
in
a
strong
City
,
but
his
Army
was
so
harassed
with
the
Siege
,
and
himself
wounded
,
that
he
quitted
the
Siege
,
and
retired
into
Italy
;
where
he
made
Peace
with
Aureolus
on
purpose
to
reinvade
Postumus
more
fiercely
,
but
he
succeeded
not
.
Postumus
therefore
went
about
to
settle
Gallia
,
and
to
reduce
all
things
to
very
good
order
for
the
space
of
Ten
Years
,
till
Lollianus
another
General
raised
a
Party
of
the
Barbars
against
him
,
but
Postumus
overcame
and
besieged
him
in
Mentz
,
which
he
also
took
,
but
denying
the
Pillage
of
it
to
his
Soldiers
,
they
mutined
,
slew
him
,
and
chused
Lollianus
in
his
stead
.
Postumus's
whole
Face
to
shew
his
Clemency
,
&c.
℞
.
his
half
Face
armed
to
shew
his
Valour
.
Postumus
and
his
Son
℞
.
Mars
and
Julia
Donata
resembling
Victory
,
Wife
of
Postumus
(
as
is
conceived
)
.
Herculi
Deusoniensi
.
Deuson
a
Town
in
Germany
,
probably
Duyts
near
Colen
,
called
also
Deutsch
;
near
to
which
probably
Postumus
was
born
.
Postumus
Father
and
Son
,
℞
.
Victory
and
Peace
.
Felicitas
Aug.
perhaps
(
many
of
his
Medals
signed
with
Victoria
)
is
meant
Victoria
or
Victorina
,
Mother
of
Victorinus
,
probably
his
Sister
.
A
Galley
Laetitia
Aug.
probably
for
some
Conquest
by
Sea
,
or
over
Britanny
.
Minervae
Fautrici
.
It
should
seem
he
was
equally
Learned
as
Warlike
,
and
for
that
Reason
Valerian
committed
the
Education
of
his
Son
Gallienus
unto
him
,
as
Gallienus
did
his
.
Salus
Provinciarum
,
the
Rhine
,
upon
whose
Banks
all
along
Posthumus
built
Forts
to
hinder
the
Irruptions
of
the
Germans
into
the
Roman
Provinces
.
His
Wife
,
as
appears
by
an
ancient
Medal
,
was
Julia
Donata
,
of
whom
nothing
writ
.
2.
Caius
Junius
Cassius
Latinius
(
or
Latienus
)
Postumus
was
his
Son
,
to
whom
Valarian
committed
the
Government
of
Gallia
Narbonensis
.
But
Postumus
being
declared
by
the
Army
Emperor
,
made
him
Caesar
,
and
afterwards
Augustus
.
He
was
so
Eloquent
,
that
divers
of
his
Controversies
are
taken
for
Quintilian's
.
He
much
resembled
his
Father
in
Manners
,
as
also
in
his
Countenance
,
only
he
was
not
so
curled
,
nor
so
flat
nosed
.
It
is
supposed
he
died
naturally
before
his
Father
,
no
mention
being
made
of
his
death
.
AEternitas
Aug.
Three
Heads
Radiant
,
one
in
Face
;
the
other
half
fac'd
,
representing
perhaps
the
Wise
and
Children
of
Postumus
not
mentioned
by
Historians
,
but
the
like
Medal
of
Severus
is
so
interpreted
.
Postumus
on
Horse-back
speaking
to
his
Soldiers
Exercitus
Iscamicus
,
perhaps
the
Legion
that
lay
at
Caerleon
in
Britanny
.
3.
Spurius
Servilius
Lollianus
Commanded
part
of
Germany
,
and
was
General
of
the
Horse
under
Postumus
;
whose
old
Age
despising
he
rebell'd
and
chose
Mentz
for
the
Seat
of
the
Wars
;
he
reigned
one
Year
before
Postumus's
death
:
Afterwards
making
the
Soldiers
work
at
the
repairing
of
the
Fortresses
on
the
Rhine
,
with
too
much
Severity
,
they
slew
him
.
M.
Aurelius
Marius
,
at
first
a
Smith
,
afterwards
a
Soldier
,
got
by
his
Valor
and
Industry
to
be
chosen
Emperor
after
Postumus's
death
.
He
was
a
Man
of
vast
Strength
,
Pride
and
Insolency
;
though
Historians
say
he
reigned
but
three
days
,
yet
it
is
manifest
by
his
many
Medals
,
that
he
reigned
some
while
both
in
Gallia
and
Britanny
.
Victoria
seems
to
signifie
his
Victory
in
Britanny
,
of
which
V.
Camdenum
.
Lucius
AElianus
was
made
Emperor
after
Lollianus
by
the
Army
about
Mentz
,
he
reigned
but
awhile
,
being
slain
either
by
Tetricus
or
Claudius
.
Victoria
Aug.
the
only
Medal
found
of
him
.
4.
Cecrops
or
Cecropius
a
Dalmatian
,
was
he
that
much
assisted
Claudius
to
obtain
the
Empire
,
not
only
aiding
Heraclianus
and
Martianus
to
entrap
Gallienus
,
but
himself
giving
the
false
alarm
that
Aureolus
was
a
coming
,
and
giving
him
the
first
and
mortal
stroke
.
It
should
seem
that
he
rebelled
against
Aurelian
,
not
Gallien
.
Zosimus
also
nameth
one
Antoninus
,
of
whom
nothing
is
known
.
Appius
Claudius
Censorinus
,
a
Person
of
great
Reputation
,
having
honorably
discharged
all
the
great
Offices
of
the
Empire
,
and
in
his
old
Age
retired
,
was
forced
by
the
Soldiers
to
take
the
Empire
against
Claudius
;
those
very
Men
slew
him
who
forced
him
to
be
chosen
.
He
was
buried
near
Bologna
with
this
Inscription
.
Felix
ad
omnia
,
infelicissimus
Imperator
.
He
reigned
three
Years
,
as
appears
by
a
Medal
of
his
.
M.
Acilius
Aureolus
a
Dacian
,
and
at
first
a
Shepherd
,
but
being
Active
,
Vigilant
,
Valiant
,
&c.
Gallien
made
him
General
of
the
Horse
,
and
he
served
him
with
great
Success
a
long
time
;
he
was
afterwards
made
Governor
of
Illyricum
,
where
,
by
the
Soldiers
he
was
made
Emperor
,
having
defeated
Macrianus
,
and
entertained
the
rest
of
his
Army
,
he
took
upon
him
to
be
Emperor
;
Gallien
could
not
suppress
him
,
but
made
him
partaker
of
the
Empire
on
condition
he
would
go
against
Postumus
and
ruin
him
,
which
he
could
not
do
.
Afterwards
Gallien
mistrusting
him
,
fought
against
him
,
forcing
him
to
retire
into
Milan
;
where
Gallien
besieging
him
was
slain
.
Claudius
being
made
Emperor
,
Aureolus
submitted
to
him
;
but
afterwards
they
falling
out
,
fought
,
and
Aureolus
was
by
the
Soldiers
slain
,
contrary
to
the
mind
of
Claudius
,
who
would
have
given
him
his
Life
.
After
his
death
he
built
a
Bridge
in
the
Place
called
by
his
Name
;
and
erected
him
a
Tomb.
LI
(
Legio
prima
)
MINERvia
Restituta
.
Minerva
and
Aureolus
holding
a
Palm
between
them
.
5.
M.
Aurelius
Claudius
,
as
some
say
,
natural
Son
of
Gordian
III.
and
a
Woman
of
Dalmatia
was
born
about
the
Year
239
,
reigned
somewhat
above
two
Years
,
and
died
of
the
Plague
,
as
some
say
,
as
others
,
slain
in
a
Mutiny
of
his
Army
about
thirty
two
Years
of
Age.
He
was
of
a
prodigious
Strength
of
Body
,
but
a
more
Heroical
Courage
,
Prudence
,
Integrity
,
Constancy
,
Justice
and
Capacity
.
Valerian
made
very
great
account
of
him
;
sodid
Gallienus
,
who
sought
by
great
Presents
to
pacifie
him
,
when
he
knew
that
he
was
offended
at
his
Debauchery
,
and
at
last
when
he
saw
himself
dying
,
he
sent
him
the
Imperial
Ornaments
in
Gratitude
to
whom
,
and
to
wipe
off
the
Suspition
of
his
Murder
,
he
writ
to
the
Senate
not
to
suffer
any
more
of
Gallienus's
Friends
to
be
put
to
death
(
the
Nobility
being
very
violent
against
them
)
and
to
give
himself
the
honor
of
Consecration
,
which
were
both
done
.
There
were
two
Wars
upon
his
hands
,
Tetricus
in
France
and
the
Goths
;
he
chused
first
to
go
against
the
Goths
;
saying
that
Tetricus
was
his
Enemy
,
but
the
Goths
the
Commonwealths
Enemies
;
and
though
there
were
a
vast
number
at
least
320000
,
and
2000
Ships
of
War
;
yet
he
absolutely
ruined
them
,
slaying
a
very
great
number
of
them
;
as
he
had
done
before
also
when
General
under
Gallienus
.
He
died
at
Syrmium
,
and
the
Senate
dedicated
to
his
honor
his
Statue
of
Massy
Gold
in
a
Discus
of
Gold
in
the
Senate
;
and
his
Statue
of
Gold
also
in
the
Capitol
before
the
Temple
of
Jupiter
of
ten
Foot
high
;
as
also
a
Columna
rostrata
,
with
his
Statue
on
the
top
of
it
of
fifteen
hundred
Pound
of
Brass
.
He
was
a
great
Persecutor
of
the
Christians
.
Virtus
Claudii
Aug.
Claudius
holding
an
Horse
,
intimating
his
Governing
the
Commonwealth
,
represented
often
by
an
Horse
.
Divus
Claudius
Caesar
℞
Consecratio
.
We
read
not
of
his
Consecration
by
the
Senate
;
this
then
must
be
according
to
the
common
Voice
and
Desire
of
the
People
.
Divo
Claudio
℞
Consecratio
.
Claudius
young
,
as
about
seventeen
Years
old
;
shewing
him
after
his
Consecration
to
have
renewed
his
Vigor
,
and
to
continue
always
youthful
.
6.
M.
Aurelius
Claudius
Quintillus
,
Brother
of
Claudius
,
was
chosen
Emperor
by
the
Army
left
in
Italy
;
and
after
his
Brother's
death
confirmed
by
the
Senate
;
he
reigned
seventeen
days
,
and
hearing
that
Aurelianus
was
chosen
Emperor
by
the
Soldiers
,
he
cut
his
Veins
and
bled
to
death
,
or
some
say
he
was
slain
in
a
Mutiny
by
the
Soldiers
,
and
,
as
appeareth
by
his
Medals
,
Consecrated
after
his
death
.
7.
Victoria
,
or
Victorina
,
seems
to
have
been
the
Sister
of
Postumus
,
a
Woman
of
great
Understanding
,
Generosity
and
Artifice
,
as
appears
by
her
insinuating
so
much
into
the
Soldiers
Affections
,
that
she
made
them
chuse
her
Son
and
Grand-child
,
and
afterwards
her
Kinsman
Tetricus
Emperors
:
Called
Mother
of
the
Armies
,
and
being
another
Zenobia
.
Septimia
(
as
appears
by
a
Brass
Coin
set
out
by
Seguinus
)
Zenobia
seems
to
have
been
a
Syrian
,
and
probably
a
Jewess
at
least
by
Profession
;
or
else
a
Samosatenian
Christian
;
tho
some
say
Samosatenus
fell
into
his
Heresie
by
endeavoring
to
convert
her
from
Judaism
.
She
never
lay
with
her
Husband
after
she
had
once
conceived
;
was
a
Woman
of
great
Understanding
,
Prudence
,
Courage
,
Constancy
,
Gravity
,
Eloquence
,
Justice
and
Laboriousness
;
marching
a
foot
many
times
in
the
Head
of
her
Infantry
,
and
haranguing
the
Soldiers
with
her
Helmet
;
sometimes
also
she
would
drink
with
the
Officers
,
whereby
she
kept
those
unconstant
Nations
always
firm
to
her
.
Her
extraordinary
Abilities
,
and
the
Services
done
against
the
Persians
,
by
her
Husband
Odenatus
and
her self
,
merited
Pardon
from
Aurelianus
.
At
first
she
reigned
under
the
Title
of
her
Sons
,
but
afterwards
she
stiled
her self
Queen
of
the
East
;
designing
to
subject
the
whole
East
;
and
afterwards
march
into
the
West
,
and
joyning
with
Victorina
,
make
themselves
Mistresses
of
that
also
For
which
cause
Aurelian
came
upon
her
,
and
in
a
great
Battle
overcame
her
;
but
offered
her
Peace
,
and
a
quiet
Retreat
;
which
she
refused
,
trusting
to
the
Aids
of
the
Persians
,
Sarazens
,
&c.
which
Aurelian
turned
from
her
:
So
that
in
fine
,
he
besieged
her
in
Palmyrene
her
chief
City
,
whence
she
escaped
upon
a
Diomedary
,
but
was
overtaken
at
Euphrates
,
brought
back
,
and
carried
in
Triumph
in
Chains
of
Gold
and
rich
Jewels
;
afterwards
she
had
Houses
and
Lands
to
a
great
Value
near
Tivoli
Tiburtium
,
where
she
and
her
Family
lived
a
long
time
in
great
Honor
,
and
left
Posterity
after
them
in
Rome
.
Herennianus
and
Timolaus
Sons
of
Odenatus
and
Zenobia
,
one
or
both
,
after
the
Death
of
their
Father
,
were
called
Augusti
by
Gallienus
,
notwithstanding
the
whole
Power
was
in
Zenobia
.
What
became
of
them
is
uncertain
;
most
probable
that
Herennianus
died
before
,
and
that
Timolaus
lived
with
her
at
Tiburtium
,
and
left
his
Posterity
at
Rome
.
Hermias
Vaballathus
was
the
Son
of
Herodes
,
Son
of
Odenatus
by
another
Wife
,
to
his
prejudice
,
it
should
seem
,
Zenobia
and
her
two
Sons
reigned
;
or
else
that
she
governed
under
his
Title
,
who
it
seems
after
the
Murther
of
his
Father
,
was
brought
up
in
some
place
of
Armenia
,
or
there
abouts
,
under
the
Protection
of
the
Romans
;
and
that
Aurelian
made
use
of
his
Soldiers
and
Subjects
to
quell
Zenobia
.
Most
of
his
Medals
are
Reverses
to
Aurelianus
.
Imp.
C.
Aurelianus
Aug.
the
East
mingled
with
some
Lines
of
Aurelian
,
℞
.
Vabalathus
UCrim
PR.
the
Image
of
Vabalathus
crowned
with
Laurel
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
his
Father
being
called
Athenes
Herodianus
or
Herodes
,
the
Syrians
commonly
(
as
this
Prince
)
had
two
Names
,
one
Greek
,
the
other
Syrian
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
being
the
fourth
Year
of
his
Reign
,
which
was
the
first
of
Aurelianus
;
and
in
another
Medal
the
fifth
of
his
,
which
was
the
second
of
Aurelian
.
8.
Septimus
was
made
Emperor
by
the
Soldiers
in
Dalmatia
,
and
presently
by
them
slain
Zosimus
also
nameth
one
Epitymius
;
and
another
Achilleus
a
Kinsman
of
Zenobia
reigning
in
Egypt
,
and
defeated
by
Diocletian
;
these
two
may
probably
be
the
same
,
the
Coins
being
inscribed
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Zosimus
also
nameth
Urbanus
,
but
if
not
he
that
was
Governor
of
Palestine
,
and
put
to
death
by
Maximianus
;
we
know
nothing
of
him
.
Domitianus
also
is
named
,
probably
that
Claudius
Domitius
Domitianus
the
General
of
Aureolus
,
an
eager
and
valiant
Man
,
who
defeated
the
Macriani
;
and
in
hatred
to
Aurelian
(
who
slew
Aureolus
-
with
his
own
hand
,
when
Claudius
would
have
saved
him
)
being
Governor
of
AEgypt
,
was
chosen
by
the
Alexandrians
;
there
being
a
Medal
of
such
a
one
,
with
Ale
.
under
the
Reverse
.
Antiochus
was
made
Emperor
by
the
Palmyrenians
against
Aurelian
,
who
came
upon
them
,
ruined
their
City
,
but
spared
Antiochus
as
unworthy
his
Anger
.
M.
Firmius
an
inseparable
Companion
of
Zenobia
,
the
Relicks
of
whose
Army
he
gathered
up
,
and
when
Aurelian
was
passed
over
into
Thrace
,
with
them
,
and
the
Aid
of
some
Neighboring
Nations
he
made
himself
Emperor
in
Egypt
;
but
Aurelian
returning
upon
him
,
shut
him
up
in
Alexandria
,
where
he
took
and
slew
him
.
9.
C.
Pivesuvius
Tetricus
of
a
Senatorian
Family
,
being
Governor
of
Gallia
Aquitanica
,
was
by
Victorina
perswaded
to
suffer
himself
to
be
chosen
Emperor
;
he
governed
all
Gallia
and
part
of
Spain
,
defending
them
with
great
Valor
,
Justice
and
Prudence
for
ten
Years
together
,
till
Faustinus
endeavoring
to
debauch
the
Army
from
him
,
he
sent
to
surrender
himself
to
Aurelian
;
when
the
Armies
met
,
Tetricus
and
his
Friends
were
in
the
Van
,
and
went
over
to
Aurelian
,
abandoning
his
Seditious
Soldiers
to
the
Mercy
of
Aurelian
,
who
slew
many
of
them
.
Yet
Aurelian
carried
both
Tetricus
and
his
Son
in
their
Imperial
Robes
in
Triumph
;
but
afterwards
honored
him
very
much
,
employing
him
in
●…erning
the
most
important
Provinces
in
Italy
,
〈◊〉
which
Employment
he
lived
a
long
time
in
great
Content
;
and
after
his
Death
,
in
the
time
of
Tacitus
,
was
consecrated
.
Imp:
Pesuvius
Tetricus
Aug.
℞
.
Pivesuvius
Aug.
which
Pivesuvius
seems
to
be
the
Name
of
some
Family
into
which
he
was
adopted
;
his
Son
also
bore
the
same
Name
.
Tetricus
and
his
Son
,
℞
.
AEternitas
[
Imperii
]
Aug.
a
Goddess
holding
a
Globe
,
on
which
stands
an
Eagle
;
the
Eagle
a
Symptom
of
long
Life
and
Eternity
;
which
was
wished
to
Tetricus
to
be
continued
in
his
Family
by
his
Son
.
C.
Pac.
Tetricus
seems
to
have
been
the
eldest
Son
of
Tetricus
,
being
on
his
Medals
called
Augustus
,
which
the
other
was
not
,
Histories
mention
him
not
;
it
seems
he
died
presently
,
his
Medals
being
very
rare
.
P.
Pivesuvius
Tetricus
,
another
Son
of
C.
Pisuv
.
Tetricus
,
was
made
Caesar
when
very
Young
;
he
was
led
in
Triumph
with
his
Father
by
Aurelianus
;
but
was
well
treated
by
Aurelian
,
being
left
in
the
Senate
,
enjoyed
all
his
Patrimony
,
and
was
much
honored
by
all
Men.
CHAP.
XXII
.
Of
Lucius
Domitius
Aurelianus
,
Claudius
Tacitus
,
Annius
Florianus
,
Sempronius
Saturninus
,
Bonossus
,
AElius
Proculus
.
1.
LUcius
Domitius
Aurelianus
,
probably
called
L.
Valerius
Aurelianus
,
and
assumed
that
of
Domitius
after
his
Adoption
by
Ulpius
Crimitus
,
who
it
seems
,
was
of
the
Familia
Domitia
,
was
born
in
Dacia
or
Mysia
,
of
his
Father
named
Aurelius
,
Farmer
to
a
Senator
,
and
his
Mother
Priestess
of
the
Sun
:
He
reigned
six
Years
,
and
was
Traiterously
slain
by
Mucapor
.
He
was
a
great
Justicier
,
enemy
to
all
wicked
Persons
,
Chaste
,
and
so
Severe
,
that
he
was
accounted
Cruel
;
and
for
that
reason
Valerian
preferred
Postumus
before
him
to
educate
his
Son
;
and
he
was
ordinarily
called
Manus
ad
ferrum
;
of
excellent
Conduct
and
Discipline
in
War
;
so
that
since
Caesar
,
none
performed
such
great
things
in
Person
as
he
;
defeating
the
Goths
,
and
taking
Cannabus
,
their
General
,
Prisoner
;
as
also
the
Marcomans
,
Su●…ves
,
&c.
breaking
into
Italy
,
without
giving
them
Battle
,
only
by
Advantagious
Ski
mishes
:
Thence
he
went
to
settle
the
City
,
where
he
was
cried
out
upon
as
Cruel
,
for
putting
some
Senators
to
death
:
Thence
against
Zenobia
,
in
the
way
destroying
the
Barbarians
that
had
invaded
Bithynia
,
he
met
her
accompanied
with
Zabas
her
General
,
who
had
reduced
Egypt
under
her
Command
;
their
Army
consisted
of
Seventy
thousand
Men
at
Emesa
,
where
,
after
a
sore
and
bloody
Battle
,
he
forced
them
to
fly
:
Afterwards
he
took
her
and
Palmyra
,
where
treating
them
severely
,
as
soon
as
he
was
gone
from
them
into
Europe
fighting
against
the
Carpi
,
they
rebelled
,
so
that
he
returned
and
ruined
the
City
entirely
:
Thence
he
went
into
Egypt
against
Firmius
,
whom
he
took
and
slew
:
Thence
against
Tetricus
:
Thence
he
went
to
Rome
and
triumphed
,
leading
with
him
twenty
Nations
Captives
;
where
after
having
settled
the
Commonwealth
,
and
made
many
good
Laws
;
he
marched
against
the
Persians
relieving
Ausburg
by
the
way
;
but
being
near
Byzantium
,
he
was
slain
by
Mucapor
suborned
by
his
ungrateful
Secretary
Mnestheus
,
whom
he
had
threatned
to
punish
for
some
Fault
;
fearing
therefore
his
Displeasure
,
he
shewed
the
Mutinousest
Heads
of
the
Army
a
Counterfeit
List
of
such
Names
as
Aurelian
intended
to
put
to
death
,
by
that
means
inciting
them
against
him
.
The
Army
(
which
loved
him
exceedingly
because
of
his
Valor
and
Bounty
)
executed
his
Murtherers
,
and
built
him
a
Magnificent
Tomb
in
the
place
wherein
he
was
slain
,
and
sent
to
the
Senate
to
chuse
a
new
Emperor
,
which
they
did
after
six
Months
.
He
built
the
Walls
of
Rome
,
yet
finished
them
not
,
walled
with
B●…icks
the
Channel
of
the
Tyber
,
from
the
City
a
great
way
down
towards
Ostia
,
repressed
the
Mint-masters
who
falsified
the
Coin
,
and
fearing
Punishment
,
raised
an
Army
against
him
,
which
he
defeated
and
slew
many
of
them
.
Pietas
Aug.
Aurelian
and
Severina
Sacrificing
with
a
Star
before
them
,
which
was
the
Sun
,
to
whom
Aurelian
bore
a
particular
Devotion
,
calling
him
Dominum
suum
;
probably
the
first
Sacrifice
they
made
in
the
Temple
of
the
Sun
which
they
built
.
His
Wife
was
Severina
,
as
appeareth
by
the
Medals
,
for
Historians
neither
name
nor
speak
much
of
her
;
only
they
say
,
that
one
time
she
desired
leave
of
her
Husband
to
wear
a
Skarlet
Silk
Gown
,
which
he
would
not
permit
:
Saying
,
that
it
was
a
Shame
to
buy
Threads
as
dear
as
Gold
,
for
at
that
time
one
Pound
of
that
Silk
was
equal
in
value
to
one
Pound
of
Gold
.
He
had
also
a
Daughter
,
but
not
so
much
as
her
name
is
known
.
2.
M.
Claudius
Tacitus
being
Prince
of
the
Senate
,
was
chosen
Emperor
Anno
276.
reigned
six
Months
and
twenty
Days
,
and
was
killed
at
Tyana
at
the
Age
of
Sixty
five
Years
.
The
Soldiers
and
Senate
complimented
one
another
for
six
Months
about
the
Choice
of
an
Emperor
;
at
last
the
Senate
chose
this
,
a
very
Prudent
,
Wise
,
Valiant
,
Moderate
,
Clement
Person
,
and
though
Aged
,
yet
Vigorous
;
for
which
Action
they
were
exceedingly
joyed
,
as
if
their
Ancient
Power
had
been
returned
them
.
He
took
well
that
the
Senate
at
his
request
denied
to
make
his
Brother
Consul
.
He
gave
all
the
Money
he
had
,
which
was
a
very
great
Summ
,
immediately
to
the
Soldiers
:
He
undertook
an
Expedition
against
the
Goths
,
who
(
having
been
sent
for
by
Aurelian
to
help
him
against
the
Persians
,
and
finding
him
dead
)
had
seized
upon
the
Provinces
near
to
Pontus
;
where
he
conquered
them
in
two
Battles
.
He
severely
punished
all
who
had
hands
in
the
Murther
of
Aurelian
;
returning
back
towards
Europe
,
finding
so
many
laid
wait
for
his
Life
,
he
died
out
of
Melancholly
,
as
is
supposed
.
Conservator
Militum
Suorum
;
for
had
not
he
accepted
the
Empire
,
the
Soldiers
had
either
been
disbanded
or
grown
Licentious
.
3.
M.
Annius
Florianus
Brother
to
Tacitus's
Mother
,
was
chosen
Emperor
after
Tacitus's
death
;
he
reigned
two
Months
,
and
either
killed
himself
,
or
was
slain
by
the
Soldiers
unanimously
favoring
the
Election
of
Probus
.
He
was
not
so
sufficient
,
as
desirous
,
to
govern
;
and
therefore
immediately
after
his
Nephew's
death
seized
upon
it
:
But
hearing
that
the
Syrian
Legions
had
chosen
Probus
,
he
left
the
Goths
half
conquered
(
permitting
them
to
return
into
their
Country
)
to
go
fight
Probus
;
and
to
that
purpose
march'd
to
Tarsus
,
Probus
being
weaker
,
delay'd
to
fight
till
the
Advantages
were
equal
;
when
the
Armies
came
in
sight
,
they
separated
without
fighting
,
as
endeavoring
an
Accommodation
.
But
Probus
mean
while
debauched
Florianus's
Legions
from
him
;
insomuch
that
Probus's
Soldiers
came
to
Florianus
and
took
away
his
Robes
;
but
he
taking
heart
put
them
on
again
;
and
sent
to
Probus
to
know
if
he
would
partake
of
the
Empire
.
Probus
having
got
all
the
Soldiers
,
sent
him
word
,
that
he
must
either
be
a
private
Man
or
dye
.
So
he
chused
to
have
his
Veins
cut
,
and
died
,
A.
P.
Sempronius
Saturninus
a
Gaul
,
a
Man
of
great
Abilities
,
and
who
had
done
very
eminent
Services
for
the
Empire
,
was
by
Valerian
set
over
the
Eastern
Limits
of
the
Empire
;
but
forbid
to
come
into
Egypt
:
Yet
in
Aurelian's
time
he
came
to
Alexandria
,
where
he
was
presently
saluted
by
that
giddy
People
Augustus
;
which
he
refused
,
and
immediately
retreated
into
Palestine
,
where
considering
with
the
Soldiers
,
that
what
had
been
done
was
sufficient
to
give
Umbrage
to
Aurelian
,
who
never
pardoned
;
and
that
therefore
they
were
in
eminent
Danger
;
the
Soldiers
forced
him
to
accept
the
Title
,
which
he
maintained
till
Probus's
reign
;
who
offered
him
pardon
if
he
would
lay
down
his
Arms
;
which
the
Soldiers
fearing
Revenge
,
would
not
suffer
him
to
do
.
So
Probus
came
against
him
,
and
with
very
great
difficulty
forced
him
into
a
Castle
,
there
besieging
him
,
and
there
he
was
slain
against
the
will
of
Probus
,
who
would
gladly
have
preserved
him
.
5.
Q.
Bonosus
a
Britain
,
but
spending
most
of
his
time
in
Spain
,
was
made
Governour
of
the
Frontiers
of
Rhetia
(
the
Grisons
,
)
he
was
a
very
great
Drinker
,
yet
never
Drunk
;
and
Aurelian
made
use
of
him
to
make
the
Embassadors
of
the
Barbarous
Nations
Drunk
,
and
get
out
their
Secrets
.
The
Germans
burning
one
time
all
the
Roman
Ve●…els
that
were
upon
the
Rhine
and
in
his
Custody
,
fearing
Punishment
he
made
himself
be
declared
Emperor
,
and
maintained
himself
in
Gallia
a
great
while
,
till
after
a
long
and
sore
Battle
,
being
conquered
and
taken
by
Probus
he
was
hang'd
.
His
Wife
was
Hunila
Daughter
of
a
King
of
the
Goths
,
a
Beautiful
,
Virtuous
and
Discreet
Woman
,
whom
being
Captive
,
Aurelian
gave
to
Bonosus
,
to
the
end
that
being
next
to
the
Barbarians
,
by
her
means
he
might
have
better
Intelligence
concerning
them
.
By
her
he
had
two
Sons
;
they
were
all
honourably
maintained
by
Probus
after
Bonosus's
death
.
Titus
AElius
Proculus
,
a
very
Valiant
and
Experienced
Captain
,
but
much
given
to
Lust
,
was
perswaded
by
his
Wife
to
make
himself
Emperor
;
which
,
with
the
help
of
the
Lionois
,
and
some
Slaves
added
to
his
Army
,
he
did
:
but
was
first
chased
by
Probus
,
then
taken
,
together
with
his
Son
Herennianus
(
whom
he
intended
to
make
his
Companion
in
the
Empire
)
and
slain
.
His
Wives
name
was
Viturgia
,
called
also
Samso
,
an
Ambitious
Woman
.
CHAP.
XXIII
.
Of
M.
Aurel.
Val.
Probus
,
M.
Aurelius
Carus
,
M.
Aurel.
Numerianus
,
J.
Sabinus
,
Aurelius
Carinus
,
Eugenius
.
1.
M.
Aurel.
Val.
Probus
Son
of
Maximus
,
a
Man
Famous
amongst
the
Soldiers
,
It
is
said
that
his
Brother
Domitian
,
and
his
Nephews
Probus
and
Metrophanes
,
Sons
of
Domitianus
,
were
Bishops
of
Constantinople
,
v
Jus.
Cp.
R.
p.
297.
was
born
A.
D.
231.
reigned
seven
Years
,
more
or
less
,
and
was
slain
by
his
Soldiers
at
Syrmium
the
place
of
his
Birth
.
He
was
very
Mild
,
Just
,
Liberal
,
but
severe
towards
the
Soldiers
,
never
suffering
them
to
be
Idle
;
insomuch
that
at
their
leisure
times
he
made
them
Plant
Vines
in
several
Countries
(
as
Hannibal
(
to
whom
he
was
compared
)
filled
Africk
with
Olive-trees
)
yet
very
liberal
to
them
,
never
retaining
to
himself
any
thing
of
the
Spoil
but
the
Arms.
He
was
so
Moderate
,
that
he
withstood
,
as
much
as
he
could
,
being
chosen
Emperor
,
though
in
all
Mens
Judgments
the
fittest
for
it
.
He
was
mightily
esteemed
by
all
the
preceding
Emperors
;
Valerian
making
him
Tribune
of
the
third
Legion
before
he
had
a
Beard
;
Aurelian
designed
him
for
his
Successor
.
Tacitus
would
have
had
him
chosen
Emperor
,
and
made
him
Lieutenant
General
through
all
the
East
.
At
twenty
Years
old
he
sought
against
the
Sarmatae
,
where
he
was
honored
with
four
Hastae
purae
,
two
Vallares
Coronae
,
one
Civique
,
four
Ensigns
Military
,
two
Bracelets
,
one
Chain
,
and
a
Plate
of
Gold
weighing
five
Pound
.
After
the
Death
of
Tacitus
,
the
chief
Officers
speaking
to
the
Soldiers
to
chuse
an
Emperor
Fortem
,
Sanctum
,
Verecundum
,
Clementem
,
Probum
,
they
all
cried
out
with
one
accord
,
Probe
Dii
te
salvent
.
His
first
care
was
to
search
out
and
punish
all
those
that
had
alarmed
Tacitus
,
or
had
any
hand
in
the
Murther
of
Aurelian
;
but
all
that
assisted
Florianus
he
pardoned
.
The
Senate
was
infinitely
rejoyced
with
his
Election
,
for
indeed
never
any
Man
had
performed
such
and
so
many
noble
and
heroical
Exploits
before
being
Emperor
,
as
he
had
done
;
nor
any
Man
,
in
so
short
a
space
of
time
,
so
many
after
;
for
in
Gallia
he
slew
,
at
divers
Battles
,
Four
hundred
thousand
Barbarians
,
took
from
them
Seventy
Towns
,
with
all
the
Booty
and
Wealth
they
had
got
;
nine
Kings
he
had
Prisoners
at
one
time
:
Afterwards
he
marched
into
their
(
the
Germans
)
Country
,
destroyed
their
Army
,
took
Semnon
their
King
and
his
Son
Prisoners
.
He
defeated
the
Franks
,
Vandals
,
Bargundians
,
and
took
their
General
Ingillus
,
and
sent
the
Prisoners
to
People
Britanny
.
Thence
he
went
against
the
Sarmatae
,
whom
he
forced
to
restore
all
that
ever
they
had
taken
from
the
Romans
.
Thence
into
Thrace
,
where
he
so
frighted
the
Goths
,
Scythians
and
Getae
,
that
they
absolutely
submitted
to
him
.
Thence
he
passed
into
Asia
,
destroyed
in
Isauria
the
dangerous
Thief
Palfurius
,
and
settled
all
the
Provinces
.
Thence
he
went
into
the
East
,
where
he
subdued
the
Blemmyes
,
took
the
strong
Cities
Copten
and
Ptolomais
.
He
so
frighted
the
Persians
,
that
they
sent
to
beg
Peace
,
which
he
refused
:
Mean
while
he
sent
vast
Numbers
of
Barbarians
to
People
the
wast
Regions
of
the
Empire
;
some
of
whom
rebelled
and
spoiled
others
of
the
Provinces
.
Having
triumphed
over
an
infinite
number
of
Nations
,
he
departed
to
go
against
the
Persians
;
when
employing
his
Soldiers
to
drain
some
Marshes
about
Syrmium
,
and
withal
,
saying
,
That
he
hoped
after
a
while
there
would
be
no
more
need
of
Soldiers
,
(
which
was
an
Aim
more
glorious
than
ever
any
had
before
him
)
his
Army
mutined
against
him
and
slew
him
.
Nor
indeed
was
there
any
of
the
ancient
Heroes
,
to
whom
he
was
Inferior
.
He
was
Consecrated
.
Siscia
Probi
Aug.
probably
his
Birth
Place
,
a
City
in
Pannonia
situated
between
the
Savus
(
Saw
)
and
Colapis
(
Calpa
)
which
makes
an
Island
called
Segestica
wherein
Siscia
is
situated
,
now
called
Sisceck
,
the
chief
Town
of
Croatia
.
His
Wife
was
said
to
be
Julia
Procla
,
no
Hi●…y
nameth
her
;
Seguinus
hath
set
out
a
Coin
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
her
Head
with
an
unusual
dress
:
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
whether
it
were
this
or
no
,
or
who
it
was
,
he
knoweth
not
.
2.
M.
Aurelius
Carus
was
born
A.
D.
—
was
chosen
after
Probus
;
reigned
about
one
Year
,
was
slain
by
Thunder
;
not
much
unlike
or
inferior
to
Probus
,
only
more
Ambitious
and
less
Religious
than
he
,
suffering
himself
to
be
si●…ed
upon
his
Medals
,
Deo
ac
Domino
nostro
Caro.
Going
against
the
Persians
,
they
sent
an
Ambassade
to
him
;
who
found
him
lying
on
the
Grass
at
Dinner
upon
salt
Pork
and
Pease
;
after
they
had
told
their
Message
,
he
bid
them
tell
their
Master
,
that
if
he
did
him
not
Reason
in
a
short
space
he
would
make
his
Kingdom
as
bare
as
his
Head
,
shewing
them
withal
hid
bald
Head
,
and
envited
the
Ambassadors
to
Dinner
,
who
returning
with
their
answer
,
the
King
came
in
Person
,
and
yielded
to
all
Carus
demanded
.
Finding
the
Soldiers
mutining
against
Probus
,
(
whose
Praefectus
Praetorii
he
was
)
and
that
they
practised
to
make
himself
Emperor
,
he
informed
Probus
desiring
liberty
to
retire
,
but
Probus
would
not
suffer
him
.
Probus
being
Murdered
,
he
revenged
his
death
severely
.
Afterwards
defeated
the
Sarmatae
;
and
afterwards
the
Persians
in
Mesopotamia
;
thence
he
entred
Assyria
,
took
Ctesiphon
and
Seleucia
;
after
which
he
became
Sick
,
and
after
a
great
Thunder-storm
,
was
found
dead
in
his
Tent.
He
was
Consecrated
.
3.
M.
Aur.
Numerianus
,
younger
Son
of
Carus
,
was
by
him
made
Caesar
at
his
first
being
Emperor
,
and
Augustus
after
the
Victory
over
the
Sarmatae
.
He
accompanied
his
Father
into
Persia
,
servived
some
Months
,
and
was
Murdered
by
Arrius
Aper
his
Father-in-Law
.
He
was
the
best
Orator
and
Poet
of
his
time
,
besides
of
wonderful
Magnanimity
,
Sufficiency
and
Virtue
.
He
so
much
lamented
the
death
of
his
Father
,
that
it
brought
a
Rheum
into
his
Eyes
,
so
that
he
was
forced
continually
to
March
in
his
Litter
closed
;
which
occasion
Aper
took
to
Murder
him
at
his
return
from
Conquering
the
Persians
,
and
taking
Babylon
;
which
was
not
known
till
betray'd
by
the
Smell
.
He
was
Consecrated
.
Virtus
Augustorum
:
Numerianus
and
Carinus
fighting
against
their
Enemies
,
many
of
whom
lie
dead
under
them
.
The
Name
of
his
Wife
is
not
known
,
he
had
a
Son
called
Basiliscus
a
great
Persecutor
of
the
Christians
,
as
both
himself
and
Father
were
.
Julianus
Sabinus
,
after
the
death
of
Carus
made
himself
Emperor
near
the
Veneti
,
he
was
Corrector
Venetorum
,
which
was
the
same
with
Governor
,
he
was
overthrown
and
slain
by
Carinus
going
to
fight
Diocletian
.
4.
A.
Aurel.
Carinus
was
born
at
Narbone
about
A.
D.
250.
was
made
Caesar
and
Augustus
at
the
same
time
with
his
Brother
Numerianus
,
he
reigned
about
two
Years
six
Months
,
and
was
slain
about
the
Age
of
thirty
six
Years
,
not
unlike
in
Disposition
to
Gallienus
;
save
that
he
was
more
Cruel
and
Lustful
,
and
Gallien
more
Ingenious
and
Handsome
;
he
had
nine
Wives
,
all
which
he
cast
off
successively
,
slew
an
incredible
number
of
Persons
without
cause
.
His
Father
hearing
of
his
ill
Carriage
,
said
he
was
not
his
Son
,
and
intended
to
send
Constantius
Chlorus
to
succeed
him
.
Hearing
that
Diocletian
reigned
instead
of
his
Brother
,
he
went
to
fight
him
in
Pannonia
,
where
,
after
having
overcome
him
,
he
was
slain
by
his
own
Officers
for
his
evil
Carriage
,
especially
towards
their
Wives
.
Eugenius
,
a
Tribune
,
having
fifteen
hundred
Men
to
cleanse
the
Port
of
Seleucia
,
was
by
them
forced
to
take
upon
him
to
be
Emperor
;
the
same
Night
they
seized
upon
Antioch
,
where
the
People
slew
them
and
Eugenius
among
them
.
But
Diocletian
most
cruelly
punished
these
two
Cities
for
this
Rebellion
;
as
afterwards
Egypt
for
creating
Achilleus
,
of
whom
before
.
M.
Aurel.
Julianus
is
named
by
some
Authors
,
little
known
of
him
.
CHAP.
XXIV
.
Of
Diocletianus
,
Valerius
Maximianus
,
C.
Carausius
,
Allectus
,
Constantius
Chlorus
,
Galerius
Maximianus
,
Valerius
Severus
,
Alexander
,
Maximinus
Daza
,
Valerius
Maxentius
,
Bassianus
,
C.
Julius
Valens
,
Licinianus
Licinius
,
Valerius
Licinianus
Licinius
,
Calocerus
,
Fl.
Delmatius
,
Jul.
Delmatius
,
Claudius
,
Hanniballianus
.
§
.
1.
C.
Valer.
Diocletianus
(
called
before
Diocles
)
was
born
of
his
Father
a
Freed-man
of
Anulinus
a
Senator
,
and
his
Mother
called
Dioclea
,
in
Dioclea
a
City
of
Dalmatia
about
A.
D.
245.
reigned
twenty
Years
,
quitted
the
Empire
and
lived
retired
in
his
own
Country
nine
Years
.
Afterwards
killed
himself
for
fear
of
Constantine
and
Licinius
at
the
Age
of
sixty
eight
Years
;
was
extraordinary
Cunning
and
Subtile
,
distrustful
of
his
Friends
,
horribly
Cruel
and
Insolent
,
making
himself
be
called
God
and
Jupiter
;
also
Dominus
a
Name
hateful
to
the
Romans
,
and
clothed
with
the
greatest
Splendor
possible
.
To
encourage
the
Worship
of
himself
he
endeavored
to
extirpate
Christianity
.
From
a
private
Soldier
he
came
to
be
Master
of
the
Palace
to
Carus
and
Numerian
,
and
finding
Numerian
Murdered
by
Aper
,
he
presently
slew
him
,
upon
which
the
Soldiers
proclaimed
him
Emperor
.
His
horrid
Cruelties
(
which
notwithstanding
he
sought
to
father
upon
Maximian
)
obscured
his
good
Actions
;
the
Persecution
against
the
Christians
he
began
upon
occasion
of
an
Oracle
of
Apollo
,
who
said
he
could
not
speak
truth
because
of
the
Just
;
he
asking
who
were
those
Just
,
it
was
answered
the
Christians
:
thereupon
he
began
to
persecute
them
,
and
spared
not
his
own
Wife
Serena
,
or
any
of
his
Friends
who
refused
to
worship
Idols
.
But
seeing
the
great
number
of
Christians
,
he
ordained
to
put
out
one
of
their
Eyes
.
Seeing
it
impossible
for
one
Man
to
defend
the
Empire
,
he
chused
Val.
Maximianus
his
old
Acquaintance
,
and
asterward
Galerius
Maximianus
and
Constantius
:
Maximian
he
sent
into
Gallia
against
Amandas
and
AElianus
,
Rebels
,
whom
he
Conquered
;
but
was
forced
to
compound
with
Carausius
who
reigned
in
Britanny
.
Mean
while
Diocletian
Conquered
Achilleus
in
Egypt
,
and
afterwards
sent
Maximianus
against
some
Rebels
in
Africk
whom
he
reduced
;
and
Galerius
Maximianus
against
the
Persians
who
beat
him
;
but
returning
with
more
Strength
upon
them
he
Conquered
them
.
Diocletian
went
against
the
Saracens
.
The
great
Cause
of
their
good
Fortune
was
their
Concord
(
which
outwardly
was
inviolable
,
though
there
was
inward
Grudgings
amongst
them
all
)
by
the
Authority
and
Cunning
of
Diocletian
;
who
at
last
seeing
the
great
Success
of
Galerius
,
and
the
Valor
and
good
Fortune
of
Young
Constantine
,
began
to
suspect
his
own
Condition
;
and
fearing
in
his
old
Age
to
come
to
misery
by
one
or
other
of
those
young
Men
,
he
quitted
the
Empire
at
Nicomedia
;
Herculius
Maximianus
doing
the
same
the
same
day
at
Milan
,
both
using
the
same
words
,
Recipe
Jupiter
quod
commodasti
.
He
died
,
some
say
,
in
continual
Apprehensions
of
being
destroyed
by
Lightning
,
which
his
Palace
once
was
;
others
say
that
Constantine
Marrying
his
Sister
to
Licinius
,
invited
him
to
the
Marriage
;
which
he
refusing
,
they
sent
some
threatening
words
;
in
as
much
as
he
favored
Maximian
and
Maxentius
;
fearing
therefore
they
should
put
him
to
some
shameful
Death
,
he
poisoned
himself
.
Jovi
invicto
Aug.
communicating
to
Jupiter
his
Attribute
of
Augustus
,
and
assuming
to
himself
the
Name
and
Epethite
of
Jupiter
;
in
all
his
Patents
he
called
himself
Jovius
,
and
adopted
Maximianus
,
whom
he
called
also
Herculius
:
probably
pretending
to
make
the
Christians
,
when
they
worshipped
the
Statues
of
the
Emperors
,
to
adore
the
Gods
also
.
His
Wife
was
named
Serena
,
as
appears
by
the
Martyrologies
,
especially
that
of
St.
Susanna
his
Neece
;
whom
she
perswaded
to
Constancy
in
her
Religion
,
and
with
whom
she
was
Beheaded
on
the
Fifteenth
of
August
,
as
some
say
,
others
say
she
survived
her
a
while
,
and
died
of
a
natural
Death
:
as
also
was
Gaius
(
Pope
)
and
Gabinius
,
(
the
Father
of
St.
Susanna
)
Sons
of
his
Brother
Maximinus
;
and
many
others
of
his
Kindred
.
L.
Pomponius
AElianus
,
and
Saloninus
Amandus
,
headed
a
great
number
which
were
discontented
with
the
Government
of
Carinus
,
who
called
themselves
Bagaudae
,
who
seized
upon
a
great
part
of
Gallia
,
and
were
at
last
defeated
by
Maximianus
.
2.
M.
Aurel.
Valer.
Maximianus
(
surnamed
Herculius
)
was
born
at
Syrmium
in
Pannonia
of
obscure
Parents
,
about
A.
D.
249.
reigned
twenty
Years
,
and
was
strangled
by
the
command
of
Constantine
,
being
about
sixty
Years
old
.
He
was
Clownish
,
Brutish
,
Cruel
,
Fierce
,
Lustful
,
Treacherous
and
Proud
,
yet
a
good
Soldier
.
Diocletian
made
use
of
him
to
act
all
his
barbarous
and
inhumane
Cruelties
;
keeping
still
an
ascendent
above
him
,
both
because
of
his
better
Understanding
and
Parts
,
and
also
the
Authority
of
Adopting
him
;
so
that
against
his
Inclination
he
perswaded
,
or
rather
over-ruled
him
to
lay
down
the
Empire
with
him
:
but
this
forced
Retirement
lasted
not
long
,
before
he
sought
an
occasion
to
be
in
Action
again
,
which
offered
it self
by
Maxentius
(
supposed
and
taken
by
himself
to
be
his
Son
)
who
living
near
to
Rome
,
was
sollicited
by
the
Praetorian
Guards
and
the
Populace
,
to
declare
himself
Emperor
,
seeing
Constantine
succeed
Constantius
;
which
he
did
,
and
committed
many
Wickednesses
and
Insolencies
;
which
Maximian
perceiving
,
returned
from
his
Retirement
to
retake
the
Government
,
which
he
could
not
endure
should
be
usurped
by
his
Son
.
But
at
first
he
pretended
only
to
reform
and
establish
the
Commonwealth
,
to
restrain
his
Son
,
&c.
Mean
while
Galerius
Maximianus
had
made
one
Severus
Caesar
,
and
sent
him
into
Italy
with
a
puissant
Army
against
Maxentius
,
who
bribing
his
Soldiers
,
defeated
him
,
and
afterwards
slew
him
at
Ravenna
;
which
to
Revenge
Galerius
came
in
Person
,
but
returned
without
doing
any
thing
.
Maximian
hereupon
thinking
the
Crimes
of
his
Son
rendred
him
Odious
,
came
into
the
Army
,
harangued
them
,
and
endeavored
to
pluck
the
Purple
from
his
Son
;
but
the
Army
took
against
him
,
baffled
,
and
would
have
killed
him
,
had
he
not
excused
himself
by
saying
,
That
what
he
did
was
to
try
their
Constancy
and
Affection
to
his
Son
.
Thence
he
went
to
Illyricum
,
where
he
was
also
rejected
,
and
at
last
to
Constantine
to
whom
he
married
his
Daughter
Maximiana
Fausta
,
yet
perfidiously
sought
to
Murder
him
;
which
he
could
not
bring
about
by
reason
of
the
great
Affection
both
Soldiers
and
People
bore
to
Constantine
,
to
whom
it
was
at
last
revealed
by
his
Wife
;
which
Maximian
knowing
,
fled
first
to
Arles
,
thence
to
Marseilles
,
where
endeavoring
to
escape
,
he
was
caught
and
strangled
by
the
command
of
Constantine
.
Virtuti
Aug.
Htrcules
carrying
the
Boar
,
alluding
to
Diocletian's
killing
Aper
,
wherein
possibly
Maximianus
assisted
him
.
His
Wife
was
Val.
Eutropia
,
a
Widow
,
having
a
Daughter
Theodora
,
who
was
married
to
Constantius
.
She
seems
to
have
been
a
Christian
at
least
after
the
death
of
Maximianus
,
by
whom
she
had
Maximiana
Fausta
,
married
to
Constantine
.
3.
C.
Carausius
an
Irish
Man
,
at
first
a
Pyrate
,
afterwards
commanded
a
Fleet
upon
the
Coast
of
France
to
defend
the
Continent
from
the
Allemans
,
Saxons
,
&c.
against
whom
he
obtained
many
Victories
.
After
a
while
he
connived
at
their
Landing
and
Robberies
,
and
at
their
return
homewards
,
fought
them
,
and
took
their
Prey
,
whereby
he
became
very
rich
;
not
restoring
any
thing
to
the
poor
People
,
nor
paying
any
thing
to
the
Emperor
,
and
seized
upon
Britain
;
where
he
maintained
himself
so
well
,
that
Maximian
was
glad
to
make
Peace
with
him
,
leaving
him
the
Command
of
the
Island
,
upon
Condition
he
should
defend
it
against
the
Barbarians
.
He
was
after
seven
Years
reign
slain
by
Allectus
the
Captain
of
his
Guards
.
Allectus
being
an
able
and
experienced
Soldier
,
was
chosen
by
Carausius
to
Command
his
Fleets
;
when
for
some
Misdemeanors
committed
,
fearing
Carausius
would
put
him
to
death
,
he
slew
him
by
Treachery
,
and
enjoyed
the
Government
three
Years
,
till
Constantius
by
the
help
of
Asclepiodotus
undertook
the
War
against
him
,
and
first
took
from
him
Bologne
;
and
afterwards
Landed
in
divers
parts
of
Britain
,
fought
with
and
ruined
Allectus
;
who
seeing
his
Army
defeated
,
with
the
desperatest
of
his
Men
he
fell
in
upon
the
Enemies
,
and
was
there
cut
in
pieces
.
4.
Flavius
Valer.
Constantius
,
surnamed
Chlorus
Son
of
Flavius
Eutropius
,
a
great
Person
amongst
the
Dardaniens
,
and
Claudia
Daughter
of
Crispus
,
the
Brother
of
Claudius
the
Emperor
,
was
made
Caesar
by
Dioclet
.
and
Maximian
,
in
which
Quality
he
reigned
twelve
Years
one
Month
,
and
after
the
Retirement
of
those
two
he
was
Augustus
two
Years
three
Months
,
he
died
of
a
natural
death
at
York
.
He
was
Chast
,
Civil
,
Prudent
,
Sober
,
Liberal
,
Good
natured
,
Charitable
,
a
very
good
Soldier
and
Polititian
,
but
wanted
Learning
:
He
neglected
so
much
getting
of
Wealth
,
that
being
one
time
to
make
a
Feast
greater
than
ordinary
,
he
was
glad
to
tax
the
Houses
of
the
City
to
furnish
him
;
he
was
most
exceedingly
beloved
and
reverenced
by
the
Gauls
.
Diocletian
sent
some
Persons
of
Quality
to
admonish
him
of
the
neglect
of
laying
up
Money
;
whom
having
patiently
heard
,
he
deferred
to
answer
till
the
morrow
,
mean
while
sending
to
all
the
Monied
Men
of
the
City
,
that
he
had
need
of
Money
,
and
desired
them
to
shew
in
that
time
of
Exegence
how
much
they
respected
him
;
they
immediately
sent
in
such
quantities
of
Money
,
that
the
Messengers
were
astonished
at
it
.
He
fought
first
against
a
King
of
the
Germans
,
whom
he
defeated
and
took
Prisoner
:
●…erwards
against
Allectus
:
next
against
the
Batavi
and
Frisons
,
many
of
whom
he
transported
into
Gallia
;
then
against
the
Germans
,
who
came
upon
him
so
suddenly
at
Langres
,
that
he
was
forced
to
be
drawn
up
into
the
City
by
a
Cord
,
but
presently
after
his
Legions
arriving
,
he
fought
them
,
and
slew
almost
sixty
thousand
;
and
lastly
against
the
Picts
.
He
married
Helena
when
he
was
young
,
a
Christian
,
secretly
,
as
himself
also
was
,
by
whom
he
had
Canstantine
,
who
was
brought
up
by
Galerius
lest
he
should
be
a
Christian
:
from
whom
he
escaped
,
and
came
to
his
Father
lying
sick
upon
his
Death-bed
,
who
presently
adopted
him
,
not
only
to
the
Empire
,
but
the
Affections
of
the
Army
and
People
.
Divo
Constantio
Pio
Principi
.
We
find
not
that
he
was
Consecrated
,
but
it
may
be
these
modest
Titles
might
be
rendred
his
Worth
and
Goodness
after
death
.
Constantius
veiled
℞
.
memoriae
aeternae
:
a
Lyon
,
Hercules
loosing
one
of
his
Fingers
in
the
Battel
against
the
Lyon
,
it
was
honorably
buried
,
and
upon
the
Tomb
was
set
the
Statue
of
the
Lyon
;
which
afterwards
turned
into
a
Custom
to
set
a
Lyon
upon
the
Tomb
of
an
Heroe
.
His
first
Wife
was
Julia
Flavia
Helena
,
never
sufficiently
to
be
praised
:
Constantius
was
forced
to
quit
her
and
marry
Theodora
;
but
it
seems
his
Affection
was
still
towards
her
,
and
Theodora
being
dead
,
he
received
her
again
,
and
made
her
Augusta
two
Years
before
his
death
,
which
her
Son
continued
to
her
.
Her
Country
some
make
Britain
,
some
Bithynia
,
where
,
in
the
time
of
Carus
,
Constantius
was
Governor
.
Helena
veiled
DHMR
.
i.
e.
Diva
Helena
Mater
AuGG
.
Constantine
the
younger
being
then
dead
.
This
,
as
also
the
Consecration
of
Constantine
,
(
drawn
in
a
Chariot
,
and
reaching
out
his
Hand
towards
another
coming
out
of
Heaven
)
being
expressed
thus
by
his
Sons
,
Constantius
and
Constans
.
His
other
Wife
was
Flavia
Maximiana
Theodora
,
Daughter
of
Eutropia
the
Wife
of
Maximian
,
who
when
he
chused
Constantius
,
Caesar
,
made
him
put
away
Helena
,
and
marry
this
his
Daughter-in-Law
.
She
died
before
Constantius
,
and
left
six
Children
,
Delmatius
,
Constantius
,
Aniballianus
,
Constantia
married
to
Licinius
,
Eutropia
Mother
of
Nepotianus
,
who
rebelled
against
Constantius
,
and
Anastasia
Wife
to
Bassianus
Caesar.
Pietas
Romana
.
Theodora
giving
Suck
to
a
Child
,
which
it
seems
was
the
Fashion
in
those
days
.
5.
Galerius
Valerius
Maximianus
surnamed
Armentarius
,
was
born
near
Sardica
in
Thrace
of
poor
Country
Parents
.
Diocletian
gi●…ing
him
his
Daughter
Valeria
to
Wife
made
him
Caesar
,
and
so
he
continued
thirteen
Years
;
and
Augustus
afterwards
seven
Years
six
Months
.
He
died
miserably
A.
D.
〈◊〉
.
was
without
Capacity
or
Judgment
or
Experience
in
Civil
Affairs
,
though
Just
,
a
good
Soldier
,
but
extremely
Arrogant
,
affirming
with
great
Oaths
,
that
he
was
begot
by
a
Dragon
,
as
was
said
of
Alexander
;
Cruel
as
Diocletian
,
Brutish
as
Maximian
,
and
Lustful
as
any
:
Being
,
when
made
Caesar
,
sent
by
Diocletian
against
the
Persians
,
and
returning
with
loss
,
Diocletian
made
him
run
in
his
Robes
by
his
Litter
a
great
way
together
,
the
Shame
whereof
so
nettled
him
,
that
receiving
a
greater
Army
,
he
fought
and
overcame
his
Enemies
so
much
,
that
Diocletian
,
jealous
of
his
Honour
,
recalled
him
.
Yet
they
triumphed
,
and
presently
after
Diocletian
and
Maximian
retired
,
making
Constantius
and
Galerius
Augustus's
,
and
Maximinus
and
Severus
Caesars
.
But
Galerius
being
now
in
perfect
Liberty
and
Authority
,
denied
himself
nothing
that
his
Arrogance
or
Lust
suggested
;
particularly
he
outragiously
persecuted
the
Christians
;
to
whom
,
at
Nicomedia
,
he
made
a
great
Oration
of
the
Glory
of
his
Actions
,
and
the
Prosperity
of
the
Seasons
;
but
immediately
the
Weather
changed
,
ruined
all
the
Corn
and
Fruits
with
Thunder
and
Lightning
;
and
Maxentius
made
himself
Emperor
in
Italy
;
where
he
first
defeated
Severus
and
put
him
to
death
at
Ravenna
;
afterwards
Galerius
himself
coming
with
an
Army
,
endeavored
to
draw
Maxentius
to
Parley
;
which
not
being
able
to
do
,
and
besides
finding
the
Country
by
Maxentius's
Practices
,
ready
to
rise
against
him
,
he
returned
into
Illyricum
;
where
he
made
Licinius
,
one
of
his
Generals
,
Caesar
;
and
thence
to
Sardica
in
Thrace
,
where
he
fell
into
a
Disease
,
that
all
his
Body
was
devoured
by
Worms
,
and
so
he
died
.
Others
say
,
that
the
Stench
of
his
Body
was
so
intolerable
,
that
the
Physicians
could
not
endure
it
,
the
greatest
part
of
whom
he
therefore
put
to
Death
;
but
one
boldly
telling
him
,
that
his
Disease
was
the
Judgment
of
God
fallen
upon
him
for
persecuting
the
Christians
;
he
by
a
new
one
recalled
his
former
Edicts
against
them
;
yet
notwithstanding
,
his
Disease
encreased
so
much
,
that
for
mere
Anguish
he
killed
himself
.
P.
D.
Jovii
(
for
Galerius
being
Augustus
took
that
name
upon
him
,
as
after
his
death
also
Maximinus
did
)
and
Licinii
invictorum
Augusti
&
Caesaris
.
Galerius
and
Licinius
holding
a
Globe
(
as
partaking
in
the
Government
)
with
a
Victory
upon
it
.
℞
.
Jovi
Tutatori
,
&c.
Moneta
Karnuntensis
;
for
at
Carnuntum
in
Pannonia
he
created
Licinius
Caesar
,
of
which
this
Medal
is
the
Monument
;
from
which
Adoption
,
and
Maximinus's
taking
upon
him
the
Authority
of
Augustus
of
his
own
head
,
proceeded
afterwards
many
Wars
and
Miseries
.
His
Wife
was
Galeria
Valeria
the
Daughter
of
Diocletian
;
in
Honor
of
whom
he
called
that
part
of
Pannonia
which
he
had
drained
Valeriam
.
Gal.
Valeria
Aug.
her
Head
curiously
dressed
,
on
the
top
,
for
a
Symbole
of
Felicity
,
a
little
Serpent
probably
of
Gold
,
or
some
such
like
matter
,
called
,
as
it
should
seem
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
or
a
Sling
;
Women
having
that
part
of
their
Head
hollower
than
Men
,
they
filled
it
up
,
and
covered
with
a
certain
Ornament
;
which
because
tied
on
with
Ribbons
,
they
called
it
a
Sling
.
6.
Flavius
Valerius
Severus
,
chosen
Caesar
by
Constantius
and
Galerius
after
the
Retirement
of
the
two
old
Emperors
,
Anno
306.
he
was
defeated
,
taken
and
slain
by
Maxentius
at
Tres
Tabernae
,
having
reigned
about
two
Years
,
a
weak
Man
,
a
Drunkard
,
and
was
chosen
by
Galerius
,
who
hoped
to
have
him
obedient
.
He
was
set
over
Italy
and
Africk
(
Constantius
having
Britain
,
Gallia
and
Spain
)
but
Maxentius
,
Son
of
Maximianus
,
and
Son-in-law
to
Galerius
,
took
it
ill
that
Severus
,
the
Nephew
of
Galerius's
Father-in
law
,
should
be
preferred
before
him
;
and
therefore
he
sollicited
the
Praetorian
Soldiers
and
the
Populace
,
who
chose
him
Emperor
.
Against
him
Severus
came
with
a
great
Army
as
far
as
Milan
,
but
Maxentius
debauched
by
Money
and
Promises
a
great
part
of
his
Army
,
and
even
Anullinus
his
Praefect
of
the
Praetorium
;
so
that
Severus
was
forced
to
save
himself
in
Ravenna
with
the
rest
of
his
Troops
,
where
Maxentius
in
vain
besieged
him
.
But
Maximianus
Herculius
,
pretending
to
compose
the
Difference
between
them
,
perswaded
Severus
to
come
forth
to
a
Personal
Conference
with
Maxentius
;
which
doing
,
he
was
entrapped
by
an
Ambush
laid
for
him
,
and
slain
by
the
Counsel
of
the
said
Maximianus
Herculius
.
7.
Alexander
,
A
Phrygian
of
mean
Birth
,
Timorous
and
Lazy
and
Aged
,
being
Sub-praefect
of
the
Praetorium
,
was
chosen
Emperor
in
Asrick
;
for
Maxentius
sending
his
Statues
to
be
adored
in
Asrick
,
the
People
,
who
were
affected
to
Galerius
refused
,
and
made
an
Insurrection
.
Maxentius
therefore
endeavoring
to
go
thither
with
an
Army
,
was
hindered
by
his
Diviners
,
who
foretold
him
ill
Luck
if
he
went
;
wherefore
he
sought
other
ways
,
and
sent
to
make
this
Alexander
of
his
Party
;
and
to
that
end
desired
him
to
send
his
Son
(
a
beautiful
young
Man
)
for
an
Hostage
;
which
he
absolutely
refusing
,
and
fearing
the
Revenge
of
Maxentius
,
was
forced
to
declare
himself
Emperor
,
by
the
consent
of
them
that
were
in
Insurrection
;
which
Maxentius
understanding
,
sent
against
them
his
Praefectus
Praetorii
Volusianus
,
and
Zenas
an
old
General
,
who
defeated
Alexander
,
and
took
him
Prisoner
at
Cirta
and
strangled
him
.
We
find
also
some
few
Medals
of
one
Nigrinianus
a
Youth
,
and
consecrated
;
but
no
History
or
Inscription
informs
us
who
he
was
;
for
that
Consul
mentioned
by
Occa
he
is
not
;
perhaps
the
Son
of
Alexander
.
8.
C.
Valerius
Galerius
Maximinus
(
surnamed
Daza
)
Son
to
Galerius's
Sister
,
was
made
Caesar
,
A.
D.
306.
and
so
continued
four
Years
,
and
Augustus
three
Years
;
died
miserably
at
Tarsus
;
was
rude
and
unlearned
,
yet
loved
learned
Men
;
not
cruel
,
but
being
Drunk
(
to
which
he
was
much
addicted
)
he
did
many
cruel
Actions
.
So
that
he
made
an
Order
,
to
execute
none
whom
he
had
condemned
in
his
Drink
,
till
he
had
examined
the
Cause
again
when
Sober
.
He
was
(
if
possible
)
a
greater
Enemy
to
the
Christians
than
any
of
his
Predecessors
;
was
also
very
Silly
,
Unexperienced
and
Insolent
;
for
as
soon
as
Galerius
was
dead
,
he
thought
all
the
Empire
belonged
to
him
,
and
therefore
began
to
make
War
upon
the
rest
(
Licinius
,
Maxentius
and
Constantine
,
)
but
with
Licinius
first
,
because
nearest
.
Yet
he
staid
a
while
till
he
saw
what
would
become
of
Maxentius
,
whom
Constantine
overcame
;
and
yet
longer
,
being
afraid
of
the
Alliance
made
between
Constantine
and
Licinius
;
and
therefore
he
(
as
well
as
they
)
revoked
his
Edict
against
the
Christians
;
but
as
soon
as
Constantine
and
Licinius
were
at
distance
,
he
gathered
a
very
vast
Army
,
using
all
Enchantments
,
&c.
against
Licinius
,
who
totally
ruined
his
Army
,
and
made
him
,
casting
away
his
Robes
,
to
hide
himself
;
which
he
did
for
a
time
in
a
Farm-house
;
but
Licinius
departing
,
he
began
to
look
abroad
,
and
gather
an
Army
;
but
first
of
all
he
put
to
death
all
his
Magicians
,
&c.
as
conspiring
with
Licinius
;
afterwards
Licinius
coming
upon
him
,
he
fell
into
a
most
painful
Disease
,
beginning
with
an
Appus
Caninus
,
consuming
his
Flesh
like
an
hidden
Fire
,
forced
with
Pain
the
Eyes
out
of
his
Head
;
and
so
he
died
,
acknowledging
the
Judgment
of
God
for
his
Cruelty
towards
the
Christians
.
Licinius
slew
all
his
Children
and
Friends
.
9.
M.
Aurel.
Valer.
Maxentius
Son
of
Maximian
and
Eutropia
,
made
himself
be
saluted
Emperor
at
Rome
.
about
A
D.
306.
was
overcome
by
Constantine
,
and
drowned
in
the
Tyber
,
having
reigned
six
Years
,
and
lived
about
thirty
Years
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Lustful
,
Cruel
,
Cowardly
,
Covetous
,
Heady
,
given
to
Magick
,
&c.
At
the
beginning
of
his
Reign
he
feigned
to
be
a
Christian
,
to
flatter
the
People
,
was
also
very
Mild
,
but
after
a
while
he
shewed
his
own
Nature
,
(
being
from
a
Child
,
because
of
his
evil
Disposition
and
Stupidity
,
hated
by
his
own
Father
and
Father-in
law
)
ravished
their
Wives
,
slew
whom
he
pleased
,
many
Senators
also
,
rip'd
up
Women
with
Child
and
Infants
.
After
the
Victory
obtained
against
Alexander
in
Africk
,
he
used
very
great
Cruelty
against
the
Africans
,
sparing
none
that
was
accused
to
have
sided
with
his
Enemy
;
and
though
he
ceased
the
Persecution
against
the
Christians
for
a
while
,
yet
began
it
again
;
he
was
so
hated
,
and
yet
so
negligent
and
unable
to
govern
,
that
the
Crys
of
all
that
part
of
the
Empire
obliged
Constantine
to
come
against
him
,
who
first
sent
him
an
Embassy
,
offering
him
Conditions
;
with
which
Maxentius
was
so
enraged
,
that
he
threw
down
his
Statues
,
and
drew
his
Pictures
through
the
Dirt
,
&c.
Constantine
thus
affronted
,
made
haste
over
the
〈◊〉
,
and
first
defeated
Ruricius
Maxentius's
best
General
,
and
afterwards
himself
,
accompanied
with
almost
two
hundred
thousand
Men.
Maxentius
being
mightily
hated
,
many
of
his
deserted
him
after
the
first
Charge
;
but
the
old
Soldiers
fought
a
long
time
,
till
being
overcome
,
they
fled
with
Maxentius
himself
over
Ponte
Mola
(
Pons
Milvius
,
)
which
being
made
of
Boats
,
and
oppressed
with
their
weight
broke
,
and
Maxentius
,
with
many
of
the
rest
,
fell
into
the
River
and
were
drowned
.
His
Body
being
found
the
Head
was
cut
off
,
and
carried
into
Rome
in
Triumph
.
AEternitas
Aug.
Nostri
Moneta
Ost
iae
percussa
.
Maxentius
and
his
Son
Romulus
in
likeness
of
Castor
and
Pollux
with
their
Horses
.
His
Wife
probably
was
Magnia
Urbica
;
he
married
the
Daughter
of
Galerius
by
his
first
Wife
,
whom
he
quitted
when
made
Caesar.
Two
days
before
the
great
Battle
Maxentius
was
so
tormented
in
his
Palace
,
that
with
his
Wife
and
Son
he
quitted
it
,
and
went
to
lodge
in
a
private
House
.
M.
Aurel.
Valer.
Romulus
eldest
Son
of
Maxentius
,
when
made
Caesar
,
or
died
,
uncertain
;
only
he
died
Young
and
was
consecrated
.
Divo
Romulo
Nostrae
Urbis
Conservatori
.
Imp.
Maxentius
Divo
Romulo
NV
(
nostrae
urbis
)
filio
.
10.
Bassianus
Caesar.
Constantinus
having
married
his
Sister
to
Licinius
,
sent
to
him
Constantius
(
Son
of
Constantius
,
Chlorus
and
Theodora
)
his
half
Brother
,
to
perswade
him
that
Bassianus
(
the
Husband
of
Anastasia
another
of
their
Sisters
might
be
made
Caesar
,
and
govern
Italy
,
which
he
did
;
and
Licinius
afterwards
practised
him
by
〈◊〉
(
Bassian's
Brother
)
to
take
part
against
Constantine
;
but
Constantine
coming
upon
him
before
he
was
provided
,
took
and
slew
him
;
demanding
Senecio
of
Licinius
,
and
being
refused
,
and
for
other
reasons
,
as
sor
throwing
down
his
Images
,
&c.
he
made
War
upon
Licinius
.
Anastasia
probably
was
afterwards
married
to
I.
Ranius
Ac●…itus
Optatus
,
whom
Constantine
made
Patricius
an
Honor
above
the
Praefecti
Praetorii
,
and
next
to
the
Emperor
himself
;
he
was
slain
after
by
Constantius
.
C.
Julius
Valens
was
created
Caesar
by
Licinius
(
when
conquered
by
Constantine
)
whose
Confident
he
was
;
to
raise
Men
in
Thrace
and
thereabouts
,
with
greater
Authority
,
which
he
did
,
and
they
fought
again
,
where
Licinius
also
was
beaten
,
and
made
Peace
with
Constantine
,
upon
condition
that
Valens
should
be
deposed
and
put
to
death
.
Licinius
,
upon
the
same
ground
,
made
also
M.
Martinianus
,
another
of
his
Confidents
,
Caesar
and
Augustus
;
but
both
of
them
were
defeated
and
taken
in
another
Battle
near
Chalcedon
;
and
Martinianus
put
to
death
,
but
Licinius
consined
to
Thessalonica
,
where
endeavoring
to
raise
new
Seditions
,
he
was
slain
.
11.
C.
Valer.
Licinianus
Licinius
born
in
Dacia
(
Transilvania
)
of
mean
Parents
,
Anno
275.
He
was
first
made
Caesar
,
and
sent
into
Illyricum
,
then
Augustus
,
and
succeeded
Galerius
and
Maximinus
(
whom
he
overcame
)
in
the
East
,
and
reigned
about
fifteen
Years
in
all
;
being
vanquished
many
times
by
Constantine
,
he
was
at
last
put
to
death
in
Thessalonica
,
about
Sixty
Years
old
.
He
was
Cruel
,
Traiterous
,
Uncivil
,
Lustful
,
Covetous
above
all
the
rest
,
and
so
great
an
Enemy
to
Learning
,
that
he
persecuted
all
the
Professors
of
it
,
especially
Orators
,
Advocates
,
and
People
belonging
to
Law-Courts
,
as
also
the
Philosophers
.
So
was
he
also
an
Enemy
of
Flatterers
and
such
like
Courtiers
;
A
good
Soldier
and
given
much
to
Husbandry
:
Galerius
made
him
Emperour
against
Maxentius
;
but
before
he
went
against
him
Galerius
died
,
and
presently
after
Maximinus
declared
War
against
him
,
for
making
himself
Caesar
without
his
leave
,
and
taking
also
from
him
part
of
his
Government
.
But
Maximinus
was
defeated
,
and
afterwards
died
.
So
Licinius
became
Monarch
of
the
East
as
Constantine
was
of
the
West
,
who
agreed
very
well
together
,
and
met
at
Milan
,
where
Constantine
married
to
him
his
half
Sister
Constantia
.
Amongst
other
Articles
of
their
Agreement
,
one
was
to
favor
the
Christians
(
setting
out
Edicts
in
both
their
names
to
that
purpose
)
which
Licinius
observed
about
three
Years
for
fear
of
Constantine
,
and
his
own
Wife
who
was
a
Christian
,
and
also
exceeding
affectionate
to
Constantine
.
But
his
Hypocrisie
discovered
it self
after
a
while
,
for
being
at
Nicomedia
,
he
first
turned
all
Christians
out
of
his
Court
,
pe●…secuted
the
rest
,
openly
shewed
himself
a
Zealous
Professor
of
Paganism
;
and
withall
he
〈◊〉
ravishing
Senators
Wives
and
Daughters
;
of
all
which
Constantia
advertising
her
brother
secretly
,
he
resolved
to
make
War
upon
him
,
for
that
and
the
business
of
Bassianus
;
and
after
a
long
Fight
near
Cibala
in
Pannonia
,
forced
him
to
fly
to
Syrmium
,
and
thence
into
Dacia
;
where
making
Valens
Caesar
he
raised
a
new
Army
and
fought
again
in
Campo
Margiensi
;
where
the
night
coming
on
,
hindered
that
Licinius
was
not
totally
defeated
:
So
he
marched
away
to
Beraea
in
Macedonia
,
and
there
sent
an
Ambassador
to
Constantine
to
beg
Peace
;
whom
,
after
a
long
time
of
Deliberation
,
whether
he
should
receive
him
,
at
length
he
heard
,
and
granted
Peace
upon
certain
Conditions
.
After
which
they
made
Crispus
,
Constantine
and
Licinius
,
Caesars
.
But
Constantine
being
gone
against
the
Goths
and
Sarmatae
,
Licinius
began
a
new
horrible
Persecution
against
the
Christians
,
and
complained
of
Constantine
with
Threatnings
,
for
taking
away
Thrace
from
him
,
making
it
the
Seat
of
the
Wars
against
the
Goths
;
with
whom
it
seems
Licinius
held
Intelligence
,
and
made
use
of
against
Constantine
.
After
many
Treaties
of
Accommodation
,
&c.
Constantine
assembled
a
great
Army
and
Fleet
and
fell
upon
him
.
Jul.
Crispus
(
Son
of
Constantine
by
Minervina
his
former
Wife
)
commanded
the
Fleet
,
and
was
sent
against
him
in
Asia
,
whilest
Constantine
fought
with
him
about
Hadrianople
,
who
disordered
and
vanquished
Licinius
,
killing
Thirty
four
thousand
and
forcing
his
Camp
.
Licinius
fled
to
Byzance
,
where
rallying
his
Men
,
and
making
Martinianus
Emperor
,
he
got
up
a
new
Army
.
But
Constantine
besieged
him
in
Byzance
,
Crispus
also
with
his
Fleet
defeated
Licinius's
Fleet
coming
to
his
Aid
;
which
Licinius
hearing
,
retired
,
with
his
Wife
,
Son
,
Treasures
and
Army
,
to
Chalcedon
;
and
whilest
Constantine
besieged
Byzance
,
he
got
Aid
from
the
Goths
;
which
Constantine
hearing
,
lest
Crispus
before
Byzance
,
and
went
himself
into
Bithynia
to
fight
Licinius
;
they
met
near
Chalcedon
,
where
Licinius
lost
his
Army
,
and
escaped
with
some
Horse
to
Nicomedia
,
where
he
was
besieged
by
Constantine
;
there
Licinius
begged
his
Life
by
his
Wife
Constantia
;
which
was
granted
,
and
he
was
sent
to
Thessalonica
,
where
practising
new
Insurrections
,
he
was
put
to
death
.
His
Wife
was
Fl.
Valeria
Constantia
,
Sister
to
Constantine
,
a
Christian
,
Prudent
and
Virtuous
,
endeavoring
all
she
could
to
hinder
the
Persecution
,
and
Solace
the
Christians
;
after
Licinius's
death
,
her
Brother
treated
her
so
Nobly
and
Honorably
,
that
she
was
in
the
same
esteem
with
him
as
Helena
his
Mother
had
been
.
Yet
afterwards
she
turned
Arrian
,
and
perswaded
Constantine
to
recall
Arrius
who
was
banished
:
Afterwards
she
seemed
to
return
Catholick
.
She
had
by
Licinius
one
Son
called
Licinianus
Licinius
.
Fl.
Valer.
Licinianus
Licinius
,
Son
of
Licinius
and
Constantia
,
was
born
A.
D.
312.
was
made
Caesar
at
twenty
Months
old
,
at
fourteen
Years
old
was
put
to
death
by
Constantine
,
by
the
Practices
of
Fausta
,
to
whom
perhaps
jealous
for
her
own
Sons
,
his
hopefulness
gave
some
Umbrage
,
if
not
to
Constantine
himself
.
Who
foresaw
that
his
Fathers
old
Officers
applying
themselves
to
him
,
might
probably
make
some
Disturbance
.
He
seems
also
to
have
been
very
Opiniastre
in
his
Paganism
,
which
made
him
suspected
by
his
Mother
and
her
Court
,
fearing
some
danger
from
the
Pagans
,
whose
Head
this
young
Man
seemed
to
be
,
as
the
Family
of
Constantine
of
the
Christians
.
Constantine
,
after
his
Fathers
death
,
made
him
Consul
with
himself
,
and
always
used
him
as
his
own
Son
.
12.
Calocerus
Master
of
the
Camels
rebelled
in
Cyprus
,
and
made
himself
King
,
but
Constantine
sent
an
Army
,
took
him
and
executed
him
as
a
Thief
.
Fl.
Delmatius
Hanniballianus
,
Son
of
Constantius
and
Theodora
,
half
Brother
of
Constantine
,
was
made
Censor
by
Constantine
,
and
probably
Caesar
also
;
as
were
also
his
Sons
,
and
the
rest
of
Constantine's
Brethren
,
though
inferior
to
his
own
Sons
,
or
perhaps
only
Nobilissimi
,
which
were
inferior
to
Caesar's
,
but
above
Patricii
.
He
died
before
Constantine
,
or
before
his
Sons
were
advanced
,
who
were
Delmatius
and
Hanniballianus
.
Fl.
Jul.
Delmatius
was
his
eldest
Son
,
and
very
hopeful
,
in
many
things
resembling
Constantine
,
who
made
him
Caesar
and
Cos.
A.
D.
333.
He
overcame
and
took
Prisoner
Calocerus
.
He
resided
ordinarily
with
the
Army
in
Mesopotamia
;
and
after
Constantine's
death
he
was
designed
Governor
of
Thrace
,
Macedonia
and
Achaia
.
But
Constantius
(
as
many
say
)
jealous
of
his
Greatness
and
Favor
,
underhand
practised
the
Souldiers
to
Mutiny
against
,
and
Murther
,
him
,
after
he
had
reigned
three
Years
.
Fl.
Claudius
Hanniballianus
was
the
younger
Brother
,
and
by
Constantine
made
Rex
Regum
and
Gentium
Ponticarum
(
i.
e.
Cappadocia
and
Armenia
Minor
)
and
had
his
Daughter
Constantina
to
Wife
;
he
gave
him
that
Title
probably
to
shelter
him
from
the
Jealousie
of
his
own
Sons
;
which
yet
he
could
not
do
;
for
it
is
very
probable
that
he
also
was
put
to
death
by
the
Practises
of
Constantius
.
Securitas
publica
;
A
River
,
it
should
seem
Euphrates
,
underneath
Con.
Ob.
i.
e.
Constantinopoli
Obsignata
.
Shewing
that
he
was
set
there
in
those
Countries
upon
Euphrates
,
to
guard
that
part
of
the
Empire
against
the
Persians
.
Flavia
Jul.
Constantina
was
his
Wife
,
after
whose
Death
she
was
married
to
Constantius
Gallus
Son
of
Constantius
,
Brother
of
Constantine
;
and
caused
much
evil
to
the
Empire
,
being
Mortalis
Megaera
,
and
ruined
her
Husband
most
miserably
;
but
he
being
called
to
give
account
of
his
Actions
to
Constantius
,
this
Constantina
went
before
,
in
hopes
to
pacifie
her
Brother
,
but
died
in
the
way
of
a
Feaver
.
She
seems
not
to
have
been
that
Constantina
that
built
the
Church
of
St.
Agnes
at
Rome
,
and
wherein
her self
,
with
her
Aunt
Constantia
,
were
Baptized
.
CHAP.
XXV
.
Of
Fl.
Valer.
Constantinus
Magnus
,
Fl.
Jul.
Crispus
,
Fl.
Jul.
Constantius
,
Fl.
Claud.
Constantinus
,
Fl.
Jul.
Constans
,
Flavius
Popilius
Nepotianus
Constantinus
,
Vetranio
,
Magnentius
,
Magnus
Decentius
,
Fl.
Jul.
Gallus
,
Silvanus
.
1.
FL.
Valer.
Constantinus
,
the
only
Son
of
Constantius
and
Helena
,
was
born
at
Naissus
in
Dardania
,
as
others
in
Dacia
,
as
others
in
Thrace
,
A.
D.
272.
reigned
One
and
thirty
Years
ten
Months
,
and
died
of
a
natural
death
,
Anno
AEt.
65.
and
some
Months
.
He
was
Magnus
and
Maximus
,
because
of
his
very
great
Dignity
and
Power
;
nothing
laid
to
his
Charge
,
but
that
he
was
too
severe
,
especially
towards
those
of
his
own
Family
,
having
put
to
death
his
Son
Crispus
,
(
though
for
a
Pretext
he
served
himself
of
the
Accusation
of
his
Wife
Maxim
.
Fausta
)
probably
for
fear
least
he
should
have
proved
too
Great
for
him
;
having
obtained
many
great
Victories
,
and
being
much
honored
by
all
Men.
So
that
Constantine
seems
to
have
been
too
Ambitious
and
Covetous
of
Honor
,
jealous
of
his
State
and
Dignity
;
and
Bloody
sometimes
in
his
Humour
,
especially
in
his
declining
Age.
He
was
also
too
Negligent
in
his
Expences
,
and
not
sufficiently
capable
to
prefer
Persons
of
best
Worth
to
publick
Charges
;
though
Cruel
to
his
own
Relations
and
Family
,
putting
Licinius
to
death
,
Poysoning
Crispus
,
stifling
Fausta
his
Wife
in
a
Bath
;
yet
was
he
not
at
all
Cruel
in
his
own
Nature
;
abolishing
that
cruel
manner
of
death
,
Crucifying
;
not
taking
Revenge
of
the
Egyptians
for
defaceing
his
Statues
.
Herculi
Conservatori
Caes.
Hercules
strangling
the
Lyon
.
Hercules
represented
young
,
intimating
Constantine
himself
,
who
whilst
Hostage
in
the
Court
of
Galerius
,
was
by
him
put
to
Combat
a
Lyon
,
which
he
overcame
and
slew
.
Jovi
Conservatori
Augg.
He
seems
to
mean
Diocletian
,
and
by
Augg.
Constantine
and
Licinius
.
Marti
Conservatori
.
Mars
resembled
like
Constantine
;
Mars
also
being
born
in
Thrace
.
Constantine
also
in
his
Youth
was
called
Thracala
(
Thracula
)
praestantissimus
;
the
most
excellent
Thracian
.
Soli
invicto
Comiti
;
the
Sun
(
as
Constantine
)
radious
.
Constantine
being
esteemed
to
have
the
Genius
of
the
Sun
,
his
Swiftness
,
Beauty
,
Vigor
,
unconquerable
Force
,
Influence
upon
his
Inferiors
.
Fundator
Pacis
Constantine
;
as
Mars
drawing
a
Captive
by
the
Hair
of
the
Head
;
probably
alluding
to
what
he
did
in
the
Wars
against
the
Sarmatae
,
whither
he
was
sent
by
Galerius
with
a
few
Men
,
on
purpose
to
have
been
destroyed
;
but
he
overcame
,
and
in
Person
drew
a
fierce
young
Sarmate
by
the
Hair
of
the
Head
before
Galerius
.
Constantine
having
on
his
Head-piece
,
which
Mark
is
also
found
on
some
ancient
Medals
even
of
the
Ptolomees
,
and
some
Romans
also
;
which
whether
any
of
their
Hieroglyphicks
,
or
the
Letters
of
the
Coiners
name
,
or
what
else
,
is
uncertain
.
℞
Victoriae
laetae
(
over
Maxentius
and
Licinius
represented
by
two
Captives
below
)
Principis
perpetui
vota
upon
an
Altar
;
denoting
Christ
as
Julian
notes
,
or
signifies
the
Victory
in
his
tenth
Year
,
or
vota
Decennalia
.
DV
(
Divus
)
Constantinus
PT
(
Pater
)
Augg.
Constantine
veiled
.
℞
.
Constantine
drawn
in
a
Chariot
with
four
Horses
,
holding
up
his
Hand
towards
another
Hand
coming
out
of
Heaven
.
It
doth
not
appear
that
Constantine
was
consecrated
either
by
Pagans
or
Christians
,
till
a
long
time
after
by
the
Greeks
;
yet
was
generally
by
both
esteemed
to
be
Happy
and
Blessed
(
a
Man
performing
such
great
Actions
,
being
(
as
they
thought
)
very
dear
to
the
Gods
,
)
and
though
not
consecrated
,
yet
taken
up
by
Jupiter
,
reaching
him
his
Hand
to
draw
him
up
into
Heaven
.
Drawn
in
a
Chariot
,
the
Soul
being
called
,
by
the
Philosophers
,
the
Charioteer
of
the
Body
,
and
his
Head
veiled
,
to
intimate
his
dazling
Splendor
.
So
that
this
Medal
represents
the
common
opinion
had
of
him
both
by
Christians
and
Pagans
.
Constantine's
first
Wife
was
Minervina
,
whom
he
married
,
being
a
Young
Man
,
and
the
Son
only
of
Constantius
Caesar
;
with
whom
he
lived
in
great
Continence
;
and
had
by
her
Crispus
.
2.
Fl.
Jul.
Crispus
,
eldest
Son
of
Constantine
by
Minervina
,
born
at
Arles
,
was
a
Beautiful
,
Valiant
,
Couragious
,
Mild
,
Chaste
,
Constant
,
Virtuous
young
Man
;
having
all
the
Virtues
,
without
any
of
the
Vices
,
of
his
Father
;
was
also
a
Christian
educated
by
Lactantius
;
in
his
Youth
he
conquered
the
Franks
and
Allemans
in
the
depth
of
Winter
;
also
he
vanquished
by
Sea
the
Admiral
of
Licinius
,
who
escaped
with
no
more
than
four
Vessels
:
He
fought
also
with
great
Reputation
against
the
Generals
of
Licinius
,
and
Licinius
himself
also
.
At
length
being
frequently
solicited
to
Wickedness
by
Fausta
his
Mother-in-law
,
and
he
refusing
her
,
she
turned
her
Love
into
Hatred
;
she
accused
him
falsly
to
Constantine
,
to
have
endeavored
to
force
her
,
who
either
really
,
or
for
some
other
private
Consideration
,
feigning
to
believe
her
,
condemned
him
to
dye
without
hearing
him
speak
in
his
Justification
;
and
accordingly
he
was
put
to
death
by
Poyson
.
But
Helena
,
Grand-mother
to
Crispus
,
being
exceedingly
grieved
,
and
blaming
her
Son
very
much
for
that
unjust
Action
;
he
enquired
secretly
concerning
the
Accusation
,
and
having
discovered
the
Truth
,
he
commanded
his
Wife
Fausta
to
be
stifled
in
a
Bath
over-heated
.
It
should
seem
he
was
married
to
one
Helena
,
and
that
they
had
a
Child
,
but
nothing
mentioned
in
History
:
'T
is
said
by
some
,
that
Constantine
erected
a
Statue
of
Silver
with
a
Head
of
Gold
to
Crispus
,
with
this
Title
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
to
his
Son
unjustly
condemned
.
Constantine's
second
Wife
was
Flavia
Aurelia
Maximiana
Fausta
,
the
Daughter
of
Maximianus
and
Eutropia
;
she
had
three
Sons
,
Constantinus
,
Constantius
and
Constans
,
and
three
Daughters
.
After
she
was
dead
they
say
,
that
Constantine
would
not
vouchsafe
her
Burial
,
but
caused
her
Carcass
to
be
carried
to
the
top
of
an
high
Mountain
to
be
eaten
by
Fowls
and
Beasts
;
and
that
her
Sons
afterwards
buried
her
Bones
with
their
Father
.
She
was
a
Pagan
,
and
had
that
Reputation
with
her
Husband
after
his
Victory
over
Maxentius
,
that
she
perswaded
him
again
to
Idolatry
;
wherein
notwithstanding
he
staid
not
long
.
3.
Fl.
Jul.
Constantius
,
the
Brother
of
Constantine
,
seems
to
have
been
second
Son
of
Constantius
and
Theodora
,
though
Factious
,
Seditious
,
and
Envious
of
the
Glory
of
Constantine
,
(
if
he
had
failed
,
the
Empire
would
have
come
to
his
House
)
yet
was
many
times
employed
by
him
,
as
in
Embassy
to
Licinius
,
who
had
married
their
eldest
Sister
Constantia
,
to
perswade
him
to
create
Caesar
Bassianus
,
who
had
married
another
Sister
Anastasia
.
He
was
also
made
Patricius
,
and
Cos.
and
Praefectus
Orientis
,
though
it
seems
this
was
after
the
death
of
Helena
who
was
no
Friend
to
him
.
It
is
reported
by
some
Authors
,
that
Constantius
and
his
Brother
caused
Constantine
to
be
poisoned
in
a
Bath
;
but
Constantine
coming
to
the
Knowledge
of
it
,
writ
to
his
Son
Constantius
to
dispatch
him
out
of
the
way
;
which
he
did
shortly
after
,
making
him
be
slain
by
the
Soldiers
a
little
while
after
he
had
taken
Possession
of
the
Empire
.
His
first
Wives
name
was
Galla
(
Flav.
Anicia
Galla
)
by
whom
he
had
two
Sons
,
the
eldest
slain
with
his
Father
,
the
other
(
Gallus
)
put
to
death
by
Constantius
for
his
evil
Government
.
His
second
Wives
name
was
(
Flav.
Anicia
)
Basilina
the
Daughter
of
Anicius
Julianus
,
she
was
a
Pagan
,
died
young
,
and
had
no
Child
but
Julianus
.
The
third
Brother
of
Constantine
(
1.
Delmatius
,
2.
Constantius
)
was
Constantine
;
probably
he
helped
Constantius
in
poisoning
Constantine
,
and
was
put
to
death
also
as
well
as
he
by
Constantius
.
4.
Fl.
Claud.
Constantinus
,
eldest
Son
of
Constantine
and
Fausta
,
was
born
at
Arles
,
A.
D.
312.
was
made
Caesar
by
his
Father
,
who
died
when
he
was
Twenty
two
Years
old
,
and
was
slain
at
Twenty
five
Years
,
reigning
only
three
Years
,
seems
to
have
been
of
a
peaceable
Disposition
,
very
Bold
,
if
not
Rash
,
yet
Ambitious
of
Honor
,
and
loving
Wine
.
In
the
division
of
the
Empire
between
Constantine's
three
Sons
and
two
Nephews
,
Delmatius
and
Hanniballianus
,
(
of
which
two
the
rest
quickly
eased
themselves
)
Constantine
had
for
his
share
Spain
,
Gallia
,
Germany
and
Britain
;
Constantius
Thrace
,
Asia
and
the
East
;
Constans
Illyricum
,
Italy
and
Africk
;
Delmatius
,
Macedonia
,
Achaia
and
Peloponesus
;
and
Hanniballianus
,
Armenia
,
Cappadocia
and
Pontus
.
The
first
Quarrel
was
,
that
Constantine
pretended
to
Italy
and
Africk
,
and
resolved
to
force
them
from
Constans
;
and
came
with
an
Army
into
Italy
,
where
he
was
met
with
an
Army
which
Constans
pretended
to
send
to
his
Brother
against
the
Persians
,
was
defeated
fighting
undiscreetly
(
as
having
drank
too
much
)
and
slain
;
and
cast
into
the
River
Alsa
near
Aquileia
.
In
his
Fathers
time
he
had
conquered
the
Goths
and
Allemans
,
and
as
soon
as
he
came
to
be
Augustus
,
he
restored
Athanasius
to
the
Bisnoprick
,
who
was
banished
at
Triers
.
Constantius
his
Brother
lamented
mightily
his
death
:
Nothing
mentioned
of
his
Marriages
.
Victoria
Beatissimorum
Caes.
(
Crispi
and
Constantini
)
Vot
.
V.
which
was
always
made
at
their
entrance
into
their
Caesarship
.
5.
Fl.
Jul.
Constans
,
youngest
Son
of
Constantine
and
Fausta
,
was
born
A.
D.
320
was
made
Caesar
Anno
334.
and
three
Years
after
came
to
the
Empire
,
which
he
governed
about
thirteen
Years
,
was
Assassinated
about
the
Age
of
thirty
Years
,
by
the
Complices
of
the
Rebellion
of
Magnentius
.
He
was
Active
,
Vigilant
,
Warlike
,
by
the
sole
Terror
of
his
name
keeping
the
Barbarians
,
his
Neighbors
,
in
Peace
all
the
time
of
his
Reign
.
Also
very
Pious
,
restoring
all
the
Orthodox
Bishops
,
and
adorning
the
Churches
very
much
;
very
Bountiful
,
sending
great
Alms
to
the
Poor
every
where
;
extremely
Vigilant
,
Industrious
and
Laborious
;
he
overcame
the
Franks
and
other
Barbarians
;
he
made
a
Voyage
in
the
midst
of
Winter
into
Britain
;
he
marched
always
on
Foot
in
the
head
of
his
Army
;
his
very
great
Labors
brought
him
into
Gouts
and
Pains
in
his
Sinews
,
which
much
tormented
him
:
He
chased
away
from
the
Court
all
Players
,
Buffoons
,
&c.
[
Some
Writers
give
him
a
contrary
Character
,
but
Libanius
a
Pagan
,
and
all
the
Christians
,
speak
very
much
in
his
Honor.
]
By
his
Severity
he
alienated
the
Minds
of
the
Soldiers
from
him
;
which
encouraged
Magnentius
,
a
wicked
debauch'd
Person
,
but
much
acquainted
with
the
Barbarians
,
himself
being
a
Gaul
,
one
whom
Constans
had
rescued
with
his
own
Robe
from
the
Fury
of
the
Soldiers
,
to
rebel
against
him
,
and
declare
himself
Emperor
at
Authun
;
whose
General
Gaiso
pursuing
Constans
,
forsaken
of
most
of
his
Men
,
overtook
him
as
he
was
passing
the
Pyronean
Mountains
to
go
into
Spain
,
at
a
Town
called
Helene
(
Helne
or
Elne
)
and
there
slew
him
.
He
was
afterwards
very
much
lamented
,
and
all
his
Murtherers
and
Opposites
grievously
punished
;
especially
Marcellinus
,
who
cruelly
persecuted
all
Constans's
Kindred
,
slaying
Nepotianus
,
Eutropia
,
and
many
others
.
Gaudium
Pop.
Romani
;
A
Crown
within
Sic
V.
Sic
.
i.
e.
Sicut
quinquennalia
sic
Decennalia
;
intimating
the
Publick
Joy
expressed
in
Pastimes
,
&c.
at
the
beginning
of
the
sixth
Year
of
Constans
;
and
that
the
People
desired
to
do
so
much
again
after
the
tenth
Year
.
T
E
S
Thessalonicae
(
coined
.
)
Felix
temporum
reparatio
;
A
Phenix
burning
her self
on
the
top
of
a
Rock
;
signifying
the
renewing
of
the
Empire
(
decayed
by
reason
of
the
Wickedness
of
former
Emperors
)
under
Constantine
and
his
Sons
,
as
the
Phenix
renews
her self
.
Some
write
that
there
was
a
Phenix
seen
at
the
building
of
Constantinople
by
Constantine
.
Gloria
Reip.
Constantius
and
Constans
(
being
Consuls
the
tenth
Year
of
their
Reign
,
and
it
should
seem
entering
their
Charge
at
Siscia
,
after
they
had
been
at
Thessalonica
celebrating
their
Decennalia
,
and
now
consulting
about
the
War
in
Britain
)
with
two
Women
(
Constantinople
and
Rome
,
the
one
being
Cos.
for
the
East
,
the
other
for
the
West
)
presenting
them
Branches
of
Laurel
:
Circles
as
Glories
about
their
Heads
,
such
as
the
Pagan
Gods
had
about
theirs
,
representing
a
bright
Cloud
,
which
they
called
Nimbus
;
such
as
Virgil
describes
about
Pallas
,
AEn.
2.
and
the
Moon
,
AEnei
.
3.
and
in
some
Medals
is
seen
about
Nero.
Felix
temp
orum
Reparatio
.
Constans
drawing
after
him
a
Youth
(
for
reforming
the
Times
must
begin
with
Youth
,
old
Men
accustomed
to
their
old
Habits
being
irreformable
)
near
two
Trees
,
the
one
withered
(
representing
the
former
times
of
Paganism
)
the
other
fresh
,
(
the
new
ones
under
Constantius
)
for
we
find
this
called
Novum
Saeculum
.
He
was
espoused
(
but
it
appears
not
that
he
was
married
)
to
Olympias
the
Daughter
of
Ablatius
Praefect
of
the
Praetorium
to
Constantine
,
and
put
to
death
by
Constantius
;
after
Constans's
death
,
she
was
married
to
Arsaces
King
of
Armenia
.
6.
Flavius
Popilius
Nepotianus
Constantinus
,
(
taking
his
name
probably
when
he
came
to
be
Emperor
)
was
Son
of
Popilius
Nepotianus
and
Eutropia
the
Sister
of
Constantine
;
seems
to
have
been
employed
in
the
Wars
,
and
made
a
Tribune
in
his
Youth
by
Constantine
;
he
and
his
whole
Family
are
commended
by
Athanasius
(
entertained
by
them
)
for
good
Christians
.
When
Constans
was
slain
,
and
Magnentius
prospering
,
he
conceived
himself
and
his
whole
Family
Ruined
and
Massacred
,
if
that
Tyrant
prevailed
;
being
therefore
of
Constantine's
Family
,
he
gathered
together
the
Gladiators
,
Slaves
,
and
such
Men
as
he
could
get
,
armed
them
,
and
calling
himself
Emperor
,
vanquished
Probinus
Governor
of
the
City
for
Magnentius
.
P●…t
his
Men
not
being
disciplined
,
〈◊〉
great
Murthers
upon
all
who
were
〈◊〉
to
favour
Magnentius
.
Magnentius
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Insurrection
,
sent
Marcellinus
,
〈◊〉
●…ent
,
with
part
of
the
Army
against
Nepotianus
,
who
not
having
had
time
to
gather
Strength
,
(
not
having
reigned
Forty
days
)
was
defeated
and
slain
,
and
all
his
Family
and
Friends
also
;
so
that
Rome
was
,
by
reason
of
the
Murthers
,
almost
desolated
.
7.
Vetranio
born
in
Maesia
,
Sober
and
Innocent
;
of
a
plain
and
sweet
Conversation
;
yet
an
excellent
and
experienced
Soldier
,
Fortunate
and
Beloved
,
a
Devout
and
Charitable
Christian
also
,
was
declared
Emperor
against
his
will
by
the
Legions
of
Pannonia
,
in
Envy
to
those
of
Gaul
,
&c.
which
had
chosen
Magnentius
;
to
whom
he
would
not
in
any
wise
(
though
solicited
)
joyn
himself
;
but
sent
to
Constantius
to
assist
him
against
Magnentius
.
But
Constantius
being
at
a
great
distance
,
and
Magnentius
near
approaching
to
him
,
he
was
forced
to
accommodate
his
business
with
Magnentius
;
and
so
they
both
sent
Messengers
to
Constantius
to
make
Peace
,
they
continuing
in
the
Government
of
their
Provinces
as
Emperors
,
yet
he
as
Supreme
.
But
Constantius
kept
the
Messengers
in
the
Court
,
and
hasted
with
all
Diligence
and
Secrecy
,
so
that
he
surprised
Vetranio
,
who
was
forced
to
joyn
his
Army
with
Constantius
.
Constantius
mean
while
used
him
with
all
Magnificence
,
and
they
agreed
the
next
day
to
Harangue
both
Armies
;
which
Constantius
knew
so
well
how
to
do
(
having
also
gained
some
of
his
chiefest
Officers
by
Money
)
that
both
the
Armies
declared
him
sole
Emperor
,
and
plucked
Vetranio
off
the
Scaffold
,
pulled
off
his
Purple
,
and
declared
him
a
private
Man
.
Constantius
then
sent
him
to
Constantinople
,
and
in
Bithynia
assigned
him
a
House
and
sufficient
Revenues
;
where
he
lived
contentedly
six
Years
afterwards
,
and
very
Holily
:
He
reigned
about
ten
Months
.
8.
Magnentius
Son
of
one
Magnus
,
was
of
great
Strength
,
Eloquent
,
Confident
in
Prosperity
,
Timorous
in
Adversity
,
dissembling
his
Cruelty
,
Treachery
and
Ingratitude
.
He
pretended
to
be
a
Christian
,
yet
permitted
the
Idolaters
their
Night-Sacrifices
;
used
Magick
and
Inchantments
.
He
was
Colonel
of
the
two
principal
Legions
(
Jovian
and
Herculian
)
of
Constans's
Army
,
and
gracious
amongst
the
rest
,
having
been
Fortunate
against
the
Barbarians
in
several
Rencounters
.
Constans
being
Gouty
,
and
unable
to
endure
the
Fatigues
of
War
,
he
resolved
to
make
use
of
his
Reputation
amongst
the
Soldiers
against
his
Master
,
(
who
in
a
Sedition
and
Mutiny
of
the
Soldiers
,
had
protected
him
from
their
Violence
by
his
own
Robes
)
assisted
especially
by
Marcellinus
Captain
of
Constans's
Guard
,
and
Chrestus
Intendant
of
the
Kitchin
.
At
Autun
then
Magnentius
celebrating
the
Birth-day
of
his
Son
,
feasted
all
the
Chief
Officers
of
the
Army
and
City
;
and
when
they
had
well
drank
till
late
in
the
night
,
Magnentius
went
forth
,
and
returned
clothed
with
Purple
,
and
his
Guards
,
as
Emperor
,
shewing
himself
to
the
Company
,
who
after
a
short
but
efficacious
Speech
,
declared
him
Emperor
,
and
adored
him
according
to
the
Custom
;
so
did
the
Citizens
by
little
and
little
,
and
the
rest
of
the
Army
also
corrupted
by
his
Largess
:
Then
keeping
the
Gates
shut
,
that
none
could
go
forth
,
he
chose
those
of
his
Men
,
in
whom
he
most
confided
,
commanded
by
Gaiso
,
to
surprise
Constans
who
mistrusted
nothing
;
and
as
he
was
returned
from
Hunting
,
wearied
and
asleep
at
Elne
in
the
County
of
Rousillon
,
they
slew
him
,
awaked
with
the
noise
,
and
endeavoring
to
save
himself
in
Spain
:
To
the
Officers
also
whom
he
knew
Faithful
to
Constans
,
he
sent
Letters
in
Constans's
name
,
to
come
to
him
with
all
speed
;
these
he
slew
,
by
Ambuscades
and
other
Treacheries
,
to
a
very
great
number
;
and
so
seized
upon
Gallia
and
Britain
,
Spain
,
Africk
,
Sicily
and
Italy
;
till
the
Legions
of
Pannonia
chused
Vetranio
;
whom
Magnentius
endeavored
to
joyn
to
himself
.
But
Constantius
having
joyned
to
his
own
the
Army
of
Vetranio
,
marched
to
meet
the
Tyrant
,
creating
Gallus
(
Son
of
Constantius
his
Uncle
)
Caesar
,
naming
him
Constantius
,
and
leaving
him
to
govern
the
East
:
To
ballance
which
,
Magnentius
also
made
his
Brethren
,
Decentius
and
Desiderius
,
Caesars
,
and
sent
them
to
raise
Men
,
&c.
The
Armies
on
either
side
marched
to
fight
,
and
Constantius's
Vantguard
was
ill
handled
by
an
Ambuscade
of
Magnentius's
;
which
encouraged
the
Tyrant
so
,
that
laying
a
Bridge
over
the
Savus
(
heightned
also
by
the
Revolt
of
Silvanus
from
Constantius
,
and
by
Constantius's
sending
Philippus
to
Magnentius
to
treat
of
Peace
)
he
marched
his
Army
,
which
was
there
encountred
by
Constantius's
Soldiers
,
and
almost
ruined
:
So
that
he
was
forced
to
pretend
that
he
came
to
make
Peace
,
and
take
Conditions
of
Constantius
;
which
Philippus
there
proposing
,
he
assented
unto
;
whereupon
Constantius
gave
him
leave
to
march
his
Army
into
Pannonia
,
where
he
ruined
Siscia
and
many
other
Cities
;
and
grew
so
proud
,
that
he
sent
to
Constantius
to
surrender
the
Empire
and
beg
his
Life
.
Constantius
answered
,
God
would
Revenge
his
Treason
.
Mean
while
the
Tyrant
besieged
and
assaulted
Syrmium
,
where
he
was
beaten
off
with
great
loss
;
thence
he
went
to
Mursia
,
where
Constancius
having
defeated
an
Ambuscade
,
at
Cibalis
fought
a
very
sore
Battle
with
him
,
getting
a
great
Victory
,
loosing
Thirty
thousand
,
and
killing
Thirty
six
thousand
and
eighty
.
This
being
in
Autumn
,
and
Constantius's
Army
being
much
weakened
,
he
sent
part
of
his
Horse
to
pursue
them
.
The
Tyrant
rendezvouzed
at
Pavia
,
which
he
fortified
,
and
quartered
his
Men
so
Advantagiously
,
that
he
feared
little
of
Constantius
,
and
so
gave
himself
to
all
Voluptuousness
;
but
in
the
end
of
Winter
,
Constantius
sending
part
of
his
Army
to
compass
them
about
,
he
came
with
the
rest
,
and
forced
him
to
fly
into
Gallia
;
where
using
all
sorts
of
Cruelty
,
he
retired
to
a
Castle
,
and
sent
to
Constantius
to
beg
Pardon
,
who
denied
it
.
Mean
while
the
People
seeing
him
in
this
condition
,
refused
to
send
him
Succor
;
yea
,
his
own
Army
,
to
beg
their
Peace
,
beset
him
at
Lyons
,
intending
to
deliver
him
up
alive
to
Constantius
:
For
which
cause
,
entering
into
a
Rage
,
he
slew
all
his
Kindred
and
Friends
that
were
present
;
and
last
of
all
himself
also
,
Forty
two
Months
after
his
Election
.
Victoria
Aug.
(
over
Nepotianus
)
Libertas
Romanorum
(
to
worship
Idols
.
)
9.
Magnus
Decentius
,
Brother
to
Magnentius
,
was
a
warlike
Man
,
and
left
by
his
Brother
in
Gaul
,
to
govern
and
assure
it
to
their
Party
;
where
he
was
defeated
by
Chnodomarius
set
on
by
Constantius
;
but
as
he
was
leading
an
Army
to
his
Brothers
Assistance
,
having
heard
that
he
had
slain
himself
,
he
also
strangled
himself
at
Sens.
Desiderius
his
other
Brother
,
some
say
,
Magnentius
slew
,
with
his
Mother
and
Kindred
,
when
he
killed
himself
also
;
others
say
he
was
only
wounded
,
and
that
his
Wounds
being
healed
,
he
presented
himself
to
Constantius
,
who
pardoned
him
.
10.
Fl.
Jul.
Gallus
(
called
Constantius
when
created
Caesar
by
Constantius
)
was
born
at
Massa
in
Tuscany
,
A.
D.
325.
he
was
made
Caesar
and
sent
to
govern
the
East
,
where
he
reigned
betwixt
three
and
four
Years
;
was
put
to
death
by
the
Command
of
Constantius
,
about
the
Twenty
ninth
Year
of
his
Age
;
he
was
Rude
,
Simple
,
Light-headed
and
Bloody
;
though
this
not
so
much
of
his
own
Inclination
,
as
through
the
Suggestions
of
the
Fury
his
Wife
:
He
was
brought
up
in
Cappadocia
,
and
escaped
when
his
Father
,
Brother
,
Uncle
and
Cousins
were
murthered
,
by
reason
of
Sickness
,
as
Julian
did
because
of
his
Infancy
;
they
were
both
intended
by
Constantius
for
Church-men
,
and
were
brought
up
accordingly
.
He
carried
himself
very
valiantly
against
the
Persians
and
Jews
;
and
was
always
an
Orthodox
Christian.
Constantius
married
his
Sister
Constantina
to
him
,
and
made
him
Caesar
,
being
Twenty
five
Years
old
:
After
a
while
he
began
to
practice
against
the
Emperor
,
and
put
to
death
his
best
Friends
and
Officers
;
of
which
,
and
other
his
Violences
and
Tyrannies
,
Constantius
being
informed
,
drew
him
to
him
with
fair
words
and
shews
,
though
he
doubted
a
long
time
,
and
if
he
could
have
found
his
Men
Faithful
,
he
would
have
declared
himself
Augustus
;
but
by
his
Cruelty
,
Insolence
and
Inconstancy
,
he
had
got
the
Hatred
of
all
Men.
So
sending
before
his
Wife
to
make
his
Peace
,
as
well
as
she
could
,
(
who
died
of
a
Feaver
contracted
by
Indignation
to
see
her self
in
that
condition
)
he
departed
from
Antioch
towards
Constantinople
;
by
the
way
Constantius
discharged
him
of
part
of
his
Train
,
and
afterwards
set
a
Guard
upon
him
;
who
took
away
his
Robes
,
put
him
into
a
Hackney-Coach
,
and
carried
him
to
Pola
,
where
being
examined
he
was
put
to
death
,
having
been
a
long
time
tormented
with
the
Apparitions
of
those
he
had
murthered
.
11.
Silvianus
the
Son
of
Bonitus
a
Tribune
,
was
a
valiant
and
prudent
Man
,
who
was
Faithful
to
Constans
,
but
was
forced
to
follow
in
the
Army
of
Magnentius
,
till
he
found
an
Opportunity
to
go
over
to
Constantius
;
which
he
did
with
all
his
Men
,
who
made
him
General
of
the
Infantry
.
He
was
a
Man
of
great
Capacity
,
a
Christian
,
Generous
,
&c.
But
Constantius
grew
Jealous
of
him
,
which
made
him
,
for
the
Safety
of
his
Life
,
to
declare
himself
Emperor
at
Colen
,
whither
Constantius
had
sent
him
to
fight
against
the
Germans
,
who
had
done
much
hurt
in
Gaul
;
for
the
Flatterers
and
Sycophants
of
Constantius's
Court
(
which
were
many
,
the
Prince
hearkening
to
them
)
perswaded
him
that
Silvanus
intended
to
Rebel
,
and
counterfeited
Letters
,
as
sent
from
Silvanus
,
to
some
Friends
,
for
that
purpose
.
So
that
,
to
preserve
his
Life
,
he
was
forced
to
make
himself
Emperor
:
Whereupon
Constantius
,
then
at
Milan
,
sent
Ursicinus
,
an
Ancient
Soldier
,
(
but
laid
by
by
the
Flatterers
means
)
with
some
other
valiant
Men
,
with
Letters
to
him
from
the
Emperor
,
who
dissembled
that
he
knew
any
thing
of
his
Rebellion
;
but
with
Instructions
to
kill
him
;
which
they
did
,
having
insinuated
themselves
into
his
Favor
,
by
pretending
Discontents
;
by
which
Suggestion
Ursicinus
got
so
much
into
Favor
with
him
,
as
none
so
much
.
CHAP.
XXVI
.
Fl.
Jul.
Constantius
,
Fl.
Claudius
Julianus
,
Fl.
Jovianus
.
1.
FL.
Jul.
Constantius
,
second
Son
of
Constantine
,
was
born
A.
D.
317.
was
Caesar
thirteen
Years
and
a
half
,
being
created
that
day
his
Father
laid
the
first
Stone
of
Constantinople
:
He
reigned
about
Twenty
five
Years
and
six
Months
,
and
died
Aged
about
Forty
four
Years
.
He
was
Sober
,
Chaste
,
Learned
,
Peaceable
,
Bountiful
,
and
too
credulous
towards
his
Friends
,
affectedly
Grave
;
his
greatest
Vice
was
hearkening
to
Eunuchs
and
Courtiers
,
and
by
their
Instigation
doing
things
sometimes
Cruelly
and
Unreasonably
,
these
Julian
afterwards
put
to
death
;
had
it
not
been
for
that
and
his
own
Distrustfulness
,
Jealousie
,
and
Suspitions
of
his
Kindred
,
Friends
and
Officers
,
he
had
been
comparable
to
the
best
Princes
.
By
his
extreme
Zeal
also
to
Arrianism
,
he
vexed
mightily
many
of
the
Godly
Bishops
and
Doctors
of
the
Church
.
He
fought
against
the
Persians
and
vanquished
them
,
though
with
very
great
loss
;
afterwards
with
Magnentius
,
&c.
but
returning
to
the
East
,
the
Barbarians
invaded
Gaul
,
and
the
Persians
the
East
;
so
that
he
was
forced
to
seek
out
for
some
one
to
make
Caesar
,
which
was
Julian
Son
of
Constantius
(
his
Uncle
)
and
Basilina
;
which
he
did
,
and
gave
him
Helena
his
Sister
in
Marriage
,
sending
him
into
Gallia
;
where
Julian
having
done
very
great
matters
,
was
by
the
Legions
saluted
Augustus
;
which
so
alarmed
Constantius
,
that
he
left
the
Persians
and
the
East
,
to
chastise
Julian
;
but
as
he
was
in
Cilicia
a
violent
Feaver
surprised
him
,
and
he
died
with
great
Grief
and
Sorrow
,
that
he
left
his
Enemy
his
Heir
,
and
one
that
was
so
great
an
Idolater
;
that
he
had
been
such
a
Favorer
of
Arrianism
,
and
put
to
death
so
many
of
his
Kindred
.
He
was
brought
to
Constantinople
,
and
buried
with
very
great
Pomp.
Constantius
Aug.
Three
Palms
(
representing
probably
the
three
Sons
of
Constantine
)
over
the
middlemost
(
Constantius
)
a
Star
(
perhaps
the
beatified
Soul
of
Constantine
)
for
that
was
in
his
time
,
and
afterwards
,
the
ordinary
Representation
of
that
shedding
his
Influence
upon
Constantius
.
He
was
married
in
his
Father's
Life-time
to
the
Daughter
of
his
Uncle
Constantius
,
the
Sister
of
Gallus
,
whose
Name
and
Story
is
unknown
.
But
after
the
death
of
Constans
,
and
Victory
over
Magnentius
,
he
married
Fl.
Aurelia
Eusebia
,
the
beautifulest
Woman
of
that
Age
,
and
very
Virtuous
also
,
learned
,
and
of
a
sweet
and
mild
Disposition
;
but
proud
and
intermeddling
so
with
all
Affairs
,
that
nothing
could
be
done
without
her
;
an
Arrian
and
great
Supporter
and
Favorer
of
them
.
She
was
Barren
,
but
very
desirous
to
have
Children
;
whereupon
taking
some
Drugs
into
her
Womb
,
she
became
Sick
and
Hectick
,
and
so
died
.
His
last
Wife
was
Maxima
Faustina
,
whom
at
his
death
he
left
with
Child
of
a
Daughter
called
Constantia
,
which
at
the
Age
of
fourteen
Years
was
married
to
Gratianus
the
Son
of
Valentinian
.
2.
Fl.
Claudius
Julianus
,
Son
of
Constantius
and
Basilina
,
was
born
A.
D.
360.
was
made
Caesar
by
Constantius
,
and
so
governed
five
Years
;
when
he
had
made
himself
Augustus
,
he
reigned
about
one
Year
and
eight
Months
,
and
was
slain
in
Persia
about
the
Age
of
Thirty
three
Years
;
he
was
Light-headed
,
Vain
,
Fantastical
,
but
desiring
to
seem
a
great
Philosopher
,
imitating
them
in
all
external
Behaviour
,
Loquacious
in
Extremity
,
and
so
Superstitious
and
Anxious
for
the
future
,
that
he
consumed
innumerable
Sacrifices
;
a
Flatterer
of
Constantius
when
alive
,
and
contrary
in
all
things
to
him
when
dead
.
He
was
by
Constantius
destined
to
the
Clergy
,
and
accordingly
he
studied
Theology
,
and
all
other
Sciences
fit
for
that
Profession
,
yet
Hypocritically
having
Paganism
in
his
Heart
;
this
proceeded
from
his
Masters
,
some
whereof
were
Pagans
,
as
Mardonius
,
Libanius
:
and
his
Acquaintance
with
Maximus
a
great
Magician
and
Necromancer
,
put
to
death
afterwards
for
these
things
by
Valentinian
.
Julian's
Ambition
still
inciting
him
to
search
and
enquire
after
the
future
.
This
Maximus
,
as
also
his
Master
AEdesius
and
Jamblichus
,
were
the
great
Procurers
of
his
Apostacy
,
which
notwithstanding
he
dissembled
all
the
time
of
Constantius
.
He
was
in
danger
of
death
with
his
Brother
Gallus
,
but
by
the
Favor
of
Eusebia
he
escaped
,
and
obtained
leave
to
go
to
Athens
,
whither
he
drew
also
divers
of
his
Philosophers
and
Magicians
;
and
by
the
Priest
of
Eleusis
(
the
knowingest
Magician
of
his
time
)
he
enquired
of
his
future
Condition
.
From
Athens
he
was
sent
for
to
Court
then
at
Milan
,
where
he
was
made
Caesar
,
married
to
Helena
the
Emperor's
Sister
,
and
sent
into
Gaul
with
a
small
Army
,
to
deliver
it
from
the
Oppression
of
the
Barbarians
;
at
that
time
he
professed
Arrianism
,
but
coming
into
Gaul
,
and
finding
the
People
(
so
many
as
knew
of
it
)
averse
from
it
,
he
pretended
to
be
Orthodox
,
animating
the
Bishops
and
Clergy
against
it
,
because
against
Constantius
:
Being
arrived
at
his
Command
,
he
regained
many
places
from
the
Franks
,
escaped
many
Dangers
,
(
especially
at
Sens
his
Winter-quarters
.
)
Next
year
Constantius
gave
him
a
larger
and
absoluter
Commission
,
to
raise
Men
,
&c.
and
then
he
defeated
and
took
Prisoner
Chnodomarius
,
and
sent
him
to
Constantius
;
complaining
afterwards
very
much
,
that
not
himself
but
Constantius
had
triumphed
:
He
chased
away
the
Franks
,
restored
Gallia
,
and
transferred
the
War
into
Germany
,
where
he
delivered
many
Prisoners
,
took
much
Spoil
,
Towns
and
Captives
,
and
sent
many
Soldiers
to
Constantius
then
going
to
the
East
;
and
whether
puffed
up
with
these
Successes
,
he
made
himself
,
or
was
by
the
Force
of
the
Soldiers
compelled
,
so
it
was
,
that
he
was
saluted
,
Augustus
;
of
which
he
gave
notice
to
Constantius
presently
,
with
many
Excuses
and
Protestations
.
Constantius
endeavored
to
reduce
him
to
reason
by
Letters
,
but
in
vain
,
for
he
resolved
to
maintain
his
Election
;
and
to
that
purpose
,
after
a
while
(
his
Wife
dying
in
the
mean
time
)
he
resolved
to
fight
Constantius
:
In
his
way
Vadomarius
with
an
Army
(
who
had
defeated
one
of
his
Tribunes
with
his
Army
)
interposed
himself
,
(
as
he
saith
,
by
the
setting
on
of
Constantius
)
whom
under
shew
of
Friendship
,
inviting
him
to
a
Feast
,
he
took
Prisoner
.
Marching
forward
then
into
Illyricum
and
Thrace
,
Constantius
returned
from
the
Persian
War
to
fight
him
,
but
died
in
the
way
in
Cilicia
,
so
that
Julian
remained
sole
Emperor
.
The
principal
Officers
and
Commanders
went
to
Julian
,
assuring
him
that
Constantius
had
named
him
his
Successor
,
thinking
thereby
to
calm
his
Spirit
towards
the
Servants
and
Familiars
of
Constantius
;
which
yet
they
did
not
,
he
slaying
and
banishing
many
of
them
,
without
any
Injury
done
to
himself
by
them
;
and
displaced
all
the
Officers
of
the
Houshold
:
He
,
to
shew
his
Mildness
,
and
to
set
greater
Enmity
amongst
the
Christians
,
recalled
all
the
banished
Bishops
of
the
Christians
,
commanding
and
licensing
all
to
serve
God
as
they
pleased
.
He
restored
the
Pagan
Altars
and
Temples
,
spent
much
Money
in
perverting
Persons
from
Christianity
,
promoted
Heathenism
with
all
his
Power
;
the
first
Expedition
he
undertook
,
was
against
the
Persians
;
whither
marching
,
at
Antioch
he
was
hugely
affronted
and
scorned
with
Jeers
and
Libels
;
entering
into
Persia
,
he
suffering
himself
to
be
Fooled
by
certain
Run-aways
,
burnt
his
Fleet
,
and
marched
into
desart
and
inconvenient
places
,
where
being
continually
alarmed
and
harassed
by
the
Persians
,
he
was
at
last
slain
by
one
of
their
Troopers
.
Apolonius
Tyaneus
.
℞
.
An
Athlete
drawn
by
four
Horses
;
intimating
the
Games
addressed
by
Julian
to
the
Honor
of
Apollonius
,
worshipped
as
a
God
by
the
Inhabitants
of
Tyana
.
Many
of
Julian's
Medals
have
upon
them
Serapis
,
Anubis
,
Isis
,
or
some
other
of
their
Deities
mingled
with
some
Traits
of
Julian
;
Libanius
affirming
that
many
Countries
and
Towns
erected
Statues
unto
him
,
mixed
with
the
Effigies
of
their
Gods
;
and
that
they
prayed
publickly
unto
him
,
and
that
none
who
prayed
unto
him
,
went
away
without
performance
of
his
request
.
His
Wife
was
Flavia
Maximiana
Helena
,
called
also
by
her
Brother
Constantia
,
seemed
to
be
a
virtuous
Christian
;
she
died
not
long
after
his
assuming
the
Title
of
Augustus
.
Isis
Faria
;
which
was
the
true
name
of
Isis
the
Daughter
of
Pharoah
,
and
married
to
Joseph
who
was
afterwards
worshipped
as
Serapis
;
so
saith
Tertullian
.
3.
Fl.
Jovianus
was
born
at
Singidunum
in
Pannonia
the
Son
of
Varronianus
,
a
Man
of
gre●…t
Esteem
in
the
Court
;
he
reigned
seven
Months
one
and
twenty
days
,
and
died
about
thirty
three
years
old
:
He
was
very
Strong
,
Valiant
,
Couragious
,
Resolute
,
Affable
,
Chast
,
Continent
and
Clement
,
and
an
Orthodox
Christian
,
protesting
he
would
not
accept
the
Empire
,
except
all
the
Army
would
declare
themselves
Christians
,
which
they
presently
did
.
He
refused
to
serve
under
Julian
,
except
he
had
liberty
of
his
Religion
,
which
Julian
granted
.
After
Julian's
death
he
was
chosen
Emperor
by
the
universal
Consent
of
the
whole
Army
,
which
was
brought
into
a
desperate
condition
by
the
Rashness
of
Julian
;
insomuch
that
Jovianus
was
forced
(
to
save
the
remainder
of
it
)
to
make
a
Peace
with
the
Persian
;
to
yield
to
them
the
Provinces
conquered
upon
them
by
Galerius
,
and
two
strong
Towns
,
Nisibus
and
Singara
.
He
associated
to
himself
in
the
Empire
(
his
Father
being
newly
dead
)
his
Son
Varronianus
an
Infant
;
he
forbad
and
severely
punished
all
Idolatry
,
extirpating
out
all
Magicians
and
their
Superstitions
.
As
he
was
going
to
Constantinople
at
Dardastane
,
he
was
found
dead
in
his
Bed
,
probably
of
an
Apoplexy
,
being
given
to
eat
and
drink
somewhat
too
Liberally
.
His
Wives
name
was
Charito
Daughter
of
Lucilianus
,
a
very
worthy
Person
,
who
(
probably
for
the
Profession
of
Christianity
)
had
forsaken
the
Court
for
a
private
Life
;
but
was
,
by
Jovianus
,
made
Governor
of
Illyricum
,
and
was
slain
afterwards
in
a
Mutiny
at
Rheims
.
Charito
was
a
Zealous
Christian.
Varronianus
an
Infant
,
after
his
Father's
death
,
had
one
of
his
Eyes
put
out
,
to
make
him
uncapable
of
the
Empire
.