CONSTANTIN
portrait of Constantine
The
Life
of
Constantine
the
Great
,
who
died
Anno
Christi
.
342.
COnstantius
the
Father
of
Constantine
,
was
for
his
palenesse
,
sirnamed
Chlorus
,
a
Roman
by
birth
,
whose
Father
was
a
Senator
:
He
was
made
Caesar
by
Maximianus
,
who
,
together
with
Dioclesian
resigning
the
Empire
,
chose
Constantius
to
succeed
him
,
to
whom
the
Government
of
the
West
fell
by
lot
:
He
was
a
man
of
singular
clemency
towards
men
,
and
piety
towards
God
,
not
stayning
his
reigne
with
the
A
good
Prince
.
blood
of
the
Saints
,
as
his
predecessors
had
done
;
he
little
regarded
his
private
profit
,
but
sought
the
inriching
of
his
subjects
rather
,
saying
,
that
it
was
more
behoofefull
for
the
Common-wealth
,
that
the
wealth
of
the
Land
should
be
dispersed
in
the
hands
of
the
Commons
,
then
locked
up
in
the
Princes
coffers
:
he
was
so
averse
from
all
superfluities
,
that
upon
Festival
dayes
,
Humility
.
and
when
he
entertained
strangers
,
he
was
faigne
to
borrow
plate
of
his
friends
to
furnish
his
Cupbords
:
this
comming
to
Dioclesians
eare
,
he
sent
Ambassadours
to
him
,
reproaching
him
with
poverty
,
because
his
treasury
was
empty
:
But
Constantius
intreating
them
to
stay
awhile
,
summoned
a
Parliament
of
his
wealthiest
Subjects
,
to
whom
he
declared
his
need
of
money
,
telling
them
that
now
was
the
time
for
them
to
expresse
their
love
to
their
Lord
and
King
;
whereupon
without
delay
,
they
strove
to
fill
his
Exchequer
with
gold
and
silver
,
which
being
done
,
Constantius
shewed
it
to
the
Ambassadors
,
bidding
them
tell
their
Master
,
that
this
treasure
which
he
had
now
collected
,
was
before
in
the
hands
of
his
Subjects
,
who
as
so
many
treasurers
kept
it
for
his
use
:
The
Ambassadours
wondred
at
it
;
but
after
their
departure
,
the
good
Emperour
restored
it
againe
to
the
former
owners
,
with
many
expressions
of
his
royall
favour
towards
them
.
Also
to
try
his
Courtiers
,
he
commanded
all
to
sacrifice
to
Idolls
,
pretending
to
discard
all
that
refused
so
to
do
;
but
contrarywise
those
that
obeyed
,
he
put
from
the
Court
,
saying
,
that
they
which
are
disloyall
to
God
,
Hypocriesi
detected
.
will
never
be
true
and
trusty
to
their
Prince
.
His
first
wife
was
Hellena
,
by
birth
a
Brittaine
,
the
daughter
of
Caelus
,
a
Brittish
Prince
;
on
whom
he
begat
Constantine
the
Great
in
Britaine
:
Constantine
in
his
youth
was
brought
up
,
first
with
Dioclesian
,
whom
he
accompanied
in
his
travells
through
Palestine
:
and
afterwards
was
left
an
Hostage
with
Gallerius
at
Rome
:
He
was
of
a
comly
stature
,
excelled
others
in
strength
,
very
affable
,
and
of
a
Royall
disposition
,
his
in
ward
vertues
being
equall
to
his
outward
shape
:
for
which
he
was
envied
by
some
,
and
feared
and
hated
by
the
Tyrants
,
who
thereupon
sought
opportunity
to
worke
his
overthrow
,
which
Constantine
observing
(
after
God
had
twice
or
thrice
discovered
the
conspiracies
God
protects
his
.
that
were
plotted
against
him
)
he
fled
from
Rome
,
having
laid
all
the
way
with
Post-horses
for
the
purpose
,
which
he
left
houghed
,
for
feare
of
pursuit
,
and
so
he
came
with
all
speed
to
Yorke
,
where
his
Father
lay
sicke
,
being
lately
returned
from
an
expedition
which
he
had
made
against
the
Caledonians
,
and
Picts
:
Constantius
much
rejoyced
when
hee
saw
him
,
and
sitting
upright
in
his
bed
in
the
presence
of
his
Councellors
,
he
said
,
It
now
sufficeth
,
and
death
is
not
unwelcom
,
seeing
I
Good
Counsell
.
leaue
my
unaccomplished
actions
to
be
performed
by
thee
my
son
,
&c.
Governe
the
Empire
with
upright
Iustice
:
protect
the
innocent
from
the
Tyranny
of
oppressors
,
and
wipe
away
all
teares
from
the
Christians
eies
,
for
therein
aboue
all
other
things
,
I
have
accounted
my selfe
most
happy
:
To
thee
therefore
I
leaue
my
Diadem
,
and
their
defence
,
taking
my
faults
with
me
to
my
graue
,
there
to
be
buried
in
everlasting
oblivion
:
but
leaving
my
vertues
(
if
ever
I
had
any
)
to
revine
,
and
live
in
thee
,
and
so
taking
his
last
farewell
of
his
son
,
and
friends
,
he
ended
his
daies
Anno
Christi
Three
hundred
and
six
,
&
of
his
age
fiftie
six
:
having
been
Caesar
sixteen
yeares
,
and
Augustus
two
yeares
:
Immediately
Constantine
,
by
acclamation
of
the
people
,
assistance
of
the
souldiers
,
and
advice
of
Erocus
King
of
the
Almaines
(
who
by
the
way
had
accompanied
him
hither
in
his
flight
from
Rome
)
was
proclaimed
Emperour
,
and
successor
to
that
part
of
the
world
which
his
Father
held
:
which
election
was
joyfully
ratifyed
by
the
Senate
at
Rome
,
and
gladly
accepted
by
all
other
provinces
,
who
accounted
this
Iland
of
all
other
most
happy
,
which
first
saw
him
Caesar
:
His
first
worke
was
to
prosecute
the
warre
begun
by
his
father
against
the
Caledonians
,
and
Picts
,
whom
he
subdued
,
together
with
the
Inhabitants
of
the
westerne
Ilands
:
But
the
unruly
Pretorian
Souldiers
at
Rome
,
hearing
of
the
death
of
Constantius
,
proclaimed
Maxentius
,
the
son
of
Maximianus
Herculius
,
Emperour
,
who
by
his
Necromancies
,
Adulteries
,
persecutions
,
and
murthers
,
grew
so
odious
,
and
intollerable
to
all
,
that
the
Senate
sent
to
Constantine
,
A
wicked
Tyrant
.
craving
his
aide
to
redresse
these
things
:
But
in
the
meane
time
Maxentius
was
growne
to
that
height
of
impiety
,
and
impurity
,
that
he
violently
tooke
away
mens
wiues
from
them
,
and
having
violated
their
chastity
,
sent
them
back
to
their
husbands
againe
:
amongst
the
rest
,
a
Christian
matrone
,
wife
to
a
Senatour
,
understanding
that
the
Tyrants
messengers
were
Chastity
.
at
the
doore
to
fetch
her
to
him
,
she
desired
some
time
to
dresse
her selfe
,
and
so
going
into
her
chamber
,
she
ran
a
sword
into
her
side
,
and
fell
downe
dead
,
leaving
her
body
to
the
buriall
,
rather
then
to
satisfie
the
Tyrants
lust
:
He
also
massacred
,
and
put
his
Subjects
to
death
upon
every
light
occasion
:
many
of
the
Senators
he
slew
for
their
wealth
:
He
gave
himselfe
over
to
Magicall
arts
,
ripping
open
the
wombs
of
women
great
with
child
,
searching
the
bowells
of
tender
Infants
,
&
other
creatures
;
he
by
conjurations
raised
Devills
,
to
consult
with
them
about
the
issue
of
his
wars
.
Maximianus
his
father
pretending
a
dislike
of
these
outragious
courses
of
his
son
,
repaired
to
his
son
in
Law
Constantine
,
who
had
maried
his
daughter
Fausta
,
to
complaine
to
him
of
them
:
but
whilst
he
was
with
him
,
he
secretly
tampered
with
his
daughter
to
make
away
her
husband
;
but
the
good
Lady
,
knowing
that
her
bond
to
her
husband
was
greater
A
good
Wife
.
then
that
to
her
father
,
she
revealed
it
to
Constantine
,
who
thereupon
caused
him
to
be
put
to
death
:
and
then
commiserating
the
Lamentable
condition
of
the
Romans
,
he
raised
an
Army
,
and
marched
towards
Rome
against
that
Tyrant
Maxentius
,
and
drawing
Licinius
governour
of
Sclavonia
(
who
was
made
Caesar
)
to
his
side
,
by
giving
him
his
sister
Constantia
to
wife
,
he
hasted
towards
Rome
with
an
Army
of
90000
foot
,
and
eight
thousand
horse
,
levied
out
of
Brittaine
,
France
,
and
Germany
:
but
knowing
well
that
successe
in
warr
dependeth
more
on
Divine
assistance
then
humane
strength
:
he
considered
unto
what
God
he
should
addresse
his
prayers
for
successe
,
(
for
as
yet
he
was
not
fully
setled
in
the
Christian
faith
)
&
considering
that
his
predecessors
,
who
had
worshipped
many
Gods
,
&
put
their
trust
in
them
,
had
so
often
miscarried
,
and
that
on
the
contrary
,
his
Father
,
that
had
only
worshipped
one
,
and
the
true
God
,
had
a
happy
raigne
,
and
was
still
preserved
from
many
dangers
,
he
therefore
resolved
to
worship
,
and
adore
that
God
only
,
which
his
father
had
served
:
wherefore
he
earnestly
prayed
unto
God
,
to
reveale
himselfe
to
him
,
and
to
prosper
him
in
his
journey
,
Prayer
powerfull
.
and
whilst
he
was
thus
praying
,
lifting
up
his
eyes
to
heaven
about
noone
day
,
he
beheld
the
signe
of
a
Crosse
lively
figured
in
the
aire
,
with
this
inscription
,
In
hoc
vince
,
By
this
overcome
;
himselfe
and
all
his
Army
wondring
at
so
strange
a
prodigie
,
and
being
much
troubled
in
his
minde
to
know
the
meaning
of
it
,
the
night
following
Christ
appeared
to
him
in
his
sleep
,
commanding
him
to
make
the
like
Figure
,
and
Banner
against
his
enemies
:
whereupon
the
next
day
,
imparting
the
vision
to
his
friends
,
he
sent
for
the
best
goldsmiths
,
and
Lapidaries
,
to
make
the
like
Crosse
with
gold
and
pretious
stones
,
and
withall
resolving
to
worship
that
God
only
,
who
had
thus
appeared
to
him
,
he
sent
for
godly
ministers
to
instruct
him
therein
,
who
shewed
him
that
Christ
was
the
only
begotten
son
of
God
,
of
his
coming
into
the
world
,
his
holy
life
,
death
,
&c.
Afterwards
with
great
courrage
he
went
forwards
bearing
before
him
,
and
his
victorious
Army
,
instead
of
the
Imperiall
Eagle
,
the
forme
of
this
vision
imbroydered
upon
his
standard
:
Maxentius
,
as
much
depending
upon
his
forcerers
,
was
no
lesse
confident
of
victory
,
for
the
furtherance
whereof
he
framed
a
deceitfull
bridg
over
Tyber
,
to
intrap
Constantine
:
and
also
sent
out
diverse
Armyes
to
oppose
him
,
before
he
should
come
neere
the
City
;
But
Constantine
trusting
only
in
God
,
overthrew
at
the
first
incounter
,
his
first
,
second
,
and
third
Faith
.
Armies
,
and
so
marching
thorow
all
Italy
,
he
brought
his
victorious
ensignes
neere
the
walls
of
Rome
.
Heerupon
Maxentius
led
forth
his
Army
above
a
mile
from
Rome
,
and
joyned
battaile
with
Constantine
,
but
being
overcharged
by
the
vantgard
of
Constantine
,
The
wicked
caught
in
his
own
snare
.
he
with
the
rest
of
his
army
fled
,
and
either
through
hast
,
or
forgetfullnesse
,
tooke
over
the
deceitfull
bridg
,
which
he
had
made
to
entrap
Constantine
,
but
no
sooner
were
they
entred
upon
it
,
but
it
fell
in
sunder
,
wherby
they
were
all
drowned
;
Constantine
&
his
Army
remaining
victorious
,
sang
praises
unto
God
for
the
same
.
The
Senators
,
nobles
,
and
all
the
people
Thankesgiving
.
of
Rome
,
being
freed
from
servitude
,
received
him
with
rejoycing
hearts
,
and
loud
acclamations
;
men
,
women
,
children
and
servants
called
him
their
patrone
,
and
preserver
.
But
his
humble
minde
was
not
Humility
.
puffed
up
with
their
praises
,
and
applause
,
but
ascribing
all
to
God
,
he
gaue
thankes
to
him
as
the
giver
of
victory
:
He
erected
for
a
Trophy
his
owne
Image
,
holding
a
Banner
with
a
crosse
quartered
in
it
.
All
the
Westerne
Nations
also
having
obtained
liberty
hereby
,
kept
festivalls
in
honor
of
Constantine
.
He
published
his
royall
edicts
,
whereby
he
restored
to
his
subiects
Justice
.
all
those
lands
which
had
beene
iniuriously
taken
from
them
;
calling
some
from
banishment
,
and
freeing
others
from
Captivity
,
whom
the
Tyrants
had
imprisoned
:
he
gat
godly
ministers
about
him
,
and
Ministers
honoured
,
and
loved
.
although
they
went
in
poore
and
meane
habits
,
not
considering
their
outside
,
but
honoring
the
Image
of
God
in
them
,
he
set
them
at
his
owne
table
,
tooke
them
with
him
whither
soever
he
went
,
that
he
might
enjoy
the
benefit
of
their
prayers
.
He
repaired
some
Charity
.
Churches
,
Built
others
,
and
releeved
many
poore
men
with
bountifull
donations
and
gifts
:
To
those
that
begged
in
the
streets
,
and
at
his
gate
,
he
gave
monie
,
meate
,
and
clothing
:
and
to
such
as
by
wrongs
,
and
oppressions
were
falne
into
want
,
he
gave
pensions
:
He
was
a
father
to
the
fatherlesse
,
an
husband
to
the
widdowes
:
he
married
young
maides
,
that
were
Orphans
,
to
honest
wealthy
men
,
and
gave
them
portions
,
&
was
very
gratious
to
all
petitioners
&
didressed
Sutors
:
And
perceiving
that
there
was
much
stiscord
,
Vnity
endeavored
.
&
various
opinions
in
matters
of
religion
,
he
called
a
Synod
of
the
Clergie
,
where
he
was
present
himself
:
dismissing
his
guard
,
as
superfluous
,
whilst
he
was
environed
with
godly
&
learned
men
:
he
declared
to
them
the
controverted
points
,
whereof
they
were
to
consult
,
being
very
desirous
to
settle
the
Church
in
peace
and
unity
;
those
which
were
of
a
quiet
and
peaceable
temper
,
he
made
much
of
,
and
much
disliked
those
which
were
otherwise
:
And
God
to
requite
his
care
of
his
house
,
made
all
the
barbarous
Gods
goodnesse
.
nations
to
prostrate
themselves
at
his
feet
:
He
made
him
a
conqueror
,
and
terrible
to
his
enemies
,
who
of
his
owne
nature
was
of
a
most
gentle
and
gratious
disposition
:
Yet
some
of
the
kindred
of
Maximianus
conspired
treason
against
him
,
but
thorow
the
mercy
of
God
(
who
in
a
wonderfull
manner
revealed
all
their
conspiracies
to
Constantine
by
visions
&
revelations
)
they
were
prevented
.
God
also
gave
him
much
peace
&
safety
,
whereby
he
delighted
himselfe
in
the
love
of
his
subjects
,
but
chiefely
to
see
the
Church
of
God
in
a
flourishing
Condition
,
and
so
continuing
to
the
tenth
yeare
of
his
raigne
,
he
celebrated
publick
and
solemne
Festivalls
,
wherein
he
offered
up
prayers
and
praises
unto
God
.
But
as
his
fame
increased
in
the
minds
of
most
,
so
was
it
much
maligned
by
Licinius
his
fellow
Emperour
,
who
sought
an
occasion
against
Constantine
,
by
raising
a
cruell
persecution
in
the
East
against
Christians
,
whom
he
never
favoured
A
Tyrant
.
in
his
heart
,
though
for
a
time
he
had
suffered
them
in
the
exercise
of
their
religion
:
and
besides
he
plotted
many
treasons
against
Constantine
,
to
whom
God
revealed
them
,
whereby
they
were
prevented
:
then
by
fained
and
crafty
accusations
he
raised
a
persecution
against
the
godly
ministers
,
prohibiting
them
from
meeting
together
in
Synods
to
consult
about
matters
concerning
their
owne
,
and
the
Churches
good
,
and
thereby
seeking
to
breake
off
and
interrupt
the
harmonious
agreement
of
the
Church
,
which
could
not
The
benefit
of
Synods
.
belong
preserved
without
such
meetings
,
wherin
great
and
weighty
matters
of
controversie
were
fairely
debated
and
determined
.
Then
he
banished
all
godly
men
out
of
his
Court
,
others
hee
degraded
from
their
dignity
,
and
employed
them
in
Servile
offices
:
he
sought
to
inrich
himselfe
by
the
spoiles
of
others
:
he
threatened
with
death
those
that
professed
the
name
of
Christ
;
he
committed
many
adulteries
,
and
held
that
noe
man
could
live
chastly
,
measuring
others
dispositions
,
by
his
owne
vicious
inclination
.
Then
he
made
a
Law
,
that
men
and
women
should
Tyranny
.
not
be
present
together
at
divine
service
:
that
Bishops
should
not
expound
the
scripture
to
women
,
but
that
women
should
chuse
women
to
be
their
instructers
and
preachers
:
then
he
commanded
the
congregations
to
meet
together
without
the
City
gates
in
the
open
fields
:
such
souldiers
as
would
not
sacrifice
to
Devills
he
put
out
of
their
places
and
offices
:
He
forbad
any
to
relieve
those
that
lay
in
prison
and
were
almost
famished
,
yea
he
made
a
Law
that
such
as
did
relieve
them
,
should
be
imprisoned
themselues
.
His
avarice
was
insatiable
,
taxing
the
lands
of
his
Avarice
.
subjects
,
thereby
filling
his
treasury
with
silver
and
gold
,
and
yet
complayning
of
his
poverty
.
He
unjustly
banished
many
and
confiscated
their
goods
:
he
made
his
servants
to
abuse
the
wives
of
Noble
men
,
and
then
to
accuse
them
.
Himselfe
defloured
virgins
,
and
fell
to
open
persecution
of
the
Church
,
especially
of
the
ministers
,
the
chiefest
of
whom
he
caused
secretly
to
be
murthered
.
Some
Churches
he
wholly
demolished
,
and
caused
others
to
be
shut
up
,
that
the
congregations
might
not
meet
in
them
:
he
invented
new
kinds
of
tortures
for
the
Christians
;
Persecution
.
some
he
caused
to
be
cut
into
small
peeces
,
&
so
to
be
throwen
into
the
Sea
to
feed
fishes
.
But
the
afflictions
of
the
Church
coming
to
the
eares
of
Constantine
,
who
saw
that
he
could
not
otherwise
prevent
them
,
this
Champion
of
God
presently
raised
military
forces
,
so
that
many
Troops
of
horse
&
foot
resorted
to
him
to
follow
his
Christian
Standard
against
the
Tyrant
,
and
by
way
of
preparation
,
he
betooke
himselfe
to
prayer
,
and
chose
some
godly
ministers
to
attend
him
;
esteeming
them
as
his
souls
guard
.
On
the
contrary
,
Prayer
.
the
Tyrant
hearing
that
Constantine
had
undertook
(
by
Gods
assistance
)
to
free
the
Christians
from
his
Tyranny
,
&
had
got
religious
men
about
him
,
he
derided
him
,
and
sent
for
the
Egyptian
conjurers
and
magicians
,
and
their
Priests
to
sacrifice
to
his
false
Gods
,
and
to
enquire
the
successe
of
his
warr
,
who
all
with
one
consent
promised
,
that
he
should
prosper
and
be
victorious
;
and
thus
trusting
to
their
promises
,
he
marched
forward
,
and
prepared
to
joyne
battel
:
the
two
Armies
met
in
Hungary
,
and
a
little
before
the
Battell
,
Licinius
calling
his
friends
and
favorites
into
a
grove
where
were
many
Idolls
,
having
lighted
up
waxen
Tapers
,
and
made
his
usuall
sacrifices
to
them
,
he
said
,
My
friends
,
these
are
our
country
Gods
,
which
wee
from
our
successors
doe
religiously
worship
,
our
enemie
,
violating
the
ancient
customs
and
blinded
with
errour
,
worships
a
strange
God
,
which
wickedly
he
conceiveth
to
be
the
true
God
:
under
whose
Colours
he
intend's
to
fight
,
and
beareth
his
Standard
before
his
Army
.
In
confidence
of
whose
assistance
he
warreth
against
us
and
our
Gods
,
whom
he
hath
traiterously
forsaken
,
and
relinquished
the
worship
of
them
.
Now
it
will
appeare
whether
of
us
is
in
an
error
:
for
if
wee
have
the
victory
,
wee
shall
know
that
our
Gods
preserve
and
assist
us
:
if
Constantines
strange
God
shall
give
him
the
victory
over
us
,
who
are
many
more
then
they
,
we
shall
thereby
know
which
God
ought
to
be
reverenced
,
&c.
And
having
ended
his
Oration
,
he
commanded
his
Souldiers
strait
to
give
batttaile
to
the
enemy
.
About
this
very
time
,
in
some
of
those
Cities
which
were
subject
to
Licinius
,
the
Citizens
Prodigies
.
thought
that
they
saw
Troops
and
bands
of
men
,
of
Constantines
Army
marching
at
noon-day
thorow
the
City
,
as
if
they
had
gotten
the
victory
.
Constantine
having
made
his
prayers
to
God
,
joyned
Battel
,
Prayer
powerfull
.
with
Licinius
,
and
gave
him
a
great
overthrow
:
many
of
his
enemies
cast
away
their
weapons
,
and
falling
downe
at
his
feet
,
craved
mercy
,
which
he
willingly
granted
them
:
Licinius
forsaken
of
his
forces
,
and
finding
by
experience
,
that
the
confidence
which
he
reposed
in
his
false
Gods
was
fruitlesse
,
fled
away
,
and
Constantine
forbad
his
Souldiers
to
pursue
him
,
hoping
that
the
sence
of
his
present
calamity
would
make
him
leave
off
his
wicked
courses
,
and
convert
him
to
a
milder
temper
:
but
he
escaping
into
Asia
the
lesse
,
consults
againe
with
conjurers
,
is
confident
of
successe
promised
by
them
,
raiseth
an
other
Army
,
which
Constantine
being
informed
of
,
devoted
himself
for
a
time
to
prayer
,
and
having
erected
a
Tabernacle
Prayer
.
distant
from
his
Tents
,
he
gave
himselfe
to
godly
meditation
&
prayer
,
some
other
faithfull
&
religious
men
accompanying
him
in
these
religious
exercises
:
and
so
marching
against
his
enemies
,
they
came
to
a
second
battell
,
where
he
slue
many
,
got
the
victory
,
and
carried
away
many
Trophies
:
yet
he
commanded
his
souldiers
to
shew
mercy
to
the
Captives
,
and
to
expresse
humanity
towards
them
,
yea
himselfe
payed
their
ransom
,
whereby
they
were
delivered
.
Clemency
Licinius
being
taken
prisoner
,
by
the
mediation
of
his
wife
Constantia
,
had
his
life
spared
,
and
was
confined
to
the
City
of
Nicomedia
:
but
he
after
a
while
practising
new
treasons
,
was
at
last
by
command
of
Constantine
put
to
death
:
whereupon
the
peace
of
Gods
Saints
manifestly
appeared
,
and
the
Gospell
of
Christ
had
a
free
progresse
:
for
no
sooner
was
Peace
of
the
Church
.
the
blasting
tempest
of
persecution
blowne
over
,
but
the
faithfull
Christians
,
who
before
had
hidden
themselves
in
woods
,
&
deserts
,
&
secret
caves
,
came
forth
,
reedified
the
Churches
,
celebrated
Festivall
dayes
to
God
with
pure
hearts
,
and
faith
unfained
:
and
now
the
whole
Roman
Empire
enjoying
peace
,
religion
spred
abroad
her
bright
beames
to
illuminate
those
which
sate
in
darkenesse
,
and
the
shadow
of
death
:
former
miseries
were
forgotten
,
and
God
was
praysed
as
the
author
of
this
happinesse
:
Then
were
Constantines
proclamations
sent
abroad
to
call
home
those
that
were
banished
out
of
their
Countries
:
those
which
had
beene
condemned
to
slavery
were
freed
;
their
goods
which
had
been
confiscated
were
restored
:
such
as
for
their
constancy
in
religion
had
A
good
Prince
.
been
discarded
out
of
their
military
offices
,
were
put
into
their
places
againe
,
and
such
as
were
condemned
to
the
servility
of
feminine
imployments
,
he
enfranchised
from
such
base
subjection
:
He
made
Lawes
to
redresse
the
grievances
of
his
Subjects
:
enacted
that
the
goods
of
those
which
had
suffered
Martyrdome
should
be
restored
to
their
kindred
,
or
if
they
had
none
,
to
the
Church
:
By
his
edicts
sent
abroad
into
all
Nations
in
Greeke
and
Latine
,
he
acknowledged
that
God
was
the
owner
,
and
Humility
.
donour
of
all
things
,
and
that
by
his
owne
strength
he
had
not
obtained
the
victory
,
but
by
Gods
assistance
to
whom
hee
ascribed
the
glory
:
He
also
enacted
that
the
Church
lands
and
goods
that
had
beene
injuriously
taken
away
,
though
Bounty
to
the
Church
.
now
belonging
to
his
owne
Crowne
,
should
bee
restored
:
that
such
as
had
purchased
Church
lands
,
or
goods
,
though
they
had
grievously
offended
,
yet
out
of
his
accustomed
clemency
he
freely
forgave
them
,
provided
that
they
made
present
Restitution
.
restitution
of
the
same
:
Then
he
proceeded
to
confer
great
dignities
on
the
Christians
,
making
them
governours
of
provinces
,
&
prohibited
the
Heathens
to
sacrifice
to
Idols
,
or
to
erect
their
Images
:
he
commanded
that
Churches
should
be
built
,
and
enlarged
,
and
that
the
charge
thereof
should
be
defrayed
out
of
his
owne
Treasury
:
Having
made
himselfe
famous
by
his
pious
actions
,
a
report
was
brought
to
him
of
a
great
faction
which
was
growing
up
in
the
Church
,
which
beginning
in
the
Church
of
Alexandria
,
spred
it selfe
through
Egypt
,
Libya
,
and
Thebes
,
Contention
in
the
Church
.
and
many
other
Provinces
,
and
Cities
,
the
Bishops
writing
,
and
inveighing
one
against
another
:
this
fire
was
first
kindled
by
Arrius
,
which
grieved
Constantine
as
much
as
if
himselfe
had
falne
into
some
great
calamity
,
whereupon
presently
he
chose
one
about
him
,
who
had
been
a
zealous
and
faithfull
confessor
The
danger
of
Heresie
.
of
the
truth
in
times
of
persecution
,
whom
he
sent
to
Alexandria
to
draw
them
to
peace
and
concord
,
writing
his
Letters
to
the
Authors
of
sedition
to
this
purpose
,
that
,
Whereas
all
his
designes
and
endeavours
had
tended
to
bring
all
nations
to
agree
in
one
opinion
in
matters
of
Religion
,
the
rather
that
the
Heathen
by
such
an
example
might
the
sooner
be
converted
:
and
whereas
some
rash
,
and
seditious
spirits
,
had
by
their
errors
made
a
schisme
in
the
Church
of
Affrick
,
he
had
sent
sober
and
religious
Ministers
to
reconcile
their
factious
spirits
,
and
settle
peace
in
the
Church
:
but
hearing
that
new
factious
seditions
were
sprung
up
amongst
them
,
he
was
much
grieved
at
it
,
and
now
wrote
to
them
,
profering
himselfe
to
arbitrate
,
and
moderate
their
mutuall
dissentions
,
not
doubting
,
through
the
helpe
of
God
,
and
assistance
of
godly
and
learned
men
,
to
reconcile
their
differences
,
and
settle
peace
amongst
them
againe
:
And
saith
he
,
Whereas
I
was
at
Nicomedia
purposing
a
journey
into
the
East
,
the
receipt
of
your
letters
diverted
my
intentions
,
being
unwilling
to
behold
that
,
which
I
was
grieved
to
heare
of
,
viz.
your
contentions
,
therfore
by
your
concord
,
&
agreement
open
me
a
passage
into
the
East
,
where
your
dissentions
have
shut
me
out
,
and
let
me
see
a
joyfull
agreement
amongst
you
,
that
all
of
us
being
reconciled
together
may
praise
and
glorifie
God
.
The
messenger
did
not
only
deliver
the
letter
,
but
dealt
very
earnestly
with
them
for
the
setling
of
peace
,
yet
he
could
not
bring
it
to
passe
,
the
faction
being
growne
so
strong
,
that
it
was
spred
all
over
the
Easterne
Provinces
,
the
Devill
envying
the
happinesse
of
the
Church
,
caused
this
discord
&
contention
still
to
continue
:
The
first
originall
of
it
was
this
,
Arrius
a
Arian
Heresie
.
Presbyter
in
the
City
of
Alexandria
,
a
man
which
outwardly
made
a
great
shew
of
holinesse
,
denied
the
eternity
of
the
Sonne
of
God
with
the
father
,
alledging
that
he
was
not
of
the
same
substance
with
him
:
at
the
same
time
Alexander
a
man
of
great
holinesse
and
learning
,
was
Bishop
in
that
City
,
who
being
of
a
gentle
and
mild
condition
,
endeavoured
to
have
cured
Arrius
of
that
heresie
,
praying
and
admonishing
him
to
leave
his
errors
:
but
he
being
of
a
proud
and
insolent
nature
,
persisted
therein
,
and
drew
many
followers
after
him
,
hereupon
Alexander
proceeded
to
excommunicate
him
,
which
prevailing
nothing
,
Alexander
acquainted
the
Emperour
with
it
,
saying
that
the
mischiefe
was
growne
so
great
that
it
required
a
great
and
speedy
remedy
:
Constantine
understanding
that
these
divisions
increased
in
Egypt
,
and
amongst
the
Thebans
,
in
so
much
as
the
people
grew
tumultuous
,
killing
and
murthering
one
another
,
and
commiting
many
other
outrages
:
and
an
other
division
sprang
up
also
at
the
same
time
concerning
the
Celebration
of
Easter
.
Hereupon
he
called
a
generall
Councell
in
the
City
of
Nicea
in
the
province
of
Bithinia
in
Asia
,
and
having
Generall
Councell
.
sent
abroad
his
Writs
into
everie
province
,
the
Bishops
and
ministers
repaired
cheerefully
to
that
place
,
some
hoping
that
a
universall
peace
would
be
established
,
others
desiring
to
see
this
godly
Emperour
.
Here
were
congregated
out
of
Asia
,
Africa
,
and
Europe
three
hundred
and
eighteene
Bishops
,
besides
Presbyters
,
and
Deacons
,
whereof
some
were
famous
for
their
doctrine
:
some
for
their
gravity
and
constancy
:
some
for
their
experience
,
and
age
:
some
for
their
acutenesse
and
ingenuity
:
and
all
had
their
Diet
allowed
them
by
the
Emperour
:
who
himselfe
in
person
was
present
amongst
them
:
Upon
the
day
appointed
to
begin
the
Councell
,
they
all
assembled
in
the
hall
of
the
Emperours
pallace
,
were
seats
being
set
on
both
sides
,
they
tooke
their
places
according
to
their
degrees
and
dignity
:
then
came
the
Emperour
with
an
humble
countenance
,
and
modest
aspect
,
whereupon
they
all
rose
up
;
at
the
upper
end
of
the
hall
he
stood
a
while
,
and
would
not
sit
downe
,
till
he
had
given
a
signe
to
the
Bishops
to
sit
downe
also
:
then
one
of
the
chiefest
of
them
made
a
briefe
speech
to
the
Emperour
,
and
recited
an
hymne
of
thanksgiving
unto
God
:
whereupon
the
Emperour
spake
to
this
purpose
.
It
was
my
desire
(
deare
friends
)
to
convocate
you
in
a
generall
Councell
,
and
seeing
you
now
assembled
,
I
give
God
thanks
for
it
;
Let
not
therfore
any
private
envie
deprive
us
of
that
good
which
we
expect
by
this
meeting
:
and
God
having
made
us
victorious
over
the
Tyrants
,
let
not
the
Divells
tares
of
dissention
spring
up
to
the
disturbance
of
the
peace
of
the
Church
:
for
tbese
are
of
worse
consequence
then
warr
;
for
that
kills
the
body
,
the
other
destroyes
the
soule
:
I
rejoice
to
see
you
here
together
,
but
shall
much
more
rejoyce
to
see
unitie
in
affection
,
and
concord
amongst
you
,
which
being
men
devoted
to
Gods
service
,
you
ought
to
desire
,
and
to
encourage
others
by
your
examples
to
embrace
peace
,
and
concord
:
I
intreat
you
therefore
,
beloued
ministers
of
God
and
servants
of
Christ
,
take
away
the
causes
of
dissention
,
cut
off
this
Hydra's
head
of
heresie
,
and
establish
peace
,
so
shall
you
please
god
,
and
me
your
fellow
servant
in
the
Lord
.
But
amongst
so
many
Bishops
,
though
many
were
good
,
and
holy
men
,
yet
others
there
were
full
of
envie
and
contention
,
whereupon
they
accused
one
another
to
the
Emperour
:
exhibiting
their
complaints
to
him
in
writing
:
but
he
calling
them
before
him
,
burnt
their
informations
,
that
none
should
see
them
,
and
said
unto
them
;
Fathers
,
and
ministers
,
God
hath
called
you
to
the
ministry
,
and
thereby
hath
given
you
power
in
an
orderly
way
to
iudg
me
,
but
you
cannot
be
judged
by
me
,
wherefore
I
referr
your
controversies
to
the
iudgment
of
God
and
the
Councell
;
Wherefore
setting
apart
all
malice
&
discord
,
for
Gods
sake
applie
your selves
to
peace
,
&
to
the
forgetting
of
all
these
private
injuries
.
In
the
Councell
also
he
perswaded
some
,
pacified
others
,
praised
others
,
and
endeavoured
to
bring
them
all
to
concord
,
and
agreement
,
and
so
at
length
by
Gods
blessing
he
brought
most
of
them
to
unity
in
opinion
in
all
points
of
controversie
,
that
they
did
not
only
agree
in
matters
of
faith
,
but
also
of
one
certaine
time
for
the
celebration
of
Easter
:
to
which
decrees
they
all
set
their
hands
,
and
they
were
ingrossed
as
the
determinate
Acts
of
the
Councell
:
Arrius
and
his
wicked
sect
were
condemned
by
all
the
Bishops
,
except
seventeene
,
which
held
with
him
,
whereof
eleaven
afterwards
recanted
,
and
Arrius
with
the
other
six
were
excommunicate
,
and
banished
by
the
Emperour
:
Hereticks
banished
.
and
so
was
the
holy
and
Christian
Councell
dissolved
:
After
which
the
good
Emperour
affirming
that
he
had
obtained
a
second
victory
against
the
enemie
of
the
Church
,
having
now
raigned
twentie
yeares
,
made
a
great
feast
to
the
honor
,
and
glory
of
God
,
and
invited
the
Bishops
thereunto
,
and
some
Ministers
loved
and
honoured
.
of
them
he
placed
at
his
owne
table
,
the
rest
at
tables
on
either
hand
him
:
the
feast
being
ended
,
he
gave
gifts
,
and
presents
to
all
the
Bishops
,
and
by
his
letters
divulged
,
and
confirmed
the
Councells
Acts
,
and
and
by
his
decrees
enjoined
submission
to
the
same
:
when
he
dismissed
the
Bishops
,
he
made
a
speech
to
them
,
admonishing
them
to
preserve
peace
,
to
avoid
contention
,
not
to
envie
one
another
for
gifts
,
or
wisdome
,
but
to
esteeme
their
abilities
as
a
common
good
.
His
next
care
was
to
demolish
,
and
pull
downe
Idolatrous
Temples
and
Images
:
as
the
Groue
and
Temple
of
Venus
in
Phaenicia
,
which
was
a
schoole
of
wickednesse
,
to
those
which
were
addicted
to
lust
,
Zeale
.
where
men
and
women
frequently
committed
adulteries
,
fornications
,
&c.
Constantine
thinking
it
unfit
that
the
Sun
should
behold
such
villany
,
sent
a
Band
of
souldiers
to
suppresse
it
:
as
also
the
Temple
of
Aesculapius
,
and
the
Image
of
Venus
at
Heliopolis
,
and
many
such
like
in
other
places
.
But
the
Divell
envying
the
prosperity
of
the
Church
,
raised
a
new
Sedition
in
Antioch
,
were
the
whole
City
was
divided
into
two
factions
about
the
choice
of
a
Bishop
,
and
were
so
madd
against
each
other
,
that
had
not
Constantine
interposed
,
they
had
destroied
one
Contention
.
another
:
to
them
therefore
he
sent
Ambassadours
to
pacifie
their
Fury
,
advising
them
by
letters
to
preserve
peace
,
and
approve
themselves
dutiful
subjects
,
perswading
them
to
referr
their
cause
to
him
,
and
that
they
should
not
seek
the
Bishop
of
an
other
Church
,
but
should
choose
him
for
their
Bishop
,
whom
God
of
his
providence
had
appointed
them
:
the
Bishop
,
whom
they
desired
,
was
Eusebius
,
Bishop
,
of
Caesarea
,
but
the
Emperour
wrote
one
letter
to
them
to
disswade
them
from
that
choice
,
and
an
other
to
Eusebius
to
commend
him
for
refusing
of
it
:
to
end
this
controversie
a
Synod
was
called
,
and
Constantine
wrote
to
them
to
doe
all
things
according
to
the
A
Synod
.
prescript
of
Gods
word
,
commending
some
to
them
,
whom
he
judged
fit
for
the
place
.
He
endeavoured
to
extirpate
and
root
out
all
Heresies
,
writing
to
the
Valentinians
,
Marcionists
,
Cataphrigians
,
&c
that
their
doctrine
was
false
,
and
seditious
,
that
they
were
enemies
to
truth
,
and
eternall
life
:
and
therefore
Heresies
not
endured
.
that
he
would
not
suffer
that
Contagion
to
spread
further
,
seeing
the
whole
and
sound
were
daily
infected
with
their
pestilent
errours
,
but
would
severely
punish
the
offenders
and
delinquents
:
then
he
enacted
that
none
of
them
should
meet
together
in
Conventicles
:
that
the
Churches
,
where
they
used
to
meet
,
should
be
demolished
and
confiscated
to
the
Catholick
Church
,
and
other
places
of
their
meeting
converted
to
the
use
of
the
commonwealth
,
commanding
that
from
that
day
,
they
should
have
noe
places
of
meeting
,
neither
publick
nor
private
:
hereby
many
being
brought
to
a
sight
of
their
errours
,
publickly
manifested
their
repentance
,
and
so
were
againe
received
into
the
Church
.
He
was
eminent
for
Iustice
,
neither
denying
,
nor
delaying
any
Justice
.
iust
and
reasonable
petitioners
.
He
remitted
to
the
owners
of
Land
the
fourth
part
of
such
rents
as
were
formerly
paid
him
:
he
mitigated
the
heavy
Mercy
.
tributes
,
and
being
unwilling
that
such
as
were
cast
in
suits
of
Law
,
should
be
utterly
undone
,
he
freely
bestowed
on
them
both
lands
and
money
.
He
thought
it
unfit
,
that
any
one
admitted
into
the
presence
of
his
Imperiall
majesty
should
goe
heavily
out
of
his
presence
.
And
as
his
care
was
to
advance
Gods
glory
,
God
also
highly
advanced
him
,
by
making
him
victorious
Gods
goodnesse
.
over
the
Scythians
,
&
Sauromatians
:
Ambassadors
came
to
him
from
all
nations
,
presenting
him
with
pretious
gifts
,
and
offering
him
from
their
Kings
,
if
he
pleased
,
to
serve
him
in
all
his
warrs
:
he
returned
gifts
to
the
Ambassadours
,
and
dignifyed
the
deserving
with
Roman
honours
,
so
that
some
of
them
embraced
Romane
civility
,
and
never
returned
into
their
owne
countreys
againe
:
the
King
of
Persia
sending
Ambassadours
with
rich
presents
to
him
,
desiring
to
renew
their
League
:
he
returned
them
with
farr
richer
gifts
;
and
understanding
,
that
many
Christians
suffered
persecution
under
him
,
he
wrote
effectually
to
him
in
their
behalfe
,
desiring
him
to
receive
them
into
his
protection
;
for
(
saith
he
)
by
dealing
graciously
with
them
,
you
shall
doe
me
and
your selfe
a
great
benefit
.
He
knowing
how
effectuall
the
prayer
of
faith
was
,
did
not
only
frequently
prostrate
himselfe
before
God
in
private
,
but
commanded
Prayer
.
and
desired
the
publick
prayers
of
the
Church
also
in
his
behalfe
.
He
made
his
Court
a
church
where
prayers
were
made
,
and
the
Scriptures
were
read
,
and
expounded
daily
.
He
made
Lawes
for
the
strict
observation
of
the
Lord
day
,
commanding
,
that
through
Lawes
for
Sabbath
.
all
the
Romane
Empire
all
worke
and
Labour
should
be
forborne
.
He
prescribed
a
forme
of
prayer
to
the
Legions
of
souldiers
to
be
used
both
on
the
Sabbaths
,
and
other
daies
:
He
prohibited
the
adoration
of
Images
;
as
also
the
single
combats
of
Sword
players
,
who
slew
one
another
to
make
the
people
pastime
:
and
whereas
the
Egyptians
worshipped
the
river
Superstition
reformed
.
Nilus
with
many
superstitious
Ceremonies
,
thinking
that
otherwise
the
river
would
not
overflow
,
he
forbad
it
upon
paine
death
,
and
that
wicked
custome
being
put
downe
,
the
river
overflowed
the
country
,
and
made
it
more
fruitfull
then
formerly
:
And
whereas
certaine
uniust
Laws
were
made
against
those
that
were
childlesse
,
he
abolished
them
,
and
enacted
that
their
inheritances
should
descend
to
those
that
were
next
of
Kin
to
them
.
He
ordained
that
the
determination
of
Synods
should
be
a
binding
Synods
Acts
binding
.
rule
for
deciding
of
Ecclesiasticall
controversies
.
He
endowed
,
and
much
enriched
the
churches
of
of
God
:
Meeting
with
a
covetous
man
,
he
said
,
O
good
man
,
when
will
thy
thirst
of
covetousnesse
be
satisfied
,
and
having
drawne
forth
with
his
speare
the
measure
of
a
mans
stature
upon
the
ground
,
he
said
If
thou
hadst
at
home
all
the
wealth
,
and
treasure
of
Folly
of
Covetousnesse
.
the
world
,
yet
must
thou
leave
it
,
and
possesse
noe
more
then
this
figure
on
the
earth
,
if
thou
obtainest
that
.
But
whilst
he
tooke
pleasure
in
meeknesse
,
and
mercy
,
sparing
offendors
,
he
made
his
governement
to
be
derided
,
and
contemned
by
some
wicked
persons
.
He
sent
to
Eusebius
to
get
him
fiftie
Bibles
fairly
written
out
on
parchment
for
the
City
of
Constantinople
,
appointing
the
Governour
of
the
province
Piety
.
to
provide
him
with
all
things
necessary
for
the
charge
thereof
:
Gaza
,
formerly
a
Mart
towne
in
Palestine
,
receiving
the
faith
,
he
much
rejoyced
at
it
,
and
made
it
a
City
,
which
he
named
Constantia
:
in
many
other
Cityes
he
caused
Idols
to
be
taken
away
,
Zeale
.
and
Churches
to
be
erected
.
But
whilst
he
was
thus
busie
for
the
Churches
good
,
the
Devill
stirred
up
new
factions
,
and
divisions
in
Egypt
,
whereupon
he
assembled
a
Synod
,
commanding
them
speedily
to
A
Synod
.
to
determine
,
and
end
those
controversies
:
he
sent
his
Delegate
to
it
with
authority
,
that
if
any
contemned
his
command
in
not
coming
to
it
,
he
should
banish
him
.
On
a
time
a
flattering
Presbyter
telling
Flattery
.
him
,
that
he
was
a
blessed
man
,
and
worthy
to
be
Emperour
over
the
whole
world
,
and
to
raigne
with
the
Sonne
of
God
in
eternall
glory
:
he
manifested
his
dislike
,
commanded
him
that
he
should
not
dare
hereafter
to
use
any
such
speeches
:
but
rather
pray
earnestly
Humility
.
for
him
that
he
might
live
and
die
Gods
faithfull
servant
:
About
this
time
came
Ambassadours
Religion
.
Rewarded
.
to
him
from
the
East
Indies
,
bringing
him
all
kind
of
pretious
stones
,
and
pearles
,
and
strange
living
creatures
,
declaring
that
their
Princes
did
acknowledg
him
to
be
the
King
and
Emperour
of
the
world
:
He
had
three
sons
,
Constantine
,
Constantius
,
and
Constance
:
these
he
made
Caesars
whilst
he
lived
,
and
instructed
them
in
those
Arts
which
doe
adorne
Imperiall
Majesty
:
he
appointed
them
a
Councell
for
Children
instructed
.
the
dispatch
of
publick
affaires
:
he
advised
them
to
preferr
the
knowledg
and
worship
of
God
before
wealth
,
and
Kingdoms
:
he
placed
religious
Officers
about
them
,
and
amongst
these
three
sonns
he
divided
his
Empire
when
he
dyed
:
Hearing
that
the
Easterne
Barbarians
rose
against
him
in
his
old
age
;
he
raised
an
Army
,
and
tooke
some
Bishops
along
with
him
to
pray
for
successe
,
and
so
marched
against
them
,
but
they
hearing
of
it
,
sent
Ambassadors
to
craue
pardon
,
and
promise
obedience
,
and
he
being
alwaies
desirous
of
peace
,
entertained
them
courteously
,
and
granted
their
requests
.
Falling
into
some
distemper
,
he
resolved
to
goe
to
the
warme
Baths
,
but
fell
sick
at
Hellenopolis
,
and
finding
his
end
to
approach
,
he
humbly
confessed
his
sinns
to
God
:
and
(
as
Eusebius
saith
)
was
there
Baptized
,
but
most
probably
he
was
long
before
Baptized
at
Rome
,
and
so
quietly
resigned
up
his
spirit
unto
God
,
in
the
three
and
thirtieth
yeare
of
his
raigne
,
of
his
age
sixtie
six
:
Anno
Christi
342
:
Till
his
last
sicknesse
his
body
continued
strong
and
lusty
,
not
troubled
with
any
disease
,
paine
,
or
infirmity
:
Constantines
character
.
He
was
of
a
comely
presence
and
aspect
,
and
was
stout
,
and
hardy
to
endure
exercise
,
riding
,
travell
,
and
warrs
.
He
made
,
and
penned
holy
prayers
to
his
dying
day
:
He
removed
the
Imperiall
seat
from
Rome
to
Byzantium
in
Thracia
,
which
he
adorned
with
stately
Constantineople
.
edifices
,
and
priviledges
above
other
Cities
:
he
inriched
,
&
adorned
it
with
the
spoiles
of
Rome
,
as
Statues
,
pillars
,
Colosses
,
and
all
other
things
that
were
singular
,
and
excellent
,
either
of
stone
or
mettall
;
the
like
he
did
from
other
Cities
also
:
he
built
in
it
a
stately
Pallace
,
a
most
magnificent
Church
wherein
he
erected
his
owne
Tomb
:
A
famous
Library
,
wherein
he
put
an
hundred
and
twentie
thousand
of
the
chiefest
written
books
,
and
in
the
middest
thereof
were
the
guts
of
a
Dragon
of
one
hundred
and
twentie
foot
long
,
whereupon
was
admirably
written
in
letters
of
gold
Homers
Iliads
:
His
death
was
much
bewailed
amongst
all
sorts
of
persons
:
his
Guard
,
amd
officers
tore
their
garments
,
cast
themselves
on
the
ground
,
beat
their
heads
against
the
pavement
,
crying
out
that
they
had
lost
a
gracious
L.
&c.
the
Centurions
,
and
Captaines
bewailed
the
losse
of
their
Generall
:
the
Souldiers
of
their
shepherd
:
the
people
ran
about
the
City
with
weeping
and
lamentation
:
when
the
Senate
,
and
Citizens
of
Rome
heard
of
it
,
they
shut
up
their
Baths
,
prohibited
all
publick
plaies
,
and
recreations
,
lamenting
and
mourning
excessiuely
.
He
vsed
to
shew
much
reverence
,
and
attention
to
the
word
of
God
preached
,
so
that
many
Reverence
to
the
word
of
God
.
times
he
would
stand
up
all
the
Sermon
while
,
and
when
some
of
his
Courtiers
told
him
,
that
it
would
tend
to
his
disparagement
,
he
answered
,
that
it
was
in
the
service
of
the
great
God
,
who
is
noe
respecter
of
persons
:
He
used
to
kiss
the
hollow
of
old
Paphnutius
his
eie
which
he
had
lost
for
the
cause
of
Christ
in
the
former
persecutions
:
the
daies
of
this
Godly
Emperours
reigne
,
were
the
breathing
daies
of
the
persecuted
Church
:
and
in
his
time
the
Gospell
was
propagated
into
East
India
by
Frumentius
,
and
Edesius
.
As
also
into
Iberia
in
the
uttermost
part
of
the
Conversions
.
Euxine
Sea
,
by
the
meanes
of
a
Captiue
Christian
woman
,
by
whose
prayers
a
child
that
was
mortally
sick
,
recovered
health
:
and
the
Lady
of
Iberia
her selfe
was
delivered
from
a
mortall
disease
:
whereupon
the
King
her
husband
sent
Ambassadours
to
Constantine
,
intreating
him
to
send
him
some
preachers
into
Iberia
,
to
instruct
them
in
the
true
faith
of
Christ
:
which
Constantino
performed
with
a
glad
heart
.
He
vsed
to
say
,
that
an
Emperour
should
refuse
noe
labour
for
the
benefit
of
the
common
wealth
:
as
also
,
That
His
sayings
.
an
Empire
is
given
by
the
determinate
purpose
of
God
,
that
he
to
whom
it
is
given
should
so
imploy
his
diligence
that
he
may
be
thought
worthy
of
the
same
by
him
that
gave
it
.
He
made
and
published
a
decree
,
that
all
Ministers
,
and
such
whose
vocation
was
to
serve
in
the
Church
,
should
be
free
,
and
exempted
from
all
publick
duties
,
taxes
,
and
burthens
whatsoever
,
that
being
so
priviledged
,
they
might
with
more
cheerfullnesse
attend
upon
Divine
administrations
:
Note
.
yea
so
carefull
was
he
to
nourish
and
cherish
learning
and
learned
men
,
that
he
enacted
a
Law
which
ran
in
this
forme
:
Medicos
,
grammaticos
,
et
alios
professores
literarum
,
et
doctores
legum
cum
vxoribus
,
&
liberis
:
We
will
and
decree
that
Physitians
,
Grammarians
,
&
other
professors
of
the
liberall
Arts
,
and
doctors
of
the
Law
,
with
their
wives
and
children
,
shall
be
free
together
with
their
lands
,
and
possessions
,
from
all
civill
charges
,
and
offices
,
&c.
as
also
that
their
stipends
,
and
salaries
shall
be
well
,
and
truly
paid
them
,
whereby
they
may
the
more
freely
attend
upon
their
offices
,
&c.
So
studious
he
was
of
peace
,
that
when
any
Bishops
or
Ministers
brought
complaints
one
against
another
,
he
would
take
their
bills
of
complaint
,
and
burne
them
before
their
faces
,
and
withall
so
tender
he
was
of
their
honour
,
that
he
used
to
say
,
that
if
he
saw
a
Bishop
committing
wickedness
,
he
would
rather
cast
the
skirt
of
his
gowne
over
him
to
cover
it
,
then
by
speaking
of
it
to
dishonour
his
holy
calling
.
Collected
out
of
Eusebius
,
the
Booke
of
Martyrs
,
Speeds
Chronicle
,
and
Sympsons
Eccles
.
Hist
.
JOVIANVS
portrait of Jovianus
The
Life
of
Jovianus
the
Emperour
,
who
dyed
Anno
Christi
.
363.
JUlian
the
Apostate
having
led
the
Roman
Army
into
Persia
in
the
winter
time
,
in
a
battell
against
the
Persians
,
was
wounded
with
an
arrow
from
an
unknowne
hand
,
with
which
wound
,
losing
his
senses
,
he
fell
upon
his
Horse
necke
,
and
by
his
Souldiers
was
carried
into
his
Tent
,
where
(
after
meanes
used
)
coming
to
himselfe
againe
,
and
recovering
strength
,
he
called
for
his
Horse
,
and
Armes
,
that
he
might
returne
againe
into
the
battaile
:
but
afterwards
feeling
his
force
to
faile
,
in
extreame
pride
he
tooke
his
blood
in
his
hands
,
and
holding
it
up
to
heaven
,
he
used
these
words
against
our
Saviour
Christ
,
It
sufficeth
that
thou
Christ
the
Galilean
hast
Vicisti
Galilaee
,
vicisti
.
overcome
me
,
for
so
he
was
accustomed
to
call
Christ
in
scorne
.
By
his
death
there
was
so
great
a
confusion
in
the
Campe
,
that
they
were
in
danger
to
be
overthrowne
by
the
Persians
,
and
besides
they
were
in
much
distresse
for
want
of
victualls
;
the
Persians
also
understanding
these
things
,
never
ceased
to
molest
them
with
sudden
assaults
and
Alarums
;
whereupon
the
chiefe
commanders
of
the
Army
assembled
together
to
chuse
an
Emperour
to
governe
them
,
and
after
much
contention
,
and
diversity
of
opinions
,
they
all
consented
to
chuse
Jovianus
,
Emperour
:
He
was
the
sonne
of
Varronianus
,
a
Noble
Hungarian
,
who
leaving
the
warres
to
avoid
tumults
,
and
troubles
,
retired
himselfe
to
his
possessions
in
Hungary
,
there
to
live
in
rest
and
quiet
;
But
Jovianus
his
sonne
,
went
to
the
Emperour
Constantius's
his
Court
,
followed
the
warres
,
was
valiant
,
and
of
a
goodly
personage
,
and
therefore
much
esteemed
by
Julian
,
who
made
him
the
chiefe
commander
of
his
ordinary
Troops
.
Iovianus
was
of
an
excellent
wit
,
sound
judgment
,
given
to
study
,
well
learned
,
and
withall
a
faithfull
Christian
,
insomuch
,
as
when
Iulian
commanded
that
noe
Christian
should
be
a
Captaine
,
neither
Constancy
should
have
any
Charge
,
or
office
in
the
warrs
,
Iovianus
pleasantly
said
,
that
he
made
greater
account
of
the
faith
,
whereof
he
made
profession
,
then
of
any
dignity
,
or
honour
that
he
enjoyed
,
and
so
he
gave
up
his
charge
,
chusing
rather
to
throw
away
his
military
Belt
,
the
ensigne
of
his
honour
,
then
to
doe
sacrifice
,
or
satifie
the
wicked
edict
of
the
Emperour
.
Yet
afterwards
Iulian
(
when
the
necessitie
of
the
Persian
warrs
constrained
him
)
reassumed
him
into
the
number
of
his
Captaines
:
This
Iovianus
being
chosen
Emperour
,
considering
that
Iulian
had
drawne
the
men
of
warr
of
his
Army
to
commit
Idolatry
,
and
to
sacrifice
to
Devills
,
he
in
a
publick
Oration
which
he
made
to
them
said
,
That
although
he
might
,
A
Christian
resolution
.
yet
he
would
not
,
being
a
Christian
,
be
an
Emperour
of
Infidels
,
and
so
he
resisted
,
and
absolutely
refused
the
Empire
.
But
all
the
Army
was
so
well
pleased
with
the
election
,
that
they
cryed
out
aloud
,
saying
,
wee
are
all
Christians
,
and
for
his
sake
,
they
that
were
not
so
,
resolved
to
become
Christians
,
upon
condition
that
he
would
accept
the
Empire
,
which
he
then
consented
to
;
They
all
with
incredible
joy
,
and
gladnesse
sware
obedience
unto
him
,
and
gave
him
the
Imperiall
ensignes
:
whereupon
he
presently
ordered
,
and
reinforced
the
Army
:
but
Sapor
King
of
Persia
gathering
together
the
greatest
Forces
that
he
could
make
,
did
so
molest
,
and
inviron
them
that
they
were
glad
to
come
to
an
agreement
with
him
,
though
somewhat
to
the
dishonor
of
the
Romans
,
but
it
was
the
best
end
that
he
could
make
in
those
straits
whereinto
Iulian
by
his
pride
had
brought
the
Army
.
Then
he
marched
into
Soria
;
the
Christians
everie
where
wonderfully
rejoicing
at
his
election
,
and
his
first
worke
was
by
proclamation
Piety
.
to
call
home
all
those
Bishops
which
were
exiled
for
opposing
the
Arrian
Heresie
,
or
on
any
other
unlawfull
occasion
,
whom
he
restored
to
their
former
places
,
and
principally
the
great
Athanasius
.
He
also
revoked
,
and
made
voide
all
the
prohibitions
,
and
decrees
made
by
Iulian
against
the
Christians
,
and
ordained
that
they
should
be
admitted
to
offices
,
dignities
,
magistracy
,
and
studie
as
in
the
daies
of
Constantine
the
great
:
He
caused
to
be
paid
to
the
Churches
those
rents
of
corne
,
and
other
things
that
Constantine
had
given
them
,
and
which
,
by
the
command
of
Iulian
had
beene
sequestred
.
Then
he
caused
the
Idol-groves
,
and
Temples
to
be
shut
up
,
and
the
Pagans
wandred
about
hiding
Zeale
.
themselves
here
and
there
:
the
bloodie
and
detestable
sacrifices
used
in
Julians
time
,
he
wholly
tooke
away
.
The
Bishops
of
all
sects
,
and
opinions
posted
unto
him
,
hoping
everie
one
of
them
to
finde
him
according
to
their
owne
minds
,
but
he
adhering
to
the
Nicaene
creed
,
made
them
flat
answer
what
Integriry
.
his
judgement
,
and
faith
was
,
and
whom
he
would
countenance
:
Then
the
Macedonians
exhibited
to
him
a
supplication
,
requesting
that
they
which
held
a
dissimilitude
,
and
unlikenesse
betweene
the
father
,
and
the
Sonne
should
be
banished
the
Church
,
and
themselves
substituted
in
their
roomes
;
but
he
sent
them
away
with
these
words
:
I
tell
you
truly
,
I
cannot
away
with
contention
,
but
such
as
embrace
vnity
and
Peaceable
.
concord
,
I
both
honour
and
embrace
them
:
when
the
Emperour
had
thus
appeased
the
contentions
of
seditious
persons
,
he
went
from
Antioch
to
Tarsus
,
where
he
buried
the
corpse
of
his
predecessor
:
and
immediately
after
he
was
proclaimed
Consul
,
and
so
from
thence
he
went
to
Constantinople
:
He
laid
a
Godly
A
good
Prince
.
foundation
to
his
Empire
by
establishing
the
Christian
faith
,
giving
in
all
things
good
signes
of
a
just
and
vertuous
prince
,
every
man
conceiving
much
hope
of
him
:
but
this
and
all
his
Noble
resolutions
,
and
other
Christian
like
purposes
were
interrupted
by
his
immature
death
,
the
iniquity
of
the
people
not
deserving
so
good
a
Prince
,
which
happened
thus
:
He
coming
to
a
place
called
Dudastana
in
the
confines
of
Bithynia
,
the
weather
being
very
cold
,
they
set
in
his
Chamber
where
he
lay
,
a
great
pan
with
kindled
char-coales
,
which
coales
were
wet
,
and
as
his
attendants
were
gon
to
take
their
rest
,
his
chamber
dore
being
lockt
,
and
he
asleepe
,
the
vapour
of
the
fire
waxing
grosse
,
and
thick
,
and
filling
the
chamber
with
smoake
,
which
had
no
place
to
evaporate
,
stopped
the
Emperours
Breath
,
so
that
in
the
morning
he
was
found
dead
in
his
bed
;
In
the
eighth
moneth
of
his
raigne
,
and
of
his
age
about
fortie
.
Anno
Christi
363.
His
losse
was
much
bewailed
of
all
good
men
.
He
used
to
wish
that
he
might
governe
wise
men
,
and
that
wise
men
might
governe
him
.
He
restored
the
Christian
faith
in
everie
part
of
his
Empire
:
streightly
commanding
all
the
Idoll
Temples
to
be
shut
up
,
which
his
predecessor
Iulian
had
opened
,
and
upon
great
penalties
forbad
all
manner
of
Gentilitious
sacrifices
:
he
called
home
from
banishment
that
worthy
Captaine
Valentinian
,
whom
Iulian
had
banished
:
He
resolved
to
follow
the
advice
and
counsell
of
Athanasius
in
matters
of
faith
,
and
Church
government
.
For
his
personage
,
he
was
of
a
goodly
presence
,
both
Jovianus
his
Character
.
tall
and
bigg
;
his
gesture
grave
:
his
eies
gray
,
and
countenance
pleasant
:
an
affectionate
Lover
,
and
professour
he
was
of
the
Christian
religion
:
of
Indifferent
learning
himselfe
,
but
a
most
honorable
imbracer
thereof
in
others
:
very
precise
and
Considerate
in
choosing
of
Iudges
and
Magistrates
,
and
very
facile
and
familiar
to
his
servitours
about
him
.
Collected
out
of
Socrates
Scholasticus
,
Speeds
Chronicle
,
the
Imperiall
History
,
and
the
Booke
of
Martyrs
.
THEODOSIVS
.
1.
portrait of Theodosius I
The
Life
of
Theodosius
Senior
,
who
dyed
Anno
Christi
.
397.
GRatian
Governing
the
Empire
with
Valentinian
the
younger
,
finding
that
the
Romane
Empire
daily
decreased
,
and
that
the
Barbarians
waxed
strong
,
and
encreased
daily
,
he
found
that
the
Common
wealth
stood
in
great
need
of
a
valiant
,
and
worthy
man
to
governe
it
:
and
knew
that
there
lived
at
that
time
in
Spaine
,
one
Theodosius
,
the
sonne
of
a
noble
Captaine
,
whose
name
was
Theodosius
also
,
whom
Valens
had
caused
to
be
slaine
,
because
his
name
began
with
Th.
and
the
Devill
had
revealed
to
him
,
that
after
him
should
reigne
one
whose
name
began
with
those
letters
:
this
Theodosius
perceiving
that
he
also
was
in
great
danger
upon
the
same
reason
,
he
retired
himselfe
into
his
owne
Countrey
,
being
as
well
for
the
Nobility
of
his
ancestors
,
as
for
his
owne
valour
and
exploits
in
Armes
,
the
most
renowned
,
and
of
greatest
account
of
any
man
in
his
time
.
Hereupon
Gratian
sent
for
him
,
made
him
Captaine
generall
of
all
the
Empire
;
and
shortly
after
,
his
fellow
Emperour
:
Theodosius
having
received
the
Emperours
letters
,
and
accepting
of
the
charge
,
with
the
greatest
speed
that
could
be
,
he
went
into
those
countreys
where
the
Goths
were
,
who
knowing
of
his
coming
,
gathered
themselves
together
to
fight
with
him
:
Theodosius
being
very
desirous
thereof
,
levied
a
sufficient
Army
,
and
having
tryed
his
souldiers
in
some
skirmishes
,
he
gave
them
battaile
,
which
was
one
of
the
cruellest
and
most
bloody
that
ever
was
.
But
holy
Theodosius
carried
himselfe
so
discreetly
,
and
valiantly
in
directing
,
incouraging
,
and
fighting
,
that
through
Gods
mercy
he
obtained
the
victory
,
and
A
great
Battaile
.
made
an
incredible
slaughter
of
the
enemies
:
and
ceased
not
till
he
had
wholly
driven
them
out
of
Zeale
.
the
Province
:
and
then
marching
with
his
Army
in
good
order
to
Gratian
,
he
made
him
Emperour
of
Constantinople
&
the
East
.
Presently
he
went
thitherward
and
coming
to
Thessalonica
,
he
fell
sick
of
a
dangerous
disease
,
and
much
desiring
to
be
baptized
,
he
sent
for
the
old
Bishop
of
that
place
:
and
when
he
was
come
,
he
demanded
of
the
Bishop
of
what
faih
he
was
:
the
Bishop
answered
,
that
the
opinion
of
Arrius
prevailed
not
in
those
parts
,
&
that
the
new-found
invention
of
his
pestilent
braine
,
had
not
crept
in
amongst
them
,
but
that
all
Christians
in
those
coasts
retained
the
authentick
,
and
ancient
faith
delivered
by
the
Apostles
,
and
confirmed
by
the
Councell
of
Nice
:
and
thereupon
the
Emperour
was
willingly
baptized
of
him
;
not
long
after
he
recovered
his
health
,
&
so
went
towards
Constantinople
.
A
little
before
whose
coming
,
Gregory
Nazianzen
was
translated
by
the
consent
of
all
the
Catholick
Bishops
to
governe
the
Sea
at
Constantinople
:
but
perceiving
that
some
murmured
,
and
objected
,
that
he
was
a
stranger
and
forreiner
,
though
he
was
glad
of
the
Emperours
coming
,
yet
he
refused
to
continue
any
longer
at
Constantinople
.
Theodosius
finding
the
Church
there
out
of
order
,
endeavoured
by
all
meanes
to
reduce
it
to
peace
,
and
unity
:
wherefore
immediately
he
gave
Demophilus
,
the
Arrian
Bishop
,
to
understand
his
pleasure
,
demanding
whether
he
would
embrace
the
Nicene
Creed
,
set
the
people
at
unity
,
and
embrace
concord
himselfe
;
which
he
refusing
,
the
Emperour
said
to
him
,
If
thou
refuse
to
embrace
peace
,
and
unity
,
I
command
thee
to
avoid
the
Hereticks
banished
.
Church
,
and
accordingly
he
,
with
many
more
of
his
adherents
,
departed
,
leaving
their
Churches
to
the
Orthodox
:
Presently
after
the
Emperour
summoned
a
Councell
of
one
hundred
and
fiftie
Orthodox
Bishops
;
he
cited
also
the
Bishops
of
the
Macedonian
A
Councel
Sect
,
hoping
thereby
to
reclaime
them
;
of
which
there
appeared
thirtie
six
,
most
of
them
out
of
Hellespont
:
there
the
Emperour
and
the
other
Godly
Bishops
used
all
meanes
possible
to
reconcile
them
to
the
Catholick
Church
:
but
neither
admonition
nor
reprehension
would
prevaile
with
them
,
and
so
they
departed
,
professing
that
they
would
rather
joine
with
the
Arrians
then
with
them
:
then
the
Councell
proceeded
to
the
election
of
a
Bishop
for
Constantinople
,
and
chose
one
Nectarius
,
a
man
of
an
holy
life
,
and
Godly
conversation
:
they
Decreed
,
that
a
provinciall
Synod
should
determine
provinciall
affairs
:
the
Emperour
confirmed
their
Canons
,
and
so
the
Councell
was
dissolved
.
But
though
the
Arrians
were
banished
the
Churches
,
yet
the
schisme
and
tumults
ceased
not
,
whereupon
the
Godly
Emperour
aiming
at
peace
,
summoned
another
Councell
,
charging
that
men
of
all
Sects
and
opinions
should
A
Councel
meet
there
together
,
hoping
that
by
conference
and
communication
amongst
themselves
,
they
would
at
length
be
brought
to
establish
one
faith
and
opinion
:
and
when
they
were
all
come
together
,
the
Emperour
sent
for
Nectarius
,
Bishop
of
Constantinople
,
reasoning
with
him
how
he
might
rid
the
Christian
religion
of
that
discord
and
dissention
,
and
reduce
the
Church
of
Christ
to
unity
and
concord
;
he
said
also
,
that
the
controversies
&
quarrells
that
molested
the
quiet
state
of
the
Church
,
and
rent
asunder
the
members
of
Christ
,
were
to
be
sifted
out
,
and
the
punishment
to
light
upon
them
that
were
found
to
be
the
authors
of
Schisme
,
and
disturbers
of
peace
:
Nectarius
leaving
him
for
the
present
,
went
to
Agelius
the
Novatian
Bishop
,
who
embraced
the
faith
of
one
substance
,
and
opened
to
him
the
mind
of
the
Emperour
.
He
(
although
he
was
otherwise
a
man
of
rare
and
singular
parts
)
yet
was
no
body
in
controversies
,
but
appointed
Sisinius
,
a
minister
of
his
Church
,
to
reason
with
them
in
his
stead
:
Sisinius
being
a
well
experienced
man
,
knew
that
disputations
would
not
only
not
reconcile
schismes
,
but
rather
exasperate
mens
spirits
and
inflame
contentions
,
therefore
he
advised
Nectarius
after
this
sort
:
that
instead
of
disputation
,
the
Emperour
should
demand
of
the
ringleaders
of
the
Hereticks
,
whether
they
esteemed
the
ancient
Fathers
that
lived
before
this
Schisme
sprang
up
,
or
whether
they
condemne
them
?
If
they
owne
them
,
saith
he
,
out
of
their
writings
wee
can
confirme
the
truth
,
and
confute
these
men
:
If
they
reject
them
,
all
men
will
crie
out
upon
them
:
Nectarius
liking
this
advice
,
reported
it
presently
to
the
Emperour
,
who
approving
of
it
also
,
he
presently
demanded
of
all
the
Hereticks
,
whether
they
esteemed
and
allowed
the
fathers
,
which
governed
the
Church
before
them
,
and
would
be
tried
by
their
testimonies
touching
the
true
and
right
faith
?
They
hearing
this
,
knew
not
what
answer
to
make
,
and
so
were
divided
amongst
themselves
:
whilst
some
would
assent
to
the
Emperour
,
others
dissented
:
yea
they
that
were
of
one
opinion
,
were
divided
amongst
themselves
;
the
Emperour
perceiving
that
they
relied
not
upon
the
ancient
Fathers
exposition
of
the
faith
,
but
upon
their
owne
witt
,
and
quirks
of
Logick
,
he
bad
everie
sect
to
lay
downe
their
faith
and
opinion
in
writing
:
which
accordingly
they
did
,
and
brought
them
to
the
Emperour
;
the
Emperour
received
them
curteously
,
and
then
retired
into
his
closet
,
fell
downe
upon
his
Prayer
.
knees
before
God
,
humbly
beseeching
him
to
reveale
the
truth
unto
him
,
and
to
assist
him
in
finding
of
it
out
;
then
perusing
everie
ones
opinion
,
and
seriously
weighing
of
it
in
the
ballance
of
the
Sanctuary
,
he
condemned
and
tore
in
peeces
all
those
Creeds
that
derogated
from
the
unity
that
is
in
the
blessed
Trinity
,
allowing
&
highly
commending
the
other
:
the
Sectarian
Bishops
,
becuse
there
raigned
amongst
them
mutuall
discords
&
dissention
,
were
set
at
nought
even
of
their
owne
people
and
party
.
Thus
as
Theodosius
was
carefull
to
build
Gods
house
,
the
Lord
built
him
an
house
,
and
prospered
him
in
all
his
enterprizes
:
for
about
this
time
,
the
Alanes
and
Hunns
[
people
of
Scythia
]
entred
againe
into
Hungary
,
Gods
goodnesse
.
against
whom
the
Emperour
went
with
his
Army
;
he
fought
many
cruell
battailes
with
them
,
and
in
them
all
had
the
upper
hand
,
slaying
an
infinite
number
of
them
,
and
driving
the
rest
out
of
the
Confines
of
the
Empire
:
insomuch
as
Athanaricus
,
King
of
the
Goths
,
offered
himselfe
and
his
people
to
doe
him
service
,
&
Theodosius
not
being
willing
to
overtire
his
men
of
war
,
granted
him
peace
,
and
so
taking
Athanaricus
with
him
,
he
returned
victoriously
to
his
City
of
Constantinople
,
where
Athanaricus
beholding
the
power
of
the
Emperour
,
the
solemnity
and
greatnesse
of
his
Court
;
the
riches
,
furniture
,
and
order
of
his
house
,
and
service
,
he
said
,
that
truly
the
Roman
Emperour
was
God
on
the
earth
,
and
represented
the
God
of
heaven
,
against
whom
none
ought
to
be
so
hardy
,
as
to
lift
up
his
hand
,
or
heart
,
except
he
would
presently
be
condemned
to
death
:
not
long
after
Athanaricus
fell
sick
,
and
dyed
,
but
the
Goths
that
served
in
his
house
and
Army
,
having
had
experience
of
the
goodnesse
and
bounty
of
Theodosius
,
desired
to
continue
in
his
service
,
and
afterwards
carried
themselves
faithfully
and
valiantly
in
all
his
warrs
:
But
Gratian
,
and
his
sonne
Valentinian
ruling
in
the
West
very
remisly
and
negligently
,
gave
occasion
to
the
Brittish
Legions
to
rebell
and
chuse
an
excellent
Captaine
,
one
Maximus
,
for
their
Emperour
,
who
thereupon
presently
marched
into
France
,
where
Gratian
was
,
who
being
ill
beloved
of
his
Souldiers
,
many
of
them
forsook
him
,
and
went
to
Maximus
;
hereupon
Gratian
resolved
to
retire
into
Italy
,
but
being
circumvented
by
the
policy
of
Maximus
,
he
was
slaine
in
the
way
,
Anno
Christi
387.
Maximus
marching
forward
with
a
great
Army
into
Italy
,
Valentinian
the
Emperour
knowing
his
owne
weaknesse
,
deserted
it
,
and
went
to
Constantinople
to
Theodosius
,
to
intreat
aide
:
who
compassionating
his
condition
,
of
his
naturall
and
accustomed
valour
,
resolved
to
go
into
Italy
,
to
revenge
the
death
of
Gratian
,
and
to
restore
Valentinian
to
his
Empire
,
and
thereupon
,
leaving
his
sonne
Arcadius
in
Constantinople
,
and
taking
Valentinian
along
with
him
,
he
raised
the
greatest
and
best
forces
he
could
,
and
so
marched
through
Lombardy
,
where
Maximus
already
was
,
having
left
Androgathius
generall
of
his
Army
to
resist
Thedosius
,
who
expecting
that
he
would
come
by
Sea
into
Italy
,
he
embarked
all
his
Army
aboord
a
great
number
of
Ships
and
barks
,
purposing
to
overthrow
Theodosius
upon
the
water
:
the
valiant
Theodosius
,
being
advertised
hereof
,
Marched
by
long
journeies
,
finding
the
passages
open
,
into
Gods
Goodnesse
.
the
plaines
of
Lombardy
,
&
besieged
the
City
of
Aquileia
were
Maximus
was
,
and
compassing
the
City
round
about
,
they
within
it
,
having
guilty
consciences
,
and
being
full
of
feare
,
delivered
Maximus
into
Theodosius
hands
,
without
staying
for
any
assault
,
or
fight
,
who
caused
him
as
a
Traitor
to
his
Prince
,
to
be
put
to
death
:
when
Androgathius
,
his
Generall
,
being
vpon
the
Sea
with
a
very
mighty
navie
,
heard
of
it
,
he
was
so
overcome
with
sorrow
and
despaire
,
that
he
cast
himselfe
overboord
,
and
drowned
himselfe
,
and
thereupon
his
Army
yielded
themselves
to
Theodosius
,
and
so
without
either
slaughter
or
bloodshed
,
God
gave
unto
his
holy
servant
Theodosius
,
a
very
great
victory
:
and
from
France
,
Spaine
,
Germany
,
and
Brittaine
there
came
Ambassadours
to
him
,
yielding
him
their
obedience
with
great
humility
and
devotion
.
Thence
he
marched
with
Valentinian
to
Rome
,
where
they
received
him
with
a
solemne
Triumph
;
He
continued
there
certaine
daies
,
reformed
many
abuses
,
&
disorders
,
inflicted
punishments
,
and
did
Iustice
upon
sundry
wicked
Justice
.
and
dissolute
persons
,
and
as
an
holy
and
faithfull
Christian
,
he
reformed
the
abuses
of
the
Church
also
:
and
setting
all
things
in
good
order
,
he
returned
to
Constantinople
,
leaving
with
Valentinian
an
Army
and
power
sufficient
to
defend
his
Empire
.
Theodosius
,
through
Gods
mercy
,
and
goodnesse
,
was
so
feared
,
and
honoured
by
all
nations
,
that
the
King
of
Persia
,
notwithstanding
his
former
victories
,
in
great
humility
sent
his
Ambassadours
to
Constantinople
,
intreaing
a
perpetuall
League
,
and
peace
with
him
,
and
he
seeing
with
how
great
submission
that
potent
King
sued
for
peace
,
granted
it
.
Not
long
after
,
Valentinian
the
Emperour
went
into
France
,
and
there
living
in
prosperity
,
and
void
of
care
,
one
Argobastes
,
a
Captaine
of
his
,
conspired
with
Eugenius
to
kill
him
,
and
for
that
end
suborned
some
of
his
Eunuches
to
strangle
him
in
his
bed
,
which
they
did
,
publishing
abroad
,
that
he
had
hanged
himselfe
:
whereupon
Argobastes
nominated
and
made
Eugenius
Emperour
:
Theodosius
being
advertised
of
this
fact
,
was
very
sorry
,
and
much
troubled
,
considering
how
dangerous
a
warre
lay
before
him
,
yet
thinking
it
a
great
dishonour
to
suffer
such
an
action
to
goe
unpunished
,
he
mustered
up
his
Army
,
and
leaving
his
son
Arcadius
in
Constantinople
,
with
all
possible
speed
he
marched
against
them
;
but
as
a
good
Fasting
&
Prayer
.
and
holy
Christian
,
he
first
betooke
himselfe
to
fasting
and
prayer
,
seeking
unto
God
,
the
giuer
of
Victory
,
for
successe
in
his
interprise
,
requesting
the
prayers
of
other
holy
men
also
,
whereof
one
of
them
sent
him
word
,
that
he
should
have
the
victory
,
but
should
die
in
Italy
,
and
never
returne
againe
to
Constantinople
.
When
Theodosius
with
his
Army
came
to
the
confines
of
Italy
,
the
Tyrants
had
such
great
forces
,
and
had
taken
such
good
order
for
all
matters
,
that
all
the
passages
of
the
Alps
were
stopped
,
and
at
the
foot
thereof
they
attended
his
coming
with
all
their
forces
:
yet
Theodosius
having
overcome
those
passages
,
and
being
entred
into
Lombardy
,
found
himselfe
much
distressed
,
the
enemies
being
more
in
number
,
and
having
as
valiant
and
experienced
souldiers
as
he
;
who
compassed
him
about
,
&
kept
all
victualls
from
being
brought
to
his
Camp
:
but
the
valiant
Emperour
using
the
best
meanes
he
could
,
as
a
faithfull
Christian
,
expected
and
hoped
for
his
best
reliefe
from
God
,
to
whom
with
teares
he
made
continuall
supplications
:
and
truly
his
danger
Prayer
Powerfull
.
was
so
great
,
that
had
not
God
miraculously
fought
for
him
,
he
had
there
beene
lost
:
the
night
before
the
battaile
he
spent
wholly
in
prayer
,
neither
eating
nor
sleeping
,
&
the
next
day
,
seeing
himselfe
charged
on
everie
side
,
he
set
his
men
in
very
good
order
to
fight
,
with
great
courage
and
resolution
attending
the
coming
of
his
enemies
,
and
iust
as
the
battaile
was
ready
to
begin
,
behold
the
goodnesse
of
God
:
Arbicius
a
Captaine
of
the
enemies
cam
over
to
his
side
with
all
under
his
Charge
.
The
Battaile
beginning
,
where
Romans
were
against
Romans
,
they
fought
at
even
hand
,
most
cruelly
wounding
,
and
killing
one
another
.
But
Theodosius
his
Auxiliaries
were
worsted
,
and
at
the
first
charge
ten
thousand
Goths
,
which
were
in
his
pay
,
were
slaine
,
which
when
he
saw
,
he
lifted
up
his
eyes
to
heaven
,
and
with
a
true
faith
and
stedfast
hope
,
shedding
many
teares
,
prayed
unto
the
Lord
,
that
he
might
not
be
overthrowne
in
so
just
a
cause
.
At
that
instant
a
Captaine
of
his
,
with
a
great
troope
of
Souldiers
came
to
the
rescue
of
certaine
Squadrons
,
which
in
all
shew
were
overthrowne
,
and
they
charged
the
enemy
with
such
courage
and
resolution
,
that
they
which
were
in
a
manner
vanquished
,
recovered
strength
and
heart
againe
:
But
the
enemies
were
so
many
,
that
it
seemed
impossible
for
them
to
defend
themselves
,
at
which
A
miracle
of
Mercy
.
instant
it
pleased
God
to
send
them
succour
from
heaven
,
for
suddenly
there
arose
so
violent
a
wind
and
tempest
,
as
the
like
had
never
been
seene
by
any
man
then
living
,
which
without
annoyance
to
the
Emperours
Army
,
did
beate
into
the
enemies
faces
with
such
force
,
that
it
bereaved
them
of
their
sight
,
so
that
they
were
not
able
to
march
forwards
,
yea
the
wind
was
so
strong
,
that
all
the
Arrowes
,
stones
,
darts
,
and
lances
,
which
they
threw
and
shot
,
were
borne
back
againe
,
wounding
those
that
threw
them
:
the
most
Christian
Emperour
taking
notice
of
this
miraculous
providence
of
God
,
rendered
thankes
Thankesgiving
.
unto
him
for
the
same
,
encouraging
,
and
animating
his
souldiers
,
so
as
in
a
short
space
they
obtained
a
compleate
victory
:
Eugenius
himselfe
was
taken
fighting
,
and
brought
to
Theodosius
,
who
commanded
him
to
be
slaine
for
his
treason
,
and
Argobastes
flying
,
and
finding
no
certaine
place
of
refuge
,
with
his
owne
sword
cut
his
owne
throat
:
Theodosius
had
the
spoyle
of
his
enemies
Campe
:
presently
after
,
all
the
Princes
of
the
Empire
sent
their
Embassadours
to
Theodosius
,
to
congratulate
his
victory
,
and
many
barbarous
nations
did
the
like
,
so
that
he
remained
the
absolute
Lord
both
of
the
East
,
and
West
:
and
being
freed
from
warres
,
he
came
to
Millaine
,
where
Saint
Ambrose
was
the
Bishop
,
in
which
place
he
remained
the
rest
of
his
time
,
applying
himselfe
to
civill
Governement
,
whereof
in
the
time
of
warre
he
neglected
not
to
take
great
care
.
Being
thus
in
Millaine
,
meditating
upon
his
mortality
by
reason
of
his
diseases
,
he
resolved
to
settle
his
estate
,
and
sending
to
Constantinople
for
his
sonne
Honorius
,
by
the
generall
approbation
of
all
,
he
made
him
Emperour
of
the
West
:
and
his
elder
sonne
Arcadius
of
the
East
,
after
which
he
lived
in
great
prosperity
three
yeares
in
Millaine
,
in
the
company
of
that
holy
man
Ambrose
,
during
which
time
this
fell
out
.
In
Thessalonica
[
a
richand
populous
City
of
Macedonia
]
there
happened
a
great
tumult
amongst
the
people
against
the
magistrates
and
governours
under
the
Emperour
,
and
their
fury
grew
so
great
,
that
they
slew
them
,
which
when
Theodosius
understood
,
he
was
so
incensed
against
them
,
that
he
made
his
souldiers
put
to
death
seven
thousand
of
the
common
people
,
making
noe
difference
betweene
the
guilty
and
innocent
:
Ambrose
hearing
of
it
,
when
the
Emperour
came
to
Church
,
as
his
manner
was
,
Ambrose
(
that
his
repentance
Zeale
.
might
be
as
publick
as
his
offence
)
set
himselfe
in
the
Church
doore
,
and
told
the
Emperour
,
that
he
should
not
enter
there
,
making
a
learned
Oration
to
him
,
wherein
he
opened
his
fault
,
and
then
excommunicated
him
:
all
which
the
Emperour
heard
with
great
patience
,
and
returning
to
his
palace
he
continued
there
eight
months
before
he
was
absolved
,
at
the
end
whereof
he
said
to
one
about
him
,
truly
I
will
goe
and
see
what
penance
my
Pastor
will
lay
upon
me
for
my
offence
,
and
so
he
went
to
the
Church
doore
where
Ambrose
was
,
intreating
him
to
absolue
him
.
But
what
repentance
hast
thou
shewed
(
said
the
Bishop
)
for
so
hainous
an
offence
?
and
with
what
salue
hast
thou
healed
so
mortall
a
wound
?
Thou
(
said
the
Emperour
)
art
to
instruct
,
and
shew
me
Humility
.
what
I
am
to
doe
,
and
thou
shalt
see
that
I
will
accomplish
what
thou
shalt
prescribe
:
the
Bishop
seeing
the
Emperours
mildnesse
,
thinking
it
penance
sufficient
that
he
had
bin
so
long
excommunicated
,
with
mild
and
curteous
speeches
,
said
unto
him
:
Thy
penance
,
Theodosius
,
shall
be
this
,
that
seeing
in
thy
hasty
fury
thou
commitedst
such
an
horrid
murther
,
thou
shalt
presently
establish
a
Law
,
that
no
man
whom
thou
shalt
adjudge
to
die
shall
be
executed
within
thirtie
dayes
after
thou
hast
pronounced
the
sentence
,
at
the
end
of
which
time
thou
shalt
either
ratifie
or
disanull
thy
sentence
,
as
thou
seest
cause
:
the
Emperour
immediately
caused
this
Law
to
be
written
,
and
proclaimed
,
which
he
ever
after
observed
,
and
whereof
much
good
ensued
:
and
so
being
absolved
,
he
came
into
the
Church
,
prayed
,
and
received
the
Sacrament
,
and
ever
after
loved
Ambrose
very
deerly
,
and
used
his
counsell
in
many
matters
,
and
for
his
companies
sake
,
he
continued
in
Millaine
the
remainder
of
his
life
.
In
the
good
Emperours
absence
,
the
Arians
at
Constantinople
Hereticks
insolency
.
began
to
waxe
bold
,
raised
tumults
,
&
proceeded
to
that
insolency
,
that
they
set
the
house
of
Nectarius
[
Bishop
of
Constantinople
]
on
fire
:
in
other
Cities
also
,
where
they
were
thrust
out
of
their
Churches
by
the
authority
of
the
Emperour
,
they
kept
conventicles
in
the
suburbs
,
and
thereby
much
propagated
their
damnable
opinions
:
About
this
time
the
Emperour
commanded
that
all
the
Idoll
groues
and
Temples
in
Alexandria
should
be
demolished
,
and
that
Theophilus
the
Bishop
thereof
should
see
it
done
,
which
he
with
much
zeale
prosecuted
,
which
Zeale
.
so
inraged
the
heathen
,
that
they
made
head
together
,
ran
upon
the
Christians
,
and
sought
to
destroy
them
everie
kinde
of
way
:
the
Christians
withstood
them
,
and
so
they
fought
till
both
sides
were
weary
,
many
were
slaine
,
and
more
wounded
:
But
the
heathens
,
when
that
the
heate
was
over
,
were
wonderfully
affraid
of
the
Emperours
displeasure
,
and
therefore
forsooke
the
City
,
and
hid
themselves
in
severall
places
:
Afterwards
the
Governour
and
Captaine
of
the
Host
assisted
Theophilus
in
the
overthrow
of
those
Temples
:
all
the
Images
by
the
Emperours
order
were
given
to
the
reliefe
of
the
poore
.
Whilst
Theodosius
was
at
Rome
,
after
he
had
overcome
Justice
.
Maximus
,
he
reformed
two
most
abominable
wickednesses
:
the
first
was
this
;
In
Rome
was
an
huge
house
of
ancient
building
,
where
all
the
bread
that
served
the
City
was
baked
,
and
most
of
the
roomes
were
under
grownd
:
round
about
it
were
Taverns
and
Victualing
houses
full
of
Harlots
,
so
that
many
that
resorted
thither
,
either
to
satisfie
their
hunger
,
or
lust
,
were
by
these
whores
spoyled
of
all
they
had
,
and
usually
so
made
away
that
their
friends
could
never
heare
of
them
more
:
for
by
privie
conveiances
,
they
were
throwne
into
these
back-houses
,
and
there
kept
to
grinding
,
and
drudgery
all
their
life
after
.
It
fell
out
that
one
of
the
Emperours
Souldiers
was
thus
throwne
into
this
hole
,
who
when
,
they
would
not
suffer
him
to
depart
,
drew
his
Dagger
,
and
slew
some
that
stopped
his
passage
,
so
that
the
rest
being
afraid
,
let
the
Souldier
goe
:
and
the
Emperour
being
informed
by
him
,
sent
for
the
Millers
and
Bakers
,
punished
the
Masters
with
extreame
torments
,
overthrew
those
blind
houses
,
and
so
rid
the
princely
City
of
that
shamefull
doing
.
The
other
abuse
which
he
reformed
was
this
:
If
a
woman
were
taken
in
Adultery
,
they
shut
her
up
in
a
narrow
Stewes
,
and
compelled
her
beastly
,
and
without
all
shame
to
play
the
harlot
,
ringing
a
bell
whilst
the
deed
was
doing
,
that
all
the
neighbours
might
be
made
privie
to
it
,
which
was
so
farre
from
removing
the
sin
,
that
it
encreased
it
rather
:
The
good
Emperour
being
informed
hereof
,
caused
the
Stewes
to
bee
pulled
downe
,
and
Adultery
punished
.
wholely
suppressed
:
and
made
other
Lawes
for
the
punishment
of
Adultery
.
Theodosius
being
aged
,
&
infirme
,
at
last
fell
extreme
sick
,
and
therefore
he
disposed
of
the
Empire
to
his
two
sonnes
;
and
because
they
were
young
,
and
not
of
fit
yeares
for
such
a
burthen
,
he
left
,
as
tutors
and
governours
to
them
,
two
very
sufficient
men
both
for
war
&
peace
:
after
he
had
set
all
things
in
order
,
his
disease
so
increased
,
that
being
overcome
by
it
,
he
recommended
his
soule
to
God
,
and
so
departed
out
of
this
present
life
Anno
Christi
397.
of
his
age
fifty
,
or
as
others
sixty
,
and
of
his
Empire
seventeene
.
In
all
his
His
Charecter
.
warres
he
was
very
valiant
and
politick
▪
of
an
excellent
wit
and
judgement
in
civill
governement
,
a
lover
of
Justice
and
equity
,
very
mercifull
,
and
of
a
most
noble
inclination
,
yet
somewhat
hasty
&
cholericke
,
but
presently
pacified
,
and
easily
intreated
:
To
moderate
his
passion
,
besides
Ambrose
his
Law
in
matters
of
death
,
he
used
(
knowing
his
owne
hasty
disposition
)
not
to
determine
of
any
thing
till
he
had
repeated
over
the
letters
of
the
Greeke
Alphabet
,
for
in
that
space
his
wrath
would
be
tempered
:
he
was
exceeding
liberall
,
temperate
,
and
chast
:
he
greatly
honored
learned
,
and
wise
men
:
hee
was
well
spoken
,
and
cheerefull
in
his
deportment
.
His
wife
Flacilla
was
an
excellent
,
and
most
religious
woman
:
He
used
to
say
,
That
he
accounted
it
a
greater
honour
,
that
he
Piety
.
was
a
member
of
the
Church
,
then
that
he
was
the
head
of
the
Empire
.
He
wrote
out
the
whole
New
Testament
with
his
owne
hand
,
accounting
it
a
great
Jewell
,
and
reading
a
part
of
it
every
day
.
Hee
commanded
that
they
which
reviled
,
and
spake
evill
of
him
should
not
bee
punished
:
Quoniam
si
ex
levitate
processerit
,
contemnendum
Meekenes
.
est
:
si
ex
insania
,
miseratione
dignum
:
si
ab
injuria
,
remittendum
est
:
Because
if
it
proceeded
of
levity
,
it
is
not
to
be
regarded
:
if
of
madnesse
,
it
is
to
be
pittied
:
if
of
an
injury
received
,
it
is
to
be
pardoned
in
them
.
In
this
Emperors
reigne
there
was
much
hurt
done
by
earthquakes
in
sundry
places
:
In
the
Imperiall
City
of
Constantinople
there
were
thrown
downe
at
one
time
fifty
seven
Towers
of
the
City
wall
,
which
were
newly
built
a
little
before
:
It
endured
by
fitts
sixe
moneths
together
,
so
that
many
faire
and
goodly
Churches
and
Fortresses
were
demolished
,
and
the
Inhabitants
were
faigne
to
forsake
their
houses
,
and
lie
in
the
fields
:
It
raged
by
Sea
also
,
so
that
many
ships
,
and
whole
Islands
were
swallowed
up
by
it
.
After
which
,
insued
Famine
and
pestiferous
aers
,
by
which
many
thousands
of
people
,
and
beasts
perished
:
and
in
Chersonesus
,
whole
Parishes
sunk
into
the
ground
:
Also
in
the
last
yeare
of
his
raigne
in
Epyrus
there
was
a
Dragon
seene
of
that
vast
bignesse
,
that
when
he
was
dead
eight
yoaks
of
Oxen
could
hardly
draw
him
.
The
Inhabitants
of
Antiochia
overthrowing
the
brasen
portraiture
of
his
beloved
wife
Placilla
,
Theodosius
was
so
incensed
against
them
for
it
,
that
he
deprived
their
Towne
of
the
dignity
of
a
Metropolitan
City
,
conferring
it
upon
their
neighbour
towne
of
Laodicea
:
he
threatned
also
to
burne
it
downe
,
but
by
the
perswasions
of
Flavianus
Bishop
of
Antiochia
,
the
good
Emperour
moved
with
pitty
,
pardoned
their
fault
.
At
one
time
he
was
very
favourable
to
the
Arrians
,
whom
he
permitted
to
keepe
Conventicles
in
his
principall
Cities
,
which
Amphilochius
Bishop
of
Iconium
taking
notice
of
,
he
came
before
the
Emperour
,
and
did
his
reverence
unto
him
,
but
not
to
his
sonne
Arcadius
,
though
he
was
already
made
Augustus
,
whereat
Theodosius
being
offended
,
Amphilochius
presently
answered
,
that
the
God
of
heaven
would
also
be
offended
with
them
,
who
tolerated
the
blasphemers
of
his
only
begotten
sonne
Iesus
Christ
:
the
Godly
Emperour
being
hereby
brought
to
a
sight
of
his
great
sinne
,
presently
made
a
Law
prohibiting
the
Conventicles
of
the
Arrians
in
all
his
Cities
.
Concerning
that
miraculous
tempest
that
God
sent
for
the
destruction
of
his
enemies
,
Claudian
the
poet
writes
these
verses
.
O
nimium
dilecte
Deo
!
cui
fundit
ab
Antris
Aeolus
armatas
hyemes
,
cui
militat
Aether
,
Et
conjurati
veniunt
ad
classica
venti
.
Collected
out
of
Socrates
Scholasticus
:
the
Imperiall
History
:
Speeds
Chronicle
,
and
the
Booke
of
Martyrs
.
THEODOSIVS
.
2.
portrait of Theodosius II
The
Life
of
Theodosius
the
Second
,
who
dyed
Anno
Christi
.
453.
ARcadius
,
the
Elder
Sonne
of
Theodosius
,
in
the
thirteenth
yeare
of
his
raigne
falling
sick
at
Constantinople
,
left
his
Son
Theodosius
to
succeed
in
the
Empire
,
who
being
but
eight
yeares
old
,
Arcadius
by
his
last
will
and
Testament
made
Hisdigerdus
,
King
of
Persia
and
Parthia
,
his
tutor
,
who
understanding
what
Arcadius
had
done
,
accepted
of
the
charge
,
and
speedily
sent
one
Antiochus
an
excellent
man
,
and
a
great
souldier
to
Constantinople
:
who
with
the
good
will
and
consent
of
Honorius
,
Emperour
of
the
West
,
and
uncle
to
young
Theodosius
,
governed
the
Easterne
Empire
with
great
fidelity
and
discretion
,
and
so
maintained
the
same
in
peace
and
justice
,
till
Theodosius
came
to
age
.
About
which
time
the
Westerne
Empire
was
much
infested
by
the
barbarians
:
but
Theodosius
being
now
of
sufficient
age
,
was
freed
from
his
tutours
,
and
as
he
was
a
Godly
man
,
and
the
inheritour
of
his
grandfathers
vertues
,
his
chiefest
care
was
for
the
service
of
God
and
the
defence
and
advancement
of
his
Church
;
whereupon
he
fell
Piety
.
out
with
Barrabanus
King
of
Persia
(
who
succeded
Isdigerdus
)
because
he
persecuted
the
Christians
that
were
in
his
dominions
,
and
when
perswasions
would
not
prevaile
,
he
sent
Ardaburus
an
excellent
Captaine
against
him
,
who
fought
a
battaile
with
Nasius
,
Generall
of
the
Persians
,
overthrew
him
,
and
made
a
great
slaughter
of
his
men
,
and
afterwards
entred
his
country
,
and
made
great
spoile
therein
.
By
an
other
way
Theodosius
sent
Gratianus
,
another
Captaine
,
against
Alamander
King
of
the
Saracens
,
who
came
to
aide
the
King
of
Persia
,
who
overthrew
him
in
battaile
,
and
slew
a
great
multitude
of
his
Saracens
:
And
in
an
other
place
,
another
of
Theodosius
his
Captaines
overthrew
the
Persians
,
so
that
at
last
Barrabanus
ceased
from
persecuting
of
the
Christians
,
and
a
peace
was
concluded
betweene
Theodosius
and
him
:
About
this
time
Honorius
having
raigned
in
all
thirtie
yeares
,
died
at
Rome
without
issue
:
and
thereby
the
whole
Romane
Empire
was
devolved
upon
Theodosius
:
and
some
held
for
him
,
as
reason
and
duty
required
;
but
the
greatest
potentates
in
the
West
began
to
make
themselves
Lords
of
the
Empire
in
severall
parts
of
it
.
But
they
falling
out
amongst
themselves
,
Theodosius
,
not
thinking
it
safe
to
leave
the
East
,
made
his
Cosen
german
Valentinian
,
Caesar
,
who
was
the
sonne
of
Placidia
,
sister
to
Arcadius
and
Honorius
,
and
wife
to
the
Emperour
Constantius
:
and
so
with
sufficient
troopes
he
sent
him
into
Italy
with
his
mother
Placidia
,
whose
vertue
and
wisdome
was
sufficient
to
governe
all
,
till
her
sonne
came
to
yeares
fit
for
governement
:
in
the
meane
time
,
one
John
who
had
vsurped
the
Empire
at
Rome
,
sent
his
Ambassadours
to
Theodosius
,
requesting
him
to
accept
him
as
his
partner
in
the
Empire
;
but
Theodosius
caused
them
to
be
apprehended
as
traitours
and
rebells
,
and
withall
he
sent
command
to
Ardaburius
,
an
excellent
Captaine
of
his
,
that
with
the
greatest
power
he
could
make
,
he
should
passe
by
sea
into
Italy
before
Placidia
,
and
should
seeke
to
defeat
the
Tyrant
Iohn
.
But
in
his
passage
there
befell
him
such
a
storme
at
Sea
,
that
his
owne
ship
being
severed
from
the
rest
,
was
driven
to
an
haven
where
hee
was
taken
,
and
carried
prisoner
to
Ravenna
:
His
sonne
Asper
(
who
was
in
the
same
fleete
)
being
informed
hereof
,
landed
his
men
after
the
storme
was
over
,
and
passing
the
Lakes
and
boggs
neere
to
Ravenna
(
which
were
alwaies
judged
Being
conducted
by
an
Angell
of
God
,
as
Socrates
saith
.
impassible
,
and
never
knowne
to
be
dry
before
)
entred
the
City
,
freed
his
father
,
tooke
the
Tyrant
Iohn
and
cut
off
his
head
.
This
miraculous
deliverance
of
Ardaburius
was
judged
to
bee
the
fruit
of
the
effectuall
prayers
of
the
Godly
Emp
:
Theodosius
.
Presently
after
came
Placidia
with
her
sonne
into
Italy
,
&
passed
to
Ravenna
,
where
hearing
of
another
usurper
,
that
was
coming
with
all
his
forces
from
Spaine
to
seise
upon
Rome
,
she
sent
Ardaburius
against
him
,
who
fought
a
great
battell
with
him
,
&
overthrew
him
,
after
which
his
owne
souldiers
,
mutining
against
him
,
delivered
him
to
Ardaburius
:
and
whereas
an
other
vsurper
was
risen
up
in
Rome
,
the
souldiers
and
Citizens
apprehended
him
,
and
sent
him
prisoner
to
Ravenna
.
Valentinian
being
thus
peaceably
possessed
of
Italy
,
was
by
the
consent
of
Theodosius
,
and
with
the
good
will
of
all
men
,
made
Emperour
:
&
not
long
after
,
leaving
all
things
in
the
best
order
that
he
could
in
Italy
,
he
tooke
his
passage
for
Greece
,
and
went
to
Constantinople
to
see
Theodosius
,
where
he
married
Eudoxa
daughter
to
Theodosius
:
and
so
returned
into
Italy
:
at
which
time
Gensericus
King
of
the
Vandalls
exercising
great
cruelties
upon
the
Christians
in
Africk
,
Godly
Theodosius
was
so
grieved
,
that
he
sent
two
of
his
Captaines
with
great
forces
against
him
.
But
whilst
they
prolonged
time
in
Sicily
,
Attila
a
mighty
King
of
the
Hunns
,
with
many
other
barbarous
nations
,
which
like
swarmes
of
Bees
came
to
him
,
intended
to
invade
the
Easterne
Empire
,
knowing
that
the
best
and
greatest
part
of
the
men
of
warr
were
gone
with
the
two
Captaines
into
Sicilie
;
and
at
his
first
entry
,
he
tooke
many
Cities
in
Thrace
,
and
Slavonia
,
whereupon
Theodosius
in
great
hast
called
back
his
Army
out
of
Sicily
,
raised
more
forces
,
and
fought
with
Attila
many
battells
,
much
repressing
his
furie
:
but
in
the
middest
of
his
preparations
against
these
Barbarians
,
it
pleased
God
that
he
fell
sick
of
the
plague
,
whereof
he
died
:
or
(
as
some
hold
)
by
a
fall
from
his
horse
:
in
the
fiftieth
yeare
of
his
age
,
and
of
his
raigne
fortie
two
,
Anno
Christi
453
:
Socrates
Scholasticus
gives
this
character
of
him
.
Theodosius
,
though
borne
,
and
brought
Theodosius
his
Character
.
up
in
the
Imperiall
Palace
,
yet
was
he
free
from
all
light
and
vaine
behaviour
:
He
was
so
wise
and
discreet
,
that
he
seemed
in
his
youth
to
all
that
conferred
him
a
man
of
great
experience
:
He
was
of
such
hardinesse
and
sufferance
both
inwardly
in
minde
,
&
outwardly
in
body
,
that
he
could
endure
the
pinching
cold
of
winter
,
and
the
parching
heare
of
summer
:
He
used
to
Fast
twice
every
weeke
:
His
palace
and
Piety
.
Court
seemed
noe
other
then
a
religious
family
:
at
the
dawning
of
the
day
,
he
used
with
his
sisters
to
sing
Psalmes
and
Hymnes
of
praise
to
God
.
He
learned
much
of
the
holy
Scriptures
without
booke
:
He
Scriptures
studied
.
so
reasoned
of
them
with
the
Bishops
,
as
if
himselfe
had
beene
an
experienced
minister
:
he
gathered
together
a
very
great
Library
of
the
ancient
Fathers
works
,
but
especially
many
books
of
the
sacred
scriptures
:
A
great
Library
.
He
excelled
all
men
in
patience
,
curtesie
,
and
clemency
:
He
learned
to
bridle
his
anger
:
to
beare
afflictions
patiently
:
to
revenge
him
of
none
that
did
him
injury
:
&
when
one
of
his
familiars
asked
him
,
why
he
would
not
put
to
death
some
that
had
wronged
Meekenesse
.
him
;
He
answered
,
I
would
to
God
it
lay
in
my
power
to
reviue
them
that
are
dead
:
indeed
it
is
noe
hard
matter
to
bereaue
a
man
of
his
life
,
but
when
that
is
done
,
be
a
man
never
so
sorry
,
he
cannot
revine
him
againe
:
when
any
traitour
was
condemned
,
he
would
not
suffer
him
to
goe
so
farr
as
the
gates
of
the
City
towards
the
place
of
execution
,
before
he
sent
him
a
reprieve
.
One
day
,
as
he
set
forth
some
publick
shewes
to
the
people
at
Constantinople
,
wherein
beasts
fought
together
,
the
people
shouting
,
desired
that
one
of
the
strongest
men
,
should
be
set
to
encounter
with
one
Cruelty
hated
.
of
those
beasts
:
His
answer
was
:
Doe
not
you
know
that
wee
cannot
abide
cruell
spectacles
.
He
highly
honourd
Gods
ministers
,
especially
such
as
excelled
in
Ministers
loved
.
in
Godlinesse
:
Once
as
he
was
at
the
publick
shewes
to
please
the
people
,
there
fell
out
an
exceeding
great
tempest
:
whereupon
he
commanded
his
Beadles
to
speake
to
the
people
,
telling
them
,
that
it
was
farr
better
to
lay
aside
those
shewes
and
pastimes
,
and
with
one
heart
and
voice
to
pray
unto
God
to
Piety
.
cease
that
violent
storme
;
the
words
where
noe
sooner
spoken
,
but
all
jointly
fell
downe
to
the
ground
,
and
powred
out
zealous
and
earnest
prayers
unto
God
:
so
that
the
whole
City
was
become
as
one
Church
:
and
it
pleased
God
that
the
weather
presently
Cleered
up
and
became
faire
:
and
whereas
Prayers
prevalent
.
there
was
a
great
dearth
,
and
scarsity
before
,
through
Gods
mercy
,
they
had
afterwards
great
store
and
plenty
:
At
an
other
time
as
this
most
Godly
Emperour
was
celebrating
those
showes
in
the
same
place
,
he
had
newes
brought
him
of
Aspers
successe
,
and
of
the
death
of
the
Tyrant
Iohn
,
whereupon
he
thus
spake
to
the
people
:
Let
us
give
over
this
vaine
pastime
,
and
let
us
repaire
unto
Church
and
serue
God
devoutly
,
powring
out
our
zealous
prayers
to
him
,
and
praise
him
for
his
wonderfull
mercy
,
who
by
his
owne
hand
and
outstretched
arme
,
hath
deprived
the
Tyrant
of
his
life
;
noe
sooner
had
he
made
an
end
of
speaking
,
but
all
the
people
gave
over
their
spectacles
,
and
passing
through
the
Theater
,
sang
praises
together
with
the
Emperour
unto
God
:
and
so
going
directly
to
Church
,
spent
the
whole
day
in
those
holy
exercises
:
When
warrs
were
at
any
time
proclaimed
,
after
the
examples
of
David
and
Iehosaphat
,
he
made
God
his
refuge
,
and
by
prayer
,
he
alwaies
obtained
prosperous
successe
.
Nestorius
denying
Christ
to
be
God
,
Theodosius
A
Councell
.
Zeale
.
summoned
a
Councell
at
Ephesus
to
suppresse
that
Heresie
,
by
which
Nestorius
was
deposed
from
his
Bishoprick
.
He
greatly
detested
all
Hereticks
:
His
wife
was
Eudoxia
a
very
Godly
and
discreet
woman
.
His
vsuall
saying
was
,
that
Emperours
of
all
other
men
were
most
miserable
,
because
commonly
the
truth
of
businesses
is
concealed
from
them
.
In
his
time
there
was
such
a
Famine
.
famine
in
Rome
,
that
the
poore
sort
were
faigne
to
make
bread
of
the
bark
of
trees
,
and
the
richer
sort
of
Chesnuts
:
a
Pound
of
flesh
was
worth
fiftie
pence
,
and
dead
mens
flesh
was
sold
and
eaten
.
In
one
battell
that
his
Generall
fought
against
Attila
,
there
A
cruell
Battell
.
were
slaine
162000
men
,
whose
blood
made
a
neighbour
brooke
to
overflow
its
banke
.
This
Attila
was
called
the
terrour
of
the
world
,
and
the
whip
wherewith
God
scourged
many
nations
:
Theodosius
in
godlinesse
was
like
unto
his
Grandfather
:
In
collecting
a
great
library
of
good
books
nothing
inferiour
to
Ptolemaeus
Philadelphus
.
In
gathering
into
one
short
sum
the
Lawes
of
his
predecessors
,
he
trode
a
path
wherein
Iustinian
followed
him
to
the
great
benefit
of
learned
men
.
His
house
was
like
unto
a
Sanctuary
for
exercises
of
reading
the
holy
Scriptures
,
and
devout
prayers
:
His
facility
in
subscribing
unread
letters
was
corrected
by
the
prudent
advice
of
his
sister
Pulcheria
:
In
his
time
Attila
,
entred
into
Italy
,
took
,
sacked
and
ruined
Aquileia
,
Ticinum
,
and
Millaine
,
and
intended
the
same
cruelty
against
Rome
:
but
Leo
Bishop
hereof
went
forth
to
him
,
and
with
gentle
words
so
mitigated
his
minde
that
he
forbore
to
doe
it
.
He
had
a
man
whose
name
was
Palladius
,
one
that
had
rare
gifts
both
outwardly
in
body
,
and
inwardly
in
minde
,
and
of
that
strength
,
and
agilitie
of
body
,
that
he
was
able
in
three
daies
to
ride
Post
into
the
furthest
bounds
of
the
Romane
&
Persian
dominions
,
and
back
againe
in
the
same
space
to
Constantinople
:
So
that
by
his
celerity
he
made
the
Romane
Empire
which
was
vast
and
wide
,
to
be
but
narrow
and
straight
.
When
Theodosius
sent
his
Army
under
Ardaburius
against
the
Persians
,
and
for
the
reliefe
of
the
persecuted
Christians
there
:
the
Citizens
of
Constantinople
were
very
sad
and
heavy
,
fearing
the
variable
event
of
the
warrs
:
but
a
company
of
Angells
appeared
to
certaine
in
Bithynia
,
that
were
travelling
to
Constantinople
,
and
willed
them
to
bid
the
Citizens
to
be
of
good
cheere
,
and
to
pray
and
put
their
trust
in
God
:
and
that
they
should
be
confident
of
Ardaburius
victory
,
for
God
had
sent
them
as
governours
,
and
Soveraigne
Captaines
of
the
warrs
.
The
Heresie
of
Nestorius
was
so
hatefull
to
him
,
that
he
made
this
Law
concerning
the
followers
of
it
:
Wee
decree
,
that
whosoever
doth
imbrace
the
wicked
opinion
of
Nestorius
,
and
shall
give
eare
to
his
lewd
doctrine
,
if
he
be
a
Bishop
,
that
he
shall
be
banished
,
if
a
Lay
person
,
that
he
shall
be
accursed
.
[
In
the
time
of
Theodosius
his
raigne
,
the
Brittaines
sent
for
the
Saxons
out
of
Germany
,
to
assist
them
against
the
Scots
and
Picts
:
and
when
they
came
;
Vortiger
the
Brittish
King
entertained
them
,
conferred
with
them
of
their
faith
,
and
found
them
Pagans
that
worshipped
Mercury
,
whom
they
called
Woden
,
and
in
honour
of
him
Wodensday
[
wednesday
]
they
worshipped
also
Venus
,
whom
they
called
Frea
,
whence
came
Friday
:
these
Saxons
,
when
together
with
the
Brittaines
,
they
had
foiled
the
Scots
and
Picts
,
traiterously
fell
upon
their
owne
masters
the
Brittaines
,
slew
many
,
and
draue
the
rest
into
the
mountaines
,
whom
they
called
after
their
country
language
,
Welshmen
,
i
:
e
:
strangers
.
Collected
out
of
Socrates
Scholasticus
;
Evagrius
:
the
booke
of
Martyrs
,
Speeds
Chronicle
,
and
the
Imperiall
History
.
JVSTINIAN
portrait of Justinian
The
Life
of
Justinian
,
who
dyed
,
Anno
Christi
568.
JVSTINE
,
Emperour
of
the
East
being
growne
old
,
and
having
no
sonnes
of
his
owne
,
adopted
his
sisters
son
,
called
Justinian
,
appointing
him
to
succeed
in
the
Empire
:
He
was
a
very
godly
man
,
zealous
for
the
truth
against
Heresies
,
and
would
suffer
no
faith
to
be
openly
professed
,
but
that
which
was
allowed
in
the
foure
Generall
Councells
:
and
accordingly
God
blessed
him
exceedingly
in
his
warrs
:
For
coming
to
the
Empire
in
a
very
troublous
time
,
the
first
warr
that
he
made
,
was
against
the
Persians
,
who
for
fiftie
yeares
together
had
often
invaded
the
Romane
Empire
,
and
commonly
had
the
better
of
it
:
against
them
therefore
Iustinian
sent
a
great
Army
under
the
conduct
of
Belisarius
,
a
noble
and
valiant
A
great
Battell
.
captaine
,
who
fought
a
bloody
battell
with
the
Persians
,
which
continued
almost
a
whole
day
,
but
in
the
conclusion
(
through
Gods
mercy
)
Belisarius
prevailed
,
and
made
a
great
slaughter
of
the
enemyes
:
After
which
notable
victory
,
he
recovered
sundry
places
in
Mesopotamia
,
which
the
Persians
had
vsurped
from
the
Empire
.
Another
Army
also
of
Iustinians
entring
into
Armenia
,
by
the
same
good
hand
of
providence
obtained
victory
,
and
recovered
most
part
of
that
which
was
formerly
lost
:
Hereupon
Cavadas
,
King
of
Persia
,
raised
a
mighty
Army
under
the
command
of
a
valiant
old
Captaine
of
his
,
called
Alamander
,
who
had
formerly
gotten
many
victories
against
the
Romans
,
with
whom
Belisarius
A
bloody
battell
.
after
some
encounters
,
came
to
a
battell
,
which
was
the
greatest
,
and
cruellest
that
ever
happened
those
warrs
:
this
battell
was
fought
neere
to
the
river
Euphrates
,
and
much
against
the
opinion
of
Belisarius
,
who
,
knowing
that
the
enemy
had
the
advantage
,
would
not
have
fought
,
but
his
men
,
against
his
will
preparing
themselves
:
he
ordered
and
incouraged
them
all
that
he
could
:
the
fight
was
maintained
with
such
obstinacy
,
and
fury
of
both
sides
,
that
for
the
greatest
part
of
the
day
it
appeared
not
to
which
side
victory
would
incline
:
but
at
last
the
Imperialists
waxing
faint
(
having
fasted
all
day
,
because
it
was
Easter
eve
)
they
began
to
retreat
:
which
the
Persians
seeing
,
they
charged
the
horse-troops
of
Belisarius
with
such
fury
,
that
they
brake
them
also
:
Belisarius
did
what
he
could
to
incourage
A
brave
Captaine
.
and
reinforce
them
,
but
when
he
could
not
prevaile
,
he
alighted
from
his
horse
,
and
placed
himselfe
in
a
squadron
of
footmen
that
kept
their
ground
,
and
encouraging
them
with
his
presence
,
they
all
resolved
to
conquer
or
die
,
insomuch
as
when
the
Persian
Generall
saw
them
remaine
whole
,
he
came
upon
them
with
great
fury
,
thinking
easily
to
have
had
the
execution
of
them
,
but
they
kept
themselves
so
close
together
,
that
they
could
not
be
broken
,
and
fought
so
valiantly
,
that
they
slue
many
of
the
Persians
,
till
night
coming
on
,
the
Persians
left
them
:
then
did
Belisarius
with
his
men
retire
into
an
Iland
which
was
in
the
river
Euphrates
hard
by
,
whither
the
rest
of
his
Army
came
to
him
,
&
the
next
morning
set
his
men
in
order
to
fight
againe
:
but
the
Persians
having
lost
more
men
then
the
Romans
,
removed
into
an
other
quarter
,
and
the
King
of
Persia
understanding
his
great
losse
,
sickned
,
and
shortly
after
dyed
,
whereupon
his
sonne
made
peace
with
Iustinian
:
&
Belisarius
returned
to
Constantinople
,
where
he
was
received
with
much
triumph
.
A
few
daies
after
,
two
potent
men
in
the
City
,
which
were
sisters
sons
of
Anastasius
the
Emperour
,
with
a
Civill
broyles
.
great
party
that
adhered
to
them
,
rebelled
against
Iustinian
,
one
of
them
taking
the
ensignes
,
and
name
of
Emperour
:
and
the
warr
was
so
cruell
within
the
City
,
that
thirty
thousand
persons
were
slain
together
with
the
usurpers
,
whereby
God
did
wonderfully
deliver
Iustinian
from
an
imminent
danger
,
after
which
time
he
lived
in
peace
and
better
estimation
then
before
:
in
this
scuffle
Belisarius
did
him
better
service
then
all
others
:
After
the
Vandalls
had
seised
upon
Africk
,
they
raised
a
cruell
persecution
against
the
Christians
,
some
of
them
being
heathens
,
others
Arrians
:
but
after
the
death
of
Gensericus
,
Persecution
.
Gilimer
his
nephew
succeeding
in
the
Kingdome
,
Iustinian
sent
Belisarius
with
a
purpose
to
regaine
the
Kingdome
of
Africk
,
who
imbarked
himselfe
accompanied
with
many
excellent
Captaines
in
fiue
hundred
saile
of
ships
,
and
ninetie
two
Gallies
,
and
so
began
his
voiage
towards
Africk
,
where
(
through
Gods
mercy
)
he
safely
arrived
:
Epiphanius
Bishop
of
Constantinople
going
in
the
fleet
,
prayed
for
their
Prayer
powerfull
.
prosperous
successe
;
when
they
were
landed
,
they
found
some
that
tooke
part
with
them
,
and
so
they
they
marched
along
the
Sea-Coast
towards
Carthage
,
and
the
Navie
did
the
like
by
Sea
:
when
Gilimer
understood
this
,
he
left
his
brother
Amata
in
the
City
for
the
guard
of
it
,
commanding
him
to
kill
all
the
prisoners
,
and
at
such
an
houre
the
next
day
to
issue
out
of
the
City
with
all
his
forces
against
Belisarius
,
promising
that
himself
with
his
Army
would
charge
him
at
the
same
time
in
the
reare
,
and
so
he
departed
out
of
Carthage
with
his
Army
:
and
sent
a
Captaine
with
some
Troops
to
Alarum
&
trouble
Belisarius
in
his
march
:
the
next
day
Amata
came
forth
according
Gods
goodnesse
.
to
appointment
,
but
was
quickly
beaten
and
slaine
by
the
Vauntguard
:
&
Gilimer
with
his
forces
charged
so
resolutely
upon
the
reere
,
that
the
Imperialists
began
to
retire
;
but
Gilimer
hearing
of
the
defeat
,
and
death
of
his
brother
,
made
an
Alt
,
whereupon
Belisarius
his
souldiers
charged
with
such
fury
,
that
Gilimer
was
wholly
overthrown
,
many
of
his
men
slaine
,
and
he
by
flight
saved
his
life
:
the
next
day
Belisarius
marched
to
the
City
,
where
arriving
in
the
evening
,
he
found
noe
resistance
,
and
the
gates
open
,
yet
would
he
not
enter
into
an
enemies
City
by
night
,
but
the
next
day
he
marched
in
with
great
quietnesse
,
neither
suffering
his
souldiers
to
plunder
or
murther
any
,
who
were
very
obedient
to
him
:
Possessing
the
City
,
he
commanded
Clemency
presently
the
walls
to
be
repaired
,
which
were
very
ruinous
:
and
in
the
meane
time
Gilimer
unbroken
in
spirit
,
rallied
his
Army
,
raised
more
forces
,
sent
for
his
brother
Zazon
with
a
great
army
out
of
Sardinia
,
and
having
thus
gotten
a
sufficient
number
,
he
went
towards
Carthage
,
either
to
fight
,
or
besiege
Belisarius
.
But
Belisarius
for
certaine
daies
would
not
take
the
field
,
till
he
had
sufficiently
repaired
the
walls
,
and
then
he
marched
forth
with
his
Army
to
give
Gilimer
battell
,
and
when
the
commanders
saw
each
other
,
they
set
their
men
in
order
,
one
relying
upon
the
Arme
of
flesh
,
the
other
putting
his
confidence
in
God
.
The
fight
began
with
great
fury
,
Faith
.
but
in
the
first
charge
Zazon
was
slaine
,
and
some
other
principall
men
of
the
Vandalls
,
whereupon
the
rest
fled
into
their
Campe
which
they
had
strongly
fortified
:
Belisarius
gathering
his
forces
together
presently
pursued
them
,
which
when
Gilimer
saw
,
suspecting
that
he
could
not
defend
the
Campe
,
with
a
few
servants
,
he
fled
away
,
and
Belisarius
entred
it
,
putting
all
in
Armes
to
the
sword
,
taking
the
women
and
children
captives
.
In
the
Camp
they
found
an
infinite
quantity
of
gold
,
silver
,
money
,
and
Iewells
,
for
the
Vandals
,
having
noe
place
of
A
great
prize
.
refuge
which
they
counted
safe
,
carried
all
their
treasure
with
them
,
and
so
in
one
houre
they
lost
all
that
they
had
stolne
,
and
gotten
in
Africa
in
nintie
fiue
yeares
before
:
thus
God
blessed
his
servant
Iustinian
,
and
justly
plagued
those
wicked
Vandalls
,
who
Gods
just
judgement
on
persecutors
-
had
cruelly
persecuted
the
Orthodox
,
cutting
out
their
tongues
,
imprisoning
the
Godly
ministers
,
and
making
them
their
drudges
,
making
stables
of
their
Churches
&c.
The
next
day
Belisarius
sent
an
excellent
Captaine
with
a
good
Troop
of
horse
to
pursue
Gilimer
,
and
shortly
after
himselfe
followed
with
some
choise
men
of
his
Army
,
but
finding
that
Gilimer
was
fled
into
some
inaccessible
mountaines
in
Numidia
,
he
left
a
Captaine
with
sufficient
forces
to
besiege
him
,
and
so
returned
to
Carthage
,
in
his
passage
taking
in
many
townes
,
and
much
people
resorted
to
him
with
joy
,
being
glad
that
they
were
freed
from
the
miserable
servitude
of
the
Vandalls
,
and
restored
to
the
liberty
of
the
Empire
:
Shortly
after
he
sent
some
to
take
in
Sardinia
,
and
others
into
Mauritania
,
and
in
all
places
God
gaue
him
wonderfull
successe
,
so
that
in
little
more
then
foure
moneths
he
tooke
in
all
Africk
,
that
had
beene
possessed
by
those
wicked
Vandalls
for
the
space
of
nintie
six
yeares
,
wherein
they
had
been
great
oppressors
of
the
true
Church
of
Christ
,
and
had
allmost
extirpated
it
:
Gilimer
being
straitly
besieged
as
before
is
said
,
at
last
yielded
himselfe
upon
quarter
for
his
life
,
and
so
was
brought
prisoner
to
Belisarius
,
who
sent
the
Emperour
Iustini●n
newes
of
his
successe
,
requesting
that
he
might
re●urne
to
Constantinople
and
bring
Gilimer
with
him
.
Iustinian
referred
it
to
himselfe
,
whether
to
stay
and
governe
that
province
or
to
returne
;
he
made
one
Salomon
governour
,
left
with
him
a
good
part
of
his
Army
,
and
so
tooke
Gilimer
,
and
his
kindred
,
and
infinite
Iewells
,
treasures
and
riches
,
which
the
Vandalls
had
plundred
from
Rome
,
Spain
,
Africk
,
&
other
provinces
,
and
so
returned
to
Constantinople
,
where
he
was
received
in
triumph
:
In
the
mean
time
the
Churches
of
the
East
being
Danger
of
Heresie
.
much
infected
with
the
Arrian
heresie
,
were
ful
of
dissentions
&
troubles
,
but
the
good
Emperour
published
an
edict
,
wherein
he
accursed
the
principall
ringleaders
,
and
inflicted
great
penalties
on
Hereticks
punished
.
them
that
held
and
maintained
such
damnable
opinions
,
endeavouring
thereby
that
noe
dissention
might
take
roote
in
any
of
the
Churches
through
the
world
:
About
this
time
the
nation
that
dwelled
Converon
.
by
the
river
Tanais
sent
to
Iustinian
,
requesting
him
to
send
a
Bishop
to
them
,
who
willingly
assented
to
their
requests
,
by
which
meanes
they
were
converted
to
the
Christian
faith
.
Belisarius
did
not
long
continue
at
Constantinople
before
Iustinian
gaue
him
the
charge
of
his
warrs
in
Sicily
and
Italy
against
the
Goths
,
and
Theodatus
,
who
at
that
time
was
Lord
thereof
,
an
enterprise
of
no
lesse
importance
,
and
of
greater
danger
then
the
former
of
Africk
:
But
Theodatus
dying
about
that
time
,
he
left
his
Kingdome
to
his
nephew
Athalaricus
bebeing
but
eight
yeares
old
,
wherefore
his
mother
Amalasunta
had
the
education
of
him
,
and
the
Governement
of
the
Kingdom
:
but
Athalaricus
shortly
after
dying
,
Theodatus
his
cosen-german
vsurped
the
Kingdom
,
and
treacherously
put
Amalasunta
to
death
.
Instinian
detesting
so
vile
a
fact
,
sent
Belisarius
with
his
victorious
Army
against
him
,
who
by
the
way
landing
in
Sicilie
,
tooke
in
Catania
,
Syracuse
,
and
many
other
townes
,
and
Cities
,
and
after
a
while
the
whole
Iland
submitted
to
him
.
Theodatus
being
informed
hereof
,
was
much
affraid
,
and
presently
dispatched
Ambassadours
to
Iustinian
,
profering
to
renounce
his
title
to
Sicily
:
and
that
in
Italy
in
all
decrees
and
proclamations
,
Iustinians
name
should
be
first
used
,
and
that
once
everie
year
he
would
send
him
a
golden
crowne
in
token
of
subjection
:
Withall
giving
them
in
charge
,
that
if
Iustinian
refused
that
proffer
,
that
then
they
should
offer
the
whole
Kingdome
of
Italy
to
him
,
upon
condition
that
he
should
give
him
some
lands
,
and
possessions
in
Greece
,
or
else
where
,
Iustinian
refused
the
first
,
but
imbraced
the
second
,
and
sent
back
his
Ambassadours
with
them
to
consummate
the
agreement
;
but
in
the
Interim
,
Theodatus
having
by
his
Captaines
gotten
a
victory
against
some
of
Iustinians
Captaines
in
Slavonia
,
he
was
so
puft
up
with
pride
,
that
he
refused
to
stand
to
his
former
offer
,
yea
his
insolency
was
such
,
that
he
apprehended
,
and
imprisoned
Iustinians
Ambassadours
:
and
he
was
the
more
encouraged
,
hearing
that
Belisarius
was
gone
from
Sicily
ininto
Pride
.
Africk
,
where
a
Captaine
with
a
great
part
of
the
Army
had
mutined
against
Salomon
,
put
the
Iudges
,
and
governours
to
death
,
and
possessed
themselves
of
a
great
part
of
the
country
,
but
Belisarius
arriving
there
,
overthrew
them
in
battell
,
and
so
leaving
all
in
peace
,
he
sailed
into
Italy
.
About
this
time
there
was
seene
so
prodigous
a
sight
about
the
A
Prodigy
Sun
,
that
the
like
hath
never
bin
heard
of
:
For
the
Sun
,
for
the
greatest
part
of
a
yeare
,
gave
so
little
light
,
that
it
was
but
equall
to
the
light
of
the
moone
,
the
sky
being
cleere
,
without
clouds
,
or
any
thing
to
shadow
it
,
after
which
there
followed
a
great
famine
,
and
much
warr
,
and
bloodshed
.
Iustinian
seeing
the
inconstancy
of
Theodatus
,
and
being
greatly
displeased
with
the
death
of
his
Captaines
in
Dalmatia
,
and
the
imprisonment
of
his
Ambassadours
,
with
the
wisdome
,
courage
and
resolution
of
a
worthy
Prince
,
he
sent
Constantius
a
noble
Captaine
into
Dalmatia
,
and
Slavonia
,
who
quickly
recovered
most
of
that
which
was
lost
:
and
sending
to
Belisarius
speedily
to
enter
Italy
with
the
greatest
power
he
could
:
Belisarius
with
his
accustomed
expedition
and
courage
,
leaving
sufficient
Garrisons
in
Sicily
,
transported
his
Army
into
Italy
,
landing
at
Messina
,
and
finding
noe
opposition
,
he
seised
on
many
townes
thereabouts
,
conquering
all
to
the
City
of
Naples
,
into
which
Theodatus
had
put
a
great
garrison
of
his
Goths
:
them
Belisarius
besieged
,
and
after
many
skirmishes
,
he
took
the
City
by
force
,
where
his
souldiers
found
great
spoiles
,
and
slew
many
of
the
Goths
:
but
the
next
day
he
set
all
the
inhabitants
Clemency
at
libertie
,
and
restored
to
them
the
greatest
part
of
their
goods
againe
:
This
action
stroke
a
great
feare
into
the
Goths
,
who
held
Naples
to
be
impregnable
.
Theodatus
in
the
meane
time
making
but
slender
provision
for
his
defence
,
all
his
chiefe
Captaines
met
together
,
and
chose
for
their
King
,
one
Vitiges
a
a
wise
and
valiant
Captaine
,
which
Theodatus
hearing
of
fled
towards
Ravenna
,
but
being
pursued
,
he
was
overtaken
,
and
slaine
:
Vitiges
presently
called
a
councell
of
war
,
where
it
was
resolved
,
that
they
for
the
present
could
neither
defend
Rome
,
nor
fight
Belisarius
,
and
that
therefore
he
should
retire
to
Ravenna
,
til
having
raised
sufficient
forces
,
he
might
returne
and
give
him
battell
:
Belisarius
,
leaving
a
strong
garison
in
Naples
,
marched
to
Rome
,
to
whom
the
inhabitants
opened
their
gates
,
and
let
him
in
.
In
the
Senate
he
made
an
excellent
speech
,
exhorting
them
to
imbrace
,
and
defend
their
liberty
:
then
hee
repaired
the
City
walls
,
and
brought
in
store
of
provision
from
all
the
adjacent
parts
:
In
the
meane
time
Vitiges
left
no
meanes
untried
to
increase
his
power
,
concluding
a
peace
with
the
King
of
France
,
and
drew
all
his
forces
thence
,
and
from
Germany
,
and
other
parts
he
procured
all
the
aide
that
possibly
he
could
;
so
that
he
raised
150000.
men
horse
,
and
foot
,
good
Souldiers
,
and
most
of
them
well
armed
,
and
so
he
marched
towards
Rome
,
where
Belisarius
was
,
but
with
an
inconsiderable
army
,
and
therefore
not
able
to
take
the
field
:
whereupon
Vitiges
,
nothing
doubting
of
the
victory
,
grew
so
proud
,
Pride
.
that
hee
asked
every
one
he
met
,
whether
Belisarius
was
not
fled
away
,
and
rejoyced
infinitely
when
hee
Faith
.
heard
that
he
was
fortifying
of
Rome
.
But
the
valiant
Belisarius
trusting
in
God
,
was
far
from
flying
,
resolving
rather
to
die
then
to
abandon
what
he
had
gotten
:
Vitiges
coming
neere
Rome
,
Belisarius
had
caused
two
very
strong
Towers
to
be
built
by
the
Bridge
to
stop
his
approach
,
and
had
placed
in
them
very
good
guards
;
but
when
Vitiges
Army
approached
,
they
which
guarded
the
bridge
were
in
such
feare
,
that
they
presently
surrendred
the
place
,
and
the
same
night
Vitiges
passed
over
a
great
part
of
his
Army
:
the
next
morning
Belisarius
suspecting
no-such
matter
,
sallied
out
of
Rome
with
a
thousand
choyce
horse
,
with
which
he
marched
towards
the
Bridge
,
and
comming
neere
to
it
,
hee
suddenly
met
with
Vitiges
men
at
Armes
,
which
so
vexed
Belisarius
,
imagining
that
his
men
that
guarded
the
bridge
were
lost
,
that
with
lesse
prudence
then
was
requisite
,
GODS
goodnesse
in
protecting
his
own
.
he
charged
them
with
so
much
fury
,
that
there
fel
out
a
cruell
fight
,
so
that
these
men
at
Armes
were
driven
back
to
the
battalion
where
Vitiges
was
,
who
charged
with
so
great
a
troope
of
his
Goths
,
that
Belisarius
and
his
company
were
held
for
lost
,
yet
he
in
his
owne
person
did
wonders
,
wounding
,
and
slaying
many
of
his
enemies
,
and
charged
so
far
in
amongst
them
,
that
though
he
did
the
part
of
an
excellent
soldier
,
yet
not
of
a
discreet
Generall
:
For
he
put
his
person
in
such
danger
,
that
he
was
held
for
dead
,
and
so
some
of
his
men
that
fled
,
reported
of
him
in
Rome
:
Being
in
this
distresse
,
and
unable
any
longer
to
maintaine
the
fight
,
his
people
began
to
retire
on
the
spur
,
and
he
also
did
the
like
,
after
they
had
slain
a
thousand
of
the
Goths
.
Many
of
Vitiges
horsemen
pursued
him
to
the
gates
of
Rome
,
which
were
shut
,
and
the
guard
would
not
open
them
,
lest
the
enemy
should
have
entred
with
them
;
besides
,
the
noyse
was
such
,
that
they
knew
not
Belisarius
his
voyce
,
whom
they
accounted
for
dead
:
he
having
fought
the
greatest
part
of
the
day
,
was
driven
to
leane
to
the
wall
,
and
ranging
his
souldiers
into
a
squadron
,
made
head
against
the
enemy
,
and
so
continued
fighting
without
meate
or
drinke
till
it
was
night
;
in
which
he
did
a
valiant
,
though
a
dangerous
exploit
:
charging
the
Goths
with
such
fury
,
that
they
all
beleeved
(
through
the
darkenesse
of
the
night
)
that
great
Troops
were
sallied
forth
against
them
,
whereupon
they
retired
to
their
Campe
:
Thus
God
almost
miraculously
preserved
this
brave
Captaine
,
who
afterwards
coming
to
the
gates
,
and
calling
to
the
watch
,
they
knew
him
,
and
joyfully
let
him
in
:
hee
had
abundance
of
arrowes
sticking
in
his
horse
,
and
armour
,
and
some
blowes
,
and
cuts
with
the
sword
,
(
but
through
Gods
mercy
)
none
of
them
came
to
his
skin
,
which
was
held
for
a
wonder
by
those
which
saw
what
great
danger
he
had
beene
in
.
The
next
day
Vitiges
came
with
all
his
Army
to
the
Citie
;
but
being
unable
,
by
reason
of
the
great
circuit
,
to
compasse
it
all
about
,
he
made
six
strong
Camps
in
severall
parts
of
it
:
many
dangerous
conflicts
there
were
during
this
siege
,
which
lasted
a
yeare
and
nine
dayes
:
For
the
first
seven
moneths
the
Enemy
never
ceased
to
assault
and
batter
the
Citie
on
all
parts
,
where
they
did
,
and
received
much
hurt
:
And
Belisarius
never
ceased
from
defending
,
sallying
forth
,
and
fighting
with
them
,
so
that
they
slue
above
fourty
thousand
of
the
Gothes
,
in
which
his
valour
and
wisdome
did
wonderfully
appeare
;
for
it
was
the
most
terrible
,
and
bloody
siege
that
ever
was
The
good
Emperour
Justinian
neglected
them
not
,
but
sent
them
succour
of
Companies
of
Horse
,
and
A
Famine
Foot
,
valiant
Captaines
,
Corn
,
and
other
necessaries
,
though
with
much
difficulty
:
Notwithstanding
which
,
the
Citie
endured
extream
famine
.
Belisarius
managed
all
things
with
such
prudence
,
and
valour
,
that
Vitiges
seeing
his
men
tired
,
and
weakened
,
he
sent
and
concluded
a
truce
with
him
for
six
moneths
:
yet
it
continued
not
so
long
,
for
Vitiges
understanding
the
wants
of
the
Citie
,
renewed
the
Warres
,
whereupon
Belisarius
sent
the
Marshall
of
his
Army
with
two
thousand
Horse
,
and
other
Souldiers
,
to
begin
warre
in
the
Marches
of
Ravenna
,
and
God
so
prospered
them
,
that
they
took
in
Ariminum
and
other
places
;
Which
Vitiges
hearing
of
,
and
fearing
the
losse
of
Ravenna
,
raised
the
siege
,
and
returned
to
defend
the
rest
.
In
his
retreat
,
Belisarius
charged
his
rereguard
so
Pride
punished
.
furiously
,
that
he
slue
a
number
of
his
men
:
And
so
with
shame
,
dishonour
,
and
losse
,
Vitiges
went
back
to
Ravenna
,
and
presently
after
laid
a
strong
siege
to
Ariminum
,
where
the
aforesaid
forces
were
:
Belisarius
presently
raised
such
forces
as
he
could
;
went
to
Naples
,
fortifyed
that
City
,
and
so
marched
straite
towards
the
City
of
Ravenna
,
and
by
the
way
he
met
with
Narses
,
a
braue
and
religious
Captaine
,
that
Iustinian
had
sent
with
new
supplies
to
his
aide
▪
being
thus
strengthened
,
he
marched
to
Ariminum
,
forced
Vitiges
to
raise
his
siege
,
and
so
relieved
his
men
.
Hereupon
Lombardy
,
Millan
,
and
other
places
declared
for
the
Emperour
:
and
Belisarius
sent
them
aide
of
Captaines
,
and
men
,
and
there
fell
out
many
conflicts
,
and
battells
both
with
the
Gothes
,
and
with
Theodoricus
King
of
France
,
who
came
with
a
Victories
.
great
Army
,
thinking
to
possesse
himselfe
of
that
countrey
:
Belisarius
after
many
great
adventures
fought
another
terrible
battel
with
Vitiges
,
who
had
gathered
all
his
forces
together
for
that
end
,
and
(
through
Gods
goodnesse
)
got
the
victory
:
Vitiges
fled
into
Ravenna
:
Belisarius
pursued
,
besieged
him
in
the
City
,
and
in
the
end
tooke
it
,
and
had
Vitiges
delivered
into
his
hands
,
with
whom
almost
all
Italy
came
under
his
obedience
Cosroes
,
King
of
Persia
hearing
that
Belisarius
whom
he
chiefly
feared
,
was
busied
in
the
warrs
of
Italy
,
took
the
opportunity
to
make
warr
upon
the
territories
of
the
Empire
,
and
tooke
some
Cities
,
whereupon
Iustinian
,
who
was
very
circumspect
for
all
parts
,
sent
an
Army
into
the
East
,
under
a
valiant
Generall
,
who
being
slaine
in
a
battell
against
the
Persians
,
he
sent
a
second
,
yet
could
not
the
Imperialists
make
sufficient
resistance
against
them
,
but
that
they
still
prevailed
;
wherefore
Iustinian
sent
for
Belisarius
,
as
the
only
man
that
could
match
the
Persian
:
Belisarius
going
to
Constantinople
tooke
with
him
Vitiges
with
his
Queene
,
many
of
his
kindred
and
other
principal
men
of
the
Goths
his
prisoners
,
and
was
received
into
Constantinople
with
exceeding
honour
,
and
much
joy
,
and
was
looked
upon
as
the
wonder
of
the
world
,
everie
one
extolling
his
vertues
and
noble
acts
:
he
was
a
man
of
a
pleasant
countenance
,
tall
of
stature
,
of
an
excellent
constitution
,
Belisarius
his
Character
.
Noble
of
condition
,
pious
,
mild
,
courteous
;
and
endued
with
many
other
rare
and
heroicall
vertues
:
within
few
daies
after
,
he
was
sent
into
the
East
against
Cosroes
,
and
with
his
coming
,
the
Imperialists
tooke
heart
,
and
he
revived
the
warr
with
such
discretion
and
courage
,
that
there
was
a
present
alteration
in
all
things
:
and
having
obtained
some
victories
,
he
soone
recovered
most
of
that
which
was
lost
:
But
whilst
thus
he
was
farr
from
Italy
,
the
Goths
which
kept
some
Garrisons
there
,
assembled
together
,
and
chose
one
Ydibaldus
King
;
but
not
long
after
,
his
guard
slew
him
:
In
whose
place
they
chose
Araricus
King
,
who
was
also
slaine
within
five
moneths
,
&
then
they
chose
Totila
for
their
King
,
who
presently
marched
through
all
Italy
without
any
great
resistance
,
and
besieged
the
City
of
Naples
,
which
,
after
many
exployts
both
by
Sea
and
Land
,
he
tooke
:
and
prospered
so
much
in
his
enterprises
,
that
he
was
like
in
a
short
space
to
make
himself
Lord
of
all
Italy
:
which
Iustinian
hearing
of
,
sent
to
Belisarius
,
commanding
him
to
leaue
the
affaires
of
the
East
in
as
good
a
posture
as
he
could
,
and
speedily
returne
to
Constantinople
,
whence
without
any
stay
he
was
presently
sent
by
the
Emperour
into
Italy
,
whither
he
led
with
him
but
fiftie
thousand
men
,
expecting
that
he
should
have
found
sufficient
forces
there
:
for
the
Emperour
was
made
to
believe
that
his
affaires
were
not
in
so
low
a
state
as
they
proved
;
his
coming
was
much
expected
by
his
friends
,
and
feared
by
his
enemies
;
but
when
they
saw
that
he
brought
so
small
an
Army
with
him
,
his
friends
grieved
,
and
his
enemies
contemned
him
.
Putting
himselfe
into
Ravenna
,
he
fortified
and
kept
the
same
,
and
within
few
daies
tooke
such
order
,
that
though
he
could
not
match
his
numerous
enemes
in
the
field
,
yet
by
policy
Policy
.
he
won
upon
them
:
whereupon
Totila
being
angry
,
assembled
his
whole
power
,
sent
one
part
of
his
Army
to
Ravenna
against
Belisarius
,
and
with
the
rest
he
went
to
Rome
,
which
was
so
slenderly
provided
with
men
and
amunition
,
that
it
was
not
like
to
hold
out
long
:
Belisarius
understanding
this
,
remembring
with
what
trouble
and
care
hee
had
formerly
defended
that
City
,
and
having
not
sufficient
forces
to
relieve
it
by
land
,
he
was
very
sorrowfull
,
and
thereupon
wrote
earnestly
to
the
Emperour
to
send
him
men
and
money
,
and
in
the
meane
time
he
resolved
to
put
himselfe
into
Rome
by
Sea
:
and
so
passing
over
into
Dalmatia
,
he
went
to
Durasso
,
where
he
met
with
Captaine
Iohn
,
whom
the
Emperour
had
sent
with
an
Army
to
assist
him
:
but
holding
that
the
reliefe
of
Rome
was
presently
necessary
,
he
tooke
the
Sea
to
enter
Rome
by
the
river
Tyber
,
appointing
Captaine
Iohn
to
hast
his
march
by
land
to
relieve
him
:
Coming
to
the
mouth
of
Tyber
,
he
speedily
rigged
a
great
number
of
Barks
and
Frigots
,
with
which
he
passed
up
the
river
,
in
the
narrowest
part
whereof
,
Totila
had
drawn
a
chaine
a
crosse
,
made
a
bridg
,
and
two
Castles
at
either
side
,
guarded
with
a
great
number
of
souldiers
:
yet
Belisarius
with
his
men
charged
the
guard
so
lustily
that
they
scattered
them
,
and
Rome
had
been
presently
relieved
,
if
by
a
strange
mishap
it
had
not
bin
prevented
:
Indeed
God
(
who
Gods
providence
remarkeable
.
had
raised
up
these
Gothes
to
scourge
the
Romane
Empire
,
and
to
punish
the
sins
of
Rome
,
and
the
decay
of
zeale
,
and
increase
of
superstition
in
the
Church
)
had
otherwise
determined
of
it
:
For
Belisarius
having
left
his
wife
,
whom
he
deerely
loved
,
with
his
family
in
a
Port
at
the
mouth
of
the
river
,
under
the
care
of
a
good
Captaine
,
and
strong
garison
,
had
newes
brought
him
,
that
the
towne
was
taken
,
and
his
wife
in
the
enemies
hande
,
which
so
grieved
and
enraged
him
,
that
he
presently
returned
downe
the
river
,
determining
to
recover
his
wife
,
or
lose
his
life
,
presuming
that
if
he
sped
well
,
he
might
presently
returne
to
the
reliefe
of
Rome
:
Being
come
to
the
port
,
he
found
the
towne
safe
,
and
his
wife
well
,
and
at
liberty
,
whereupon
he
was
more
grieved
to
see
himselfe
so
deluded
:
and
the
same
night
it
pleased
God
(
who
makes
all
things
to
concurr
for
the
effecting
of
his
owne
will
)
that
he
fell
sick
of
a
fever
,
and
his
disease
daily
encreasing
,
he
was
often
at
the
Point
of
death
:
In
the
mean
time
Totila
so
straitly
besieged
the
City
of
Rome
,
that
they
within
,
did
eat
catts
,
rats
,
dogs
&c.
And
yet
A
great
Famine
.
many
dyed
of
hunger
:
so
that
in
the
end
he
became
master
of
it
,
burnt
the
Capitoll
,
and
best
part
of
all
the
City
,
threw
downe
the
third
part
of
the
walls
,
Gods
iust
judgement
on
Rome
.
commanded
the
inhabitants
upon
the
paine
of
death
to
depart
,
and
live
in
other
places
:
and
so
he
left
it
burnt
,
desolate
,
and
wast
,
which
had
beene
the
mistris
of
the
world
.
And
then
he
marched
against
Captain
Iohn
and
his
army
,
that
was
coming
towards
Rome
,
who
shewed
himselfe
so
very
a
coward
,
that
he
durst
not
stay
his
coming
,
but
put
himselfe
into
Otranto
,
whereby
Totila
tooke
all
Calabria
,
Abruzzo
,
and
Lucania
.
In
the
meane
time
Belisarius
having
recovered
his
health
,
performed
one
of
the
most
desperate
attempts
that
ever
was
:
which
was
,
with
those
troops
which
he
had
,
to
go
&
put
himself
into
the
desolations
of
Rome
,
where
hee
presently
caused
trenches
to
bee
digged
,
rampires
to
be
made
,
and
all
the
victualls
that
could
possibly
be
gotten
to
be
brought
thither
.
The
fame
wherof
brought
many
citizens
for
love
of
their
countrey
to
come
and
put
themselves
therein
to
with
him
.
As
soone
as
Totila
heard
hereof
,
by
long
Iourneies
,
he
returned
to
Rome
,
assuring
himselfe
presently
to
enter
it
,
and
therein
to
take
Belisarius
:
But
Belisarius
so
valiantly
defended
the
same
,
that
to
his
great
losse
Totila
was
forced
to
raise
his
siege
:
afterwards
Belisarius
,
having
better
fortified
it
,
and
left
a
good
garrison
in
it
,
went
to
joine
with
Iohn
,
and
his
Army
,
and
to
pursue
Totila
:
But
the
King
of
Persia
againe
making
warrs
in
the
East
,
Iustinian
sent
for
Belisarius
to
Constantinople
,
which
when
the
King
of
Persia
heard
of
,
he
concluded
a
peace
with
Iustinian
,
&
so
Belisarius
remained
in
Constantinople
all
the
rest
of
his
life
;
during
which
time
the
Huns
came
downe
into
Thrace
,
robbing
and
spoiling
all
the
countrey
,
against
whom
old
Belisarius
was
sent
,
who
overthrew
them
in
a
great
battell
,
and
so
returned
to
the
Emperour
.
After
Belisarius
departed
from
Italy
,
Totila
returned
againe
&
besieged
Rome
,
and
after
a
long
siege
,
wherin
the
inhabitants
&
souldiers
endured
great
extremities
&
famine
,
he
againe
tooke
it
,
but
did
it
no
harme
,
seeking
rather
to
repaire
and
repeople
it
,
giving
great
gifts
,
priviledges
,
and
exemptions
to
the
inhabitants
:
Afterwards
he
tooke
many
other
places
,
&
then
passed
over
into
Sicily
,
but
finding
that
the
conquest
thereof
would
be
difficult
,
he
left
foure
Captaines
with
many
men
of
warr
,
and
so
returned
into
Italy
,
where
,
in
a
short
space
,
he
had
made
himself
absolute
Lord
of
the
Countrey
,
had
not
the
Emperour
sent
Narses
,
an
holy
,
famous
and
valiant
Captaine
with
a
great
Army
into
Italy
;
and
in
his
march
towards
Rome
,
Totila
mett
him
,
and
presented
battell
to
him
.
A
Battell
.
They
fought
,
and
in
the
fight
Totila
was
slaine
,
and
his
Army
routed
,
whereupon
Narses
easily
reconquered
all
Italy
:
After
Totilas
death
,
the
Goths
chose
Teyas
,
a
potent
man
amongst
them
,
King
,
who
raised
with
Totila's
treasure
,
a
great
Army
,
&
so
marched
out
of
Lombardy
to
encounter
with
Narses
:
they
both
lodged
their
Armies
upon
a
river
side
,
where
after
some
notable
skirmishes
,
they
came
to
a
battaile
,
which
was
one
of
the
most
cruell
that
had
beene
fought
in
all
that
warr
:
having
fought
six
hours
,
wherein
Teyas
in
his
own
person
had
done
wonders
,
he
was
at
last
slain
;
yet
the
battaile
continued
till
darke
night
:
the
next
morning
they
returned
to
the
fight
againe
without
ceasing
,
and
the
Goths
taking
the
advantage
of
an
hill
,
defended
themselves
till
towards
night
,
at
which
time
they
sent
Ambassadours
to
Narses
,
profering
to
resigne
all
they
held
in
Italy
to
him
,
provided
that
he
would
let
them
liue
in
it
,
without
Armour
or
weapons
.
Narses
granted
their
request
,
for
that
he
would
not
fight
with
a
desperate
people
,
himselfe
also
having
lost
many
of
his
men
in
the
fight
:
and
so
they
delivered
what
they
possessed
,
&
in
a
short
time
after
they
were
so
mixed
with
the
natives
,
that
the
name
of
the
Goths
was
wholly
extinct
,
and
forgotten
.
Narses
applyed
himselfe
to
the
re-edifying
of
Rome
:
and
because
it
was
extreame
ruinous
,
and
the
inhabitants
few
,
he
contracted
the
compasse
of
it
,
and
setled
Rome
contracted
the
Government
of
it
,
and
of
Italy
in
the
best
manner
he
could
:
He
was
a
man
of
great
judgment
,
Narses
his
Character
.
a
good
Christian
,
zealous
in
religion
,
and
an
excellent
Captaine
,
and
held
the
governement
of
Italy
under
Iustinian
all
his
life
after
.
In
Iustinians
time
besides
these
and
many
other
Earthquakes
,
&c
warrs
,
there
happened
great
earthquakes
,
famine
,
and
many
other
calamities
:
He
was
a
Godly
and
excellent
Justinians
Character
.
Prince
,
who
provided
for
all
his
great
warrs
without
taxing
or
oppressing
his
subjects
:
and
in
his
civill
governement
he
was
so
carefull
,
as
if
he
never
had
applyed
himselfe
to
any
thing
else
:
for
whereas
the
lawes
made
by
former
Emperours
were
many
,
tedious
,
obscure
,
and
somtimes
contradictory
each
to
other
,
he
contracted
,
cleered
,
and
made
them
vniforme
,
adding
new
,
where
there
was
a
defect
.
And
whereas
they
contained
two
thousand
books
before
,
he
reduced
them
to
fiftie
,
called
the
Digest
,
and
compiled
foure
books
of
Institutes
:
and
other
decrees
,
which
were
dispersed
into
divers
books
,
he
reduced
to
twelue
,
called
Iustinians
Codex
.
He
was
very
curious
in
Architecture
,
and
built
many
great
and
sumptuous
edifices
.
Being
growne
old
,
and
having
noe
son
to
succeed
him
,
he
adopted
his
daughters
sonne
,
called
Iustin
,
for
his
fellow
Emperour
.
And
after
so
many
noble
acts
,
he
left
this
for
a
better
life
in
the
eightieth
yeare
of
his
age
,
and
of
his
raigne
thirtie-nine
,
Anno
Christi
568.
His
death
was
greatly
lamented
and
deplored
through
the
whole
Empire
.
As
some
write
,
Iustinians
wife
was
Theodora
,
a
womane
infected
with
the
heresie
of
Eutyches
,
who
after
the
death
of
her
husband
,
out
of
malice
,
and
envie
Ingratitude
.
to
that
brave
and
noble
Captaine
Belisarius
,
caused
his
eies
to
be
put
out
,
and
brought
him
to
that
extremity
of
want
,
that
he
was
forced
to
sit
by
the
highwayes
begging
,
Date
obolum
Belisario
,
For
Gods
sake
Worlds
vanity
.
giue
an
halfpenny
to
poore
Belisarius
Evag
.
Vanity
of
Vanities
,
all
is
Vanity
,
One
thing
is
very
remarkable
in
this
Godly
Emperour
Iustinian
,
Gensericus
when
he
spoiled
and
plundred
Rome
,
tooke
the
vessells
of
gold
,
and
silver
,
which
Titus
had
brought
from
the
Temple
in
Ierusalem
,
and
carried
them
with
him
to
Carthage
:
these
vessells
,
amongst
other
spoiles
,
Belisarius
met
with
when
he
tooke
Carthage
,
and
carried
them
to
Constantinople
:
but
Iustinian
would
not
receive
them
into
his
treasury
,
but
sent
them
againe
to
Ierusalem
,
to
be
disposed
of
for
the
good
of
the
church
,
according
to
the
discretion
of
the
Christian
Bishops
which
lived
there
.
Collected
out
of
Evagrius
,
the
Imperiall
History
,
and
booke
of
Martyrs
.
HVNIADES
portrait of Huniades
The
Life
of
Huniades
,
Prince
of
Transilvania
,
who
dyed
Anno
Christi
.
1450.
Huniades
was
borne
in
Valachia
,
of
noble
Parentage
,
and
endowed
with
all
those
vertues
which
adorne
a
Prince
,
and
therfore
was
Anno
Christi
1443
made
Prince
of
Transilvania
,
which
at
that
time
was
much
infested
with
the
incursions
of
the
Turks
:
He
was
a
politick
,
pious
,
valiant
,
and
famous
Captaine
:
his
victories
so
great
,
that
the
like
were
never
obtained
by
any
Christian
Prince
against
the
Turks
,
and
his
name
became
so
dreadfull
to
them
,
that
they
used
to
stil
their
crying
children
with
it
:
At
his
first
coming
to
his
soveraignty
,
he
began
to
keep
the
Turks
short
by
cuting
them
off
,
whensoever
they
presumed
to
enter
into
his
country
:
He
shut
up
also
the
passages
whereby
they
used
to
enter
,
and
so
having
made
Transilvania
safe
,
he
went
into
Moldovia
,
and
never
rested
till
he
had
quite
won
it
out
of
the
Turks
hands
:
Then
he
passed
over
Danubius
into
their
dominions
,
making
havock
of
all
,
and
carrying
back
a
great
booty
,
and
many
Captives
:
At
this
time
Isa
Bassa
,
a
great
favourite
of
Amuraths
,
was
governour
of
Temeswar
,
and
an
excellent
souldier
,
he
to
please
the
Sultan
his
uncle
,
In
Hungary
.
continually
forraged
the
Countrey
about
Belgrade
,
burning
the
villages
,
driving
away
the
cattel
,
&
taking
the
people
captives
:
sometimes
also
he
brake
into
Huniades
countrey
,
laying
in
everie
place
as
he
went
strong
Ambushes
,
hoping
to
entrap
that
wary
Captaine
;
But
Huniades
purposing
revenge
,
raised
a
strong
army
both
of
horse
and
foot
;
and
passed
over
Danubius
,
encamping
neere
to
Belgrade
:
which
Isa
hearing
of
,
presently
set
forward
with
a
great
army
to
meet
him
:
And
coming
on
in
good
order
,
he
found
Huniades
A
great
Battell
.
as
ready
for
the
battell
as
himselfe
.
The
signall
of
battell
being
given
,
there
began
a
great
&
cruell
fight
:
At
the
first
encounter
the
wings
of
Huniades
Army
were
forced
to
retire
,
but
his
men
at
armes
charged
with
such
fury
,
that
many
fell
on
both
sides
,
but
most
of
the
Turkes
,
who
were
not
able
long
to
endure
the
shock
,
but
were
overthrowne
by
heapes
,
Turkes
beaten
.
and
at
last
betook
themselves
to
flight
,
and
Isa
Beg
:
with
them
;
Huniades
&
his
Hungarians
fiercely
pursued
to
the
very
suburbs
of
Sinderovia
,
so
that
most
of
the
Turks
were
slaine
,
and
a
rich
prey
and
many
prisoners
fell
to
the
Christians
,
which
they
carried
into
Belgrade
:
the
fame
of
this
victory
coming
to
Buda
to
Vladislaus
King
of
Hungary
:
he
caused
publick
Thankesgiving
.
thanksgivings
in
every
church
,
and
sent
rich
presents
to
Huniades
,
for
his
encouragement
:
Amurath
much
grieved
with
this
loss
,
repaired
his
forces
,
sending
Mesites
Bassa
(
a
man
of
great
experience
,
and
valour
)
with
a
puissant
Army
to
invade
Transilvania
,
Turkish-crueltie
.
where
he
burned
all
that
came
in
his
way
,
killing
man
,
woman
,
and
child
,
without
respect
of
age
,
or
sex
:
Huniades
having
noe
Army
to
oppose
so
potent
an
enemie
,
was
much
greived
for
the
spoile
of
his
countrey
,
and
therefore
went
to
Alba
Iulia
,
to
the
Bishop
therof
:
the
Turks
came
on
within
sight
of
the
City
,
laying
all
wast
before
them
,
which
so
grieved
Huniades
and
the
Bishop
:
that
with
a
tumultuary
Army
raised
in
hast
,
they
marched
out
,
either
to
represse
the
rage
of
the
Turks
,
or
die
honourably
:
but
they
quickly
fell
into
ambushments
laid
by
the
crafty
Bassa
to
entrap
them
,
and
were
forced
to
fly
back
into
the
City
with
some
losse
:
and
the
Bishop
taking
a
river
with
his
horse
was
there
Huniades
in
danger
flies
.
slaine
by
the
Turks
:
Huniades
with
wonderfull
celerity
went
into
the
borders
of
his
countrey
,
perswading
all
to
take
Armes
,
and
so
having
raised
some
forces
,
he
marched
back
after
the
Bassa
,
who
was
returning
back
,
loaden
with
the
spoiles
of
the
countrey
:
Mesites
hearing
of
Huniades
approach
,
proudly
answered
,
Pride
.
Let
him
come
,
and
with
the
spoile
of
himselfe
enrich
our
victory
:
yet
withall
he
appointed
certaine
companies
of
his
best
souldiers
in
the
fight
to
set
upon
Huniades
,
knowing
that
if
he
were
slaine
,
the
rest
would
easily
be
put
to
flight
,
withall
giving
them
tokens
whereby
they
might
know
him
and
his
horse
:
This
,
Huniades
being
informed
of
by
a
Spie
,
he
changed
horse
and
armour
with
a
valiant
gentleman
that
was
like
him
,
appointing
him
a
strong
troope
of
horsmen
to
attend
him
,
&
watching
his
opportunity
,
like
a
violent
tempest
he
fell
on
the
Turkes
,
and
finding
them
out
of
order
,
he
slew
many
of
them
;
but
the
Troops
before
appointed
,
spying
the
counterfeit
Huniades
,
made
towards
him
as
they
were
ordered
,
A
great
battell
.
where
began
a
cruell
fight
,
but
at
last
the
Turkes
prevailing
,
slew
him
and
his
guard
,
though
with
great
losse
to
themselves
:
But
Huniades
himselfe
rode
up
and
down
in
the
Army
,
encouraging
his
men
,
and
relieving
them
where
was
most
need
;
the
Transilvanian
prisoners
in
the
Turks
Camp
,
choosing
rather
to
die
,
then
to
goe
into
Captivity
,
in
the
heat
of
the
fight
brake
their
bonds
,
and
tooke
such
weapons
as
came
next
to
hand
,
with
which
they
killed
their
keepers
,
and
so
issued
forth
to
help
their
Turkes
beaten
.
friends
,
laying
about
them
like
desperate
men
,
so
that
the
Turks
began
to
waver
,
and
afterwards
to
fly
,
whom
the
Hungarians
pursued
with
a
most
terrible
execution
:
Mesites
and
his
son
were
both
slaine
in
their
flight
,
with
twentie
thousand
Turks
,
and
of
the
Christians
were
lost
about
three
thousand
.
All
the
prey
was
hereby
recovered
,
the
tents
and
baggage
of
the
Turks
taken
:
and
the
poore
prisoners
released
,
who
falling
downe
at
Huniades
feete
,
gaue
God
thanks
for
their
deliverance
by
him
:
and
hee
with
teares
in
his
eies
curteously
embraced
them
,
rejoicing
at
the
publick
good
;
himselfe
giving
most
hearty
thanks
to
God
,
and
enjoining
the
like
to
be
done
in
all
the
Churches
of
his
Province
:
part
of
the
spoiles
Thankesgiving
.
he
gaue
to
pious
uses
,
the
rest
he
divided
amongst
his
souldiers
,
and
sent
the
Turks
ensignes
,
and
the
heads
of
the
principall
of
them
to
King
Vladislaus
.
Amurath
was
so
enraged
at
this
newes
,
that
he
commanded
a
great
Army
to
be
raised
against
the
next
spring
,
which
he
commited
to
Abedin
Bassa
,
commanding
him
to
enter
into
Valachia
,
and
having
laid
it
wast
by
fire
and
sword
,
to
goe
thence
into
Moldovia
,
and
having
done
the
like
there
,
to
goe
into
Transilvania
&c.
The
Bassa
according
to
his
order
marched
into
Valachia
with
eightie
thousand
fighting
men
:
Huniades
willed
the
people
to
retire
into
the
strong
holds
,
till
he
came
to
help
them
.
The
Bassa
dividing
his
army
into
two
parts
,
laid
all
wast
before
him
,
spared
none
that
fell
into
his
hands
of
any
age
,
sex
,
or
condition
,
but
most
of
the
people
were
in
Turks
cruelty
.
the
fortresses
,
or
mountaines
out
of
his
reach
:
Having
thus
raged
there
,
he
marched
into
Transilvania
,
to
have
done
the
like
in
that
place
,
but
Huniades
attended
his
coming
with
fifteene
thousand
braue
men
,
which
the
Bassa
hearing
of
by
his
scouts
,
presently
encamped
himselfe
,
as
being
somewhat
afraid
of
Huniades
:
yet
hearing
that
he
had
not
a
fourth
part
of
his
number
,
he
advanced
forwards
towards
him
:
The
Armies
being
within
halfe
a
mile
one
of
the
other
,
they
made
an
Alt
,
resolving
to
use
their
best
policy
as
well
as
valour
:
yet
the
next
morning
they
drew
forth
both
their
Armies
,
warily
ordering
of
them
for
the
best
advantage
:
Huniades
sought
by
provident
foresight
,
and
policy
to
match
the
huge
multitude
of
his
enemies
,
which
when
he
had
done
,
calling
his
captaines
together
,
he
with
a
cheerefull
countenance
said
unto
them
.
Noe
courage
(
companions
,
and
fellows
in
Armes
)
could
have
induced
me
to
encounter
so
great
a
multitude
,
did
not
necessity
enforce
,
your
approved
Huniades
Speech
to
his
Captaines
.
valour
perswade
,
and
the
assured
hope
I
have
in
Christ
Iesus
aboue
all
things
confirme
me
;
Christ
hath
chosen
us
to
fight
this
sacred
battell
,
and
with
our
right
hands
to
revenge
the
dishonour
of
his
holy
name
&c.
And
so
with
a
most
holy
and
Christian
speech
he
inflamed
their
hearts
with
a
resolution
of
adventuring
their
lives
in
so
good
a
cause
:
the
Bassa
also
in
the
best
manner
he
could
,
encouraged
his
souldiers
,
telling
them
of
their
victories
,
their
valour
,
their
number
,
and
the
contemptible
forces
of
the
Christians
:
but
aboue
all
things
he
willed
them
in
the
battell
to
seek
out
Huniades
to
kill
him
,
and
thereby
they
might
secure
the
victory
,
and
of
him
should
receive
honourable
rewards
:
and
so
marching
forward
,
the
signall
of
Battell
was
on
both
sides
given
,
and
they
A
terrible
bat●ell
.
encountered
together
with
such
fury
and
out
cries
,
as
never
was
any
thing
more
terrible
:
the
Turkish
horsmen
being
more
,
and
more
expert
,
forced
the
Christians
to
retire
to
their
men
at
Armes
,
but
they
charging
the
Turks
home
,
slew
most
of
them
:
In
the
maine
battell
of
foot
,
was
a
most
cruell
fight
betweene
the
Christians
and
Janizaries
,
and
such
a
slaughter
was
made
on
both
sides
that
the
blood
ran
like
rivers
,
and
so
the
fight
continued
foure
hours
:
at
which
time
the
Bassa
brought
on
his
rereward
,
comanding
them
to
compasse
the
Christians
,
and
slay
their
weary
enemies
,
wherby
they
might
obtaine
an
easie
victory
;
Huniades
prepared
for
this
storme
,
and
encountred
afresh
with
them
:
though
the
slaughter
of
the
Turks
was
great
,
yet
because
of
their
number
they
felt
it
not
,
and
so
fought
it
out
desperatly
,
yet
at
last
they
began
to
faint
,
and
by
The
Turks
beaten
.
degrees
to
shrink
back
,
whereby
the
Hungarians
,
cheered
up
with
hope
of
victory
,
eagerly
pressed
on
,
til
they
put
them
to
open
flight
:
The
Bassa
seeing
that
all
things
were
desperate
,
fled
also
with
some
of
his
Janizaries
,
but
the
Christians
fiercely
following
,
slew
so
many
of
them
,
that
of
that
great
Army
not
one
halfe
returned
over
Danubius
:
Huniades
wonderfully
enriched
himselfe
and
his
souldiers
with
the
spoile
of
the
Turks
Campe
:
he
tooke
fiue
thousand
prisoners
,
and
one
hundred
ensignes
,
besides
their
tents
and
rich
pavilions
:
Then
he
caused
generall
prayer
and
thanksgiving
to
God
for
three
daies
in
all
the
Churches
of
his
provinces
:
and
carried
the
Thankesgiving
.
ensignes
and
part
of
the
spoile
to
King
Vladislaus
at
Buda
.
Against
the
next
spring
Amurath
raised
a
great
Army
to
be
revenged
on
the
Christians
;
Vladislaus
,
by
Huniades
perswasion
expecting
no
lesse
,
did
the
like
,
with
which
he
marched
towards
Bulgary
,
and
and
coming
neere
the
Turks
;
Huniades
with
ten
thousand
choice
horsemen
in
the
dead
of
the
night
,
went
to
fall
upon
the
Turks
in
their
Camp
:
and
the
moone
shining
at
that
time
,
he
discerned
them
to
be
buried
in
sleepe
and
security
,
and
having
viewed
the
fittest
place
to
assault
them
in
,
with
a
most
hideous
outcrie
he
entred
their
Camp
,
encouraging
his
men
valiantly
Huniade●
bea●es
he
Turkes
.
to
assail
their
sleepy
,
naked
,
&
fearfull
enemies
:
the
Turks
astonished
with
the
noise
,
at
first
rather
made
a
stirr
,
then
fought
,
but
hearing
that
Huniades
was
there
,
as
men
dismaied
with
his
name
,
they
turned
their
backs
,
and
fled
.
In
that
night
by
Huniades
with
ten-thousand
men
,
there
were
thirtie
thousand
of
the
Turks
slaine
:
all
the
spoile
of
a
rich
Camp
taken
,
their
ensignes
and
foure
thousand
prisoners
,
and
all
with
the
losse
of
fivehundred
men
,
and
so
he
returned
loaden
with
booty
to
the
King
,
who
received
him
with
much
joy
,
and
honoured
him
exceedingly
:
and
then
through
all
the
Camp
they
joyned
in
prayers
,
and
thanksgivings
unto
God
for
so
great
a
victory
:
After
wards
the
Christians
marching
forward
,
tooke
all
such
townes
in
Bulgary
as
stood
in
their
way
:
but
being
come
to
the
great
Thankesgiving
.
mountaine
Hemus
,
through
which
they
should
passe
into
Thracia
,
the
depth
of
winter
was
come
upon
them
,
the
passages
of
the
mountaine
were
strongly
shut
up
,
and
guarded
with
a
great
Army
commanded
by
Carambey
Bassa
,
and
the
Army
began
to
suffer
greate
extremitie
for
want
of
provision
,
so
that
at
length
they
were
forced
to
march
backwards
:
which
Carambey
hearing
of
,
presuming
of
a
glorious
&
easie
victory
(
contrary
to
the
speciall
command
of
his
master
)
pursued
them
with
his
Army
:
Vladislaus
was
gone
before
,
and
Huniades
was
with
the
rereward
a
daies
journey
behind
.
When
newes
was
brought
of
the
approach
of
the
Turks
,
his
souldiers
much
rejoyced
at
it
,
as
deeming
it
much
more
honor
to
die
in
fight
,
then
to
starue
with
hunger
and
cold
:
Eight
times
did
Huniades
encounter
with
the
Turkish
Troops
,
and
as
often
put
them
to
flight
:
But
when
Carambey
Turkes
beaten
.
came
on
with
his
whole
Army
,
Huniades
was
sorry
that
the
King
was
so
farr
before
him
;
but
making
a
vertue
of
necessity
,
he
put
his
men
in
the
best
order
that
he
could
,
and
perswaded
them
not
rashly
,
and
furiously
to
run
upon
their
enemies
,
as
men
prodigall
of
their
lives
,
but
to
keep
their
ranks
,
and
to
fight
like
valiant
men
,
intending
to
carry
away
the
victory
,
or
to
leave
unto
their
enemies
a
bloody
remembrance
thereof
:
Immediately
the
battell
began
,
and
the
Armies
met
together
with
great
fury
,
many
were
slaine
on
both
sides
:
Huniades
his
horsmen
fought
so
,
as
if
they
fought
for
nothing
but
an
honourable
death
.
The
Turks
stood
to
it
a
long
time
,
but
finding
that
they
fought
against
desperate
men
,
at
last
they
began
to
give
ground
:
but
Carambey
coming
on
with
fresh
supplies
,
restored
the
battell
almost
before
quite
lost
:
Huniades
seeing
the
fainting
of
the
Turks
,
cryed
out
Victory
,
Victory
,
encouraging
his
men
as
fighting
under
the
protection
of
the
Almighty
:
Carambey
performed
all
the
offices
of
a
prudent
commander
,
and
valiant
souldier
,
so
that
he
stayed
the
battell
for
a
while
,
but
at
last
seeing
the
case
desperate
,
he
fled
amongst
the
rest
,
and
his
horse
falling
into
a
bog
,
he
was
taken
by
a
private
souldier
:
Huniades
seeing
so
brave
a
man
in
the
hands
of
a
common
souldier
,
asked
him
if
he
would
sell
A
great
victory
.
his
prisoner
:
and
he
asking
ten
Ducats
for
him
,
Huniades
presently
gave
him
foure
hundred
Ducats
:
the
Despot
of
Servia
coming
afterwards
into
Huniades
tent
,
asked
him
how
he
would
ransom
his
prisoner
,
who
answered
that
he
valewed
him
at
fortie
thousand
Ducats
,
which
the
Despot
gave
him
.
O
the
Mutability
of
earthly
glory
.
mutability
of
all
wordly
things
!
Carambey
allyed
to
the
great
Turke
,
and
immediately
before
so
great
a
commander
,
was
now
twice
in
one
day
prized
,
and
valewed
by
his
enemies
.
Shortly
after
Huniades
consulting
with
Vladislaus
after
so
great
a
victory
,
attempted
the
opening
of
the
streites
,
but
finding
the
difficulties
,
and
dangers
great
,
the
winter
cold
,
and
raging
,
and
the
wants
in
the
Army
daily
encreasing
,
they
resolved
to
returne
the
same
way
they
came
:
which
the
Turks
beholding
from
the
mountaines
,
and
having
fresh
supplies
come
to
them
,
they
followed
them
at
the
heeles
,
and
often
skirmished
with
them
,
but
at
last
the
King
came
to
Belgrade
,
where
he
was
joyfully
entertained
by
his
subjects
;
and
after
some
few
daies
stay
there
,
he
went
to
Buda
,
and
in
the
Cathedrall
Church
returned
humble
,
Thankesgiving
.
and
hearty
thanks
for
his
good
successe
,
hanging
up
in
the
same
Church
many
of
the
enemies
ensignes
in
remembrance
of
so
notable
a
victory
.
Amurath
being
at
this
time
engaged
in
his
Warres
against
Scanderbeg
,
by
the
perswasion
of
his
Bassa's
,
sent
Ambassadors
to
Vladislaus
,
who
concluded
an
honorable
Peace
concluded
.
peace
with
him
for
ten
yeares
,
and
the
same
was
confirmed
by
the
solemne
oath
of
both
parties
:
But
many
great
Kings
and
Princes
were
much
discontented
at
it
,
and
endeavoured
to
perswade
the
young
King
to
break
it
:
and
the
King
calling
a
Councell
of
all
the
Nobility
of
Hungary
to
consult
about
that
Popish
perfideousnesse
.
businesse
,
Julian
the
Popes
Legat
,
made
a
large
speech
against
the
peace
;
&
having
at
last
prevailed
with
the
K.
he
absolved
him
from
his
Oath
given
to
the
great
Turk
.
Amurath
ignorant
of
these
proceedings
,
according
to
his
agreement
withdrew
his
Garrisons
out
of
Servia
restoring
it
to
the
Despot
,
together
with
his
two
blind
sonnes
,
and
set
at
liberty
a
great
number
of
captive
Christians
,
faithfully
performing
whatsoever
he
had
promised
upon
his
Religion
.
But
Vladislaus
in
the
mean
time
prepared
his
Forces
,
sent
to
Scanderbeg
to
come
,
and
to
joyne
his
strength
with
his
(
though
God
prevented
it
,
as
is
mentioned
in
the
life
of
Scanderbeg
)
and
being
daily
pricked
forward
by
the
earnest
solicitations
of
the
Popes
Legat
,
having
assembled
a
great
Army
of
brave
Souldiers
,
Hungarians
and
Polonians
,
he
marched
into
Bulgary
,
came
to
Nicopolis
the
chiefe
Citie
thereof
,
Anno
1444.
where
he
burnt
the
Suburbs
,
and
refreshed
his
Army
three
or
foure
dayes
,
and
then
marched
towards
Thracia
,
taking
in
many
Townes
and
Forts
by
the
way
.
Amurath
awakened
with
the
noise
hereof
,
raised
a
great
Army
of
an
hundred
thousand
men
,
and
so
marched
with
them
towards
Varna
,
where
the
Christian
Army
lay
.
Huniades
,
the
Christians
Generall
,
hearing
of
the
approach
of
so
numerous
an
Enemy
,
with
great
prudence
and
policy
disposed
of
his
Forces
,
guarding
one
side
with
a
Fen
or
Marish
,
and
the
other
side
with
his
Carriages
.
The
Turks
approaching
,
began
to
skirmish
with
the
Christians
,
which
was
maintained
with
great
courage
till
the
ground
was
covered
with
the
blood
of
the
slain
.
At
length
A
great
battell
.
the
battell
being
joyned
,
the
victory
began
to
incline
to
the
Christians
;
Huniades
with
his
Horse
having
valiantly
put
to
flight
both
the
wings
of
the
Turkish
Army
,
making
great
slaughter
wheresoever
he
came
.
Amurath
seeing
the
great
slaughter
of
his
men
,
and
all
brought
into
extream
danger
,
pluckt
the
Writing
out
of
his
bosome
,
wherein
the
late
League
was
comprised
,
and
holding
it
up
in
his
hand
,
with
his
eyes
cast
up
to
heaven
,
he
said
,
Behold
thou
crucified
Amurath
appeale
to
Christ
.
Christ
,
this
is
the
League
that
thy
Christians
in
thy
Name
made
with
me
;
which
they
have
without
any
cause
violated
.
Now
if
thou
be
a
God
,
as
they
say
thou
art
,
and
as
we
dreame
,
revenge
the
wrong
now
done
unto
thy
Name
,
and
me
,
and
shew
thy
power
upon
thy
perjured
people
,
who
by
their
deeds
deny
thee
their
God
.
Immediatly
after
the
Janizaries
,
which
were
the
greatest
strength
of
the
Turkes
,
began
a
most
cruell
fight
against
the
Christians
;
yet
where
the
King
and
Huniades
fought
,
the
Turks
shrunk
back
:
but
they
prevailed
on
the
other
side
of
the
Army
,
which
Huniades
(
having
a
vigilant
eye
to
every
place
)
perceiving
,
presently
rode
thither
,
and
with
his
presence
restored
the
battell
before
almost
lost
:
in
the
meane
time
the
young
King
,
with
greater
courage
then
care
of
himselfe
,
brake
into
the
battell
of
the
Ianizaries
,
where
a
French
Knight
of
the
Roades
,
wounded
Amurath
with
a
pike
,
and
had
certainly
slaine
him
with
his
sword
,
had
he
not
speedily
bin
rescued
by
his
guard
:
Vladislaus
having
performed
all
the
parts
Vladislaus
slain
,
the
Christjans
beaten
,
and
their
perjury
punished
by
God
.
of
a
valiant
souldier
,
had
first
his
horse
slaine
under
him
,
and
then
oppressed
with
multitude
,
was
himselfe
slaine
:
whose
head
Amurath
caused
to
be
held
up
upon
a
launce
,
and
proclamation
to
be
made
,
that
it
was
the
head
of
the
Christian
King
:
which
so
discouraged
the
Christians
that
they
betook
themselves
to
flight
,
and
Huniades
seeing
no
hope
to
restore
the
battell
,
with
some
Valachian
horsmen
,
fled
through
the
woods
and
got
into
Valachia
:
where
,
by
Dracula
,
the
Prince
of
that
countrey
,
he
was
taken
prisoner
:
and
thus
as
God
punished
good
Iehosophat
for
joyning
with
Ahab
:
so
Huniades
escaped
narrowly
with
his
life
,
and
afterwards
became
a
prisoner
for
joyning
with
the
perjured
popish
King
.
Of
the
Christian
army
scarse
a
third
part
escaped
,
yet
was
there
a
greater
slaughter
of
the
Turks
,
who
hearing
so
much
silence
in
the
Christian
Camp
,
feared
some
deceit
,
staid
two
daies
before
they
durst
adventure
to
take
the
spoile
.
Amurath
was
very
melancholy
after
Turks
last
30000.
men
.
the
victory
,
having
lost
thirtie
thousand
men
,
whereupon
he
said
,
that
he
wished
not
at
so
great
a
price
to
gaine
many
victories
.
This
bloody
battell
was
fought
at
Varna
Nov.
10
Anno
Christi
1444.
Huniades
being
released
out
of
prison
,
the
Hungarians
called
a
generall
assembly
of
the
states
,
where
they
chose
Ladislaus
,
the
son
of
Albertus
Arch
Duke
of
Austria
,
for
their
King
:
but
he
being
a
child
of
five
years
old
,
they
unanimously
chose
Huniades
Regent
,
during
the
Kings
minority
,
as
of
all
others
the
most
fit
for
so
great
and
heavie
a
charge
:
In
which
office
Huniades
chosen
vice
Roy
of
Hungary
.
he
spent
four
yeares
in
peace
,
deciding
civill
controversies
,
composing
quarrells
amongst
the
Nobility
:
equally
administring
Iustice
to
all
men
:
ending
controversies
,
and
that
without
any
suspition
of
His
Justice
,
and
other
virtues
.
corruption
,
using
therein
such
expedition
,
and
never
wearied
patience
,
in
hearing
every
mans
cause
,
that
sitting
,
walking
,
standing
,
riding
,
he
dispatched
many
great
and
weighty
matters
,
alwaies
shewing
himselfe
affable
,
and
courteous
as
well
to
the
poorer
sort
,
as
to
others
of
greater
calling
that
had
any
suits
unto
him
,
so
that
noe
man
was
to
his
friends
more
friendly
,
and
to
his
enemies
more
terrible
:
In
times
of
peace
he
was
alwaies
provident
for
warr
,
heaping
up
great
treasures
without
which
the
warr
could
not
be
maintained
,
and
in
all
things
so
carrying
himselfe
,
that
he
was
of
his
subjects
both
beloved
and
feared
.
Ladislaus
the
young
King
of
Hungary
lived
as
yet
at
Vienna
,
about
whom
was
Ulricus
Earle
of
Cilicia
a
very
potent
man
,
who
much
envied
,
and
maligned
Huniades
,
and
prevailed
with
the
King
to
send
for
him
in
a
friendly
manner
to
Vienna
,
and
then
to
make
him
away
privily
:
But
it
pleased
God
that
Huniades
came
to
the
knowledg
of
this
wicked
conspiracy
,
and
thereupon
returned
answer
to
the
Treachery
preven●ed
.
King
:
that
he
was
ready
to
serve
his
Majesty
within
Hungary
in
all
his
affaires
,
But
that
it
was
neither
best
for
the
King
,
nor
safest
for
himself
to
goe
out
of
that
Kingdome
:
the
wicked
Earle
being
thus
disappointed
of
his
hopes
,
went
to
the
borders
of
Hungary
with
diverse
other
in
his
traine
,
intending
either
cunningly
to
apprehend
,
and
carrie
away
Huniades
unto
Vienna
,
or
else
to
dispatch
him
upon
the
place
:
But
Huniades
,
though
he
profered
in
the
open
field
to
commune
with
him
,
yet
by
no
meanes
would
he
be
got
into
the
towne
:
whereby
the
treacherous
Earles
expectation
was
disappointed
.
Afterwards
an
other
traine
was
laid
for
him
,
that
under
pretence
of
the
Kings
safe
conduct
,
he
should
meet
the
King
in
the
broad
fields
of
Vienna
:
Huniades
though
he
suspected
deceit
,
yet
came
to
the
place
,
but
when
he
neither
met
there
the
King
:
nor
had
the
Earle
any
safe
conduct
for
him
,
he
told
the
Earle
that
it
was
now
in
his
power
to
slay
him
,
who
thus
sought
his
blood
,
but
for
reverence
to
the
King
he
would
spare
him
,
and
so
let
him
goe
.
In
the
mean
while
he
was
advertized
by
his
Spies
,
that
Amurath
was
raising
great
Forces
against
him
;
and
therefore
he
,
desiring
nothing
more
than
to
be
revenged
for
their
great
losses
at
Varna
,
accompanied
with
the
greatest
part
of
the
Nobility
of
Hungary
,
and
with
the
Vayvod
of
Valachia
,
he
set
forward
against
the
Turk
,
with
two
and
twenty
thousand
choyce
Souldiers
;
and
going
into
Servia
,
he
sent
to
the
Despot
,
Techery
.
desiring
him
to
joyn
his
forces
with
them
:
But
the
false
Despot
did
not
onely
refuse
it
,
but
gave
intelligence
to
Amurath
of
their
number
,
and
every
dayes
march
:
and
withall
advised
him
to
let
them
come
so
far
into
his
Countrey
,
that
he
might
get
behind
them
with
his
Army
,
and
so
stop
their
returne
.
Which
advice
the
Turk
followed
,
and
so
both
the
Armies
came
into
a
great
plain
in
Bulgary
:
Huniades
daily
expecting
the
coming
of
Scanderbeg
with
his
Forces
,
declined
the
fight
,
though
Amurath
daily
provoked
him
:
but
he
still
standing
upon
his
guard
,
Amurath
endeavoured
to
cut
him
off
from
water
,
and
forage
:
so
that
Huniades
was
at
last
forced
to
fight
,
and
therefore
commanded
his
Souldiers
to
prepare
themselves
:
and
the
more
to
encourage
them
,
he
made
an
excellent
and
most
Christian
speech
to
them
,
desiring
them
not
to
be
discouraged
for
the
remembrance
of
the
losse
of
the
battell
at
Varna
,
for
therein
God
had
justly
revenged
the
Christians
breach
of
faith
,
and
all
the
authors
of
that
perfidious
dealing
,
were
justly
cut
off
:
Whereas
(
said
he
)
we
against
our
Huniades
speech
to
his
Souldiers
.
wils
drawn
into
that
wofull
warre
,
through
the
mercy
of
God
yet
live
,
preserved
for
the
defence
of
the
Christian
Common-wealth
:
Hitherto
we
have
rather
fought
by
the
power
of
God
then
of
Man
,
and
in
the
Name
of
Jesus
Christ
our
Saviour
have
easily
overthrown
these
wicked
Infidels
.
We
have
fought
under
the
leading
and
Conduct
of
the
Highest
,
whose
help
we
have
alwayes
felt
at
hand
,
and
therefore
we
need
not
feare
their
great
multitude
,
&c.
Neither
did
Amurath
neglect
to
order
his
battell
,
and
encourage
his
men
,
whose
Army
filled
all
the
plain
from
one
side
to
another
,
to
the
great
astonishment
of
the
Christians
.
About
nine
a
Clock
the
signall
of
battell
being
given
,
the
fierce
and
couragious
Souldiers
began
to
skirmish
;
but
afterwards
The
first
days
fight
.
they
fought
Foot
to
Foot
,
and
Hand
to
Hand
for
three
houres
;
at
which
time
the
Christians
put
the
right
wing
of
the
Turkes
to
the
worst
,
and
also
in
the
left
wing
they
did
the
like
with
great
slaughter
of
the
Turks
.
Amurath
presently
sent
in
strong
supplies
,
whereupon
the
Christians
light
Horsemen
,
wearied
before
,
retired
to
their
men
at
Armes
,
who
serring
together
,
easily
repulsed
the
Turkes
,
and
made
a
great
slaughter
of
them
.
Huniades
in
the
mean
time
with
his
Artillery
from
the
Hill
,
did
the
Turks
great
harm
;
which
Amurath
perceiving
,
drew
up
his
men
close
under
the
Hill
,
whereby
that
was
prevented
:
Huniades
encouraged
his
men
,
sometimes
with
cheerfull
speech
,
sometimes
with
his
own
most
valiant
hand
:
to
the
weary
he
sent
reliefe
,
the
fearfull
he
animated
,
those
that
were
flying
he
staid
,
and
where
the
enemies
came
fastest
on
,
there
was
he
present
himselfe
to
meet
them
,
performing
all
the
offices
of
a
good
Generall
,
and
worthy
souldier
,
whereby
the
battell
grew
so
fierce
and
terrible
,
that
every
place
was
soiled
with
the
blood
of
the
slaine
:
but
the
Turks
came
on
so
fast
with
fresh
suppiles
,
that
one
battalion
of
the
Christians
was
oft
times
enforced
to
weary
foure
or
fiue
of
the
Turks
before
they
could
be
relieved
.
The
cruell
fight
maintained
all
the
day
,
was
by
the
comming
of
the
night
ended
,
both
Armies
retiring
to
their
trenches
,
and
with
little
rest
was
that
night
spent
:
It
was
scarse
faire
day
,
when
both
the
Armies
orderly
ranged
,
began
the
battell
againe
:
but
the
Christians
had
The
second
battell
.
almost
spent
their
strength
the
day
before
,
whereas
there
were
fortie
thousand
Turks
that
had
not
fought
at
all
:
yet
Huniades
wonderfully
encouraged
his
men
by
many
arguments
beseeching
them
for
the
love
of
God
and
man
,
with
their
wonted
valour
that
day
for
ever
to
set
at
liberty
themselves
,
their
countrey
,
their
wives
,
and
children
,
and
whatsoever
else
they
held
deare
unto
them
.
So
that
both
the
Armies
being
fully
joyned
,
the
battell
was
fought
with
no
lesse
force
and
fury
then
the
day
before
:
yea
many
of
the
wounded
Christians
came
again
into
the
battell
,
there
either
by
speedy
death
,
or
speedy
victory
,
to
cure
their
wounds
,
and
did
excellent
service
.
Thus
the
battell
continued
all
day
long
,
yet
the
Turkes
had
the
better
,
and
so
both
Armies
,
throughly
wearied
,
returned
to
their
tents
:
The
next
morning
by
the
dawning
of
the
day
,
the
battell
was
again
begun
,
where
for
certaine
houres
,
it
The
third
days
fight
.
was
fought
with
like
hope
on
both
sides
,
and
a
great
slaughter
made
:
many
of
the
Hungarian
nobility
there
lost
their
lives
,
valiantly
fighting
against
their
enemies
,
whereupon
Amurath
commanded
forth
all
his
reserues
at
once
with
their
number
to
overwhelme
the
wearied
Christians
,
which
accordingly
succeeded
,
for
the
Christians
weake
and
wounded
,
The
Christians
overthrown
were
hereby
wholly
overthrowne
,
which
Huniades
seeing
,
saved
himselfe
by
flight
,
the
like
did
many
of
the
Christians
,
whom
the
Turks
eagerly
pursued
Huniades
escaped
.
till
they
might
stop
them
;
then
the
Turks
Army
compassing
in
the
Hungarian
Camp
to
rifle
it
,
were
by
the
wounded
souldiers
,
wagoners
and
other
drudges
of
the
Army
,
kept
out
so
long
as
they
had
any
shot
left
,
who
at
length
were
all
slaine
,
yet
not
altogether
unrevenged
.
In
this
battell
the
Turks
lost
foure
and
thirtie
thousand
men
for
eight-thousand
of
the
Christians
.
Huniades
all
alone
by
uncouth
wayes
travelled
three
daies
and
nights
without
meat
,
or
drink
,
and
the
fourth
day
tyred
his
horse
,
and
cast
him
off
:
and
afterwards
being
himselfe
on
foot
disarmed
,
he
fell
into
the
hands
of
two
notable
thieves
,
who
dispoiled
him
of
his
apparell
,
but
falling
Huniades
in
great
danger
.
at
strife
in
parting
the
prey
,
he
tooke
occasion
to
lay
hand
on
one
of
their
swords
,
with
which
he
slew
one
of
them
,
and
put
the
other
to
flight
,
so
travelling
on
almost
spent
with
hunger
and
thirst
,
the
next
day
Almost
famished
.
he
light
upon
a
shephard
,
a
sturdy
knaue
,
who
hearing
of
the
Hungarians
overthrow
,
was
roaming
abroad
in
hope
of
prey
:
at
his
first
sight
of
Huniades
he
stood
at
gaze
,
stricken
with
his
majesty
:
Huniades
also
being
so
extreame
weake
desired
not
to
have
to
doe
with
him
:
at
last
the
shepheard
bluntly
asked
him
of
his
fortune
,
and
he
for
Gods
sake
craved
something
to
eat
,
the
shepherd
moved
with
the
promise
of
reward
,
brought
him
to
a
poore
coate
hard
by
,
and
He
is
relieved
by
a
Shepheard
.
caused
bread
and
water
with
a
few
onions
to
be
set
before
him
,
who
after
wards
at
his
bankets
would
pleasantly
say
,
that
he
never
in
his
life
fared
better
,
nor
more
daintily
,
then
when
he
supped
with
this
shepherd
.
Hunger
the
best
sauce
.
Thus
refreshed
,
he
went
to
Synderovia
,
which
the
Despot
having
intelligence
of
,
caused
him
He
is
imprisoned
by
the
Despot
.
to
be
apprehended
and
imprisoned
,
yet
at
last
released
him
upon
certaine
conditions
:
but
shortly
after
the
Despots
countrey
being
invaded
by
the
Turks
,
he
sent
to
Huniades
craving
pardon
for
his
offence
,
and
humbly
intreating
aid
of
him
,
which
Huniades
readily
granted
,
going
himselfe
with
his
forces
,
and
joining
with
the
despot
,
he
marched
He
forgives
the
wrong
.
speedily
against
the
Turks
,
who
spying
Huniades
Ensigne
in
the
Christians
Army
,
as
men
wholly
discouraged
,
betook
themselves
to
speedy
flight
,
after
whom
followed
the
Christians
with
most
bloody
execution
,
pursuing
them
all
that
day
,
and
had
not
the
night
come
on
,
few
of
them
had
escaped
:
the
Generall
and
most
of
the
Turks
chiefe
commanders
were
taken
prisoners
:
then
Huniades
entred
far
into
The
Turks
beaten
.
Bulgary
,
burnt
the
chiefe
City
,
and
having
well
revenged
himselfe
of
the
Turks
,
he
returned
with
triumph
to
Buda
:
Amurath
being
dead
,
and
Mahomet
succeeding
him
,
having
taken
the
great
City
of
Constantinople
,
Mahomet
prepares
no
besiege
Belgrade
.
his
next
designe
was
against
Belgrade
,
which
stands
upon
the
great
river
of
Danubius
,
and
was
the
key
of
Hungary
,
which
being
taken
would
let
him
into
the
heart
of
the
countrey
,
and
for
that
end
,
he
raised
an
army
of
an
hundred
&
fifty
thousand
of
his
best
souldiers
,
and
sent
before
him
two
hundred
ships
and
gallies
up
the
river
,
to
prevent
the
victualling
of
the
City
by
water
,
and
presently
after
came
himselfe
with
all
his
Army
,
and
sate
downe
before
it
,
and
with
the
fury
of
his
Artillery
overthrew
a
great
part
of
the
wall
,
which
the
defendants
with
great
industry
speedily
repaired
.
Huniades
His
Navy
beaten
.
also
sent
a
fleet
of
ships
,
which
encountring
with
the
Turks
fleet
,
tooke
twentie
saile
of
them
,
and
so
terrified
the
rest
,
that
they
were
glad
to
run
themselves
a
ground
neere
to
the
Turkes
Camp
:
all
which
were
presently
set
on
fire
that
they
should
not
come
Huniades
goeth
into
Belgrade
.
into
the
hands
of
the
Christians
:
Huniades
being
thus
master
of
the
river
,
himselfe
with
fiue
thousand
valiant
souldiers
entred
into
the
City
:
Mahomet
resolved
to
gaine
the
City
,
and
having
made
a
great
breach
,
appointed
the
next
day
to
give
a
generall
assault
,
but
whilst
he
was
preparing
for
it
,
Carazias
Bassa
his
lieutenant
Generall
was
slaine
with
a
great
shot
from
the
towne
,
with
which
the
proud
.
Tyrant
was
exceedingly
troubled
,
yet
went
on
with
his
purpose
,
and
the
Ianizaries
his
best
souldiers
,
without
any
great
resistance
entred
the
breach
,
the
like
did
others
in
many
parts
of
the
City
,
whereupon
they
The
Turkes
beaten
out
of
the
City
.
reckoned
that
it
was
their
own
:
but
the
valiant
Huniades
issuing
out
on
every
side
with
his
most
resolute
souldiers
,
so
oppressed
the
Turks
,
that
few
of
them
that
were
entred
the
City
escaped
,
but
either
were
slaine
or
taken
prisoners
,
and
the
rest
with
exceeding
slaughter
were
beaten
from
the
walls
:
Presently
also
in
this
confusion
,
Huniades
sallied
out
of
the
towne
,
set
upon
the
Turks
that
guarded
their
great
Ordnance
,
Huniades
surprizeth
the
great
Ordnance
whom
with
great
slaughter
he
draue
from
their
charge
,
and
enforced
them
to
leave
them
to
their
enemies
:
Mahomet
seeing
this
,
couragiously
charged
the
Hungarians
afresh
to
have
recovered
his
Ordnance
,
but
was
so
valiantly
repulsed
by
Huniades
,
and
beaten
with
murthering
shot
from
the
town
,
that
he
was
glad
when
he
was
got
into
his
trenches
:
Huniades
also
turned
their
owne
Ordnance
against
their
Camp
,
with
which
he
did
them
noe
small
harme
:
and
being
strengthened
with
a
new
supply
of
Christians
,
he
assailed
the
Turks
trenches
,
at
which
the
proud
Tyrant
never
before
so
braved
,
issued
out
,
valiantly
encountering
him
,
beat
him
back
againe
to
the
great
Ordnance
,
from
whence
he
he
was
againe
by
the
Christians
Beaten
to
his
trenches
;
In
these
hot
skirmishes
the
Captaine
of
the
Ianizaries
,
with
many
other
valiant
men
,
were
slaine
,
and
Mahomet
also
himselfe
was
so
sore
wounded
Mahomet
wounded
.
under
the
left
pap
,
that
he
was
carried
into
his
pavillion
for
dead
:
but
coming
againe
to
himselfe
,
considering
that
he
had
lost
his
whole
fleet
,
his
great
Ordnance
,
and
fortie
thousand
of
his
best
Officers
,
and
souldiers
,
secretly
in
the
night
he
arose
with
his
Army
,
and
in
great
silence
shamefully
departed
,
Flieth
shamefully
still
looking
behind
when
the
Hungarians
should
have
pursued
him
,
which
for
want
of
horse
they
could
not
doe
.
Shortly
after
,
this
most
valiant
and
renowned
Captaine
Huniades
,
worthy
of
immortall
praise
,
grew
mortally
sick
of
a
wound
received
in
those
fights
,
who
feeling
himselfe
in
danger
of
death
,
desired
to
receive
the
Sacrament
,
and
would
in
any
case
(
sick
as
he
was
)
be
carried
to
the
church
to
receive
it
,
saying
,
It
is
not
fit
that
the
Lord
should
come
to
the
Humility
.
house
of
his
servant
,
but
that
the
servant
should
rather
goe
to
the
house
of
his
Lord
and
master
,
and
shortly
after
he
resigned
up
his
spirit
to
God
,
Anno
Christi
Huniades
death
.
1456.
He
was
much
lamented
,
and
honoruably
buried
at
Alba
Iulia
in
Saint
Stevens
Church
.
He
was
prudent
of
witt
,
discreet
in
counsel
,
expert
His
Character
.
and
politick
in
warr
,
prompt
of
hand
,
very
circumspect
and
wary
before
he
attempted
any
thing
,
but
very
quick
and
expeditious
when
once
resolved
.
He
maintained
war
against
two
mighty
and
puissant
Emperours
of
the
Turks
,
Amurath
and
Mahomet
the
great
:
and
through
the
Lords
might
,
he
defended
all
Panonia
against
them
,
and
was
as
a
mighty
wall
,
or
bulwark
to
all
Europe
against
the
cruell
Turks
,
the
enemies
of
Christ
and
his
Christians
,
and
therefore
he
was
called
the
thunderbolt
and
terror
of
the
Turks
:
Neither
was
there
ever
any
Christian
King
or
Prince
,
that
gat
so
many
victories
,
and
so
profitable
for
Christendom
,
as
he
did
.
Collected
out
of
the
Turkish
History
and
the
booke
of
Martyrs
.
SCANDERBEG
portrait of Scanderbeg
The
life
of
George
Castriot
,
alias
Scanderbeg
,
King
of
Epyrus
,
who
died
Anno
Christi
1466.
JOhn
,
the
Father
of
this
George
,
was
descended
of
an
ancient
Family
,
which
had
long
reigned
in
Epyrus
,
or
Albania
,
a
part
of
Macedonia
;
yet
he
surmounted
his
predecessors
,
in
prudence
,
gravity
,
and
magnanimity
;
in
corporall
beauty
,
and
comelinesse
of
person
,
and
in
many
vertuous
endowments
:
His
Mother
was
Voisava
,
daughter
of
the
King
of
the
Tribullians
,
a
woman
for
beauty
,
wisdome
,
and
excellency
of
spirit
,
surpassing
most
of
her
sex
.
God
blessed
these
persons
with
nine
Children
;
foure
sons
,
and
five
daughters
,
whereof
this
George
was
the
youngest
,
upon
whose
right
arm
,
when
he
was
born
,
appeared
the
form
of
a
sword
,
as
naturally
imprinted
,
as
if
it
had
been
engraven
by
the
hands
of
a
cunning
Workman
.
About
this
time
the
Ottoman
Empire
had
extended
it selfe
into
Europe
,
and
Amurath
the
great
Turke
having
long
afflicted
Macedonia
with
a
terrible
and
tedious
warre
:
John
Castriot
,
amongst
other
Princes
,
was
fain
to
sue
to
him
for
peace
;
which
he
obtained
upon
condition
,
that
he
should
deliver
to
him
all
his
sonnes
in
hostage
:
which
though
it
was
very
grievous
,
yet
necessity
forced
assent
.
Thus
was
George
,
with
his
other
brethren
,
delivered
to
the
great
Turk
;
who
faithfully
promised
well
and
honorably
to
intreat
them
:
But
this
miscreant
having
them
in
his
power
,
falsified
his
oath
,
and
caused
them
to
be
circumcised
;
giving
to
George
(
in
whom
something
more
then
ordinary
appeared
)
at
his
circumcision
,
the
name
of
Scanderbeg
;
i.e.
Lord
Alexander
:
He
was
about
nine
yeares
old
,
and
Amurath
taking
a
liking
to
him
,
appointed
him
good
Masters
and
Instructers
,
under
whom
he
quickly
learned
the
Turkish
,
Arabian
,
Greeke
,
Italian
,
and
Sclavonian
Languages
:
His
learning
and
valour
.
And
as
his
strength
increased
,
he
acquainted
himselfe
with
all
those
vertuous
exercises
which
might
fit
him
for
the
warre
.
And
sometimes
with
his
Sword
,
sometimes
with
his
Bow
,
on
Horse
back
and
Foot
,
he
gave
forth
incredible
proofes
of
agility
and
readinesse
of
body
,
and
of
a
forward
and
couragious
spirit
:
Hereupon
the
Sultan
made
him
a
Sanziak
,
and
Colonell
of
five
thousand
Horse
:
His
brethren
also
proving
very
good
Souldiers
,
he
imploied
them
in
severall
parts
of
his
Empire
Scanderbeg
being
eighteen
years
old
,
was
sent
by
Amurath
into
Natolia
;
where
,
in
his
first
enterprise
,
his
vertue
,
and
good
successe
Victorious
in
his
first
enterprise
.
in
warre
appeared
,
and
he
returned
victorious
.
And
afterwards
he
,
with
his
Regiment
,
alwayes
made
one
in
all
enterprises
;
and
the
good
successe
was
,
by
the
common
consent
of
all
the
Souldiery
,
still
cast
upon
His
fame
.
him
,
without
the
mention
of
other
Commanders
.
And
new
troubles
arising
in
Asia
;
he
,
at
those
yeares
,
was
chosen
Generall
of
the
whole
Army
:
And
hereby
he
did
easily
surmount
the
glory
of
his
former
acts
,
by
the
quick
and
speedy
defeat
of
his
Enemies
.
Amurath
wondred
not
so
much
at
his
happy
successe
,
as
at
his
wisdome
and
prudence
.
About
this
time
came
a
Giant-like
Scythian
to
the
Court
,
demanding
if
there
were
any
that
durst
encounter
him
in
Armes
and
prove
himselfe
in
fight
against
him
.
Amurath
proclaimed
and
promised
to
the
Conquerour
a
great
reward
,
to
encourage
his
men
to
undertake
the
combat
.
But
when
every
one
abhorred
the
purchase
of
honour
upon
such
desperate
conditions
(
for
they
A
Duell
,
wherein
he
slue
a
great
Scythian
.
were
to
fight
in
their
shirts
in
a
narrow
place
with
their
swords
onely
)
Scanderbeg
stepping
to
him
,
said
,
Either
shalt
thou
not
,
O
Scythian
,
beare
away
this
prize
,
and
glory
,
or
else
being
made
more
glorious
by
my
death
,
thou
shalt
be
enriched
with
these
spoyles
,
and
ornaments
,
&c.
In
the
Duell
,
Scanderbeg
slue
the
Scythian
,
without
receiving
the
least
wound
from
him
;
and
presenting
his
head
to
Amurath
,
received
the
reward
of
his
victory
.
Afterwards
two
Persians
of
a
faire
and
goodly
stature
came
,
and
made
the
like
challenge
to
fight
on
Horse
back
;
and
when
all
refused
,
he
took
up
the
Gantlet
against
them
:
and
whereas
(
contrary
to
agreement
)
He
slue
two
brave
Persians
after
his
first
course
,
they
both
assaulted
him
together
;
he
so
acquitted
himselfe
,
that
he
slue
them
both
,
and
presented
their
heads
to
Amurath
;
and
both
by
the
Emperour
and
his
Bassa's
,
was
admired
and
rewarded
with
great
and
bountifull
presents
.
If
at
any
time
he
was
imployed
against
the
Christians
,
and
he
could
not
evade
it
without
suspition
,
he
used
to
pray
to
God
that
it
might
be
farre
from
him
,
to
purchase
honour
by
shedding
the
blood
of
Christians
:
and
therefore
he
ever
sought
as
little
as
might
be
,
to
endammage
them
,
and
gave
them
opportunity
to
save
themselves
.
Whatsoever
money
came
to
his
His
bounty
.
hands
,
he
distributed
it
bountifully
amongst
his
Souldiers
.
About
this
time
died
John
Castriot
in
Epyre
,
which
Amurath
hearing
of
,
seised
upon
his
Kingdome
,
put
Garisons
into
all
the
Cities
and
strong
Holds
,
and
poysoned
all
the
brethren
of
Scanderbeg
,
which
was
Amuraths
perfidiousnesse
.
an
extream
griefe
to
him
,
yet
durst
he
not
discover
the
least
signes
of
it
,
but
carried
himselfe
,
as
if
he
had
preferred
Amurath
before
them
all
.
Yet
the
Tyrant
grew
jealous
of
him
,
and
put
him
upon
As
Saul
did
with
David
.
all
desperate
services
,
hoping
that
by
his
forwardnesse
he
would
perish
in
some
of
them
;
yet
knowing
how
much
interest
he
had
in
the
affections
of
the
men
of
Warre
,
he
carried
faire
weather
towards
him
.
But
rather
the
admirable
providence
of
God
in
preserving
of
him
is
to
be
taken
notice
of
:
for
the
Tyrant
Gods
speciall
providence
.
wanted
not
will
,
nor
power
,
nor
opportunities
,
nor
provocations
from
his
Court-Parasites
to
have
taken
away
his
life
,
but
the
Lord
preserved
him
to
be
the
delverer
of
his
people
,
a
bulwark
to
the
Christians
,
and
a
scourge
to
that
proud
Ottoman
Empire
in
her
greatest
height
and
glory
.
Not
long
after
,
Amurath
fell
out
with
Vladislaus
King
of
Hungary
,
for
assisting
the
Despot
of
Misia
,
and
thereupon
raising
an
Army
of
eighty
thousand
men
,
he
sent
Canambey
the
Bassa
of
Romania
with
Scanderbeg
,
and
twentie
thousand
men
to
invade
the
Hungarians
,
himselfe
following
with
the
body
of
his
Army
:
Vladislaus
,
with
great
Huniades
that
famous
Huniades
.
Captaine
,
prepared
an
Army
of
fiue
and
thirtie
thousand
men
to
encounter
him
:
the
Bassa
encamped
by
the
river
of
Monavia
,
Huniades
not
enduring
this
bravado
,
with
ten
thousand
men
leaving
the
King
in
his
Camp
,
passed
the
river
to
encounter
with
the
barbarians
,
who
contemning
his
small
number
,
began
the
fight
:
Castriot
(
seeing
an
opportunity
to
accomplish
what
he
had
before
determined
)
in
the
beginning
of
the
battel
,
with
his
bands
began
to
retreat
,
and
afterwards
fled
,
thereby
striking
a
fear
into
the
other
Turks
,
who
soone
fled
also
:
Scanderbeg
having
before
imparted
his
purpose
to
his
friends
,
especially
Scanderbegs
policy
.
to
his
nephew
Amase
,
as
they
fled
through
a
wood
,
he
laid
hands
upon
the
Turks
Secretary
,
and
caused
him
with
threatenings
to
write
letters
in
the
name
of
Amurath
to
the
Governour
of
Croia
(
the
regall
City
of
Epyrus
)
to
deliver
up
his
command
into
the
hands
of
Scanderbeg
,
as
deputed
by
him
to
have
the
command
thereof
,
and
then
killing
the
Secretary
,
he
posted
by
very
long
journies
into
the
upper
Dibriae
,
where
sending
for
some
of
the
principall
men
of
the
towne
,
he
discovered
himselfe
and
purposes
to
them
,
who
vnanimously
assented
to
what
he
desired
,
presenting
to
him
their
estates
&
lives
,
for
the
setling
of
him
in
his
Kingdom
,
and
so
taking
good
order
for
all
his
affaires
,
he
hastened
towards
Croia
,
sending
Amase
before
to
carry
news
to
the
Governour
,
and
to
certifie
him
that
Scanderbeg
with
his
traine
was
not
farr
behind
:
he
tooke
with
him
his
friends
,
and
a
select
number
of
Dibrians
,
and
so
entring
into
Croia
,
he
delivered
the
packet
,
which
being
opened
He
becomes
master
of
Croia
.
and
read
was
easily
believed
,
and
the
Governour
prepared
to
depart
:
the
night
after
his
men
at
Armes
,
which
he
had
left
secretly
neere
the
towne
,
were
let
in
,
with
whom
many
of
the
Citizens
joined
,
who
setting
first
upon
the
watch
,
and
then
on
the
Garison
,
put
most
of
them
to
the
sword
,
and
so
having
made
himselfe
master
of
Croia
,
he
presently
sent
to
Dibria
to
giue
his
friends
notice
of
his
successe
,
&
to
stir
up
that
countrey
,
and
their
allies
to
lay
hold
upon
the
opportunity
for
the
recoverie
of
their
liberty
:
he
also
gaue
notice
to
all
the
countrey
about
Croia
,
stirring
them
up
to
take
armes
to
free
themselves
from
the
Turkish
yoake
,
who
readily
and
with
much
joy
received
him
,
and
came
so
flocking
in
,
that
he
quickly
had
a
good
troop
of
resolute
and
couragious
souldiers
,
with
whom
he
presently
marched
to
Dibria
,
where
Amase
also
had
raised
an
other
company
:
Then
he
appointed
two
thousand
men
to
guard
the
frontiers
,
and
with
the
rest
he
went
into
base
Dibria
,
where
a
noble
and
braue
Captaine
[
Moses
Galome
]
came
to
Moses
Galome
.
him
,
that
afterwards
did
him
excellent
service
.
In
the
meane
while
many
of
the
Turks
in
those
parts
His
first
victory
against
the
Turkes
.
assembled
together
to
fight
with
him
,
but
were
easily
vanquished
,
and
most
of
them
put
to
the
sword
.
Then
Scanderbeg
imploying
his
Captaines
to
raise
all
the
forces
they
could
;
and
many
Noble
men
of
his
kindred
,
with
their
followers
coming
to
him
,
he
quickly
had
an
Army
of
twelue
thousand
souldiers
well
appointed
,
with
these
he
marched
to
Petrella
a
strong
Garison
of
the
Turks
,
scituate
upon
the
top
of
a
steep
rockie
mountaine
:
and
partly
with
faire
words
,
partly
with
terrible
threats
,
he
so
farr
wrought
upon
the
Governour
,
that
he
surrendred
Petrella
taken
.
the
place
to
him
,
and
with
his
garison
departed
out
of
it
:
From
thence
having
Garisoned
the
place
,
he
marched
(
though
in
the
frost
and
snow
)
to
Petra-alba
taken
.
Petra
▪
alba
,
scituated
upon
the
top
of
a
mountaine
also
,
as
were
all
the
Cities
of
Epyrus
,
there
the
Governour
was
content
upon
the
same
termes
to
quitt
the
place
;
and
from
thence
Scanderbeg
went
to
Stellusa
,
to
which
he
profered
the
same
termes
as
he
Stellusa
taken
.
gave
to
the
other
;
the
souldiers
were
willing
to
accept
of
them
,
but
the
Governour
opposed
,
but
at
last
they
laid
hold
on
him
,
and
delivered
him
bound
to
Scanderbeg
,
and
so
departed
:
upon
this
newes
all
the
weaker
Garisons
easily
yielded
to
him
:
then
he
went
to
Sfetigrade
,
where
he
attempted
to
have
entred
Sfetigrade
besiged
.
by
a
treaty
,
but
the
Garison
standing
out
stoutly
against
him
,
and
the
depth
of
winter
being
come
,
he
left
Moses
with
three
thousand
horse
to
block
it
up
,
and
to
have
an
eie
to
the
frontiers
,
and
so
he
retired
to
Croia
,
where
he
disbanded
his
Army
,
till
there
was
further
occasion
.
Then
he
betook
himselfe
to
the
service
of
God
,
and
setling
of
his
civill
affairs
;
but
presently
came
newes
from
Moses
,
that
many
of
the
Turkes
were
gathered
together
neere
unto
him
.
Whereupon
Scanderbeg
taking
his
followers
,
and
an
hundred
horse
,
went
straight
thither
,
which
the
Turks
hearing
of
,
presently
scattered
;
Scanderbeg
then
took
a
thousand
Horse
,
that
were
with
Moses
,
and
made
He
plunders
Macedonia
.
an
in-rode
into
Macedonia
,
spoiling
all
the
Countrey
,
and
returned
loaden
with
the
prey
.
By
this
time
Amurath
heard
of
his
escape
,
and
of
all
that
he
had
done
in
Epyrus
,
which
exceedingly
grieved
and
vexed
him
:
Whereupon
,
calling
a
Councell
,
he
made
peace
with
the
Hungarians
,
and
bent
all
his
thoughts
against
Scanderbeg
.
In
the
mean
while
Scanderbeg
assembles
a
Parliament
of
all
the
Estates
of
Epyrus
at
Lissa
,
where
he
was
chosen
General
of
their
Forces
.
The
Spring
coming
on
,
Scanderbeg
levied
his
Forces
,
and
took
the
Field
with
six
thousand
men
,
and
so
marched
to
Sfetigrade
:
but
the
Garrison
continuing
obstinate
,
he
spoyled
the
Countrey
,
that
they
might
have
no
provision
;
and
then
with
his
Army
he
marched
into
Mocrea
,
a
pleasant
and
fruitfull
Countrey
,
which
he
quickly
subdued
,
Mocrea
won
.
and
added
it
unto
his
Dominions
.
This
further
incensing
Amurath
,
he
commanded
a
puissant
Army
to
be
levied
,
which
Scanderbeg
hearing
of
by
his
friends
at
Court
,
he
strengthened
himselfe
by
confederating
with
his
neighbours
:
And
in
the
mean
time
Sfetigrade
was
surrendred
to
Moses
.
Amurath
having
Sfetigrade
taken
.
raised
an
army
of
forty
thousand
choyce
Horse
,
committed
them
to
the
leading
of
Hali-bassa
,
one
of
his
most
valiant
&
experienced
Captains
:
with
the
report
whereof
,
the
common
people
of
Epyrus
were
extreamly
affrighted
,
betaking
themselves
to
prayer
for
deliverance
from
so
imminent
a
danger
:
many
also
flocked
to
Scanderbeg
,
to
serve
under
him
,
out
of
whom
he
chose
eight
thousand
Horse
,
and
seven
thousand
foot
,
and
dismissed
the
rest
.
With
this
Army
,
after
prayers
made
to
God
,
he
went
into
the
lower
Dibria
,
where
he
heard
daily
of
the
approach
of
his
Enemies
:
Hereupon
he
caused
Gree
Musach
and
Amase
,
with
three
thousand
Horse
,
to
lie
in
Ambuscado
;
which
was
no
sooner
done
,
but
the
Turks
began
to
approach
,
pitching
their
Camp
neer
to
Scanderbeg
,
yet
knew
not
that
he
was
so
nigh
them
.
Scanderbeg
having
appointed
good
watch
,
bade
the
rest
of
his
men
to
betake
themselves
to
their
rest
.
The
Turkes
having
discovered
him
,
grew
very
insolent
,
and
comming
neer
the
Christians
Camp
,
began
to
revile
them
,
and
challenge
them
to
the
battel
:
Scanderbeg
made
his
men
to
be
quiet
till
the
rising
of
the
Moone
,
then
he
caused
them
to
refresh
themselves
with
food
,
and
so
some
of
them
to
issue
forth
to
skirmish
with
the
Turkes
,
in
the
mean
time
he
ordered
his
battel
:
Hali-Bassa
,
contemning
the
small
number
of
his
enemies
,
gave
the
first
charge
with
a
small
Troop
of
Horse
,
who
after
they
had
charged
,
retired
,
hoping
that
the
Christians
with
eager
pursuit
,
would
disorder
their
battell
:
But
Scanderbeg
finding
their
policy
,
kept
his
men
in
good
order
.
So
both
Armies
coming
on
,
the
Wings
began
the
battell
afresh
;
Scanderbeg
bringing
on
the
main
battell
in
the
face
of
the
Bassa
,
valiantly
charged
him
.
No
sooner
were
the
battels
throughly
joyned
,
but
the
Ambuscado
brake
out
,
and
charged
the
Rereward
of
the
Turkes
,
making
such
a
slaughter
,
that
some
of
them
began
to
flye
.
Thus
was
the
Bassa's
great
Army
distressed
by
a
few
.
But
he
having
placed
his
best
Souldiers
neerest
to
himselfe
,
with
them
renewed
the
fight
,
so
that
Scanderbegs
fortune
was
at
a
stand
,
till
Uranacontes
coming
on
with
some
fresh
Troopes
from
the
Rere
,
brake
through
the
Hall
Bassa
beaten
by
Scanderbeg
.
Bassa's
Army
,
with
incredible
slaughter
of
them
;
so
that
the
Turkes
seeing
their
fellowes
lying
by
heaps
wallowing
in
their
own
blood
,
betook
themselves
to
flight
,
whom
the
Christians
fiercely
pursuing
,
slue
two
and
twenty
thousand
of
them
,
took
two
thousand
prisoners
,
and
foure
and
twenty
Ensignes
of
the
Turkes
:
And
so
horsing
all
his
Foot-souldiers
with
the
horses
of
the
slain
Turkes
,
he
made
a
road
into
Of
the
Christians
were
slaine
but
120.
Macedonia
,
laying
all
waste
before
him
,
and
returned
with
a
rich
booty
,
besides
all
the
spoiles
gotten
in
the
Turks
Camp
;
and
with
it
went
back
to
Croia
,
where
he
was
received
with
wonderfull
joy
.
Hali-Bassa
,
with
the
remainder
of
his
men
,
returned
to
Adrianople
,
where
he
had
much
adoe
to
make
his
peace
with
the
Sultan
,
who
was
almost
ready
to
make
away
himselfe
for
his
great
losses
before
in
Hungary
,
and
now
in
Epyrus
.
About
this
time
the
Popes
Legat
perswaded
the
King
of
Hungary
to
break
his
League
lately
made
with
Amurath
,
saying
,
That
Faith
was
not
to
be
kept
with
Infidels
and
Miscreants
,
and
he
absolved
the
King
and
Popish
perfidiousnesse
.
his
Nobles
from
their
Oath
to
the
great
Turk
:
and
thereupon
great
preparations
were
made
,
and
a
great
Army
raised
,
whereof
Huniades
was
made
the
Lieutenant
Generall
.
The
King
of
Hungary
also
wrote
to
Scanderbeg
,
to
come
and
joyne
his
Forces
with
them
:
which
Scanderbeg
,
after
a
Councel
held
with
his
Princes
,
assented
unto
,
and
raising
a
potent
Army
,
and
seeking
to
God
by
prayer
,
for
a
prosperous
journey
,
he
marched
towards
Hungary
:
But
God
intending
to
chastise
the
perjury
of
the
Hungarians
,
and
to
preserve
Scanderbeg
from
having
any
hand
in
so
horrid
a
sinne
,
stirred
up
the
Despot
of
Misia
(
a
very
Athiest
)
to
deny
him
passage
through
his
Countrey
:
Whereupon
Scanderbeg
resolved
to
force
it
,
though
it
was
like
to
prove
a
difficult
work
;
and
indeed
before
he
could
doe
it
,
the
Turkes
and
Hungarians
had
fought
a
dreadfull
battell
,
wherein
many
were
slain
,
and
amongst
others
,
Vladislaus
with
his
perjured
Nobles
,
and
the
Christian
Army
,
was
wholly
Perjury
punished
by
God
.
overthrowne
.
The
newes
whereof
coming
to
Scanderbeg
,
he
was
so
grieved
,
and
enraged
also
at
the
Despot
,
that
he
spoiled
his
Countrey
with
Fire
and
Sword
,
and
so
returned
home
again
.
Amurath
hearing
of
the
spoile
that
Scanderbeg
had
made
in
Macedonia
,
resolved
in
the
next
place
to
take
him
to
task
;
but
first
he
sought
to
undermine
him
by
treachery
,
and
offers
of
peace
and
amity
,
writing
to
him
for
that
purpose
.
But
Scanderbeg
being
well
acquainted
with
his
wiles
,
wrote
back
to
him
,
rejecting
his
proffered
peace
.
Amurath
was
much
incensed
at
this
,
and
hearing
that
Scanderbeg
had
dismissed
his
Army
,
and
kept
the
Field
onely
with
his
Horse
,
who
also
ranged
up
and
down
carelesly
after
prey
,
he
sent
for
Feresey
Bassa
,
a
Captain
of
a
fierce
and
ready
spirit
,
and
loading
him
with
promises
,
if
he
returned
Victor
,
he
gave
him
nine
thousand
Horse
,
all
chosen
and
pickt
men
,
commanding
him
speedily
and
secretly
to
enter
into
Epyrus
,
before
the
enemy
were
aware
:
who
accordingly
proceeded
,
and
promised
to
himselfe
victory
before
he
came
thither
.
But
all
this
was
not
concealed
from
Scanderbeg
,
who
suddenly
went
and
seized
on
a
narrow
valley
called
Mocrea
,
which
the
Turkes
of
necessity
must
passe
through
;
where
,
hiding
his
men
in
Woods
and
Rockes
,
till
the
Turkes
were
intangled
on
all
sides
,
they
then
violently
brake
out
upon
them
,
killing
and
slaying
of
Feresey
Bassa
overthrown
them
at
their
pleasure
.
The
Turkes
made
stout
resistance
;
but
their
Horses
in
that
place
rather
hindred
then
holp
them
,
so
that
the
greatest
number
of
them
were
slaine
,
and
the
rest
throwing
away
their
Armes
,
upon
their
knees
craved
mercy
,
and
had
it
,
and
so
were
made
prisoners
.
Feresey
almost
in
the
beginning
of
the
fight
,
seeing
his
men
enclosed
and
slaughtered
,
and
not
knowing
his
enemies
number
,
turned
back
with
those
troopes
that
were
about
him
,
and
so
escaped
,
yet
was
pursued
by
the
Christians
,
and
lost
many
in
his
flight
.
Amurath
,
when
he
heard
of
it
,
was
marvellously
troubled
and
perplexed
,
bending
all
his
thoughts
against
Scanderbeg
:
and
therefore
presently
sent
Mustapha
,
a
Politick
and
hardy
Captain
,
with
a
new
supply
of
six
thousand
souldiers
to
take
Feresey's
charge
commanding
him
in
no
case
to
enter
farr
into
Epyrus
,
but
to
burne
and
spoile
the
frontiers
of
it
:
who
accordingly
coming
into
the
Valley
of
Mocrea
,
pitched
his
Camp
upon
the
side
of
an
hill
,
placed
his
scouts
upon
the
tops
of
the
mountaines
,
kept
foure
thousand
horse
with
himselfe
in
his
Camp
,
and
sent
nine
thousand
abroad
to
spoile
the
countrey
:
Scanderbeg
drawing
neere
to
the
valley
with
foure
thousand
horse
,
and
one
thousand
foot
,
was
informed
of
all
these
passages
,
and
seeing
that
Policy
was
not
to
be
used
against
so
wary
an
enemy
,
he
resolved
to
assault
him
suddenly
in
his
trenches
,
before
his
dispersed
Troops
could
retire
to
him
:
and
so
entring
the
valley
,
he
was
presently
discovered
,
and
warning
given
to
Mustapha
,
who
endeavoured
to
call
back
his
men
,
and
some
that
were
neere
,
hasted
to
him
:
Mustapha
Bassa
overthrowne
.
Scanderbegs
souldiers
followed
them
at
the
heels
,
and
assaulted
them
in
their
trenches
,
beat
them
from
them
,
and
fell
pell
mell
upon
them
,
filling
all
their
Camp
with
feare
,
and
slaughter
:
Mustapha
seeing
that
all
was
like
to
be
lost
,
escaped
at
the
port
which
was
furthest
from
the
enemy
,
some
of
his
men
also
following
of
him
:
fiue
thousand
Turks
were
slaine
,
three
hundred
taken
,
and
Scanderbeg
lost
but
twentie
horsemen
,
and
fiftie
footmen
.
Mustapha
afterwards
obtained
an
other
great
Army
of
Amurath
,
with
which
he
went
against
Scanderberg
,
who
lying
at
the
siege
of
Dayna
against
the
Venetians
,
had
present
information
sent
him
from
his
garisons
upon
the
frontiers
of
Epyrus
,
whom
he
commanded
by
a
speedy
messenger
in
no
wise
to
encounter
with
the
enemy
,
but
to
keep
themselves
in
their
strong
holds
till
his
coming
,
and
so
leaving
Amase
to
continue
the
siege
,
he
tooke
fiue
hundred
horse
,
and
a
thousand
fiue
hundred
footmen
,
with
which
he
hasted
to
the
reliefe
of
his
garisons
:
Mustapha
had
sought
by
all
meanes
to
draw
forth
Scanderbegs
men
out
of
their
holds
,
but
seeing
that
they
would
not
stirr
,
he
began
to
burne
and
spoile
all
the
countrey
,
till
hearing
of
Scanderbegs
approach
,
he
called
all
his
Army
together
and
incamped
within
two
miles
of
him
:
Scanderbeg
drawing
some
forces
out
of
his
garison
,
had
in
all
foure
thousand
horse
,
&
two
thousand
foot
,
with
which
having
strengthened
his
trenches
,
he
left
three
hundred
for
the
guard
of
them
,
and
issuing
forth
with
the
rest
,
he
placed
them
in
order
of
Battell
.
Mustapha
did
the
like
;
but
before
the
battell
began
,
there
came
from
the
Turks
a
man
at
Arms
in
rich
and
gallant
furniture
,
challenging
any
one
of
the
Christians
to
fight
hand
to
hand
with
him
:
Paul
Manessi
thereupon
stepped
to
Scanderbeg
,
desiring
leave
that
he
might
accept
the
challenge
,
and
chastise
the
proud
Turk
,
which
Scanderbeg
assenting
to
,
and
praying
for
his
successe
,
he
presently
mounted
on
horsback
,
rode
forth
to
the
Turke
,
bidding
him
to
prepare
himselfe
to
the
battell
:
both
Generalls
agreed
upon
the
Lawes
for
the
combat
,
and
so
the
champions
taking
their
course
,
ran
each
at
other
with
their
speares
,
and
Menassi
ran
the
Turk
through
the
head
,
and
so
slew
him
,
and
then
alighting
,
he
stroke
off
his
head
,
tooke
his
Armour
,
and
returned
to
the
Camp
loaden
with
A
Duell
fought
,
and
the
Turke
slaine
Mustapha
beaten
againe
and
taken
prisoner
.
his
spoiles
.
Scanderbegs
men
were
much
encouraged
with
this
good
Omen
,
and
the
Turks
as
much
affrighted
,
whereupon
Scanderbeg
presently
marched
forward
against
them
,
and
charged
the
Turks
with
such
fury
,
that
they
presently
began
to
retire
:
Mustapha
seeing
that
,
put
spurs
to
his
horse
,
resolving
to
win
the
field
or
die
;
most
of
his
chiefe
captaines
did
the
like
,
which
a
little
renued
the
battell
;
but
presently
Mustapha
and
twelue
of
his
chiefe
men
were
taken
prisoners
,
the
rest
slaine
and
scattered
:
there
were
killed
of
the
Turks
ten
thousand
men
,
and
fifteene
ensignes
taken
:
the
Christians
lost
but
three
hundred
;
they
found
a
rich
prey
in
the
Turks
Camp
:
yet
did
Scanderbeg
make
an
inrode
into
Macedonia
,
spoiled
and
tooke
a
great
booty
,
then
left
two
thousand
horse
,
and
one
thousand
foot
for
the
guard
of
his
frontiers
,
and
so
returned
to
the
siege
of
Dayna
.
Shortly
after
the
Venetians
made
peace
with
Scanderbegs
bounty
to
his
souldiers
.
Scanderbeg
:
and
Amurath
sent
him
rich
presents
,
with
fiue
and
twentie
thousand
Duckats
to
redeeme
his
Captaines
,
whom
Scanderbeg
had
used
honourably
,
and
sent
them
away
with
a
safe
convoy
,
the
money
he
divided
amongst
his
souldiers
:
and
then
he
made
an
other
inrode
into
Macedonia
,
and
dividing
his
Army
into
three
parts
,
he
laid
all
wast
,
and
brought
away
a
rich
prey
,
that
he
might
leaue
nothing
for
the
reliefe
of
his
enemies
,
when
they
returned
againe
:
Amurath
was
so
incensed
herewith
,
that
he
resolved
to
send
no
more
of
his
Captaines
,
but
to
goe
in
his
owne
person
with
such
an
host
,
that
should
fill
every
corner
of
Epyrus
,
and
make
an
easy
conquest
of
it
:
Scanderbeg
either
having
intelligence
,
or
suspecting
the
worst
,
when
he
heard
of
such
great
preparations
,
advertised
his
Christian
neighbours
to
stand
upon
their
guard
,
and
mustered
up
all
his
men
,
took
up
all
the
provisions
through
Epyrus
,
where
with
he
stored
his
Garisons
,
and
thrust
most
of
the
common
people
with
their
provisions
,
into
his
strong
holds
,
leaving
nothing
to
relieve
his
enemies
.
Then
bending
his
chiefest
care
for
his
Regall
Citie
of
Croia
,
he
placed
in
it
a
Garrison
of
one
thousand
three
hundred
old
Souldiers
,
sent
away
all
the
Citizens
that
could
not
beare
Armes
,
into
the
Venetian
Territories
,
who
after
earnest
prayers
and
supplications
made
unto
God
,
departed
with
heavy
hearts
.
Out
of
all
his
Bands
he
chose
ten
thousand
expert
Souldiers
for
a
Field-army
:
he
made
Uranocontes
,
a
famous
Captain
,
Governour
of
Croia
;
and
so
with
his
Army
he
marched
into
Dibria
:
and
by
the
way
he
met
with
Moses
,
who
had
taken
the
like
care
for
Sfetigrade
as
he
had
done
for
Croia
.
But
Scanderbeg
fearing
that
that
Citie
would
be
first
assaulted
,
went
thither
,
made
a
speech
to
the
Souldiers
and
Citizens
,
exhorting
them
to
be
valiant
and
faithfull
,
&c.
In
the
mean
time
Amurath
had
assembled
his
Army
,
Amurath
goes
in
person
against
Scanderbeg
.
consisting
of
an
hundred
and
fifty
thousand
well
furnished
with
all
things
needfull
,
with
which
he
set
forward
towards
Epyrus
,
sending
fourty
thousand
Horse
before
,
to
begin
the
siege
before
Sfetigrade
.
The
newes
whereof
comming
to
Scanderbeg
,
he
marched
thitherward
also
with
foure
thousand
Horse
,
and
one
thousand
foot
:
And
having
from
the
mountains
viewed
the
encamping
of
the
enemy
,
the
night
following
,
with
much
secresie
,
he
brought
his
men
in
the
coverts
of
the
Woods
and
Vallies
neer
unto
them
:
The
next
morning
he
sent
out
Moses
and
thirty
others
well
mounted
,
driving
some
horses
laden
with
Corn
before
them
;
which
the
Turkes
espying
,
A
stratagem
.
they
sent
out
the
like
number
to
surprize
them
.
But
Moses
and
his
men
set
upon
them
,
seeing
no
more
,
and
slue
five
of
them
,
and
chased
the
rest
to
the
Camp
.
Hereupon
the
Turks
Generall
sent
out
foure
thousand
horse
after
them
:
these
Moses
drew
along
til
they
were
within
the
compasse
of
Scanderbegs
ambush
,
who
presently
rising
out
of
the
coverts
,
set
upon
them
,
slue
two
thousand
of
them
,
took
a
thousand
Two
thousand
Turks
slain
.
horse
:
and
of
the
Christians
were
lost
but
two
and
twenty
men
.
Eight
dayes
after
came
Amurath
with
all
his
Army
in
the
beginning
of
May
,
Anno
Christi
1449.
and
encamped
before
the
City
.
His
first
work
was
to
summon
the
City
,
and
to
seeke
to
corrupt
the
Governour
;
but
that
not
prevailing
,
he
planted
his
Ordnance
,
and
having
made
a
breach
in
the
Walls
,
gave
a
terrible
assault
to
it
:
but
the
Garrison
gave
The
siege
of
Sfetigrade
.
them
as
valiant
a
repulse
.
And
though
the
assault
was
renewed
again
and
again
,
yet
still
they
were
repulsed
;
so
that
Amurath
at
last
caused
the
retreat
to
be
sounded
.
There
were
many
other
assaults
given
,
during
which
time
Scanderbeg
was
still
in
action
,
setting
upon
the
Turkes
Camp
,
sometimes
in
one
Quarter
,
sometimes
in
another
;
and
then
presently
departed
,
so
that
Amurath
wondred
what
was
become
of
him
.
The
siege
continuing
to
the
end
of
June
,
Scanderbeg
brought
all
his
Army
towards
the
Turkes
Camp
,
and
understanding
by
his
Espials
,
that
they
lay
in
great
security
there
,
the
night
following
he
set
upon
one
of
their
Quarters
,
and
slue
two
thousand
Two
thousand
Turks
slain
.
of
them
,
and
so
retired
,
having
taken
two
hundred
and
thirty
horse
,
and
seven
of
their
Ensignes
,
with
the
losse
of
two
and
fourty
men
.
Amurath
resolving
to
shew
his
wrath
upon
the
City
by
a
generall
assault
,
appointed
twelve
thousand
horse
,
and
six
thousand
foot
under
Feri
Bassa
,
to
attend
Scanderbeg
:
In
the
mean
time
promising
great
rewards
to
those
that
should
first
ascend
the
Walls
,
and
enter
the
Citie
.
There
was
also
a
great
Tower
of
wood
made
equall
with
the
walls
of
the
City
,
so
that
they
fought
as
upon
even
ground
;
and
the
Turkes
pressing
hard
upon
the
Christians
,
advanced
their
Ensignes
upon
the
walls
:
But
Perlat
the
Governour
coming
with
a
Company
of
fresh
Souldiers
,
beat
them
back
,
took
their
Ensignes
,
fired
their
Tower
of
wood
,
and
so
delivered
the
Citie
.
Scanderbeg
in
the
mean
time
came
with
nine
thousand
Souldiers
to
assault
their
Camp
:
But
Feri
Bassa
contemning
his
small
number
,
encountred
with
him
,
and
withall
sent
foure
thousand
Horse
to
compasse
him
in
behinde
.
But
this
Master
of
his
Art
having
Moses
in
the
Front
,
took
two
thousand
Horse
to
meet
them
,
and
so
fought
with
them
,
that
they
had
no
great
cause
to
boast
of
their
coming
.
He
slue
also
Feri
Bassa
,
fighting
with
him
hand
to
hand
,
and
Feri
Bassa
slain
by
Scanderbeg
.
drove
the
rest
back
to
the
Camp
,
making
a
great
slaughter
of
them
;
yet
Amurath
continued
his
assault
against
the
Citie
till
night
came
on
,
in
which
Seven
thousand
Turkes
slain
▪
he
lost
seven
thousand
men
,
besides
the
wounded
:
Of
the
Garrison
were
slain
onely
seventy
,
and
ninety
more
hurt
.
Amurath
not
prevailing
by
force
,
sought
by
large
promises
to
corrupt
the
Garison
,
and
at
last
so
farr
prevailed
with
one
base
minded
traytour
,
that
for
a
great
summe
of
money
he
concluded
to
betray
the
City
,
and
for
that
end
he
cast
a
great
dead
Dog
into
Treason
.
the
only
well
which
served
the
whole
City
,
which
being
in
the
morning
found
by
the
souldiers
,
they
upon
a
superstitious
conceit
refused
to
drink
any
more
of
the
water
,
notwithstanding
all
the
perswasions
and
arguments
that
the
Governour
could
use
,
insomuch
as
he
was
forced
to
make
a
composition
with
Amurath
,
and
then
delivered
up
the
City
to
him
,
and
so
marched
away
through
the
Turks
Camp
in
safety
,
only
Mahomet
a
Prince
of
a
fierce
disposition
,
would
have
perswaded
his
father
Amurath
to
have
put
them
all
to
the
sword
,
which
yet
he
refused
.
The
traytour
remaining
in
the
City
was
richly
rewarded
by
Amurath
according
to
his
promise
,
but
within
a
few
daies
,
was
secretly
,
at
his
command
,
made
away
,
as
a
just
recompence
for
his
trayterous
wickednesse
:
Amurath
placed
in
Sfetigrade
a
thousand
The
reward
of
treason
.
two
hundred
Ianizaries
in
garison
,
and
so
raising
his
Camp
in
the
beginning
of
September
returned
home
,
having
lost
thirtie
thousand
of
his
souldiers
in
that
expedition
:
Scanderbeg
followed
him
at
the
heeles
,
and
in
many
streites
&
passes
assaulted
him
whereby
he
slue
many
more
of
his
men
,
and
then
he
besieged
Sfetigrade
,
and
gaue
two
great
assaults
to
it
,
but
hearing
that
Amurath
was
reassembling
his
Army
,
and
winter
growing
on
,
he
left
it
,
spending
the
winter
in
setting
all
things
in
order
,
and
preparing
for
the
next
summers
warr
,
having
intelligence
that
Amurath
made
extraordinary
preparations
against
the
next
Spring
:
which
being
come
,
he
had
gotten
together
an
Army
of
an
hundred
and
sixtie
thousand
men
strong
:
and
so
dispatching
away
Amuraths
second
expedition
into
Epyrus
.
fortie
thousand
horsemen
under
the
conduct
of
Sebalias
,
a
politick
Captaine
,
to
encamp
before
Groia
,
and
not
to
venture
any
thing
against
Scanderbeg
,
himselfe
followed
with
the
rest
of
his
great
Army
:
&
when
he
was
come
,
he
sent
to
summon
the
City
,
and
made
mightie
proffers
to
Uranocontes
,
the
governour
of
it
,
if
he
would
surrender
it
to
him
:
but
the
messenger
was
sent
back
with
scorne
and
contempt
,
whereupon
Amurath
ordered
ten
great
battering
Croia
battered
.
pieces
to
be
cast
,
and
with
them
battered
the
City
for
foure
daies
space
in
two
places
without
intermission
,
so
that
he
beat
downe
much
of
the
wall
,
which
exceedingly
encouraged
the
Turks
to
make
an
assault
:
and
Mahomet
,
besides
the
large
proffers
made
by
his
father
,
promised
ten
thousand
Aspers
to
him
that
should
first
advance
his
ensign
upon
the
wall
:
the
Christians
within
were
nothing
discouraged
,
but
,
trusting
in
God
,
resolved
to
defend
it
to
the
utmost
.
Iust
as
the
Turks
began
the
assault
,
Scanderbeg
with
fiue
thousand
men
brake
into
one
of
their
quarters
,
Assaulted
.
and
at
the
first
encounter
slue
six
hundred
of
them
,
and
was
spoiling
their
tents
:
but
Mahomet
with
his
guard
,
and
foure
thousand
more
sent
by
Amurath
,
hastening
thither
,
Moses
also
(
having
done
them
much
harme
)
retreated
with
his
men
to
the
mountaines
,
whilst
Scanderbeg
in
the
heat
of
the
Scanderbeg
in
danger
fight
,
had
so
farr
engaged
himselfe
amongst
the
Turks
,
that
he
was
in
much
danger
to
be
slaine
,
or
taken
prisoner
,
but
at
length
resolutely
breaking
through
them
,
he
escaped
,
and
came
to
his
Campe
to
their
great
joy
and
comfort
:
then
Amurath
caused
the
assault
to
be
renewed
with
more
fury
,
and
continued
it
till
almost
night
,
in
which
he
lost
eight
thousand
men
,
without
any
considerable
damage
to
the
garison
,
Mahomet
,
hearing
where
Scanderbeg
was
encamped
,
tooke
all
the
best
souldiers
in
the
Camp
,
and
lodged
in
that
quarter
which
was
next
him
,
hoping
at
his
next
assault
thereby
to
entrap
him
:
which
Scanderbeg
being
by
fugitiues
informed
of
,
appointed
Moses
the
night
following
with
fiue
hundred
horse
to
alarum
that
quarter
,
and
then
to
retire
to
his
campe
,
whilst
himselfe
with
the
rest
of
his
men
,
going
through
by-waies
,
brake
in
on
the
other
side
of
the
Turks
Army
,
where
he
made
such
havock
amongst
them
,
that
their
losse
in
the
storme
was
forgotten
in
comparison
of
this
:
and
then
fearing
to
be
oppressed
with
multitude
,
he
retired
to
his
Camp
.
The
next
morning
Amurath
encouraged
his
men
againe
to
make
a
new
assault
,
which
they
did
The
second
assault
.
performe
with
much
fury
,
and
continued
it
long
by
fresh
supplies
,
but
they
were
so
brauely
repulsed
by
the
Christians
,
that
at
last
he
sounded
the
retreat
,
grieving
much
to
see
so
many
of
his
men
slaine
:
His
next
designe
was
to
undermine
the
City
,
and
as
he
was
doing
of
it
,
a
great
convoy
of
victualls
coming
towards
his
Camp
,
Scanderbeg
,
having
intelligence
of
it
,
met
the
convoy
,
slew
them
,
and
divided
the
provision
amongst
his
owne
souldiers
;
And
having
encreased
his
Army
with
two
thousand
recruits
,
he
divided
it
into
three
parts
,
giving
one
to
Moses
,
another
to
Tanusie
,
and
tooke
the
third
himselfe
,
appointing
in
the
dead
of
the
night
to
assault
the
Turks
Camp
in
three
parts
;
but
himselfe
being
discovered
by
the
Scouts
,
whilst
all
men
ran
to
that
side
,
Moses
and
Tanusie
brake
into
two
other
parts
,
where
they
slue
a
number
of
the
Turkes
,
and
made
great
spoile
.
In
the
mean
time
Scanderbeg
retreated
,
and
sate
down
on
the
side
of
a
Hill
,
in
the
sight
of
the
Turkes
Army
;
which
they
taking
as
a
bravado
,
requested
leave
of
Amurath
to
goe
against
him
,
and
accordingly
they
issued
out
seven
thousand
Horse
,
and
five
thousand
foot
of
their
best
Souldiers
.
Scanderbeg
seeing
their
approach
,
retreated
softly
,
waiting
for
Moses
and
Tanusi's
coming
to
him
:
The
Turkes
followed
with
much
difficulty
,
till
perceiving
the
other
Forces
coming
,
they
began
to
retreat
;
The
Turkes
beaten
.
whereupon
Scanderbeg
charged
them
with
much
fury
,
and
slue
many
of
them
.
Moses
also
came
upon
them
,
killing
some
,
and
taking
many
prisoners
in
sight
of
the
Turkes
Camp
,
and
so
retreated
again
into
the
mountaines
.
All
Amuraths
hopes
failing
,
he
sent
a
Bassa
to
the
Governour
of
Croia
,
to
try
,
if
by
large
and
glorious
promises
he
could
win
him
to
surrender
the
Citie
.
But
Uranocontes
scorning
the
presents
which
he
brought
,
and
the
promises
Fidelity
.
that
he
made
,
charged
him
,
that
neither
he
nor
any
other
should
presume
to
come
to
him
any
more
;
but
if
they
did
,
he
would
cut
off
their
hands
,
noses
,
and
eares
,
and
so
return
them
to
their
master
.
Hereupon
Amurath
,
in
a
great
rage
,
commanded
all
things
to
be
prepared
for
a
new
storm
,
which
the
next
day
he
put
in
execution
,
but
to
his
owne
great
losse
,
the
Christians
valiantly
defending
themselves
against
the
Turkes
fury
:
This
put
him
almost
out
The
third
assault
.
of
his
wits
,
that
he
pulled
off
his
haire
;
and
though
his
Bassa's
endeavoured
to
comfort
him
,
yet
hee
became
Pride
.
sick
of
griefe
,
that
a
small
town
should
eclypse
all
his
former
glory
;
and
finding
that
his
end
approached
,
he
called
his
Sonne
,
and
great
Captaines
,
Malice
.
Amurath
dieth
.
charging
them
not
to
leave
his
death
unrevenged
:
and
so
shortly
after
he
gave
up
the
ghost
.
After
whose
death
Mahomet
presently
raised
the
siege
,
and
returned
to
Hadrianople
;
yet
shortly
after
sent
Embassadors
to
Scanderbeg
,
proffering
peace
,
if
he
would
pay
him
a
certain
tribute
:
Which
motion
Scanderbeg
scornfuly
rejected
,
and
so
dismissed
the
Embassadours
,
and
presently
after
hee
made
an
inrode
into
the
Turkish
Dominions
,
which
he
grievously
wasted
,
and
returned
home
loaden
with
spoil
.
But
Mahomet
to
requite
him
,
sent
Amesa
,
one
of
his
best
Captaines
,
with
twelve
thousand
Horsemen
,
to
doe
the
like
in
Epyrus
:
which
Scanderbeg
understanding
by
his
Espials
,
he
lay
close
in
ambush
with
six
thousand
Souldiers
upon
the
great
mountain
Modrissa
,
over
which
the
Turkes
were
to
passe
;
who
,
with
much
difficulty
,
having
almost
got
to
the
top
thereof
in
the
night
,
were
suddenly
charged
by
Scanderbegs
Footmen
,
who
made
a
great
slaughter
of
them
,
their
Amesa
Bassa
beaten
.
Horses
being
rather
an
hindrance
than
an
help
to
them
,
so
that
they
were
driven
down
the
mountain
amain
;
&
when
they
came
to
the
foot
of
it
,
they
were
again
charged
by
Scanderbeg
,
and
Amesa
,
who
with
their
Horsemen
were
set
in
places
of
advantage
:
hereby
they
were
totally
routed
,
seven
thousand
slain
,
and
Amesa
,
with
most
of
the
best
Captains
,
taken
prisoners
,
with
whom
he
returned
with
great
joy
to
Croia
,
And
taken
prisoner
.
using
his
prisoners
very
courteously
.
Amesa
desired
of
him
,
that
he
might
send
to
Mahomet
,
to
informe
him
of
their
state
,
which
he
assented
unto
,
and
set
their
ransom
at
thirteen
thousand
Duckets
.
Mahomet
stormed
extreamly
at
this
disaster
,
and
refused
to
ransome
the
prisoners
;
yet
afterwards
,
by
the
perswasion
of
his
Bassa's
,
he
sent
it
,
with
other
rich
presents
,
to
Scanderbeg
.
Whereupon
he
sent
them
back
with
a
safe
Convoy
,
and
divided
the
money
amongst
his
Bounty
.
Souldiers
.
The
proud
Tyrant
resolved
revenge
,
and
therefore
sent
Debreas
,
one
of
his
best
Captaines
,
loaden
with
promises
of
great
preferment
,
if
he
prevailed
against
Scanderbeg
,
and
under
him
fourteen
thousand
choyce
Horsemen
,
which
were
as
many
as
Debreas
desired
,
and
with
which
he
promised
to
chastise
Scanderbeg
.
Scanderbeg
having
intelligence
hereof
,
resolved
not
to
stay
his
coming
into
Epyrus
,
but
to
meet
him
by
the
way
:
And
so
taking
six
thousand
horsemen
,
he
went
into
the
enemies
countrey
,
and
came
by
night
into
a
great
plain
,
where
the
Turkes
lay
,
hoping
not
to
have
been
discovered
;
but
the
Moon
shining
bright
,
the
Scouts
had
discovered
him
,
and
gave
the
Alarm
to
their
Camp
,
and
Debreas
mindfull
of
his
promise
to
his
Lord
,
sent
out
some
Troops
to
skirmish
with
him
,
whiles
he
set
the
rest
of
his
Army
in
order
:
Scanderbeg
sent
out
some
to
encounter
them
;
and
ere
long
both
Armies
charged
each
other
with
much
resolution
:
And
Debreas
did
so
encourage
his
men
,
and
A
terrible
fight
.
fought
so
valiantly
,
that
Scanderbegs
Fortune
seemed
to
be
at
a
stand
▪
Thus
both
sides
did
their
uttermost
to
conquer
,
one
while
one
party
prevailing
,
and
then
the
other
,
till
at
last
Scanderbeg
encountred
hand
to
hand
with
Debreas
,
and
slew
him
,
with
whose
fall
Debreas
Bassa
slain
and
his
at
my
routed
.
the
whole
Army
was
discouraged
and
fled
,
whom
the
Christians
eagerly
pursuing
,
slue
more
in
the
chase
then
in
the
battell
;
for
of
the
Turkes
were
slain
four
thousand
one
hundred
and
twenty
;
but
of
the
Christians
very
few
.
Scanderbeg
returned
thanks
to
God
Thankesgiving
.
for
that
great
and
doubtfull
victory
,
dividing
the
spoyle
and
prisoners
amongst
his
Souldiers
,
and
so
returned
with
great
joy
to
Croia
.
At
the
report
of
this
defeat
Mahomet
grew
very
melancholy
;
whereupon
his
great
Bassa's
offered
to
spend
their
lives
in
that
service
:
But
the
crafty
Tyrant
intended
to
go
another
way
to
work
,
viz.
to
corrupt
some
of
Scanderbegs
chief
Commanders
,
which
would
easiliest
turn
to
his
ruine
.
And
amongst
others
singling
out
Moses
Galome
,
which
was
counted
the
best
Captain
next
to
Scanderbeg
himselfe
,
hee
found
Treachery
means
secretly
to
send
to
him
,
proffering
him
store
of
gold
,
and
promising
golden
Mountaines
,
honours
about
himself
,
yea
the
Kingdom
of
Epyrus
,
if
he
desired
it
.
Moses
was
at
last
prevailed
with
,
yet
presently
left
not
Epyrus
,
but
perswaded
Scanderbeg
to
besiege
Belgrade
in
the
confines
of
Epyrus
,
which
was
held
by
the
Turkes
,
giving
him
hopes
of
an
easie
conquest
.
Scanderbeg
deceived
by
him
,
made
all
things
ready
for
Belgrade
besieged
.
the
siege
,
and
sent
to
Alphonsus
,
King
of
Naples
,
his
speciall
friend
,
for
some
men
that
were
versed
in
managing
of
Sieges
;
which
he
obtained
from
him
,
and
so
sate
downe
before
Belgrade
,
with
an
Army
of
fourteen
thousand
brave
men
,
and
in
a
short
time
so
distressed
the
Citie
,
that
the
Turkes
desired
truce
for
sixteen
dayes
,
promising
that
if
reliefe
came
not
in
that
space
,
they
would
surrender
the
Citie
to
him
.
This
Scanderbeg
consented
to
,
&
so
himself
encamped
on
an
high
Hill
with
three
thousand
Horse
,
and
one
thousand
Foot
,
and
sent
Musachius
and
Tanusius
with
the
rest
of
his
Army
,
into
a
great
plain
,
where
they
might
lie
freelier
in
that
hot
season
,
and
withall
appointed
five
and
twenty
Scouts
to
keep
continuall
watch
towards
the
enemies
Countrey
.
Mahomet
hearing
of
this
siege
,
presently
dispatched
Sebalias
Bassa
sent
.
to
the
reliefe
of
Belgrade
.
away
Sebalias
,
a
great
Captaine
,
with
fortie
thousand
horse
to
relieve
Belgrade
,
promising
him
great
rewards
if
he
could
bring
him
Scanderbeg
aliue
,
or
dead
.
This
Bassa
by
long
journeies
prevented
the
fame
of
his
coming
,
and
drawing
neere
to
Scanderbegs
Campe
,
he
intrapped
,
or
corrupted
his
scouts
,
so
that
they
gaue
noe
warning
of
the
Turks
approach
:
yea
he
came
so
suddenly
on
that
part
of
the
army
which
lay
in
the
plaine
,
that
they
had
not
leysure
to
bridle
their
horses
,
or
put
on
their
armour
:
Musachius
arming
himselfe
,
endeavoured
to
order
his
men
,
seeing
equall
danger
in
fight
,
and
flight
,
and
therefore
resolved
to
sell
his
life
as
deare
as
he
could
,
but
seeing
his
men
slaine
by
heapes
about
him
,
he
endeavoured
to
have
broken
through
,
and
escaped
to
the
mountaines
to
Scanderbeg
,
but
being
oppressed
with
multitude
,
he
continued
fighting
to
the
astonishment
of
his
enemies
,
till
he
and
Musachius
slaine
.
all
about
him
were
slaine
.
Tanusius
made
diverse
brave
attempts
to
haue
rescued
him
,
but
finding
it
impossible
,
he
exhorted
his
men
to
flie
,
yet
most
of
them
were
slaine
by
the
Turks
in
their
flight
:
Scanderbeg
from
the
mountaine
saw
this
miserable
slaughter
of
his
men
,
and
would
with
his
handfull
of
souldiers
have
gone
downe
to
their
rescue
,
or
died
with
them
,
but
was
with-held
by
his
Captaines
,
who
told
him
,
that
he
would
thereby
expose
himselfe
and
them
to
certaine
destruction
:
Sebalias
being
in
the
pursuit
of
Tanusius
and
his
party
,
with
most
of
his
Army
,
Scanderbeg
came
downe
Scanderbeg
slew
many
of
the
Turks
.
suddenly
upon
the
rest
,
and
slew
them
in
an
instant
,
and
then
followed
at
the
taile
of
the
Turks
,
did
them
much
mischief
,
till
Sebalias
gathering
all
his
forces
together
,
made
head
against
him
,
yet
Scanderbeg
againe
charged
them
,
and
slew
with
his
owne
hand
two
braue
Champions
which
had
before
sworne
to
Mahomet
,
to
kill
him
if
they
met
with
him
.
The
fight
continued
till
the
night
parted
them
,
and
then
both
Armies
retreated
,
Sebalias
to
Belgradeward
,
and
Scanderbeg
towards
Epyrus
,
whither
he
marched
the
next
day
,
leaving
good
guards
upon
all
the
streight
passes
,
lest
the
Turks
should
break
into
Epyrus
:
of
Scandrebegs
men
were
slaine
fiue
thousand
,
but
most
of
them
the
Italians
that
Alphonsus
had
sent
him
,
and
the
Turks
lost
three
thousand
:
Sebalias
repaired
the
battered
walls
of
Belgrade
,
reinforced
the
Garison
,
and
then
returned
Belgrade
relieved
.
with
great
triumph
to
Constantinople
:
being
the
first
Captaine
that
ever
gaue
a
defeat
to
Scanderbeg
:
and
he
was
received
there
with
such
applause
,
as
if
he
had
conquered
a
great
Kingdome
,
everie
man
talking
of
the
praises
of
Sebalias
:
and
noe
preferment
was
thought
too
great
,
or
reward
sufficient
for
him
:
The
poore
Christian
captiues
taken
by
him
,
were
some
sold
for
slaues
,
others
impailed
aliue
upon
sharpe
stakes
,
others
hanged
on
iron
hooks
,
and
others
Turkish
cruelty
.
cruelly
tortured
to
death
at
the
proud
victors
pleasure
.
Moses
hearing
of
this
losse
,
thought
it
a
fit
time
for
him
to
revolt
in
,
and
so
went
to
Constantinople
,
where
,
by
Mahomet
,
he
was
joyfully
received
,
and
honorably
entertained
;
Scanderbeg
hearing
of
his
revolt
,
was
at
first
much
astonished
,
but
after
a
while
Moses
turnes
traitour
he
said
no
more
,
but
that
he
wished
that
all
treason
was
together
with
Moses
gon
out
of
Epyrus
:
Moses
much
solicited
Mahomet
to
continue
his
warrs
with
Scanderbeg
,
promising
to
doe
great
matters
therein
:
yet
the
crafty
Tyrant
durst
not
at
first
trust
him
too
farr
,
till
in
time
he
had
discovered
that
his
affections
were
wholly
alienated
from
Scanderbeg
:
Moses
goeth
against
Scanderbeg
then
the
spring
following
,
he
gaue
him
fifteene
thousand
horse
,
which
were
as
many
as
he
desired
,
and
furnished
him
with
all
other
warlike
provision
,
with
which
he
marched
into
Dibria
:
Scanderbeg
hearing
of
the
coming
of
Moses
,
and
what
strength
he
had
,
stood
not
upon
policy
against
him
that
had
beene
privy
to
all
his
stratagems
,
but
marched
with
true
valour
to
encounter
him
:
when
the
two
battells
were
ready
to
joine
,
a
messenger
came
from
the
Turks
,
to
see
if
any
durst
proue
his
valour
against
a
Champion
of
the
Turks
hand
to
hand
:
the
challenge
was
accepted
,
and
the
Turk
appearing
,
A
Duel
.
Zacharie
Groppa
,
having
obtained
leave
of
Scanderbeg
,
went
out
against
him
,
and
after
a
short
parley
,
they
ran
with
their
lances
each
against
other
with
such
fury
,
that
both
horse
and
man
were
overturned
:
then
nimbly
recovering
themselves
,
they
drew
their
scimitars
,
and
encountred
each
other
with
such
sturdy
stroaks
,
that
at
last
both
their
swords
fell
out
of
their
hands
,
then
grapling
together
,
they
wrestled
so
long
till
Groppa
overthrew
his
adversarie
,
and
with
his
dagger
thrust
him
into
his
throat
,
then
taking
a
sword
,
he
cut
off
his
head
,
and
returned
loaden
with
his
spoiles
to
Scanderbeg
,
who
most
honnorably
rewarded
him
;
the
Christians
shouted
for
joy
,
and
the
Turkes
were
as
much
discouraged
:
then
came
Moses
with
a
loud
voice
challenging
Scanderbeg
.
But
when
he
saw
him
preparing
to
meet
him
,
he
went
back
with
shame
to
his
Army
:
Then
the
signall
of
battell
being
given
,
both
Armies
met
,
and
fought
furiously
,
and
Moses
with
his
choise
men
attended
Scanderbeg
hoping
Scanderbeg
in
danger
.
to
have
killed
him
,
and
a
couragious
Turk
with
his
horsmans
staffe
,
bare
him
quite
backward
upon
his
horse
,
so
that
the
Turks
shouted
for
joy
,
hoping
that
he
had
beene
slaine
:
but
Scanderbeg
chafed
with
such
an
unwonted
disgrace
,
furiously
assailed
the
Turk
,
and
slew
him
:
Moses
did
what
was
possible
to
encourage
his
men
,
but
seeing
at
last
he
must
Moses
and
the
Turks
beaten
.
yield
or
die
,
he
fled
through
by-waies
to
him
well
knowne
;
eleven
thousand
of
the
Turks
were
slaine
,
and
not
aboue
one
hundred
of
the
Christians
,
and
eighty
wounded
:
Moses
before
admired
,
was
now
scorned
by
the
Turks
,
and
Mahomet
would
have
A
guilty
conscience
.
put
him
to
a
cruell
death
,
had
not
the
Bassa's
interceded
for
him
:
besides
he
was
tormented
in
the
conscience
of
his
owne
guilt
,
and
so
at
last
resolved
to
escape
,
and
cast
himselfe
upon
the
mercy
of
Scanderbeg
,
and
accordingly
taking
his
opportunity
,
he
fled
,
and
coming
to
Scanderbeg
with
his
girdle
about
his
neck
,
he
fell
at
his
feet
,
and
craved
pardon
:
Moses
return's
to
Scanderbeg
.
Scanderbeg
tooke
him
up
,
kissed
him
,
restored
his
estate
,
honour
and
offices
,
forbidding
any
man
to
speake
to
his
disgrace
of
what
had
formerly
passed
:
this
vexed
Mahomet
exceedingly
,
yet
returning
to
his
former
artifices
,
he
inveigled
Amase
with
the
promise
of
the
Kingdome
to
revolt
to
him
,
who
to
giue
Amase
turn's
Traitour
.
him
the
better
assurance
of
his
fidelity
,
carried
his
wife
and
children
with
him
to
Constantinople
;
there
he
was
kindly
intertained
by
Mahomet
,
and
the
Spring
following
he
sent
Isaac
,
the
great
Bassa
of
Constantinople
with
fifteene
thousand
into
Epyrus
,
and
with
him
Amase
with
fiue
thousand
more
,
who
was
to
be
proclaimed
King
at
their
coming
into
Epyrus
,
Isaac
Bassa
sent
against
Scanderbeg
to
draw
the
people
to
them
:
Scanderbeg
hearing
of
it
,
sent
for
all
his
great
Captaines
into
Dibria
,
where
the
storme
must
first
fall
,
and
causing
all
the
store
,
and
cattell
to
be
removed
into
strong
holds
,
he
left
all
naked
.
By
this
time
Isaac
was
entred
Epyrus
,
and
Scanderbeg
with
six
thousand
horse
,
seeming
to
be
affrighted
with
the
great
Army
of
the
Turks
,
fled
towards
Lyssa
in
the
Venetian
territories
,
that
thereby
they
might
suspect
noe
subtilty
.
Isaac
Scanderbegs
policy
.
glad
hereof
,
sent
out
some
Troops
after
him
to
marke
which
way
he
went
,
and
so
rested
his
Army
after
their
long
journey
:
the
horsemen
at
their
returne
certified
him
that
Scanderbeg
was
fled
out
of
Epyrus
,
and
not
an
enemie
to
be
seene
in
all
the
countrie
Hereupon
the
Bassa
created
Amase
in
the
name
of
Mahomet
,
King
of
Epyrus
,
and
so
marched
forward
,
Amesa
proclaimed
King
.
yet
commanding
his
men
upon
paine
of
death
,
not
to
breake
their
Rankes
:
at
last
he
came
to
the
famous
Pharsalian
plaines
.
In
the
mean
time
Scanderbeg
in
the
night
had
sent
some
excellently
well
mounted
,
to
the
tops
of
the
mountaines
,
to
give
notice
of
the
motions
of
the
Army
of
the
Turkes
,
and
with
his
own
Army
he
conveyed
himselfe
secretly
by
night
as
neer
as
he
could
unto
them
.
The
enemy
finding
some
stragling
Cattell
in
those
plaines
,
fell
to
seeking
after
booty
,
as
men
without
feare
;
and
at
night
encamped
without
any
great
watch
,
but
onely
towards
Lyssa
,
whither
Scanderbeg
went
.
The
next
morning
the
Bassa
came
to
the
same
mountain
,
on
the
other
side
whereof
Scanderbeg
lay
,
and
there
encamped
with
halfe
his
Army
,
sending
Amase
with
the
other
halfe
to
burn
and
spoile
the
countrey
.
Scanderbeg
,
like
a
politick
Captain
,
divided
his
Forces
into
three
parts
,
one
under
Moses
,
another
under
Tanusius
,
the
third
he
takes
to
himself
,
appointing
every
one
his
part
,
and
what
he
should
doe
,
and
so
marched
to
the
top
of
the
mountain
,
from
whence
he
beheld
how
the
Turkes
lay
in
the
plaines
,
especially
they
which
were
lately
returned
from
spoyling
the
countrey
with
Amase
,
how
their
horses
were
unbridled
,
and
unsadled
,
themselves
some
resting
on
the
ground
,
others
victualling
of
themselves
,
others
at
severall
kinds
of
sports
,
and
many
fast
asleep
on
the
grasse
.
The
like
negligence
was
in
the
Bassa's
Camp
,
all
being
without
feare
of
Scanderbeg
,
of
whom
they
had
heard
nothing
for
many
dayes
.
Scanderbeg
delighted
with
this
sight
,
placing
more
Drums
and
Trumpets
in
every
part
of
his
Army
,
then
ordinary
;
himselfe
,
with
some
of
his
best
Horsemen
,
descended
from
the
Mountain
to
oppresse
the
Turkes
Scouts
,
and
slue
them
all
but
one
,
who
escaped
,
and
gave
the
Alarm
to
the
Camp
.
The
Turks
could
not
believe
that
Scanderbeg
was
so
nigh
them
on
that
side
:
but
Scanderbeg
following
at
his
heeles
with
his
Horse
,
and
his
foot
hasting
after
,
began
to
break
in
upon
them
;
and
the
other
parts
of
his
Army
descending
from
the
Mountaine
with
such
horrible
shouts
and
noise
of
instruments
of
warre
,
as
A
great
battell
.
if
Heaven
and
Earth
should
presently
goe
together
;
the
Hills
and
Vallies
with
their
hollow
eccho
encreasing
the
terror
of
the
Alarm
.
Amase
first
made
head
,
and
encouraged
the
Turkes
;
with
whom
Scanderbeg
encountred
,
and
whilst
the
Bassa
was
coming
to
his
rescue
,
Moses
on
the
one
side
,
and
Tanusius
on
The
Turks
beaten
.
the
other
,
charged
him
so
hotly
,
that
he
was
glad
to
retire
to
his
Trenches
.
Amase
still
with
great
courage
withstood
his
Uncle
,
and
encouraged
his
Turkes
:
yet
Scanderbeg
still
prevailing
on
them
,
they
at
last
turned
their
backes
and
fled
:
Scanderbegs
Horse
pursuing
the
chase
,
slue
very
many
,
and
took
Amase
prisoner
.
Moses
also
had
dispersed
the
Bassa's
Army
,
and
pursued
them
till
they
were
out
of
Epyrus
:
many
were
slain
,
and
many
taken
prisoners
,
and
twenty
of
the
Turkes
fairest
Ensigns
,
of
whom
were
slain
about
twenty
thousand
,
&
of
the
Christians
about
sixty
.
Scanderbeg
possessed
the
rich
pavillion
of
the
Bassa
;
and
his
Captains
had
Tents
with
much
rich
furniture
,
never
prepared
for
their
use
.
And
so
with
his
victorious
Army
he
marched
to
Croia
,
all
the
countrey
coming
forth
to
meet
him
with
acclamations
of
joy
.
Amase
was
condemned
to
perpetuall
imprisonment
,
and
sent
to
Alphonsus
,
King
of
Naples
,
with
part
of
the
spoyle
,
by
him
to
be
kept
in
durance
.
Mahomet
was
much
grieved
for
this
losse
,
and
angry
with
the
Bassa
;
yet
afterwards
was
pacified
again
.
After
which
he
concluded
a
peace
with
Scanderbeg
A
peace
concluded
for
a
year
:
and
when
that
was
expired
,
he
sent
an
Army
under
Synan-beg
of
twenty
thousand
into
Epyrus
,
with
which
Scanderbeg
forthwith
encountered
Synan-beg
overthrown
.
and
overthrew
,
so
that
few
escaped
by
flight
.
Then
Asam-beg
with
thirty
thousand
,
whom
Scanderbeg
Asam-beg
.
in
plain
battell
vanquished
at
O●rida
,
and
took
Asam
prisoner
,
and
used
him
honourably
,
and
afterwards
dismissed
him
.
Jussum-beg
came
after
with
eighteen
thousand
,
was
And
Jussum
beg
.
set
upon
by
Scanderbeg
,
had
many
slain
,
and
himself
hardly
escaped
by
flight
.
Then
Carasa-beg
,
an
old
and
expert
Captain
,
desired
Mahomet
to
let
him
try
his
fortune
,
who
sent
him
with
an
Army
of
almost
fourty
thousand
.
Scanderbeg
more
feared
him
then
any
of
the
former
,
and
therefore
raised
more
forces
then
ordinary
:
And
to
welcome
him
the
better
,
he
sent
two
thousand
of
his
best
Horsemen
to
lie
in
ambush
in
the
enemies
country
,
who
set
upon
the
Vauntguard
of
four
thousand
Turks
,
who
expected
no
danger
amongst
their
friends
,
and
slue
most
of
them
.
With
which
unfortunate
beginning
Carasa
was
so
vexed
,
that
had
it
not
been
for
shame
,
he
would
have
returned
back
againe
;
yet
coming
into
Epyrus
,
whilst
he
was
resolving
what
course
to
take
,
Scanderbeg
suddenly
assailed
him
before
Carasabeg
beaten
.
he
could
order
his
men
.
But
at
the
same
time
there
fell
such
a
violent
storme
,
that
the
Armies
were
sundered
:
The
storme
continued
three
dayes
,
yet
Scanderbeg
was
alwayes
vexing
the
Turkes
on
one
side
or
other
:
Whereupon
the
old
Generall
returned
back
to
Constantinople
with
the
remainder
of
his
Army
,
and
was
well
derided
by
his
Master
for
having
promised
so
much
,
and
performed
so
little
.
Mahomet
finding
that
he
could
not
prevail
by
force
,
betook
himselfe
to
craft
,
writing
kinde
Letters
to
Scanderbeg
,
by
his
Embassadors
,
concluded
a
peace
A
peace
made
.
with
him
,
which
was
proclaimed
with
great
joy
,
and
faithfully
kept
for
a
season
,
whilst
Mahomet
made
warre
with
the
Venetians
;
but
there
being
provocations
of
both
sides
by
the
Borderers
,
Scanderbeg
entred
with
an
Army
into
Macedonia
,
made
much
spoil
,
and
returned
with
a
great
Booty
.
Hereupon
Mahomet
sent
Seremet
Bassa
with
fourteen
thousand
Souldiers
,
to
lie
upon
the
confines
of
Epyrus
for
a
Guard
,
but
to
attempt
nothing
against
it
.
Scanderbeg
having
intelligence
hereof
,
marched
thither
with
twelve
thousand
,
lying
in
ambush
neere
the
Citie
where
the
Turkes
were
;
and
in
the
morning
he
sent
five
hundred
towards
the
Enemy
,
to
draw
him
out
,
if
they
could
,
into
the
Field
:
But
if
he
came
forth
,
to
retreat
to
the
place
where
the
Army
Seremet-Bassa
beaten
.
lay
,
which
fell
out
according
to
his
desire
;
so
that
rising
up
,
he
assaulted
the
Turkes
on
every
side
,
slue
ten
thousand
of
them
,
and
tooke
twelve
principall
men
prisoners
,
for
whom
hee
had
fourty
thousand
Duckats
in
ransom
.
Then
Mahomet
sent
Balabanus
with
fifteene
thousand
horse
,
and
three
thousand
foot
to
invade
Epyrus
,
who
knowing
that
Scanderbeg
lay
not
farr
from
him
with
a
small
power
,
he
intended
in
the
night
to
set
upon
him
at
unawars
,
but
Scanderbeg
having
intelligence
by
his
scouts
,
set
forward
in
good
order
to
meet
him
.
Balabanus
perceiving
that
he
was
discovered
,
made
an
Alt
:
Scanderbeg
when
he
drew
nigh
him
,
considering
the
ground
where
the
enemie
lay
,
encouraged
his
souldiers
,
which
were
but
foure
thousand
horse
,
and
a
thousand
fiue
hundred
foot
,
charged
them
on
their
lives
,
that
if
the
enemie
in
the
fight
retired
,
they
should
not
pursue
them
beyond
the
streites
of
the
hill
,
suspecting
an
Ambush
behind
it
:
and
so
retired
a
little
,
which
Balabanus
,
seeing
his
small
number
,
judged
to
be
a
flight
,
and
therefore
hastily
marched
A
great
Battell
.
after
,
till
Scanderbeg
watching
his
opportunity
stayed
,
and
set
couragiously
upon
them
,
yet
the
battell
a
great
while
stood
doubtfull
,
but
such
was
the
fury
of
Scanderbeg
and
his
souldiers
,
that
at
last
the
Turks
fled
,
and
they
pursued
to
the
streits
of
the
mountaines
,
where
Scanderbeg
had
commanded
them
to
stay
.
But
his
best
Captaines
in
the
heate
of
fight
,
Scanderbegs
best
Captaines
taken
.
forgetting
his
command
,
entred
the
streits
,
and
were
set
upon
by
many
that
lay
there
in
ambush
,
where
fighting
like
Lyons
,
at
last
they
were
oppressed
with
multitude
,
taken
prisoners
,
and
sent
to
Mahomet
:
they
were
Moses
,
Musachius
,
Perlot
&c.
The
least
of
them
able
to
have
conducted
a
braue
Army
.
Scanderbeg
presently
sent
to
have
ransomed
,
or
exchanged
them
for
others
,
but
the
Tyrant
knowing
that
they
were
his
best
Captaines
,
refused
,
and
flayed
them
by
degrees
,
so
that
they
were
fifteen
Turkish
cruelty
.
daies
in
dying
.
Epyrus
mourned
for
the
great
losse
,
but
Scanderbeg
resolving
to
revenge
their
blood
,
with
fire
and
sword
,
entred
into
the
Turks
dominions
,
sparing
nothing
that
he
could
burne
or
destroy
:
Mahomet
sent
Balabanus
rich
presents
for
his
good
service
,
commanding
him
to
recruit
his
Army
,
Scanderbegs
scouts
corrupted
.
and
prosecute
the
warrs
,
which
he
performed
with
all
diligence
,
yet
using
policy
,
he
corrupted
Scanderbegs
scouts
,
and
had
like
to
have
oppressed
him
ere
he
was
aware
;
but
Scanderbeg
himselfe
,
who
spent
most
of
the
night
in
carefull
watch
,
discerned
the
approach
of
the
enemie
by
the
noise
of
their
horses
,
and
so
speedily
ordering
all
things
,
encountred
with
them
,
and
after
a
great
fight
put
them
to
flight
,
slew
most
of
them
in
pursuite
,
Balabanus
Balabanus
beaten
.
with
a
small
remnant
hardly
escaping
.
Yet
Mahomet
sent
him
again
with
14000
horse
,
and
and
three
thousand
foot
,
knowing
his
deadly
hatred
to
Scanderbeg
,
who
first
tryed
by
subtilty
to
circumvent
him
,
and
when
that
prevailed
not
,
he
resolved
by
plaine
force
to
subdue
him
,
and
so
marching
forward
,
Scanderbeg
met
him
with
eight
thousand
horse
and
a
thousand
fiue
hundred
foot
neere
to
Sfetigrade
.
The
fight
beginning
(
though
the
Turks
were
two
to
one
)
yet
Scanderbegs
men
fought
like
enraged
Lions
,
without
regard
of
danger
:
Scanderbeg
carefully
ordered
all
things
,
himselfe
fighting
at
the
head
of
his
Army
,
performing
all
the
parts
of
a
worthy
Chieftaine
,
and
valiant
souldier
;
but
whilst
he
thus
fought
in
the
middest
of
his
enemies
,
his
horse
was
slaine
under
him
,
and
in
the
fall
sorely
Scanderbeg
in
great
danger
.
bruised
one
of
his
armes
:
the
Turks
pressed
on
vehemently
to
have
slaine
him
;
but
God
delivered
him
,
his
souldiers
rescuing
,
and
remounting
of
him
;
he
forthwith
encountring
with
one
of
the
Turks
great
commanders
,
slew
him
hand
to
hand
,
which
so
terrified
the
Turks
,
that
they
,
first
retired
,
then
fled
,
whom
Scanderbeg
pursued
with
such
execution
,
that
few
returned
home
with
Balabanus
.
Balabanus
beaten
.
Mahomet
was
extreame
angry
with
him
,
but
when
his
fury
was
over
,
Balabanus
told
him
,
that
the
way
to
conquer
Scanderbeg
,
was
to
enter
Epyrus
with
two
puissant
Armies
,
to
spoile
the
countrey
,
and
enclose
Scanderbeg
betwixt
them
,
and
neither
to
fight
,
but
when
the
other
was
neere
at
hand
,
by
which
meanes
he
might
certainly
be
destroyed
:
the
Tyrant
liked
this
advise
so
well
,
that
he
gave
him
commission
to
take
what
forces
he
would
,
and
to
choose
his
associate
out
of
all
his
men
of
warr
&c.
Balabanus
chose
out
fortie
thousand
good
souldiers
,
and
one
Iacup
,
a
valiant
Captaine
,
for
his
companion
,
whom
he
sent
with
sixteene
thousand
one
way
,
and
himselfe
with
twentie
thousand
horse
and
foure
thousand
foote
went
an
other
way
:
Scanderbeg
,
having
secret
intelligence
of
all
these
projects
,
gat
in
readinesse
eight
thousand
horse
,
and
foure
thousand
foot
,
choise
souldiers
,
and
sent
out
his
Espialls
:
who
hoping
for
great
rewards
,
proved
false
traytors
,
and
went
to
Balabanus
,
acquainting
him
with
Scanderbegs
scouts
turne
traitours
so
much
of
Scanderbegs
designs
as
they
knew
:
Scanderbeg
marvelling
that
they
returned
not
,
went
out
himselfe
with
fiue
more
to
see
how
the
enemies
lay
:
but
he
had
like
to
have
fallen
into
an
ambush
,
had
Scanderbeg
in
danger
.
he
not
seasonably
discovered
it
,
and
speedily
retired
,
yet
he
lost
foure
of
his
men
:
and
so
coming
to
his
Army
,
he
suddenly
prepared
to
fight
with
Balabanus
before
the
other
Army
came
,
and
so
presently
marched
into
the
valley
where
Balabanus
lay
:
and
divided
his
army
into
foure
parts
,
one
under
himselfe
,
the
other
three
under
three
of
his
best
Captaines
,
and
so
advanced
towards
the
Turks
.
But
Balabanus
waiting
for
the
coming
of
his
partner
,
would
not
stirr
out
of
his
trenches
:
Scanderbegs
men
derided
and
provoked
them
all
they
could
,
till
the
Turks
,
enraged
with
the
affront
,
would
have
issued
forth
without
the
Generall
,
had
he
not
led
them
.
When
therefore
he
saw
no
remedy
,
he
advanced
in
good
order
,
and
Scanderbeg
furiously
assaulted
him
,
so
that
there
was
a
dangerous
and
doubtfull
battell
,
Balabanus
againe
beaten
.
yet
Scanderbeg
and
his
men
so
pressed
upon
them
on
all
sides
,
that
at
last
they
were
broken
in
pieces
,
most
of
them
slaine
,
only
Balabaenus
with
some
few
escaped
:
Scanderbeg
had
scarce
divided
the
spoile
,
and
breathed
himselfe
,
when
a
post
brought
him
newes
,
that
Iacup
,
was
burning
and
destroying
all
in
an
other
part
of
his
countrey
:
whereupon
he
presently
marched
thitherward
,
and
his
men
went
as
to
an
assured
victory
:
Iacup
hearing
of
his
coming
,
retired
into
a
corner
of
the
plaine
:
Scanderbeg
coming
Iacup
beaten
.
neere
him
,
rested
one
whole
day
,
then
brought
forth
some
of
his
prisoners
before
the
enemies
campe
,
which
before
knew
nothing
of
Balabanus
his
overthrow
:
yet
Iacup
ordered
his
Army
,
and
fiercely
charged
Scanderbegs
men
,
where
the
fight
lasted
not
long
,
but
the
Turks
fled
,
and
most
of
them
were
slain
,
In
all
there
were
slaine
in
the
two
battells
foure
and
twenty
thousand
men
,
and
six
thousand
taken
prisoners
:
Iacup
escaped
with
a
few
;
after
which
Scanderbeg
entred
into
the
Turks
territories
,
made
havock
of
all
,
and
so
returned
with
his
victorious
Army
to
Croia
,
where
he
dismissed
them
everie
man
Two
Assasinates
sent
to
slay
him
.
to
his
owne
home
.
Then
Mahomet
with
great
rewards
hired
two
villaines
to
goe
,
and
kill
Scanderbeg
,
who
went
into
Epyrus
,
declaimed
against
Mahomet
and
his
superstition
,
desired
to
be
instructed
in
the
principles
of
the
Christian
religion
,
and
to
be
Baptized
,
and
thereby
found
much
favour
with
Scanderbeg
,
yet
watching
their
opportunity
to
murther
Gods
care
of
Kings
.
him
:
But
treason
against
Princes
,
whom
God
hath
in
his
most
mighty
protection
,
cannot
be
long
concealed
:
these
assassinates
falling
out
betweene
themselves
,
let
some
words
fall
which
gaue
occasion
of
suspition
,
and
so
being
examined
,
they
confessed
the
Traitors
executed
.
the
treason
,
and
were
justly
executed
according
to
their
demerits
:
Mahomet
then
resolved
to
goe
himselfe
into
Epyrus
with
such
an
army
as
should
speedily
end
the
warr
,
and
for
that
end
he
raised
an
army
of
two
hundred
thousand
men
:
Scanderbeg
having
intelligence
of
it
,
fortified
all
his
Cities
and
strong
holds
,
especially
Croia
,
which
he
furnished
with
all
things
necessarie
for
a
long
siege
,
put
into
it
a
choise
Garison
,
and
made
Balthasar
Perduce
,
a
worthy
Mahomet
invades
Epyrus
.
Captaine
Governour
thereof
.
He
left
nothing
abroad
in
the
Countrey
,
removed
all
the
inhabitants
into
Garisons
,
or
other
places
of
refuge
:
no
sooner
was
this
done
,
but
Balabanus
came
with
fourscore
thousand
Horsemen
,
and
sate
down
before
Croia
.
In
few
dayes
after
came
Mahomet
with
his
huge
Army
,
and
incamped
there
also
:
Hee
summoned
the
Citie
;
to
which
the
brave
Governour
made
no
other
answer
then
by
continuall
thundring
shot
into
his
Camp
.
Mahomet
caused
great
Ordnance
to
be
cast
,
and
planted
his
Batteries
.
In
the
meane
time
Scanderbeg
with
a
small
Army
of
choyce
Souldiers
,
Scanderbeg
troubles
him
.
lay
in
the
woods
,
cut
off
his
Forragers
,
and
such
as
brought
victuals
to
the
Camp
;
and
oft
in
the
night
suddenly
brake
into
one
or
other
of
the
Quarters
of
Turkes
Camp
,
with
great
slaughter
of
them
,
and
kept
them
in
such
continuall
Alarms
,
that
hee
never
gave
them
rest
.
Mahomet
seeing
his
men
to
decrease
,
and
that
the
Citie
was
not
to
be
taken
but
by
Famine
,
and
a
long
siege
,
and
fearing
some
disaster
,
as
had
there
happened
to
his
Father
,
left
Balabanus
with
the
greatest
Mahomet
returnes
home
.
part
of
his
Army
,
and
returned
himselfe
to
Constantinople
.
As
he
went
back
,
he
corrupted
the
Governour
of
a
Fort
called
Chidna
,
in
which
were
eight
thousand
of
Scanderbegs
Souldiers
,
promising
them
liberty
,
and
safety
to
depart
.
But
having
them
in
his
power
,
the
Tyrant
caused
them
cruelly
to
be
Mahomets
perfidiousnesse
and
cruelty
.
cut
in
pieces
,
sparing
neither
Souldier
nor
Inhabitant
,
Man
,
Woman
,
nor
Childe
.
Scanderbeg
scorning
to
have
his
chiefe
Citie
besieged
by
Balabanus
,
and
yet
wanting
Forces
of
his
own
to
raise
the
siege
,
sent
to
his
friends
the
Venetians
,
and
other
confederate
Princes
;
so
that
by
their
help
in
few
dayes
,
he
got
an
Army
of
above
fourteen
thousand
choyce
Souldiers
,
with
which
he
marched
to
Croia
:
But
by
the
way
understanding
that
Jonima
was
coming
with
a
new
supply
to
Balabanus
,
with
some
choyce
Horsemen
he
posted
over
the
Countrey
,
fell
upon
them
,
slue
and
put
them
to
flight
,
tooke
Jonima
and
his
sonne
prisoners
,
whom
the
next
day
Jonima
beaten
.
he
shewed
to
Balabanus
.
And
so
with
plain
force
he
drave
the
Turkes
from
a
mountain
neere
to
the
Citie
of
Croia
.
Balabanus
seeing
this
,
with
some
others
,
he
rode
up
to
the
City
gate
,
and
with
infinite
promises
would
have
perswaded
them
to
deliver
up
the
City
to
him
;
but
they
sallying
out
,
drave
them
away
,
and
one
of
them
shot
him
through
the
throat
,
whereof
he
Balabanus
slain
.
presently
died
.
The
Turkes
discouraged
with
these
things
,
rose
in
the
silence
of
the
night
,
and
retreated
eight
miles
The
siege
raised
.
from
the
City
.
Scanderbeg
the
next
morning
found
in
their
Tents
great
store
of
Corne
,
and
other
provision
,
which
he
conveyed
into
Croia
in
great
triumph
.
The
same
day
hee
sent
select
Souldiers
to
take
the
streights
through
which
the
Turkes
must
needs
passe
,
when
they
went
out
of
Epyrus
:
Which
the
Turkes
hearing
of
,
they
sent
two
Messengers
to
Scanderbeg
,
promising
him
to
deliver
up
their
Horse
and
Armes
,
if
he
would
permit
them
safely
to
passe
out
of
the
Countrey
.
From
whom
they
received
this
short
answer
,
That
as
they
came
into
his
Countrey
Scanderbegs
imprudence
.
without
his
leave
,
so
they
must
depart
without
his
leave
also
.
Whereupon
in
the
dead
of
the
night
they
desperately
brake
through
those
passes
,
yet
not
without
great
losse
.
Shortly
after
Scanderbeg
recovering
what
he
had
lost
,
and
putting
all
the
Turkes
to
the
Sword
,
brake
up
his
Army
,
retaining
onely
two
thousand
Horse
,
and
one
thousand
foot
for
the
guard
of
his
Frontiers
.
Mahomet
was
so
vexed
at
this
evill
successe
,
that
he
could
neither
drink
nor
sleep
for
a
season
;
yet
at
last
he
resolved
the
next
Spring
to
goe
thither
againe
in
person
,
to
make
a
full
conquest
of
it
.
And
Scanderbeg
provided
for
him
as
he
had
done
formerly
.
Mahomet
with
a
mighty
Army
,
when
the
Spring
Mahomet
again
invades
Epyrus
.
was
come
,
entred
into
Epyrus
,
and
with
much
labour
and
charge
built
a
Citie
,
which
he
made
a
Garrison
.
From
thence
he
marched
to
Dirrachium
,
a
City
belonging
to
the
Venetians
,
which
he
had
thought
to
have
found
unprovided
:
But
it
proved
otherwise
,
insomuch
as
having
spent
some
time
there
,
to
his
great
losse
,
he
suddenly
arose
,
and
returned
into
Epyrus
,
and
Mahomet
besieges
Croia
.
sate
down
before
Croia
,
proffering
large
priviledges
and
great
gifts
,
if
they
would
surrender
the
Citie
,
or
else
threatned
them
with
all
the
calamities
of
war
.
To
which
they
made
no
answer
but
with
the
mouth
of
the
Cannon
:
Scanderbeg
also
continually
molested
his
Camp
,
and
brake
into
their
Quarters
every
night
.
Whereupon
Mahomet
rose
with
his
Army
,
and
hearing
of
many
Epyrots
,
retired
into
the
mountaines
;
The
siege
raised
.
he
went
to
seek
them
out
,
but
was
by
them
repulsed
with
great
losse
.
Scanderbeg
also
following
him
at
the
heeles
,
daily
cut
off
part
of
his
Army
:
So
that
at
last
the
Tyrant
despairing
to
doe
any
good
,
went
back
with
vexation
and
shame
to
Constantinople
.
After
all
this
,
Scanderbeg
viewed
the
state
of
his
kingdome
,
ordered
his
affaires
,
and
then
went
to
Lyssa
,
to
conferre
with
the
Venetian
Embassadour
and
the
other
confederate
Princes
:
But
within
few
dayes
he
fell
sick
of
a
Feaver
,
and
perceiving
his
end
to
draw
nigh
,
he
sent
for
his
Wife
,
and
Sonne
,
and
the
confederate
Princes
,
discoursed
to
them
of
his
troublesome
life
,
fore-warned
them
of
the
dangers
that
were
like
to
ensue
,
perswaded
them
to
persevere
in
unity
,
made
the
Venetians
protectors
of
his
Son
and
Kingdome
:
And
so
after
he
had
with
most
fervent
prayer
commended
his
soule
into
the
hands
of
Almighty
God
,
hee
quietly
left
this
life
,
January
17.
Anno
Christi
,
1466.
and
of
his
age
sixty
three
,
of
his
Scanderbegs
death
reigne
twenty
foure
.
His
death
was
much
lamented
by
all
Christian
Princes
,
especially
his
neighbours
,
who
had
lost
their
most
carefull
Watchman
,
and
invincible
Champion
.
The
sorrow
of
his
subjects
is
not
to
be
expressed
:
He
was
royally
buried
in
the
Cathedrall
in
Lyssa
.
Yet
nine
yeares
after
the
Turkes
having
taken
the
City
,
with
great
devotion
digged
up
his
bones
,
reckoning
it
some
part
of
their
happinesse
,
if
they
might
see
or
touch
the
same
:
such
as
could
get
any
part
thereof
,
set
it
in
silver
or
gold
,
and
hung
it
about
their
necks
,
His
bones
digged
up
by
the
Turkes
.
perswading
themselves
,
that
it
would
make
them
valiant
and
prosperous
.
He
was
a
man
of
rare
parts
,
and
of
an
indefatigable
His
Character
.
spirit
:
During
all
the
time
of
his
warres
he
never
slept
above
two
houres
in
a
night
:
He
ever
fought
against
the
Turkes
with
his
Arm
bare
,
and
that
with
such
fiercenesse
,
that
the
blood
did
oft-times
burst
out
of
his
lips
.
He
with
his
owne
hands
in
those
wars
slue
at
least
three
thousand
of
the
Turks
.
What
his
strength
was
,
may
appeare
by
these
examples
.
There
was
in
a
part
of
Epyrus
a
mighty
wilde
Bull
,
that
had
murthered
many
,
&
committed
a
thousand
outrages
:
him
Scanderbeg
encountred
with
on
Horseback
,
and
with
one
onely
blow
of
his
Cimitar
,
he
cut
his
neck
clean
from
his
shoulders
.
Also
a
monstrous
Boare
in
Apulia
,
that
had
wounded
many
of
King
Ferdinands
Courtiers
,
Scanderbeg
being
hunting
with
the
King
,
encountred
with
this
Beast
,
and
soon
parted
his
head
from
his
body
.
His
Cimitar
was
made
at
Damasco
in
Syria
,
and
was
of
an
excellent
temper
:
he
oft
carried
two
of
them
in
one
Scabbard
,
and
sometimes
would
break
them
both
in
one
battell
.
Mahomet
hearing
that
he
would
cut
Helmets
,
Headpieces
and
Pouldrons
clean
asunder
with
it
,
he
sent
to
him
for
one
of
his
Swords
,
thinking
that
there
had
been
some
extraordinary
vertue
in
them
:
And
when
Scanderbeg
had
sent
it
,
he
put
it
into
their
hands
,
who
had
the
strongest
Arms
about
him
;
but
perceiving
no
such
wonders
as
was
reported
of
it
,
he
sent
it
back
with
scorn
,
saying
,
That
he
would
not
be
beholding
to
him
for
that
which
he
could
get
for
his
money
:
and
that
he
credited
not
what
was
related
to
him
of
that
sword
.
But
Scanderbeg
,
in
the
sight
of
the
Messenger
,
having
made
strange
and
admirable
proofes
of
it
,
bade
him
tell
his
Master
,
that
it
was
not
the
vertue
of
the
Sword
,
but
the
strength
of
his
Arme
,
which
hee
reserved
against
his
enemies
.
God
raised
up
this
worthy
Christian
Prince
,
and
endowed
him
with
such
excellent
parts
,
as
another
David
,
gainst
those
proud
Goliahs
,
Amurath
and
Mahomet
,
who
were
cruell
and
bloody
persecutors
of
the
Church
of
God
:
God
made
him
successfull
and
victorious
in
above
twenty
battels
that
he
fought
against
the
Turkes
.
Collected
out
of
the
History
of
Scanderbeg
,
and
out
of
the
Turkish
History
.
M.
CORVINVS
etc.
portrait of Matthias Corvinus
The
Life
of
Matthias
Corvinus
King
of
Hungary
,
who
dyed
Anno
Christi
.
1490.
HUniades
being
dead
,
the
young
King
Ladislaus
and
Ulricus
Earle
of
Cicilia
thought
they
might
the
more
boldly
come
into
Hungary
,
and
thereupon
they
presently
began
their
journey
:
Ladislaus
the
eldest
sonne
of
Huniades
,
who
was
now
at
the
City
of
Alba
,
hearing
of
the
Kings
approach
,
obediently
opened
to
him
the
gates
,
but
foure
thousand
of
his
Armed
souldiers
he
debarred
from
entring
into
the
City
:
whilst
the
King
was
there
,
hee
with
the
Earle
Ulricus
sat
often
in
Councell
with
some
other
nobles
also
:
at
Trechery
.
last
,
they
required
Ladislaus
to
resort
unto
them
,
he
at
first
was
in
suspense
what
to
doe
,
but
afterwards
,
putting
on
a
privie
coate
of
male
,
he
came
to
them
;
Whilst
they
were
in
debate
,
Ulricus
picked
a
quarrell
with
him
,
and
called
him
traitour
for
shutting
the
gates
against
the
Kings
souldiers
,
and
withall
,
taking
his
sword
from
his
page
,
let
fly
at
his
head
.
To
breake
the
blow
,
some
putting
up
their
hands
,
had
their
fingers
cut
off
:
the
Hungarians
without
,
hearing
the
tumult
,
brake
into
the
chamber
,
where
they
presently
slew
this
false
Earle
Vlrick
,
and
cut
him
almost
all
to
piees
:
the
King
was
much
discontented
hereat
in
his
minde
,
yet
seeing
there
was
no
other
remedy
,
he
dissembled
his
griefe
for
the
present
,
and
making
faire
weather
to
Ladislaus
,
he
tooke
him
along
with
him
towards
Buda
:
By
the
way
,
passing
by
the
Towne
where
Huniades
wife
was
,
Hypocrisie
.
mourning
for
the
death
of
her
husband
,
the
King
went
to
her
and
seemed
with
many
faire
words
to
comfort
her
,
there
he
rested
,
and
refreshed
himselfe
:
and
so
departed
with
much
dissembled
loue
,
and
fained
favour
,
and
tooke
along
with
him
the
two
sonnes
of
Huniades
,
Ladislaus
and
Matthias
,
who
where
now
without
suspition
,
and
therefore
the
more
ready
to
waite
upon
him
:
But
when
he
came
to
Buda
,
he
caused
them
both
to
be
suddenly
apprehended
;
and
immediately
after
the
elder
[
Ladislaus
]
was
brought
forth
to
the
place
of
execution
:
at
which
time
,
a
cryer
proclaimed
,
Thus
are
they
to
be
chastened
that
are
rebels
against
their
Lord
.
After
the
A
miracle
of
mercy
hangman
had
three
blowes
at
his
neck
,
Ladislaus
having
his
hands
bound
behind
him
,
rose
up
right
upon
his
feet
after
the
third
stroake
,
and
looking
up
to
heaven
,
called
upon
the
Lord
,
and
protesting
his
innocency
,
meekly
laid
downe
his
head
againe
,
and
so
at
the
fourth
blow
had
it
stricken
off
:
then
did
this
bloody
Tyrant
take
Matthias
,
and
carried
him
captive
with
him
into
Austria
.
Shortly
after
this
young
King
was
to
marrie
the
French
Kings
daughter
:
Popish
malice
and
cruelty
.
great
preparation
was
made
against
the
wedding
,
which
was
to
be
celebrated
at
Prague
in
Bohemia
:
many
Princes
and
Potentates
were
invited
to
the
solemnity
,
at
which
time
this
wicked
King
had
intended
to
make
an
end
of
all
the
Hussites
in
Bohemia
:
thither
therefore
he
went
,
taking
his
prisoner
Matthias
along
with
him
to
Prague
:
where
he
also
imprisoned
him
,
but
in
the
middest
of
all
his
great
preparations
,
anno
1461
,
this
great
adversary
of
Gods
people
,
Ladislaus
King
of
Bohemia
and
Hungary
,
and
Archduke
Gods
judgment
on
a
bloody
persecuter
.
of
Austria
,
was
by
the
revenging
hand
of
God
smitten
with
a
pestilent
sore
in
his
groine
,
whereof
he
dyed
within
the
space
of
six
and
thirty
houres
:
After
whose
death
,
the
Kingdome
of
Bohemia
fell
to
Geo
.
Pogiebracius
,
a
friend
&
favorer
of
the
Hussites
,
whom
afterwards
Pope
Innocent
the
eighth
did
excommunicate
,
Gods
goodnesse
.
and
depose
for
his
religion
.
But
the
Nobles
of
Hungary
,
hearing
of
the
death
of
Ladislaus
,
met
together
,
and
for
the
loue
they
bare
to
the
remembrance
of
Huniades
,
they
chose
Matthias
,
surnamed
Corvinus
,
now
a
prisoner
at
Prague
,
to
be
their
King
,
and
withall
dispatched
away
Ambassadors
to
Pogiebracius
,
to
desire
him
to
send
this
their
King
elect
to
them
:
Pogiebracius
having
heard
their
message
at
supper
time
,
he
immediatly
sent
for
Matthias
out
of
Prison
,
and
placed
him
at
the
upper
end
of
the
Table
;
young
Matthias
being
but
about
eighteene
yeares
old
,
was
much
abashed
at
it
,
and
began
to
craue
pardon
:
But
the
King
would
needs
have
it
so
,
and
when
he
was
set
,
to
quiet
his
minde
,
he
willed
him
to
be
of
good
cheere
,
for
that
he
had
good
A
strange
providence
.
newes
to
tell
him
:
Good
newes
(
said
Matthias
)
if
it
would
please
your
Majesty
to
grant
me
my
liberty
.
Yea
that
(
said
the
King
)
&
more
too
,
and
then
saluting
him
by
the
name
of
the
K.
of
Hungary
he
brake
unto
him
the
whole
matter
:
and
within
few
daies
after
,
he
married
to
him
his
daughter
,
furnished
him
with
all
things
fit
for
his
state
,
and
roially
accompanied
him
into
Hungary
,
where
he
was
with
great
joy
and
triumph
received
by
his
people
,
and
over
whom
he
gloriously
raigned
for
the
space
of
eight
and
thirty
yeares
,
in
which
time
he
notably
enlarged
the
Kingdome
of
Hungary
,
&
proving
the
thundring
sonne
of
a
lightening
father
,
he
became
a
farr
greater
terrour
to
the
Turks
,
then
ever
was
his
father
Huniades
.
Presently
Warrs
betwixt
Matthias
and
the
Emperour
.
after
the
Emperour
Frederick
,
having
the
Crowne
of
Hungary
remaining
in
his
hands
,
which
Elizabeth
the
mother
of
Ladislaus
had
carried
to
him
,
laid
claime
to
the
Kingdom
,
whereupon
warrs
ensued
betweene
Matthias
and
him
;
but
at
last
by
the
mediation
of
the
Princes
of
Germany
,
a
peace
was
concluded
betwixt
them
,
and
Matthias
ransomed
the
He
ransoms
his
Crowne
Crown
from
Frederick
for
eight
thousand
Florences
.
At
this
time
there
were
great
warrs
betewene
the
Venetians
and
the
great
Turk
;
but
the
Venetians
going
by
the
worse
,
sent
Ambassadours
to
King
Matthias
,
soliciting
him
to
joyne
in
league
with
them
,
and
to
take
up
Armes
against
the
common
Enemy
,
offering
presently
to
furnish
him
with
a
great
summe
He
enters
into
league
with
the
Venetians
.
of
money
,
besides
a
large
yearly
pension
,
towards
the
maintenance
of
those
warres
.
For
the
which
he
should
to
his
power
by
land
,
defend
all
those
Territories
of
theirs
,
which
lay
between
the
Rhetian
Alps
,
and
the
Adriatick
Sea
,
against
the
invasion
of
the
Turk
.
Matthias
having
well
considered
of
this
their
request
,
answered
,
That
they
had
many
times
before
in
the
like
case
,
refused
to
give
aid
to
the
Hungarian
Kings
his
predecessors
;
yea
,
and
judged
it
a
thing
unreasonable
,
that
any
such
thing
should
be
requested
at
their
hands
:
So
that
the
Hungarian
Kings
had
many
times
received
great
losse
for
want
of
their
assistance
:
Yet
he
was
willing
to
forget
all
such
unkindnesse
,
and
to
take
their
Territories
into
his
protection
,
according
to
their
request
;
promising
withall
,
the
next
Spring
to
invade
the
Turkes
Dominions
.
And
according
to
his
promise
hee
honorably
performed
it
:
For
in
the
beginning
of
the
Spring
he
passed
over
the
Danubius
at
Belgrade
,
with
a
puissant
His
wars
against
the
Turkes
.
Army
,
and
razed
the
Forts
which
the
Turkes
had
built
thereabouts
,
and
so
entring
into
Servia
,
laid
all
the
Countrey
wast
before
him
;
and
afterwards
laden
with
spoyle
,
returned
home
again
,
carrying
away
with
him
twenty
thousand
captives
.
And
with
the
like
prosperous
successe
he
maintained
warres
against
Mahomet
the
Great
,
and
against
his
sonne
Bajazet
,
almost
alwayes
going
away
with
the
victory
;
so
that
there
was
no
Christian
King
or
Chieftaine
,
that
did
ever
more
often
with
successe
fight
against
the
Turkes
,
or
had
of
them
greater
victories
.
Then
did
he
(
according
to
his
promise
made
to
the
Venetians
)
enter
into
the
Kingdome
of
Bosna
;
where
,
by
force
,
he
overthrew
the
strong
Forts
which
the
Turk
had
built
for
the
defence
of
the
Frontiers
,
and
valiantly
drave
them
all
out
before
him
,
till
he
came
to
Jaitze
,
the
chiefe
Citie
of
Bosna
,
unto
which
he
Bosna
won
from
the
Turks
.
laid
siege
and
took
it
:
and
so
Garrisoning
it
,
he
followed
the
course
of
his
victories
,
scarcely
suffering
the
Turkes
to
breath
,
untill
he
had
by
force
wrested
all
that
Kingdome
out
of
their
hands
.
This
so
vexed
the
proud
Mahomet
,
that
in
great
fury
he
came
with
a
mighty
Army
into
Bosna
,
and
laid
hard
siege
unto
Jaitze
,
which
was
by
the
Christians
worthily
defended
,
till
Matthias
came
to
the
reliefe
thereof
,
who
so
troubled
the
Turks
Camp
with
continuall
skirmishes
on
the
one
side
;
and
they
within
Mahomet
shamefully
beaten
.
the
Town
,
with
desperate
sallies
on
the
other
,
that
at
length
the
proud
Turk
was
driven
to
such
extremity
,
that
he
was
forced
secretly
to
steale
away
in
the
night
with
all
his
Army
,
into
Servia
;
and
for
hast
,
left
behinde
him
all
his
Tents
,
and
his
great
Ordnance
.
Matthias
having
thus
valiantly
relieved
the
City
,
followed
the
Turkes
Army
into
Servia
,
and
tooke
part
of
that
Countrey
also
;
which
,
together
with
Part
of
Servia
taken
.
Bosna
,
he
annexed
to
the
Kingdome
of
Hungary
:
So
that
now
the
name
of
Matthias
was
unto
the
Turks
,
no
lesse
dreadfull
,
then
was
sometimes
the
name
of
his
valiant
Father
Huniades
.
Anno
1475.
Mahomet
the
Great
,
having
ended
his
warres
with
the
Persians
,
resolves
to
convert
all
his
power
against
the
Venetians
;
and
for
that
end
sent
Solyman
Bassa
with
an
Army
of
fourscore
thousand
brave
men
,
to
besiege
Scodra
,
or
Scutari
,
within
the
confines
of
Albania
:
many
were
the
desperate
assaults
which
the
Turkes
gave
to
the
Citie
,
and
yet
they
were
still
as
valiantly
repulsed
by
the
Christians
within
.
In
the
mean
time
Matthias
raised
an
Army
,
and
with
it
marched
into
the
Turkes
Dominions
,
where
He
wasteth
the
Turks
dominions
.
he
made
such
havock
and
spoil
of
all
before
him
,
that
Mahomet
was
glad
to
call
back
the
great
Bassa
from
the
siege
of
Scodra
(
after
he
had
lien
there
three
moneths
with
his
great
Army
,
and
lost
fourteen
thousand
of
his
men
)
to
defend
his
own
Countrey
.
With
this
dishonour
Mahomet
was
so
discontented
,
that
he
gave
one
a
yearly
pension
daily
to
put
him
in
Malice
.
minde
of
the
siege
of
Scodra
.
Anno
1480.
the
Turk
sent
a
mighty
Army
,
consisting
of
an
hundred
thousand
men
,
under
some
of
his
chiefest
and
most
expert
Commanders
,
into
Transylvania
,
which
brought
such
a
generall
feare
upon
the
Countrey
,
that
Steven
Batore
,
the
Vayvod
,
was
glad
with
all
speed
to
flye
unto
Matthias
,
King
of
Hungary
,
He
relieved
Transylvania
declaring
to
him
the
danger
of
his
Countrey
,
and
craving
his
aid
.
Matthias
at
this
time
lay
sick
of
the
gout
,
yet
he
sent
an
Army
under
his
expert
Captains
,
which
not
farre
from
Alba
Julia
,
met
with
the
Turks
,
and
there
in
a
great
and
bloody
battell
defeated
them
,
slue
Isa
,
one
of
their
chief
Captains
,
and
thirty
thousand
The
Turks
beaten
.
Turkes
besides
.
By
which
great
victory
Transylvania
was
delivered
from
that
present
danger
.
The
Noble
acts
of
Matthias
against
these
enemies
to
the
name
of
Christ
,
were
so
many
,
and
so
great
,
that
through
Gods
goodnesse
,
he
was
a
great
shelter
not
onely
to
Hungary
,
but
almost
to
all
Christian
Kingdomes
,
in
repelling
and
beating
back
the
proud
swelling
waves
of
the
Turkish
Empire
,
which
were
like
to
have
over-flown
all
:
yea
,
he
so
defended
the
confines
of
Illyria
from
the
power
of
the
Turks
,
that
both
Mahomet
,
and
Bajazet
his
son
,
were
enforced
to
seek
to
him
for
peace
.
But
the
Devill
in
the
mean
time
,
envying
his
prosperous
success
in
defence
Satans
malice
.
Popish
malice
.
of
the
Christians
,
stirred
up
the
Pope
to
cast
in
the
ball
of
contention
between
Pogiebracius
and
him
;
whereby
not
onely
his
course
of
victory
against
the
Turkes
was
stopped
,
but
also
great
warre
and
bloodshed
followed
amongst
Christians
:
In
which
warres
Matthias
tooke
from
Pogiebracius
,
Moravia
,
and
a
great
part
of
Silesia
,
and
joyned
them
to
his
Kingdome
of
Hungary
.
Also
by
the
Popes
meanes
,
a
new
quarrell
sprang
up
between
the
Emperour
Frederick
His
second
wars
with
the
Emperour
.
and
him
:
In
which
warres
Frederick
had
utterly
gone
to
ruine
,
had
not
Albert
,
Duke
of
Saxony
,
rescued
the
Emperour
,
and
repressed
the
vehemency
of
Matthias
.
Also
,
after
the
death
of
Pogiebracius
,
the
Emperour
conferred
the
Kingdome
of
Bohemia
upon
Vladislaus
,
the
King
of
Polands
sonne
:
Whereupon
Matthias
made
warre
upon
him
,
and
also
proclaimed
open
wars
against
Frederick
:
But
it
pleased
God
in
the
midst
of
these
great
undertakings
&
preparations
to
take
him
away
by
sicknesse
,
Anno
Christi
1490.
and
His
death
of
his
age
56
after
he
had
reigned
with
renown
38.
yeares
Besides
his
noble
acts
of
Chivalry
,
he
was
religious
according
to
those
times
,
learned
,
and
a
great
lover
His
Character
.
of
Learning
and
learned
men
,
whom
he
with
great
stipends
procured
to
come
to
him
out
of
other
Countries
;
by
which
means
he
much
civilized
and
reduced
into
good
order
,
the
barbarous
rudenesse
of
those
Kingdomes
which
he
governed
,
and
made
thereof
a
most
flourishing
Common-wealth
.
Moreover
,
he
erected
a
great
and
stately
Library
,
which
he
furnished
with
all
sorts
of
Bookes
,
both
for
A
grea
.
Library
.
Languages
,
Arts
,
and
History
;
many
of
which
hee
caused
to
be
translated
out
of
Greek
into
Latine
:
So
that
the
like
Library
was
not
to
be
found
in
all
Europe
besides
,
except
the
Vatican
at
Rome
.
Out
of
which
Library
we
have
received
divers
parts
of
Diodorus
Siculus
,
and
Polybius
,
which
were
not
extant
before
.
Collected
out
of
the
Book
of
Martyrs
,
and
the
Turkish
History
.
K.
EDWARD
.
6.
portrait of Edward VI
The
life
of
Edward
the
sixth
,
King
of
England
,
who
dyed
anno
Christi
1553.
EDward
the
sixth
borne
Anno
Christi
1537
,
was
the
sonne
of
King
Henry
the
eigth
by
his
third
wife
,
Iane
,
daughter
to
Sir
Iohn
Seymer
:
whose
mothers
body
was
His
education
.
opened
for
his
birth
,
whereby
she
dyed
of
the
incision
the
fourth
day
after
;
when
he
was
six
years
old
,
he
was
committed
to
the
tuition
of
Doctor
Coxe
,
and
Mr.
Iohn
Cheeke
,
the
first
instructed
him
in
the
knowledg
of
the
Arts
,
and
Divinity
:
the
second
in
the
languages
of
Latine
,
and
Greek
:
others
were
appointed
for
other
Languages
,
who
all
endevoured
to
infuse
into
him
knowledge
,
and
vertue
by
some
mixture
of
honest
delight
.
Vnder
these
he
profited
so
much
that
in
short
time
he
spake
French
and
Latine
perfectly
:
also
Greek
,
Spanish
,
and
Italian
.
He
was
well
skilled
in
Logick
,
Philosophy
,
Musick
,
and
Astronomy
,
and
other
liberall
sciences
,
in
so
much
as
the
great
Italian
Philosopher
,
Cardane
,
having
made
some
triall
of
him
,
was
astonished
with
admiration
and
delight
,
reporting
abroad
,
that
he
was
a
Miracle
of
nature
:
when
he
was
about
nine
yeares
old
,
his
father
dyed
,
and
he
was
proclaimed
King
and
brought
to
Proclaimed
King
.
the
Tower
,
where
he
remained
about
three
weeks
;
in
which
time
his
uncle
,
the
Earle
of
Hartford
,
was
elected
Protector
of
the
Realme
,
and
Governour
of
the
Kings
person
during
his
minority
:
and
a
few
daies
after
,
he
Knighted
the
King
,
who
taking
the
sword
from
him
,
Knighted
the
L.
Maior
,
&
advanced
diverse
other
of
the
nobility
:
the
Lord
Protector
was
made
Duke
of
Sommerset
,
his
other
uncle
,
Sir
Thomas
Seymer
was
made
Lord
of
Sudely
,
and
high
admirall
of
England
&c.
February
19
Anno
Christi
1547.
he
rode
in
great
state
from
the
Tower
to
Westminster
,
and
the
next
day
was
crowned
by
the
Archbishop
of
Canterbury
.
The
same
day
a
generall
His
Coronation
.
pardon
was
granted
to
all
persons
,
six
only
excepted
:
Never
was
King
more
loving
to
others
,
or
bet●er
beloved
generally
of
all
:
He
was
of
an
excellent
beauty
and
modestie
,
verie
curteous
,
and
naturally
so
His
Character
.
disposed
to
learning
,
that
he
seemed
rather
borne
so
,
then
instructed
in
it
;
he
was
full
of
Clemency
,
courage
,
care
and
knowledg
in
state
affaires
.
He
was
very
tender
of
shedding
blood
,
so
that
none
were
executed
in
his
time
for
religion
,
but
only
two
blasphemous
Hereticks
,
Ioan
Butcher
,
and
Georg
,
a
Dutchman
:
Two
hereticks
put
to
death
.
for
the
execution
of
the
first
,
all
the
councell
could
not
get
him
to
set
his
hand
to
the
warrant
,
till
Cranmer
perswaded
him
to
it
,
to
whom
he
said
,
that
he
would
lay
all
the
charge
of
it
upon
him
before
God
.
He
took
much
delight
in
representations
of
Battails
,
skirmishes
,
and
Assaults
,
and
such
like
military
exercises
:
He
took
much
pleasure
in
the
exercises
of
activity
,
and
caused
his
servants
to
use
wrestling
,
leaping
,
running
,
riding
,
and
shooting
at
rovers
&c.
He
was
exceeding
skilfull
in
fortifications
:
He
knew
all
the
principall
ports
of
England
,
Scotland
,
Ireland
His
knowledg
.
and
France
,
how
they
lay
,
when
the
tide
served
,
what
vessells
of
burthen
they
could
receive
,
and
what
winds
served
for
entrance
.
He
was
exceeding
carefull
about
State
affairs
,
was
much
with
his
Councell
,
and
would
well
understand
what
matters
passed
them
,
and
upon
what
grounds
:
and
would
often
encounter
their
reasons
,
and
give
lively
reasons
of
his
owne
,
insomuch
that
they
made
an
order
,
that
no
matters
of
weight
should
be
debated
,
but
when
he
was
present
:
He
had
a
Chest
,
where
of
himselfe
carried
the
Key
,
wherein
he
kept
record
,
of
such
matters
as
were
concluded
by
his
Councell
:
He
set
time
apart
to
dispatch
poore
mens
causes
without
tedious
attendance
,
&
delay
.
Of
all
the
Magistrates
,
Iustices
&
Gentlemen
of
quality
in
his
realme
,
he
knew
their
names
,
houskeeping
,
religion
,
and
manner
of
life
:
He
was
skilfull
in
the
matter
and
manner
of
Exchange
abroad
,
and
provident
for
the
Mint
at
home
.
To
Ambassadours
he
would
giue
answer
upon
the
sudden
,
and
touch
both
orderly
,
and
fully
upon
everie
part
of
their
speech
,
to
the
admiration
of
his
hearers
:
He
much
frequented
Sermons
,
and
penned
His
Piety
.
them
with
his
owne
hands
:
His
sports
were
ingenuous
,
and
manlike
,
whereby
he
alwaies
learned
something
:
He
in
the
middest
of
all
his
businesses
reserved
daily
some
houres
for
his
private
studies
and
exercises
with
his
teachers
.
About
this
time
preparations
were
made
for
warr
with
Scotland
,
which
was
thus
occasioned
:
Mary
The
quarrell
with
Scotland
.
Stuart
sole
daughter
and
heir
to
Iames
the
fifth
,
being
very
young
,
was
desired
by
Henry
the
eighth
to
to
be
assured
to
his
sonne
Prince
Edward
,
which
was
assented
to
by
the
Nobility
,
and
Parliament
of
Scotland
:
and
all
conditions
,
and
covenants
were
concluded
,
sealed
,
and
sworne
to
of
both
parties
,
and
a
peace
established
for
ten
yeares
,
at
the
end
whereof
both
Prince
and
Queene
should
be
of
age
to
consent
.
But
the
King
of
France
hearing
of
it
,
laboured
by
all
meanes
to
break
this
agreement
,
endeavouring
to
get
this
match
for
Francis
,
afterwards
King
of
France
,
and
so
farr
prevailed
,
that
he
made
a
strong
party
for
him
in
Scotland
:
yet
the
Protector
wrote
friendly
to
the
nobility
,
remembred
them
of
their
promises
,
seales
,
and
oaths
:
he
shewed
them
the
benefits
that
would
redound
to
both
Kingdoms
by
this
union
&c
but
notwithstanding
all
this
,
when
they
would
not
be
brought
to
reason
,
he
raised
a
great
Army
,
with
which
he
marched
into
The
Protector
in
vades
Sco●land
Scotland
,
and
sent
a
great
Fleet
by
Sea
to
meet
him
there
.
In
the
Army
were
twelve
thousand
Foot
,
&
two
thousand
eight
hundred
light
Horse
:
The
Earle
of
Warwick
was
Lieutenant
Generall
,
the
Lord
Gray
of
Wilton
was
Marshall
of
the
Field
,
&c.
The
Protector
of
Scotland
also
made
great
preparation
to
resist
them
,
Making
his
Rendevouz
at
Musklebrough
Field
,
whither
the
English
marched
;
and
so
between
the
two
nations
,
a
great
and
cruell
battell
was
fought
,
A
great
battell
.
wherein
the
English
were
victors
,
and
pursued
the
Scots
for
five
hours
space
,
doing
great
execution
upon
The
Scors
beaten
.
them
,
so
that
the
river
of
Esk
ran
red
with
blood
.
Divers
of
the
Scottish
Nobility
and
Gentry
were
slain
,
and
of
the
inferior
sort
about
ten
thousand
.
Of
the
English
were
slain
fifty
two
,
but
very
many
hurt
.
And
thus
the
Lord
revenged
upon
them
their
perfidiousnesse
in
breaking
their
Oathes
and
Covenants
.
In
the
which
victory
this
also
is
to
bee
noted
,
that
the
same
day
and
houre
wherein
the
Images
were
Perjury
punished
by
God
.
burned
openly
in
London
,
the
Scots
received
this
great
overthrow
.
Also
fifteen
hundred
of
the
Scots
were
taken
prisoners
,
amongst
whom
was
the
Earle
of
Huntley
,
&
some
other
Noble-men
:
Huntley
being
afterwards
asked
,
how
he
stood
affected
to
the
intended
marriage
,
answered
,
That
he
liked
the
marriage
well
,
but
he
liked
Huntlies
peech
.
not
the
manner
of
wooing
.
Afterwards
the
English
fired
many
places
,
took
in
divers
Castles
,
placed
garrisons
in
them
,
and
so
returned
back
into
England
.
A
great
alteration
also
was
made
in
Religion
,
Injunctions
were
set
forth
for
removing
Images
out
of
Churches
,
Godly
Preachers
were
sent
abroad
to
instruct
and
teach
the
people
and
,
for
want
of
Preachers
,
Bonner
,
Gardiner
,
and
other
Bishops
imp●isoned
.
Homilies
were
appointed
to
be
read
in
Churches
.
Edmond
Bonner
was
committed
to
the
Fleet
,
for
refusing
to
receive
these
Injunctions
,
and
Steven
Gardiner
to
the
Tower
,
with
Bishop
Tonstall
and
Heath
.
In
the
first
yeare
of
the
King
,
a
Parliament
was
held
,
wherein
was
enacted
,
That
none
should
speak
against
receiving
the
Sacrament
in
both
kindes
,
That
all
Processes
Ecclesiasticall
should
be
made
in
the
Kings
name
:
The
Statute
of
the
six
Articles
was
repealed
,
and
that
which
prohibited
the
use
of
the
Scriptures
in
English
:
A
Liturgy
was
set
forth
;
Commissioners
being
sent
abroad
to
pull
down
Images
in
Cornwall
,
one
of
them
was
stabbed
by
a
Priest
,
as
he
A
Commissioner
stabbed
.
was
pulling
down
an
Image
:
and
afterwards
the
whole
County
rose
in
a
commotion
,
which
spred
also
into
Wiltshire
and
Summersetshire
;
they
beat
down
A
Rebellion
.
Enclosures
,
and
Parks
:
but
Sir
William
Herbert
,
with
some
Souldiers
,
set
upon
them
,
slue
some
,
and
scattered
the
rest
.
The
like
commotions
were
raised
in
other
Counties
,
which
by
the
prudence
of
Gentlemen
,
and
other
honest
persons
,
were
appeased
:
Yet
afterwards
there
was
another
rising
in
the
West
Countries
,
to
whom
the
King
wrote
,
First
reproving
them
for
their
disordered
assemblies
;
then
hee
pitied
their
ignorance
,
and
errors
thence
arising
,
perswading
them
to
return
to
their
homes
,
and
due
obedience
.
In
which
Letter
he
thus
wrote
to
them
,
Assure
your selves
most
surely
,
that
we
of
no
earthly
thing
under
the
Heaven
,
make
such
account
,
as
we
doe
of
this
one
thing
,
To
have
our
Lawes
Zeale
and
courage
.
obeyed
,
and
this
cause
of
God
which
we
have
taken
in
hand
,
to
be
throughly
maintained
,
from
the
which
we
wil
never
remove
a
haires
breadth
,
nor
give
place
to
any
creature
living
,
much
lesse
to
any
subject
,
but
therein
will
spend
our
own
Royall
Person
,
our
Crowne
,
Treasure
,
Realme
,
and
all
our
estate
,
whereof
we
assure
you
of
our
high
Honour
.
But
they
growing
more
unruly
,
went
to
Exeter
,
demanded
entrance
,
which
being
refused
,
A
great
rebellion
they
attempted
to
take
the
Citie
by
storme
,
by
firing
the
Gates
,
by
Mines
,
but
all
in
vain
,
being
easily
repulsed
,
and
slain
like
Dogges
.
In
the
meane
time
the
L.
Privie
Seale
,
with
a
small
Company
,
attempted
the
reliefe
of
the
City
,
which
the
Mutiniers
hindred
,
by
felling
many
trees
crosse
his
way
;
and
in
his
retreat
set
upon
him
;
but
he
beat
them
back
,
with
the
losse
of
six
hundred
of
them
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Citizens
suffered
great
want
,
made
bread
of
the
coursest
bran
:
their
finest
flesh
was
A
famine
in
Exeter
.
their
Horses
.
An
aged
Citizen
in
this
their
want
,
brought
out
all
his
store
,
saying
,
That
as
he
communicated
Fidelity
.
to
them
his
store
,
so
he
would
participate
with
them
in
their
wants
;
and
that
he
would
feed
upon
one
arme
,
and
fight
with
the
other
,
before
he
would
consent
to
put
the
City
into
the
hands
of
the
seditious
.
But
the
Lord
Gray
coming
with
more
Forces
,
set
upon
them
,
slue
above
900.
of
them
,
and
dispersed
the
rest
:
notwithstanding
which
,
about
two
thousand
of
them
r'allying
the
next
day
,
affronted
the
Kings
Forces
,
yet
after
a
while
,
they
ran
away
.
After
this
also
,
a
greater
number
met
together
,
and
brought
with
them
a
Crucifix
upon
a
Cart
,
beset
with
Crosses
,
tapers
,
holy
bread
&c.
The
Lord
Gray
set
upon
them
and
slew
the
greatest
part
of
them
,
diverse-were
taken
,
and
some
of
the
principall
presently
executed
.
Ignorance
.
Rebels
overthrowne
.
The
seditious
in
Norfolk
were
more
dangerous
,
as
having
greater
strength
,
and
the
City
of
Norwich
to
favour
them
.
To
these
the
King
wrote
A
rebelliin
Norfolk
.
also
,
and
sent
an
Herald
with
a
Generall
pardon
,
if
they
would
quietly
depart
,
which
they
refusing
,
the
Lord
William
Parre
was
sent
against
them
,
who
entring
into
the
City
of
Norwich
,
was
the
next
day
set
upon
by
the
seditious
,
but
he
repulsed
them
with
the
losse
of
three
hundred
of
their
company
.
Rebelion
supprest
.
Afterwards
the
Earle
of
Warwick
came
with
some
more
forces
,
and
after
some
bickerings
,
wherein
many
of
the
rebells
were
slaine
,
he
pardoned
the
rest
,
only
executing
some
of
the
ringleaders
,
and
so
that
commotion
was
quieted
:
Religion
begininng
now
to
flourish
in
the
land
,
as
well
all
such
Godly
subjects
as
were
in
the
realme
had
free
liberty
publickly
to
professe
the
gospell
:
as
also
many
learned
,
and
zealous
Exiled
ministers
restored
.
preachers
before
banished
,
were
now
licensed
freely
to
returne
home
,
and
were
encouraged
boldly
,
and
faithfully
to
travell
in
their
function
,
and
calling
,
so
that
God
was
much
glorified
,
and
the
people
much
edified
:
About
the
same
time
a
dangerous
rebellion
began
in
Yorkshire
,
but
through
A
Rebellion
-
Gods
mercy
,
one
of
the
rebells
revealing
of
it
in
his
drunkennesse
in
an
alehouse
,
it
was
in
some
measure
prevented
,
and
the
mischiefe
intended
against
others
returned
upon
the
contrivers
pates
:
The
The
French
.
beaten
French
King
also
thinking
to
make
his
advantage
of
such
stirrs
in
England
,
denounced
warr
against
King
Edward
,
and
sent
a
great
fleet
suddenly
to
have
taken
Iersey
,
and
Gernsey
,
together
with
many
of
the
Kings
ships
there
,
but
they
were
so
hotly
intertained
,
that
they
lost
one
thousand
of
their
men
,
and
their
ships
,
and
Gallies
were
so
spoiled
,
that
they
were
forced
to
returne
home
with
shame
and
dishonour
:
the
French
King
also
came
in
person
with
Anno
1549
a
mighty
Army
against
Bulloigne
,
where
also
he
was
repulsed
with
shame
and
great
losse
:
so
that
it
was
apparent
,
that
the
mighty
arme
of
God
fought
for
King
Edward
his
servant
,
to
defend
and
deliver
him
from
so
many
dangerous
commotions
at
home
,
Gods
goodnesse
.
and
attempts
abroad
:
But
the
Devill
envying
the
progresse
of
the
Gospell
,
sought
to
hinder
it
,
by
stirring
up
contentions
amongst
our
Nobility
:
first
between
the
Lord
Protector
,
and
his
brother
the
Lord
Admirall
,
which
was
not
appeased
but
by
the
blood
of
the
latter
:
then
between
the
Lord
Protector
,
and
the
Earle
of
Warwick
,
and
other
nobles
Contention
among
the
Nobility
.
that
he
had
drawne
into
his
party
,
which
(
notwithstanding
all
endeavours
used
by
the
Godly
King
to
make
peace
betwixt
them
)
ended
in
the
death
and
destruction
of
the
Protector
:
Hereupon
many
of
the
vulgar
sort
(
thinking
that
the
alterations
of
the
Latin
service
into
English
&c.
had
beene
the
only
act
of
the
Protector
)
began
to
bruit
it
abroad
,
that
now
they
should
have
their
Latine
service
againe
with
holy
bread
,
and
holy
water
&c.
Whereupon
the
Reformation
carried
on
.
King
with
his
privie
Councell
sent
to
all
the
Bishops
,
to
take
away
all
Popish
books
in
everie
parish
,
and
that
if
any
were
refractory
,
and
would
not
deliver
them
up
,
that
they
should
be
commited
to
ward
:
Anno
Christi
1550
letters
were
sent
abroad
for
the
taking
downe
of
Altars
in
Churches
and
setting
up
of
Tables
instead
of
the
same
:
and
during
all
the
time
that
the
Nobles
lived
in
peace
amongst
themselves
,
religion
flourished
,
the
Gospell
had
a
free
passage
,
Popery
was
confounded
,
and
scarce
a
Papist
found
that
durst
shew
his
head
:
The
popish
Doctors
,
Smith
,
Chadsey
,
Standish
,
Young
,
Oglethorp
,
Recantations
.
with
many
more
,
recanted
their
former
ignorance
and
errors
.
Yea
Bonner
with
his
owne
hand
subscribed
to
the
Kings
supremacy
,
and
promoted
his
injunctions
:
the
same
also
did
Steven
Gardiner
.
Yea
during
all
the
time
of
peace
and
concord
,
what
Papist
was
found
in
all
the
realme
,
which
out
of
devotion
to
the
Pope
,
would
put
his
neck
into
the
halter
,
and
die
a
Martyr
for
his
sake
?
In
those
peaceable
times
it
was
that
the
King
sent
for
P.
Martyr
,
Martin
Forraigne
Divines
sent
for
.
Bucer
,
Paul
Fagius
,
with
many
other
learned
men
,
whereof
some
he
placed
at
Cambridge
,
others
at
Oxford
,
who
with
their
diligent
industry
,
did
much
good
.
And
whereas
the
Emperours
Embassador
demanded
boldly
,
that
the
Lady
Mary
might
be
suffered
to
Zeale
and
courage
of
the
King
.
have
the
Masse
freely
exercised
in
her
house
:
The
good
King
resolutely
and
constantly
denied
to
condescend
thereunto
:
Hee
increased
Sermons
at
the
Court
,
and
ordered
that
no
man
should
have
a
Benefice
from
the
King
,
but
first
he
should
preach
before
him
:
He
sent
five
thousand
pounds
beyond
sea
,
to
His
bounty
to
distressed
Protestants
.
relieve
the
poore
Protestants
;
and
hearing
that
the
Emperour
made
many
strait
lawes
against
them
,
he
charged
his
Merchants
to
forbeare
their
Trade
into
Flanders
,
as
much
as
they
could
.
This
prudent
and
godly
King
,
seeing
the
wofull
breaches
at
home
,
intended
by
alliance
to
strengthen
himselfe
abroad
;
for
which
end
he
sent
to
treat
of
a
marriage
between
his
sister
the
Lady
Elizabeth
,
and
the
King
of
Denmarks
eldest
son
.
But
this
Lady
,
though
she
was
furnished
with
many
excellent
endowments
both
of
Nature
and
Education
,
yet
could
she
never
be
induced
to
marry
with
any
.
The
Lord
Protector
having
been
brought
to
his
end
by
the
malice
and
subtilty
of
the
Earle
of
Warwick
,
(
now
made
Duke
of
Northumberland
)
the
king
at
first
gave
no
token
of
any
ill
tempered
passion
,
as
taking
it
not
to
be
agreeable
to
Majesty
openly
to
discover
it
:
The
Lords
also
laboured
to
dispell
such
melancholy
thoughts
,
by
plying
of
him
with
variety
of
exercises
,
and
disports
:
yet
upon
speech
of
him
afterwards
,
The
King
grieves
for
the
death
of
his
Uncle
.
he
would
often
sigh
,
and
let
fall
teares
:
Sometimes
he
thought
that
he
had
done
nothing
that
deserved
death
;
or
if
he
had
,
that
it
was
very
small
,
and
proceeded
rather
from
his
wife
then
from
himselfe
.
And
where
then
(
said
he
)
was
the
good
nature
of
a
Nephew
?
Where
was
the
clemency
of
a
Prince
?
Ah!
how
unfortunate
have
I
been
to
those
of
my
blood
?
My
Mother
I
slue
at
my
very
birth
,
and
since
have
made
away
two
of
her
brothers
;
and
haply
to
make
way
for
the
purposes
of
others
against
my selfe
.
Alas
,
how
falsly
have
I
been
abused
?
How
weakly
carried
?
How
little
was
I
master
over
my
own
judgement
?
&c.
But
the
Lords
laboured
to
divert
his
thoughts
otherwayes
all
that
they
could
.
The
King
had
six
Chaplaines
in
ordinary
,
concerning
whom
an
order
was
made
,
that
two
should
remaine
with
the
King
by
turnes
,
and
foure
should
travell
in
preaching
abroad
:
the
first
yeare
,
two
in
Wales
,
and
two
in
Lincolnshire
:
the
next
yeare
,
two
in
the
marches
of
Scotland
,
and
two
in
Yorkeshire
,
and
so
through
all
the
Shires
in
England
.
His
zeale
in
propagating
the
Gospel
.
Hereby
Religion
was
much
propagated
,
and
the
people
taught
obedience
.
The
King
being
fallen
into
want
of
money
,
Commissions
were
sent
forth
for
selling
of
Chantry
lands
,
Punishment
of
sacriledge
.
and
Church-jewels
,
Chalices
,
&c.
by
purchasing
whereof
many
mean
persons
were
advanced
to
great
estates
,
whereby
they
left
their
posterity
ranged
amongst
the
Nobility
of
the
land
.
But
within
a
few
yeares
,
most
of
them
by
the
secret
curse
of
God
,
melted
to
nothing
;
and
by
improvidence
,
or
riot
,
consumed
all
.
In
the
sixth
year
of
the
Kings
reigne
,
in
Aprill
he
fell
The
Kings
sicknesse
.
sick
of
the
meazles
;
yet
,
through
Gods
mercy
,
in
a
short
time
,
he
recovered
of
the
same
.
Not
long
after
,
he
fell
sick
of
the
small
pox
;
which
coming
kindly
forth
,
was
judged
a
means
,
which
would
much
conduce
to
his
future
health
:
&
hereof
also
he
recovered
perfectly
.
And
the
Summer
following
he
rode
his
And
recovery
.
Progresse
with
a
great
train
;
but
when
he
found
that
it
was
burdensome
to
the
Countrey
,
he
discharged
the
greatest
part
of
it
.
Soon
after
,
the
King
complained
of
a
continuall
infirmity
of
body
.
About
which
time
sundry
prodigies
were
seen
;
In
Oxfordshire
a
childe
was
born
that
had
two
bodies
from
the
Navell
Prodigies
.
upward
,
which
lived
eighteen
dayes
,
and
then
died
both
together
.
At
Quinborough
three
great
Dolphins
were
taken
:
presently
after
six
more
at
Blackwall
.
At
Grovesend
three
great
Fishes
cal●ed
Whirlepooles
,
were
taken
.
In
Ianuary
,
and
the
beginning
of
the
seventh
yeare
of
the
Kings
reigne
,
his
sicknesse
The
Kings
last
sicknesse
.
increased
upon
him
,
attended
with
a
strong
cough
;
and
notwithstanding
all
meanes
and
remedies
used
,
yet
it
daily
increased
by
dangerous
degrees
.
He
had
also
a
great
faintnesse
,
which
shewed
that
his
vitall
parts
were
most
strongly
and
strangely
assaulted
.
And
the
common
report
was
,
that
his
sicknesse
proceeded
from
a
slow
working
poyson
.
His
sicknesse
was
much
lamented
,
not
onely
by
his
own
people
,
but
by
strangers
,
his
courtesie
and
wisdome
having
procured
him
much
love
every
where
.
He
was
famous
for
his
fore
sight
and
judgement
in
affaires
;
and
he
so
well
tempered
the
greatnesse
of
his
estate
with
modesty
and
gravity
,
that
he
avoyded
envy
by
the
one
,
and
contempt
by
the
other
.
In
the
time
of
his
sicknesse
,
Dr.
Ridley
preaching
before
him
,
in
his
Sermon
much
commended
works
of
Charity
,
which
as
they
were
a
duty
for
all
men
to
performe
,
so
more
especially
for
those
which
were
in
great
place
,
as
well
in
regard
of
their
great
abilities
,
as
for
that
they
were
obliged
to
give
example
thereby
unto
others
.
The
same
day
after
dinner
the
King
sent
for
him
into
his
Gallery
,
caused
him
to
sit
in
a
Chaire
by
him
,
would
not
suffer
him
to
be
uncovered
:
and
then
His
humility
,
piety
,
and
charity
.
after
courteous
thankes
for
his
Sermon
,
he
repeated
all
the
principall
points
of
it
,
and
then
added
,
I
took
my selfe
to
be
chiefly
touched
by
your
speech
:
For
as
in
the
Kingdome
I
am
next
under
God
,
so
must
I
most
neerly
approach
to
him
in
goodnesse
and
mercy
.
For
as
our
miseries
stand
most
in
need
of
help
from
him
,
so
are
we
the
greatest
debtors
▪
and
therefore
as
you
have
given
me
this
generall
exhortation
,
so
direct
me
I
intreat
you
by
what
particular
act
I
may
best
discharg
my
duty
:
The
Bishop
partly
astonished
,
and
partly
overjoyed
with
these
speeches
,
was
silent
for
a
time
:
At
last
,
teares
&
words
breaking
forth
together
,
he
declared
to
the
King
,
that
as
he
little
expected
such
a
question
,
so
was
he
not
furnished
with
a
present
answer
:
but
said
withall
,
that
he
conceived
the
Citizens
of
London
had
best
experience
,
as
overburthened
with
multitudes
of
poore
of
their
owne
,
and
from
all
parts
of
the
Kingdome
,
and
therefore
if
his
Majesty
pleased
to
afford
his
letter
to
that
effect
,
he
would
conferr
with
them
,
and
in
short
time
returne
their
answer
:
the
King
immediately
caused
,
the
letter
to
be
written
,
which
,
before
the
Bishop
,
he
signed
,
and
sealed
,
and
enjoyned
him
to
be
the
messenger
,
who
going
to
the
Lord
Major
with
it
,
he
called
certaine
Aldermen
,
and
foure
and
twentie
Commissioners
,
who
ranked
the
poore
into
three
sorts
:
such
as
were
poore
by
impotency
of
nature
,
as
Orphanes
,
decrepit
persons
,
idiots
and
criples
:
others
by
faculty
,
as
wounded
souldiers
,
diseased
,
&c.
Thirdly
,
such
as
were
poore
by
idlenesse
,
unthriftinesse
,
&c.
The
first
,
to
be
educated
and
maintained
:
the
second
to
be
cured
and
relieved
:
the
third
,
to
be
corrected
and
reduced
to
good
order
:
which
being
presented
to
the
King
,
he
gave
to
the
City
,
for
education
and
maintenance
of
the
first
,
the
Gray-Friers
Church
by
Newgate
market
,
with
all
the
revenewes
belonging
to
it
:
to
the
second
,
Saint
Bartholomews
neere
Smithfield
:
for
the
third
,
his
house
at
Bridewell
:
and
for
increase
of
maintenance
to
these
,
besides
the
Hospitall
of
Saint
Thomas
in
Southwark
,
he
gave
seven
hundred
&
fifty
marks
yearly
out
of
the
rents
of
the
Hospitall
of
St.
Iohn
Baptist
,
or
the
Savoy
,
with
all
the
bedding
and
furniture
belonging
to
that
place
:
and
the
charter
of
this
gift
being
presented
to
him
with
a
blank
for
lands
in
Mortmaine
,
he
presently
filled
it
up
with
these
words
,
Foure
thousand
marks
by
the
yeare
:
which
being
done
,
with
reverend
gesture
,
and
Speech
,
he
thanked
God
for
prolonging
his
life
to
finish
that
businesse
.
The
Kings
sicknesse
daily
increased
,
and
so
did
the
Duke
of
Northumberlands
The
Duke
of
Northumberland
suspected
to
poison
him
.
diligence
about
him
:
poison
was
strongly
suspected
,
for
his
physitians
discerned
an
invincible
malignity
in
his
disease
,
which
though
in
the
lungs
,
a
part
of
no
quick
sence
,
yet
his
sicknes
grew
very
extreame
.
The
people
did
hereupon
breake
forth
immoderately
into
passion
,
complaining
that
for
this
The
peoples
complaints
,
&
sorrow
.
cause
his
two
uncles
had
beene
taken
away
:
for
this
cause
the
most
faithfull
of
his
Nobility
and
Councell
had
beene
disgraced
and
discarded
,
and
that
for
this
cause
such
were
placed
about
him
as
were
ready
to
commit
,
or
permit
any
mischiefe
.
Yet
at
this
time
the
Lord
Guilford
,
fourth
son
to
the
Duke
of
Northumberland
,
was
married
to
the
Lady
Iane
,
eldest
daughter
to
the
Duke
of
Summerset
,
by
Frances
daughter
to
Mary
,
second
sister
to
Henry
the
eight
:
And
albeit
this
Lady
Iane
had
noe
right
to
the
Crowne
,
for
she
was
excluded
by
the
Ladies
Mary
,
and
Elizabeth
,
by
the
issue
of
Lady
Margaret
,
eldest
sister
to
Henry
the
eighth
,
married
into
Scotland
,
and
by
Frances
,
this
Lady
Ianes
mother
,
now
living
:
yet
Northumberland
blinded
with
pride
,
procured
The
Lady
Jane
made
his
heire
.
the
King
by
his
letters
patents
under
the
broad
seale
,
to
appoint
the
Lady
Iane
to
succeed
him
in
the
Kingdome
:
and
this
the
King
did
the
more
easily
assent
to
,
partly
in
regard
of
his
great
desire
to
have
the
reformed
religion
continued
,
which
he
suspected
would
be
altered
by
the
Lady
Mary
,
if
she
succeeded
,
and
he
could
not
leaue
the
Crowne
to
the
Lady
Elizabeth
,
excluding
Mary
:
and
partly
,
By
reason
of
that
intire
love
which
he
bare
to
his
cosen
Iane
,
a
woman
of
most
rare
and
incomparable
perfections
,
not
only
for
her
religion
,
but
for
her
knowledge
of
the
liberall
Arts
,
skill
in
Languages
,
wherein
shee
exceeded
all
of
her
sexe
:
These
letters
were
signed
by
the
King
when
he
was
very
weake
,
and
then
by
all
the
Privie
Councellers
:
by
most
of
the
Nobility
,
Bishops
,
Iudges
(
except
Sir
Iames
Holles
)
and
by
the
Kings
learned
Councell
.
Thus
the
Duke
,
having
(
as
he
thought
)
secured
all
,
nothing
remained
but
to
dispatch
the
King
:
His
disease
was
violent
,
yet
the
Physitians
had
some
hope
of
his
recoverie
,
if
he
might
be
removed
into
an
healthfuller
aire
:
but
this
the
Duke
over-auing
the
Councell
,
would
not
suffer
:
then
a
Gentlewoman
was
brought
,
Treachery
who
would
undertake
to
cure
him
,
the
Kings
Physitians
talking
with
her
,
and
finding
her
extreame
ignorant
,
would
not
consent
that
she
should
meddle
with
him
:
yet
the
Duke
caused
them
to
be
discharged
,
and
the
cure
to
be
committed
to
her
alone
:
hereupon
she
administring
something
to
him
,
the
King
fell
into
desperate
extreamities
,
his
vitall
parts
were
mortally
stuffed
,
he
breathed
with
difficulty
,
his
legs
swelled
,
his
pulse
failed
,
his
skin
changed
colour
,
and
many
other
horrid
Symptoms
appeared
:
then
were
the
Physitians
called
againe
,
who
seeing
how
he
was
,
departed
with
a
sad
silence
:
telling
their
friends
,
that
they
were
called
for
fashion
sake
,
but
neither
their
advise
,
nor
remedies
used
.
And
that
the
King
had
beene
ill
dealt
with
more
then
once
:
So
the
King
having
long
wrestled
with
a
lingering
tormenting
sicknesse
,
about
three
houres
before
his
death
,
his
eies
being
closed
,
thinking
that
none
heard
him
,
made
this
Godly
prayer
;
Lord
God
,
deliver
me
out
of
this
miserable
and
wretched
life
,
and
His
Prayer
.
take
me
amongst
thy
chosen
:
howbeit
,
not
my
will
but
thy
will
be
done
;
Lord
,
I
commit
my
spirit
to
thee
.
Oh
Lord
,
thou
knowest
how
happy
it
were
for
me
to
be
with
thee
:
yet
for
thy
chosens
sake
,
send
me
life
and
health
,
that
I
may
truly
serve
thee
;
O
my
Lord
God
,
blesse
thy
people
,
and
save
thine
inheritance
,
O
Lord
God
save
thy
chosen
people
of
England
.
O
my
Lord
God
,
defend
this
Realme
from
Papistry
,
and
maintaine
thy
true
religion
,
that
I
and
my
people
may
praise
thy
holy
name
,
for
thy
Son
Iesus
Christs
sake
:
Then
turning
his
face
,
and
seeing
some
by
,
he
said
unto
them
,
are
ye
so
nigh
?
I
thought
ye
had
beene
further
off
:
with
great
patience
he
endured
his
paines
.
Many
fervent
prayers
he
made
,
both
for
himselfe
and
this
realme
:
the
last
words
he
spake
were
these
;
I
am
faint
,
Lord
have
mercy
upon
me
,
and
take
my
spirit
;
and
so
he
spent
his
His
death
.
last
breath
in
committing
his
sweet
soule
into
his
fathers
hands
.
And
thus
this
blessed
King
,
our
young
Iosias
dyed
,
anno
Christi
1553
,
of
his
age
the
seventeenth
,
and
of
his
raigne
the
seventh
.
His
zeale
for
religion
doth
Eminently
appeare
in
His
Zeale
.
this
example
,
The
Emperour
Charles
the
fifth
sent
a
request
to
the
King
and
Councell
,
to
permit
the
Lady
Mary
to
have
Masse
in
her
house
:
the
Councell
thinking
it
fitt
to
gratifie
the
Emperour
,
sent
Arch-Bishop
Cranmer
,
and
Bishop
Ridley
to
the
King
,
to
request
his
consent
thereto
;
who
coming
to
the
King
,
alleadged
their
reasons
,
why
they
desired
it
of
him
:
which
the
King
having
heard
,
replyed
againe
from
Scripture
grounds
so
gravely
and
fully
,
that
they
were
forced
to
give
way
to
what
he
had
said
,
granting
it
to
be
true
:
yet
upon
Politick
grounds
,
they
perswaded
him
to
it
,
because
else
it
might
cause
a
breach
with
the
Emperour
,
&c.
Vnto
which
the
King
replyed
,
willing
them
to
content
themselves
,
for
he
would
,
he
said
,
spend
his
life
,
&
all
he
had
,
rather
then
to
grant
that
which
he
knew
certainly
to
be
against
the
truth
:
yet
still
the
Bishops
pressed
him
,
and
would
have
no
nay
:
then
the
good
King
,
seeing
their
importunity
,
burst
out
into
bitter
weeping
,
and
sobbing
,
and
desired
them
to
be
content
:
whereat
the
Bishops
themselves
,
seeing
the
Kings
Zeale
and
constancy
,
wept
as
fast
as
he
,
and
so
tooke
their
leave
of
him
,
and
coming
from
him
,
the
Arch-Bishop
tooke
his
Schoolmaster
Mr
Cheek
by
the
hand
,
and
said
,
Ah
Master
Cheek
,
you
have
such
a
scholler
,
that
hath
more
divinity
in
his
little
finger
,
then
all
wee
have
in
our
bodies
.
He
read
over
Melancthons
common
places
;
All
Tullies
works
:
the
greatest
part
of
Livies
His
studies
History
:
the
choicest
Orations
of
Socrates
in
Greek
,
of
which
he
translated
two
into
Latine
:
Sophocle's
Tragaedies
,
and
the
New
Testament
in
Greeke
also
.
The
learned
Cardane
made
this
Epitaph
of
him
.
Flete
nefas
magnum
,
sed
toto
flebitis
orbe
Mortales
:
vester
corruit
omnis
honor
.
Nam
regum
decus
,
juvenum
flos
,
spesque
bonorum
,
Diliciae
secli
,
et
gloria
gentis
erat
.
Dignus
Apolloniis
lachrymis
,
Doctaeque
Minervae
:
Flosculus
heu
misero
concidit
ante
diem
.
Te
tumulo
dabimus
,
Musae
supremaque
flentes
Munera
Melpomene
tristia
fata
canunt
.
Collected
out
of
the
Book
of
Martyrs
,
Sir
Io
.
Haywards
Life
of
Edward
the
sixth
,
and
Speeds
Chronicle
.
Q
:
ELIZABETH
portrait of Queen Elizabeth
The
life
of
Queen
Elizabeth
,
who
died
Anno
Christi
,
1602.
KIng
HENRY
the
eighth
being
divorced
from
Katherine
of
Spain
,
who
was
his
brother
Arthurs
Widow
,
married
the
Lady
Anne
Bullen
,
a
godly
,
vertuous
,
and
charitable
woman
,
who
was
delivered
of
this
Lady
,
September
7.
Elizabeth
.
Anno
Christi
1533.
whose
Godfather
was
Archbishop
Cranmer
,
and
her
Godmothers
were
,
the
old
Dutchess
of
Norfolke
,
&
the
old
Marchioness
Her
education
.
of
Dorset
.
She
was
brought
up
in
the
Protestant
Religion
from
her
childhood
,
and
had
for
her
Schoolmaster
,
Mr.
Ascham
,
who
instructed
her
in
the
knowledge
of
the
Tongues
,
and
Arts
;
and
under
whom
she
profited
very
much
in
learning
.
During
all
the
reigne
of
her
Father
King
Henry
,
and
of
her
brother
King
Edward
,
she
lived
in
a
Princely
fashion
:
But
under
the
reign
of
her
sister
Queen
Mary
,
she
met
with
so
many
afflictions
,
that
she
well
deserved
the
title
of
Elizabeth
the
Confessor
.
Yet
those
very
afflictions
,
through
Gods
goodnesse
,
did
her
so
much
Benefit
of
her
affliction
.
good
,
that
it
's
hard
to
say
,
whether
she
were
more
happy
in
having
a
Crown
so
soon
,
or
in
having
it
no
sooner
,
till
affliction
had
first
laid
in
her
a
low
and
therfore
sure
foundation
of
humility
,
for
Highness
to
be
afterwards
built
upon
.
By
which
means
she
was
so
ripened
for
her
future
Rule
and
Soveraignty
,
that
Pope
Sixtus
the
fifth
professed
,
that
amongst
all
the
Princes
in
Christendome
,
he
found
but
two
which
were
worthy
to
beare
command
,
if
they
had
not
been
stained
with
Heresie
,
viz.
Henry
the
fourth
,
King
of
France
;
and
Elizabeth
,
Queen
of
England
.
But
as
in
order
of
time
her
Sufferings
preceded
her
Soveraignty
;
so
we
will
first
set
them
down
to
the
view
of
the
Reader
.
When
Queen
Mary
came
first
to
the
Crowne
,
she
Hypocrisie
pretended
much
love
to
her
sister
,
the
Lady
Elizabeth
:
for
before
she
was
crowned
,
she
would
goe
no
whither
,
but
she
would
have
her
by
the
hand
,
and
send
for
her
to
dinner
and
Supper
:
But
after
she
was
crowned
,
she
kept
her
aloofe
from
her
:
and
shortly
after
,
upon
the
rising
of
Sir
Thomas
Wyat
,
she
with
the
Lord
Courtney
,
were
falsly
charged
to
have
a
hand
in
it
:
whereupon
the
Lady
Marie
sent
three
of
her
councellers
,
with
two
hundred
and
fifty
horsemen
of
their
retinue
to
her
,
then
lying
at
her
house
at
Ashbridge
,
who
found
her
very
sick
in
bed
,
and
very
feeble
and
weak
of
body
:
yet
they
going
up
to
her
chamber
,
willed
one
of
her
Ladies
to
tell
her
,
that
they
were
sent
to
her
with
a
message
from
the
Queene
:
Her
grace
being
told
of
it
,
said
,
she
was
glad
of
their
coming
,
howbeit
being
very
weak
and
it
now
ten
a
Incivility
of
the
Lords
.
clock
at
night
,
she
requested
them
to
come
againe
to
her
the
next
morning
:
to
which
they
replyed
,
that
they
must
needes
see
her
,
and
would
doe
it
in
what
case
soever
she
were
,
and
with
all
hastily
rushed
into
her
chamber
,
whereupon
she
being
not
a
little
amazed
,
said
unto
them
,
Is
the
hast
such
that
it
might
not
have
pleased
you
to
have
staid
till
the
morning
,
they
answered
,
that
they
were
sorry
to
see
her
in
that
case
:
and
I
(
said
she
)
am
not
glad
to
see
you
here
at
this
time
a
night
:
they
said
that
they
came
from
the
Queene
,
whose
pleasure
it
was
,
that
she
should
be
at
London
the
seventh
of
that
moneth
:
whereunto
she
said
,
Truly
there
is
no
creature
more
glad
then
I
to
come
to
her
Majesty
,
and
am
sorry
that
at
this
time
I
am
not
in
case
to
wait
on
her
,
as
you
see
,
and
may
testifie
:
They
said
,
they
were
sorry
to
see
it
:
yet
their
commission
was
to
bring
her
either
quick
,
or
dead
:
she
being
troubled
at
this
,
asked
,
if
their
commission
was
Popish
malice
.
so
strict
:
they
said
yea
,
and
withall
called
two
Physitians
asking
them
if
she
might
be
removed
with
life
,
or
noe
?
which
they
affirmed
that
she
might
in
their
judgement
;
thereupon
they
willed
her
to
prepare
against
next
morning
at
nine
a
clock
to
goe
with
them
:
And
accordingly
at
that
time
they
took
her
forth
,
faint
and
feeble
as
she
was
,
being
ready
to
Her
great
weaknesse
.
swoune
three
or
foure
times
betweene
them
.
That
night
they
brought
her
to
Redborn
,
where
shee
was
guarded
all
night
:
The
next
day
to
St.
Albanes
,
where
she
was
both
feeble
in
body
,
and
comfortlesse
●n
minde
.
From
thence
to
Mimmes
,
and
Highgate
,
where
she
being
very
sick
,
they
tarried
that
night
,
and
the
next
day
.
From
thence
she
was
carried
to
the
Court
,
many
people
by
the
way
flocking
about
her
,
and
being
very
sorry
to
see
her
in
that
case
.
At
Court
she
was
presently
Shee
is
made
a
prisoner
.
shut
up
,
and
kept
a
close
prisoner
for
a
fortnight
,
seeing
no
friend
all
that
time
.
Then
came
Steven
Gardiner
,
with
nineteen
more
of
the
Privie
Councell
,
charging
her
with
Wyats
conspiracy
,
which
she
utterly
denied
,
protesting
her
innocency
.
But
after
long
debating
of
the
businesse
,
they
told
her
,
it
was
the
Queens
pleasure
,
she
should
go
to
the
Tower
.
At
which
she
being
agast
,
said
,
she
trusted
the
Queen
would
be
more
gracious
to
her
;
still
protesting
her
innocency
,
and
intreating
them
to
mediate
for
her
to
the
Queen
;
that
seeing
she
was
a
true
woman
to
her
Majesty
,
both
in
thought
,
word
,
and
deed
,
she
might
not
be
committed
to
so
notorious
and
dolefull
a
place
:
protesting
that
she
desired
no
favour
,
if
she
were
found
guilty
of
these
things
.
But
the
Lords
told
her
,
there
was
no
remedy
,
for
that
the
Queen
was
fully
resolved
that
she
should
goe
to
the
Tower
,
and
so
they
departed
.
And
about
an
houre
after
,
came
Steven
Gardiner
again
with
three
other
of
the
Lords
,
and
Popish
malice
.
the
Guard
,
secluding
all
her
Gentlemen
,
Ladies
and
Gentlewomen
from
her
;
and
in
stead
of
them
,
appointed
three
of
the
Queenes
men
,
and
three
other
waiting
women
to
attend
her
,
that
none
should
have
accesse
to
her
grace
.
They
set
also
an
hundred
Northern
Souldiers
to
watch
in
the
Gardens
all
night
,
and
two
Lords
with
their
Companies
in
the
House
.
The
Saturday
following
came
two
Lords
to
her
,
telling
her
,
that
she
must
presently
goe
to
the
Tower
,
the
Barge
being
ready
,
and
the
Tide
serving
,
which
would
tarry
for
no
body
.
Hereupon
she
with
sorrow
intreated
them
,
that
she
might
stay
but
till
the
next
Tide
:
But
one
of
them
answered
,
that
neither
time
nor
tide
must
be
delayed
.
Then
she
requested
,
that
she
might
be
suffered
to
write
to
the
Queen
before
she
went
;
but
that
also
was
denied
her
by
one
of
them
:
but
the
other
(
the
Earle
of
Sussex
)
kneeling
down
,
said
,
she
should
have
liberty
to
write
,
and
as
he
was
a
true
man
,
he
would
deliver
it
to
the
Queen
,
and
bring
her
an
answer
,
what
ever
came
of
it
.
And
so
the
time
and
tide
passed
away
;
but
they
privily
prepared
all
things
for
her
going
the
next
tide
,
which
fell
out
at
midnight
:
yet
fearing
lest
she
should
be
taken
away
,
they
stayed
till
next
day
,
and
then
these
two
Lords
came
and
told
her
,
it
was
time
for
her
to
depart
:
She
bade
them
goe
before
,
and
since
there
was
no
remedy
,
she
would
follow
,
adding
,
that
she
wondred
what
the
Nobility
meant
,
to
suffer
her
to
be
led
into
captivity
,
the
Lord
knew
whither
,
for
she
did
not
.
She
shot
the
bridge
with
some
danger
,
the
Boat
striking
upon
the
Her
danger
.
ground
.
When
she
came
to
the
Tower
,
she
refused
to
land
at
the
Traytors
staires
;
neither
could
she
land
,
but
she
must
be
over
her
shooes
.
But
one
of
the
Lords
said
,
she
should
land
there
.
Whereupon
shee
coming
out
of
the
Barge
,
said
,
Here
lands
as
true
a
Imprisoned
in
the
Tower
.
Subject
,
being
a
prisoner
,
as
ever
landed
at
these
staires
,
and
before
thee
,
O
God
,
I
speak
it
,
having
no
friends
but
thee
alone
.
At
her
landing
stood
many
Warders
,
and
others
in
order
;
What
needs
all
this
,
said
shee
?
Going
a
little
further
,
she
sate
down
on
a
cold
stone
to
rest
her selfe
:
Then
the
Lieutenant
said
,
Madame
,
you
sit
unwholsomly
,
you
had
best
come
out
of
the
rain
.
To
whom
she
answered
,
I
had
better
sit
here
then
in
a
worse
place
;
for
God
knoweth
,
I
know
not
whither
you
will
bring
me
.
Hereupon
her
Gentleman
Usher
wept
:
To
whom
she
said
,
What
mean
you
to
use
me
so
?
I
took
you
for
my
comfort
,
not
thus
to
dismay
me
,
seeing
I
know
my
truth
to
be
such
,
that
none
shall
have
cause
to
weep
for
me
.
And
so
she
went
in
to
prison
;
The
doors
were
locked
and
bolted
upon
her
,
which
much
troubled
her
.
Then
she
called
to
her
Gentlewoman
for
her
Book
,
desiring
God
not
to
suffer
her
to
build
her
Her
prayer
.
foundation
upon
the
sands
,
but
upon
the
Rock
,
that
so
no
blustring
stormes
might
prevaile
against
her
.
Two
dayes
after
,
command
came
that
shee
should
have
Masse
said
in
her
Chamber
.
In
the
meane
time
there
was
much
examining
and
racking
of
poor
men
,
to
force
them
to
accuse
her
,
that
they
might
put
her
to
death
.
And
five
dayes
after
came
Steven
Gardiner
▪
with
others
of
the
Councell
,
and
examined
her
very
strictly
about
divers
things
:
to
whom
she
at
last
replyed
,
My
Lords
you
doe
sift
me
very
narrowly
,
but
well
I
am
assured
you
shall
not
doe
more
to
me
then
Her
faith
.
God
hath
appointed
,
and
so
God
forgive
you
all
.
About
that
time
diverse
of
her
servants
,
having
provided
her
Diet
,
brought
it
to
the
Tower
gate
,
where
the
rascally
souldiers
received
it
,
which
so
grieved
them
,
that
they
desired
to
speake
with
the
Lieuetenant
of
the
Tower
,
whom
they
beseeched
,
that
they
might
not
deliver
her
Graces
food
to
such
desperate
ruffians
,
A
churlish
Nabal
.
but
that
they
might
carry
it
to
her
themselves
:
but
he
very
churlishly
refused
,
saying
,
a
prisoner
she
is
,
and
she
shall
be
served
as
other
prisoners
are
:
they
replyed
,
that
they
expected
more
favour
from
him
,
and
perswaded
themselves
,
that
the
Queene
and
her
Councell
would
be
better
to
her
Grace
then
so
:
whereupon
he
sware
by
God
,
that
if
they
either
frowned
,
or
shrugged
at
him
,
he
would
set
the
where
they
should
neither
see
Sun
nor
Moone
.
Thus
taking
their
leave
,
they
prayed
God
to
make
him
of
a
better
mind
to
their
Mistris
:
Having
thus
continued
in
prison
for
a
moneth
,
shee
began
to
bee
sickly
,
whereupon
she
requested
the
Lieuetenant
that
Popish
cruelty
.
she
might
have
liberty
to
walke
out
a
little
,
but
he
denying
her
that
favour
,
she
requested
,
that
at
least
shee
might
walke
into
the
Queenes
Lodgings
,
but
still
he
pretended
that
he
durst
not
permit
it
:
Well
then
said
she
,
if
they
be
so
strict
,
God
comfort
me
:
The
next
day
the
Lord
Shandois
came
to
her
,
and
told
her
,
that
he
had
sued
to
the
Councell
for
some
liberty
for
her
,
and
had
at
last
obtained
,
that
she
might
walke
into
those
Lodgings
,
provided
,
that
the
windowes
were
kept
shut
,
and
that
the
L.
Chamberlaine
,
and
three
of
the
Qs.
women
did
attend
her
,
for
which
she
thanked
him
,
and
made
use
of
that
little
liberty
:
Afterwards
she
had
leave
to
walke
into
a
little
Garden
,
the
doores
being
locked
upon
her
,
and
the
prisoners
on
that
side
Contentment
.
the
house
being
straightly
commanded
not
to
speake
,
nor
looke
out
at
windowes
,
whilst
she
was
there
:
for
this
she
praysed
God
,
and
was
well
contented
with
it
.
During
her
imprisonment
,
a
little
boy
foure
yeares
old
,
a
mans
child
in
the
Tower
,
used
sometimes
to
bring
her
some
flowers
,
as
he
did
to
other
prisoners
:
hereupon
the
boy
,
was
sent
for
,
and
they
promised
him
Figgs
and
Apples
,
and
then
asked
him
when
hee
was
with
the
Lady
Elizabeth
;
hee
answered
,
every
day
:
then
they
asked
him
,
when
hee
was
with
the
Lord
of
Devonshire
,
and
what
he
sent
by
him
to
her
Grace
:
the
boy
said
,
I
will
goe
presently
to
him
and
know
what
he
will
send
her
:
but
upon
this
the
Lieuetenant
told
him
,
he
should
be
whipt
,
if
hee
came
any
more
at
them
:
But
,
said
the
boy
,
I
will
carry
my
Lady
and
mistris
some
more
flowers
:
whereupon
the
childs
father
was
commanded
,
that
he
should
suffer
him
to
goe
noe
more
to
their
chambers
:
the
next
day
her
Grace
walking
in
the
garden
,
the
boy
peeped
in
at
a
hole
,
and
said
,
Mistris
I
must
bringe
you
noe
more
flowers
:
whereat
she
smiled
,
apprehending
what
the
reason
was
:
this
so
angred
the
Lieuetenant
,
that
he
commanded
his
father
to
put
him
out
of
the
Tower
:
Shortly
after
,
the
Constable
of
the
Tower
was
discharged
,
and
Sir
Henry
Benefield
put
into
his
place
,
who
brought
with
him
one
hundred
souldiers
,
with
which
she
was
much
troubled
,
and
and
asked
,
whether
the
Lady
Ianes
Scaffold
was
Her
feare
.
yet
taken
away
,
fearing
that
she
should
have
acted
the
same
Tragedy
.
Then
she
enquired
,
what
this
Sir
Henry
Benefield
was
,
and
whether
if
her
secret
murthering
was
required
,
he
was
a
man
of
that
conscience
to
see
it
done
.
They
answered
,
they
knew
not
what
he
was
;
but
they
were
perswaded
,
God
would
not
suffer
such
wickednesse
.
Well
,
said
she
,
God
grant
it
:
For
thou
,
O
God
,
canst
mollifie
such
tyrannous
hearts
,
and
disappoint
all
such
cruell
purposes
:
And
I
Her
prayer
.
beseech
thee
,
to
heare
me
thy
creature
,
which
am
thy
servant
,
and
at
thy
command
,
trusting
by
thy
grace
ever
so
to
remain
.
Shortly
after
,
she
was
told
by
the
Lord
Shandois
,
that
she
must
be
removed
by
the
new
Guard
,
but
he
knew
not
whither
,
except
to
Woodstock
.
This
much
She
is
removed
to
Wood
stock
.
troubled
her
,
desiring
rather
to
stay
there
still
,
then
to
be
led
thence
with
such
a
sort
of
Rascals
.
But
he
told
her
,
there
was
no
remedy
:
Accordingly
the
Sabbath
following
,
Sir
Henry
Benefield
(
being
made
her
Jaylor
)
received
her
to
his
charge
,
with
a
company
of
Rake-hels
for
her
Guard
.
The
Lord
of
Tame
also
was
joyned
in
commission
with
him
:
The
first
night
they
carried
her
to
Richmond
,
where
her
owne
attendance
were
removed
into
outward
Chambers
,
and
these
rude
Souldiers
appointed
to
attend
on
her
person
.
Whereat
she
suspecting
some
mischiefe
,
called
her
Her
fears
.
Usher
,
desiring
him
with
the
rest
,
to
pray
for
her
:
For
this
night
(
quoth
she
)
I
think
to
die
.
But
he
with
many
teares
endeavoured
to
comfort
her
;
and
going
down
into
the
Court
,
hee
met
the
Lord
of
Tame
,
and
Sir
Henry
Benefield
,
walking
there
,
and
desiring
to
speak
with
the
Lord
apart
,
hee
said
to
him
,
My
Lord
,
you
have
alwayes
been
my
good
Lord
,
and
so
I
beseech
you
to
remain
;
I
now
desire
your
Honour
unfainedly
to
tell
me
,
whether
any
mischiefe
be
intended
to
her
Grace
this
night
,
that
I
and
my
poore
fellowes
may
A
faithful
servant
.
take
such
part
as
it
shall
please
God
to
appoint
:
For
certainly
we
will
rather
die
then
that
she
being
innocent
,
should
secretly
miscarry
.
Mary
(
said
the
Lord
)
God
forbid
that
any
such
wickednesse
should
bee
wrought
;
and
rather
then
it
should
be
so
,
I
and
my
men
are
ready
to
die
at
her
feet
also
.
And
so
through
Gods
mercy
she
passed
that
dolefull
night
with
an
heavie
heart
.
The
next
day
,
as
she
passed
to
Windsor
,
she
spied
some
of
her
men
standing
in
the
way
to
see
her
:
Wherupon
she
bade
one
about
her
to
go
to
them
,
and
to
tell
them
,
tanquam
ovis
,
that
she
was
led
as
a
Sheep
to
the
slaughter
.
From
Windsor
she
was
carried
to
Mr.
Dormers
;
and
by
the
way
some
poore
people
presenting
her
A
churlish
Nabal
.
with
some
small
trifles
,
Sir
Henry
Benefield
was
exceeding
angry
,
calling
them
Rebels
and
Traytors
,
&c.
As
she
passed
through
some
Townes
,
they
rang
the
Bells
,
which
so
angred
Benefield
,
that
he
sent
his
Souldiers
for
the
Ringers
,
and
set
them
in
the
stockes
.
The
next
night
she
went
to
the
Lord
of
Tames
,
where
she
was
entertained
in
a
very
Princely
manner
.
The
Lord
of
Tames
kindnesse
to
her
.
At
which
Benefield
grunted
and
grumbled
,
saying
,
That
they
could
not
answer
it
,
&c.
But
the
Lord
of
Tame
told
him
,
that
he
knew
what
he
did
,
and
that
her
grace
should
be
merry
at
his
house
.
The
next
day
she
went
to
Woodstocke
,
where
she
was
imprisoned
closely
,
the
souldiers
guarding
both
within
,
and
with
out
the
walls
of
the
house
day
,
and
night
:
at
last
she
was
allowed
to
walk
into
the
garden
,
which
much
refreshed
her
,
yet
all
the
doores
were
stricktly
locked
,
Sir
Henry
himselfe
keeping
the
Keies
,
whereupon
she
called
him
her
jailor
,
but
he
desired
her
not
to
call
him
so
,
but
one
of
her
officers
,
to
whom
she
answered
;
From
such
officers
good
Lord
deliver
me
.
After
a
time
she
made
suit
to
the
Councell
,
that
she
might
have
leave
to
write
to
the
Queene
,
which
at
last
was
permitted
,
and
Sir
Henry
Benefield
brought
her
pen
,
ink
,
and
paper
,
standing
by
whilst
she
wrote
,
and
then
requested
that
he
might
be
the
messenger
to
carry
it
:
but
she
told
him
,
she
would
send
one
of
her
owne
servants
with
it
:
whereupon
he
replyed
,
that
he
thought
none
of
them
durst
be
so
bold
as
to
carry
it
,
she
being
in
that
case
:
Yea
(
said
she
)
I
have
none
sodishonest
as
not
to
goe
at
my
request
.
Well
(
said
he
)
my
commission
is
to
the
contrary
,
and
I
may
not
suffer
it
.
Her
Grace
replyed
;
you
tell
me
oft
of
your
commission
,
I
pray
God
you
may
justly
answer
the
cruell
dealing
that
you
use
towards
me
.
Yet
he
stopt
her
letters
foure
or
five
daies
but
at
length
sent
for
one
of
her
Gentlemen
,
and
asked
him
,
if
he
durst
be
so
bold
as
to
carry
her
letter
.
Yea
said
he
,
that
I
dare
,
and
will
with
all
my
heart
:
so
with
an
ill
will
he
gave
him
her
letter
:
She
being
sickly
the
Queene
sent
two
of
her
Physitians
,
to
her
▪
She
is
sickly
.
who
staid
foure
,
or
fiue
daies
,
till
she
began
to
amend
,
and
then
returned
,
reporting
well
of
her
mild
behaviour
,
and
humblenesse
towards
the
Queene
.
About
which
time
she
was
requested
to
submit
her selfe
to
the
Queenes
Majesty
:
but
she
answered
,
that
she
would
never
submit
to
them
,
whom
she
had
never
offended
,
for
said
she
,
if
I
have
offended
,
I
craue
no
Popish
malice
.
mercy
,
but
the
Law
,
which
had
I
beene
guilty
of
the
breach
of
,
I
am
sure
I
should
have
had
it
before
this
:
About
this
time
a
Consultation
being
held
Kinge
of
Spaines
kindness
to
her
.
what
should
be
done
with
her
:
One
of
the
Lords
said
,
that
it
would
never
be
quiet
with
England
,
except
her
head
were
stricken
off
:
whereunto
the
Spaniards
God
protects
her
from
many
dangers
answered
:
God
forbid
,
that
their
King
,
and
master
should
have
a
mind
to
consent
to
that
mischiefe
:
and
accordingly
they
perswaded
their
King
,
that
he
should
never
get
so
much
honour
,
as
by
delivering
the
Lady
Elizabeth
out
of
prison
,
which
at
length
he
effected
:
Whilst
she
was
at
Woodstock
,
her
life
was
oft
in
danger
,
first
by
fire
kindling
under
her
Chamber
boards
,
which
was
verily
supposed
to
be
done
on
purpose
,
yet
through
Gods
mercy
,
it
was
quenched
:
Also
a
ruffian
,
that
was
one
of
the
keepers
,
was
suborned
to
murther
her
,
which
the
L.
also
discovered
,
and
prevented
:
Also
a
darling
of
Steven
Gardiners
was
sent
to
murther
her
,
which
was
prevented
by
Sir
Henry
Benefields
absence
,
who
had
commanded
his
brother
to
let
no
man
whatsoever
to
come
to
her
till
his
returned
:
Also
whiles
she
was
in
the
Tower
,
by
Steven
Gardiners
procurement
,
a
writ
was
sent
for
her
execution
,
but
the
Lieuetenant
presently
going
to
the
Queene
with
it
,
the
Lord
was
pleased
in
mercy
thereby
to
prevent
the
execution
of
it
.
At
her
departure
out
of
Woodstock
she
wrote
with
a
Diamond
in
the
window
.
Much
suspected
of
me
,
Nothing
proved
can
be
,
Quoth
Elizabeth
prisoner
.
Whilst
she
was
there
,
hearing
a
milke
maide
in
the
Park
singing
merrily
,
she
wished
her self
a
milkmaid
,
saying
that
her
case
was
better
,
and
life
more
merry
then
hers
in
that
state
as
she
was
.
When
she
was
sent
for
from
Woodstock
,
she
was
by
Sir
Henry
Benefield
carried
in
a
tempestuous
day
to
Ricot
,
by
the
way
her
hood
was
thrice
blowne
off
,
and
she
desiring
to
She
wisheth
her selfe
a
Milkmaid
goe
to
a
gentlemans
house
hard
by
,
Benefield
would
not
suffer
her
,
so
that
she
was
constrained
under
an
hedge
to
trimme
her
head
as
well
as
she
could
:
from
thence
shewas
carried
to
Colebrook
,
and
by
the
way
Popish
cruelty
.
some
of
her
servants
meeting
of
her
,
which
had
not
seene
her
of
a
long
time
,
they
were
not
suffered
to
speake
with
her
,
but
were
charged
in
the
Queens
name
presently
to
depart
,
to
their
mutuall
sorrow
;
she
was
still
surrounded
and
guarded
with
souldiers
,
and
close
shut
up
in
her
chamber
,
as
in
a
prison
:
From
thence
she
went
to
Hampton
Court
,
where
for
a
fortnight
she
was
shut
up
,
and
guarded
with
souldiers
as
before
:
Then
came
to
her
the
Lord
William
Howard
,
who
used
her
very
honourably
:
whereup-she
requested
him
to
be
a
means
that
she
might
speake
with
some
of
the
privy
Councell
;
and
shortly
after
,
Steven
Gardiner
with
some
others
of
them
came
to
her
,
to
whom
she
said
My
Lords
I
am
glad
to
see
you
,
me
thinks
I
have
beene
desolatly
alone
a
great
while
:
wherefore
I
desire
you
to
mediate
to
the
King
,
and
Queene
,
that
I
may
be
delivered
from
prison
&c.
Then
Steven
Gardiner
requested
her
to
submit
herselfe
to
the
Queene
,
and
then
he
doubted
not
but
she
would
be
good
to
her
:
to
whom
she
answered
,
that
Her
courage
.
rather
then
she
would
doe
so
,
she
would
lie
in
prison
all
the
daies
of
her
life
;
for
she
craved
no
mercy
,
but
rather
the
Law
,
in
case
she
had
offended
:
for
(
said
she
)
if
I
should
yield
to
this
,
I
should
confesse
my selfe
to
be
an
offendor
,
and
might
give
the
King
and
Queene
occasion
to
judge
evill
of
me
ever
hereafter
:
and
so
the
Lords
departed
.
The
next
day
came
Gardiner
againe
,
and
told
her
,
that
the
Queene
marvelled
that
she
carried
her selfe
so
stoutly
,
not
confessing
that
she
had
offended
;
and
therefore
the
Queene
had
imprisoned
her
wrongfully
:
Nay
(
said
she
)
it
may
please
her
to
punish
me
as
she
sees
good
:
Well
(
said
Gardiner
)
you
must
tell
an
other
tale
before
you
be
set
at
liberty
:
the
good
Lady
answered
,
that
she
had
as
leive
be
in
prison
with
truth
,
and
honesty
,
as
abroad
,
and
suspected
of
her
Majesty
.
A
week
after
the
Queene
sent
for
her
at
ten
a
She
goes
to
the
Queene
.
clock
at
night
,
whom
she
had
not
seene
of
two
years
before
,
and
so
she
was
conducted
to
the
Queens
bedchamber
;
when
she
came
in
,
she
kneeled
downe
,
and
prayed
God
to
preserve
her
Majesty
,
not
doubting
but
she
should
proue
as
true
a
subject
to
her
as
ever
any
did
,
desiring
her
Majesty
so
to
esteem
of
her
,
for
she
should
not
find
her
otherwise
,
whatsoever
report
she
heard
to
the
contrary
:
the
Queene
answered
,
you
will
not
confesse
your
offence
,
but
stand
stoutly
to
your
truth
:
I
pray
God
it
may
so
fall
out
:
If
it
doe
not
(
said
the
L.
Eliz
.
)
I
neither
desire
favour
,
nor
pardon
,
&c.
and
so
after
such
like
discourse
,
she
was
sent
away
with
little
comfort
from
the
Queene
:
yet
a
week
after
she
was
freed
from
Sir
Henry
Benefield
her
keeper
,
and
his
souldiers
:
whereupon
she
went
to
refresh
her selfe
in
the
Countrey
:
but
the
Queene
sent
with
her
Sir
Thomas
Pope
,
one
of
her
Councellors
,
who
watched
her
narrowly
all
Queene
Maries
daies
:
Shortly
after
came
someof
the
New
troubles
.
Queenes
servants
,
and
carried
one
of
her
Gentlewomen
to
the
Fleet
,
and
three
others
to
the
Tower
,
which
much
troubled
her
Grace
:
But
it
pleased
God
Steven
Grdiner
dies
.
about
this
time
to
take
away
by
a
remarkable
judgment
that
cruel
persecutor
Steven
Gardiner
,
whereby
the
life
of
this
excellent
Princesse
was
preserved
:
Queene
Mary
dies
.
and
shortly
after
dropped
away
by
degrees
diverse
other
of
her
enemies
,
wherby
her
danger
decreased
,
and
safety
,
and
comfort
began
to
appeare
,
as
light
out
of
a
darke
cloud
:
At
last
also
Queene
Marie
dyed
,
at
which
time
the
Parliament
was
sitting
at
Westminster
:
and
the
Lords
being
informed
of
it
,
they
communicated
it
to
the
Commons
,
and
so
both
joyned
together
presently
in
proclaiming
Elizabeth
Queene
of
England
&c.
She
was
now
about
fiue
and
twenty
yeares
old
,
and
by
experience
,
and
adversitie
had
gotten
wisdome
aboue
her
age
:
the
next
day
She
is
proclaimed
Queene
.
after
she
was
proclaimed
Queene
,
she
came
from
Hatfield
to
London
,
and
lodged
at
the
Charter
house
:
the
next
day
she
went
to
the
Tower
:
and
in
her
passage
had
diverse
speeches
made
to
her
,
and
other
expressions
of
her
Subiects
joy
,
and
if
ever
person
had
the
gift
,
or
skill
to
win
the
hearts
of
the
people
,
it
was
this
Queene
,
she
coupled
mildnesse
with
Majesty
;
&
stooped
,
yet
in
a
stately
manner
,
to
the
meanest
sort
.
Her
Character
.
All
her
faculties
were
in
motion
,
and
every
motion
seemed
a
well-guided
action
:
Her
eye
was
set
upon
one
,
her
eare
listned
to
another
,
her
judgement
ran
upon
a
third
,
to
a
fourth
she
addressed
her
speech
:
Her
spirit
seemed
to
be
every
where
,
and
yet
so
intire
in
herselfe
,
that
it
seemed
to
be
no
where
else
.
Some
she
commended
,
some
she
pitied
,
some
she
thanked
;
contemning
none
,
neglecting
none
:
and
generally
casting
forth
such
courteous
countenances
,
gestures
,
and
speeches
,
that
thereupon
the
people
redoubled
the
testimonies
of
their
joy
,
promising
themselves
much
happinesse
under
the
government
of
such
a
Queen
.
She
was
of
stature
tall
,
slender
,
straight
,
and
of
an
amiable
countenance
:
her
haire
inclined
to
a
pale
yellow
,
her
fore-head
large
and
faire
,
a
seemly
seat
for
Princely
grace
;
her
eyes
lively
,
her
nose
somewhat
rising
in
the
middest
,
the
whole
compasse
of
her
countenance
somewhat
long
,
but
yet
of
admirable
beauty
.
In
life
she
was
most
innocent
,
in
desires
moderate
,
in
purpose
just
,
of
spirit
above
credit
,
and
almost
above
the
capacity
of
her
Sex
:
of
a
Divine
wit
,
as
well
for
depth
of
judgement
,
as
for
quick
conceit
,
and
speedy
expedition
;
very
eloquent
,
of
wonderfull
knowledge
both
in
learning
and
affaires
:
skilfull
in
Greek
,
Latine
,
and
divers
other
forraigne
languages
.
She
was
very
religious
,
magnanimous
,
mercifull
,
and
just
:
She
maintained
justice
at
home
,
and
Armes
abroad
,
with
great
wisdome
and
authority
;
She
desired
those
that
repaired
to
her
,
if
they
would
not
be
deceived
in
her
,
that
they
would
not
be
the
first
to
deceive
themselves
;
that
they
would
not
prejudice
her
by
immoderate
expectations
and
hopes
,
promising
to
themselves
out
of
a
sudden
liking
,
more
then
was
fit
,
or
peradventure
possible
to
be
performed
:
And
lastly
,
that
they
would
not
rashly
judge
of
her
actions
,
as
being
privy
neither
to
the
occasions
nor
ends
of
them
.
After
some
stay
at
the
Tower
,
she
removed
to
Sommerset
house
:
She
continued
all
the
Councellors
left
by
the
deceased
Queen
;
and
to
ballance
them
equally
,
Her
Councellors
.
being
Papists
,
she
chose
divers
Protestants
to
joyn
with
them
;
and
knowing
that
sudden
alterations
are
dangerous
,
she
did
by
degrees
abolish
Popery
,
Popery
abolished
by
degrees
and
established
the
reformed
Religion
:
then
she
summoned
a
Parliament
.
When
she
took
Coach
in
the
Tower
,
shee
made
a
solemne
thankesgiving
to
God
,
who
had
delivered
her
no
lesse
mercifully
,
and
mightily
,
from
her
imprisonment
in
that
place
,
then
Daniel
from
the
Lions
Den
:
that
had
Her
thanksgiving
.
delivered
her
from
those
dangers
wherewith
she
was
environed
,
and
overwhelmed
,
to
bring
her
to
the
joy
and
honour
of
that
day
.
As
she
passed
through
the
City
,
the
Recorder
presented
her
with
a
curious
purse
,
wherein
were
a
thousand
Markes
in
gold
,
desiring
that
she
would
be
a
gracious
Mistresse
to
the
Citie
:
She
answered
,
that
she
was
bound
so
to
be
,
not
for
their
gold
,
but
for
their
good
wills
:
And
that
as
they
had
expended
treasure
to
honour
her
,
so
she
would
be
ready
not
onely
to
spend
her
treasure
,
but
the
dearest
drops
of
her
blood
to
maintaine
and
increase
their
flourishing
estate
.
A
Child
from
a
Pageant
let
down
in
a
silken
lace
,
an
English
Bible
richly
covered
to
her
:
She
kissed
her
She
receives
a
Bible
.
hands
,
took
it
,
kist
it
,
laid
it
to
her
breast
,
then
held
it
up
,
thanking
the
Citie
,
especially
for
that
gift
,
and
promising
to
be
a
diligent
reader
of
it
.
She
cheerfully
received
Nosegayes
,
Flowers
,
Rosemary
from
mean
persons
.
The
Sabbath
following
,
she
was
crowned
at
Westminster
:
then
she
appointed
a
publick
disputation
there
,
about
matters
of
religion
;
but
the
Popish
Disputants
A
disputation
appointed
.
shewed
themselves
so
crosse
,
and
froward
in
it
,
that
it
came
to
nothing
.
King
Philip
hearing
of
the
death
of
his
wife
Queen
Mary
,
he
sent
an
Embassadour
to
propose
his
marriage
King
of
Spain
wooes
her
.
with
her
,
promising
to
get
a
dispensation
from
the
Pope
.
This
much
troubled
her
,
considering
his
quality
,
and
how
much
he
had
deserved
of
her
,
and
yet
now
she
must
reject
his
suit
:
Wherefore
she
resolved
publickly
to
make
profession
of
her
Religion
,
and
to
hasten
the
Reformation
,
as
the
onely
meanes
to
take
him
off
.
In
the
Parliament
was
enacted
,
That
Reformation
of
religion
.
the
Lady
Elizabeth
was
,
and
ought
both
by
the
Law
of
God
,
the
common
Law
of
England
,
and
the
Statute
Law
,
to
be
the
lawfull
and
undoubted
Queen
of
England
,
&c.
The
Sacrament
was
appointed
to
bee
used
in
both
kindes
,
and
divers
such
like
Lawes
for
establishing
the
Protestant
Religion
.
Then
she
concluded
a
peace
with
the
French
King
.
The
Commons
by
their
Speaker
,
endeavoured
to
perswade
her
to
marriage
from
many
politick
grounds
.
To
whom
she
answered
,
That
at
at
her
Coronation
Her
answer
concerning
marriage
she
had
solemnly
with
a
Ring
espoused
her selfe
to
the
Kingdome
,
And
(
said
she
)
every
one
of
you
,
and
every
true
Englishman
,
are
my
children
,
and
kinsmen
:
But
if
God
shall
please
,
that
I
shall
enter
into
another
course
of
life
,
I
promise
you
,
that
I
will
doe
nothing
that
shall
be
prejudiciall
to
the
Common
wealth
,
&c.
And
to
me
it
shall
be
full
satisfaction
,
if
when
I
have
left
my
last
breath
,
it
be
engraven
on
my
Tomb
,
Here
lies
ELIZABETH
,
which
reigned
a
Virgin
,
Her
Motto
and
died
a
Virgin
.
By
means
of
the
alteration
of
Religion
,
this
Kingdome
became
the
most
free
of
all
the
Kingdomes
in
Christendome
,
the
Scepter
being
freed
from
servitude
to
the
Pope
:
and
more
wealthy
then
formerly
,
an
infinite
Masse
of
money
being
staid
at
home
,
which
was
wont
to
be
exported
to
Rome
.
She
oft
used
to
say
,
That
the
Common-wealth
might
be
in
safety
,
shee
was
never
without
care
.
Her
Motto
was
,
Semper
eadem
,
Alwayes
the
same
.
Her
study
was
,
as
to
reform
,
so
to
establish
the
reformed
Religion
.
When
forraigne
Princes
interceded
to
her
in
the
behalfe
of
the
Papists
,
she
answered
,
That
they
must
not
expect
from
her
such
things
,
as
she
could
not
grant
with
Toleration
denied
.
the
safety
of
her
Kingdome
,
and
without
wrong
to
her
own
honour
and
,
conscience
.
The
King
of
France
,
notwithstanding
his
late
made
peace
with
her
,
yet
levied
great
Forces
of
Horse
and
Foot
,
to
be
transported
into
Scotland
:
But
whilst
he
breathed
out
nothing
but
blood
,
and
slaughter
against
King
of
France
his
death
.
the
Protestants
,
by
Gods
just
hand
his
owne
blood
was
spilt
at
the
Nuptiall
solemnities
of
his
daughter
,
and
sister
.
About
this
time
Religion
was
reformed
in
Scotland
,
Religion
reformed
in
Scotland
.
which
the
Queen
Regent
much
impugned
;
and
for
that
end
made
use
of
French
Souldiers
to
suppresse
the
Protestant
Nobility
,
and
others
.
Whereupon
they
sued
to
Queen
Elizabeth
for
aid
,
and
she
enquired
into
their
ends
,
which
they
proposed
,
which
they
professed
were
to
advance
the
glory
of
Christ
,
the
sincere
preaching
of
Gods
Word
,
the
rooting
out
of
Superstition
,
and
Idolatry
,
and
to
preserve
their
ancient
liberty
against
the
oppression
of
strangers
.
After
the
Queen
had
seriously
considered
all
things
,
it
was
resolved
,
That
the
professors
of
the
She
relieves
the
Reformers
same
Religion
were
to
be
relieved
,
and
the
French
to
be
driven
out
of
Scotland
.
Hereupon
the
Queen
sent
Mr.
Winter
with
a
Fleet
into
Edinburgh
Frith
,
who
set
upon
the
French
Ships
of
Warre
,
and
upon
one
of
their
Garrisons
.
And
the
Duke
of
Norfolke
was
sent
to
Batwick
,
unto
whom
resorted
many
of
the
Scottish
Nobility
,
where
many
Articles
were
agreed
upon
betwixt
them
.
After
which
the
Queen
sent
an
Army
into
Scotland
,
consisting
of
one
thousand
two
hundred
Horse
,
and
six
thousand
Foot
,
under
the
Lord
Grey
,
a
brave
Souldier
:
They
first
besieged
Leith
;
the
French
issued
forth
and
skirmished
Leith
besieged
.
with
them
,
but
were
beaten
in
againe
.
The
siege
continuing
,
the
King
of
France
sent
to
Queen
Elizabeth
,
to
treat
of
a
peace
;
which
at
last
was
concluded
,
and
proclaimed
in
the
Camp
,
and
Towne
.
Peace
concluded
.
Hereby
the
ancient
liberty
of
Scotland
was
retained
,
the
dignity
of
England
preserved
,
and
the
Scottish
Protestants
acknowledged
our
Queen
Defendresse
of
their
happinesse
.
Shortly
after
,
the
Queen
set
forth
a
Proclamation
,
whereby
she
commanded
the
Anabaptists
,
and
such
like
Heretickes
,
which
had
flocked
to
the
Coast
Heretickes
banished
.
Townes
of
England
from
the
parts
beyond
the
Sea
,
(
under
colour
of
shunning
persecution
,
and
thereby
had
spread
their
poisonous
opinions
in
England
)
to
depart
the
Realm
within
twenty
dayes
,
upon
pain
of
imprisonment
,
and
losse
of
goods
.
The
Abby
of
Westminster
she
converted
to
a
Collegiat
Westminster
reformed
.
Church
;
instituting
to
Gods
glory
,
and
the
increase
of
good
learning
,
a
Dean
,
twelve
Prebends
,
a
Schoolmaster
,
Usher
,
and
fourty
Scholars
,
six
whereof
at
least
are
preferred
to
the
Universities
yearly
,
twelve
Almesmen
,
&c.
Money
,
which
King
Henry
the
eighth
had
embased
,
she
restored
to
its
just
value
.
Anno
1561.
the
Scottish
Queen
deferred
the
confirmation
of
the
aforementioned
Treaty
:
Whereupon
the
Queen
sent
into
Scotland
,
to
exhort
the
Nobility
to
mutuall
amity
,
which
is
firmly
founded
in
the
unity
of
Religion
.
Shortly
after
,
the
Scottish
Queen
,
being
now
a
Widow
,
and
in
France
,
sent
to
Queen
Elizabeth
for
leave
to
passe
into
Scotland
upon
a
safe
conduct
:
Which
she
refused
to
grant
,
because
she
had
not
,
according
to
her
faith
given
,
confirmed
the
aforenamed
Treaty
.
But
yet
in
a
great
fogge
,
shee
passed
by
the
English
Ships
,
and
so
got
into
Scotland
.
About
this
time
the
Pope
endeavoured
to
perswade
her
,
to
send
some
to
the
Councell
of
Trent
,
for
the
taking
away
of
dissentions
in
Religion
,
&c.
Whereunto
she
answered
,
That
she
heartily
wished
for
an
She
disclaims
the
Councell
of
Trent
.
Oecumenicall
Councell
,
but
to
a
Popish
Councell
she
would
not
send
,
with
the
Bishop
of
Rome
she
had
nothing
to
doe
,
whose
authority
was
expelled
out
of
England
by
consent
of
her
Estates
:
Neither
belonged
it
to
him
,
but
to
the
Emperour
,
to
call
Councels
,
nor
would
she
acknowledge
any
greater
authority
in
him
,
then
in
any
other
Bishop
.
About
this
time
the
Spire
of
Pauls
Steeple
,
which
Pauls
steeple
burnt
.
was
five
hundred
and
twenty
foot
from
the
ground
,
and
two
hundred
and
sixty
from
the
square
Steeple
,
being
framed
of
Timber
,
and
covered
with
lead
,
was
set
on
fire
by
lightning
;
and
in
five
houres
space
,
it
was
quite
consumed
,
together
with
the
roof
of
the
Church
:
But
by
the
Queenes
bounty
,
and
other
large
contributions
,
the
roofe
was
soon
repaired
again
.
Anno
1562.
the
Protestants
in
France
being
persecuted
,
She
assists
the
Protestants
in
France
.
and
oppressed
by
the
Popish
party
,
sent
to
the
Queen
of
England
,
desiring
aid
from
her
:
And
after
mature
deliberation
,
she
took
into
her
protection
the
French
Kings
subjects
in
Normandy
,
contracting
with
the
Prince
of
Conde
,
and
other
Noble
men
,
to
pay
them
an
hundred
thousand
Angels
,
and
to
send
them
over
into
France
,
six
thousand
men
.
And
the
same
day
she
published
a
Declaration
,
that
she
sent
not
her
Army
into
Normandy
to
recover
that
Countrey
,
which
anciently
belonged
to
the
Kings
of
England
,
but
to
preserve
it
for
the
French
King
,
being
not
yet
at
age
,
and
to
defend
it
against
the
Guises
,
who
had
exercised
barbarous
cruelties
against
the
Protestants
,
whom
she
could
not
neglect
,
without
betraying
her
own
Religion
,
security
,
and
safety
.
And
shortly
after
,
she
sent
over
Forces
under
the
Earle
of
Warwicke
,
to
New-Haven
:
And
the
Queens
Ships
scouring
the
Seas
,
brought
in
many
rich
prizes
.
Anno
1563.
another
parliament
was
holden
at
A
Parliament
.
Westminster
;
where
,
amongst
other
good
Lawes
,
it
was
ordained
,
that
the
Bible
,
and
Service
should
be
translated
into
the
Welsh
tongue
.
The
yeare
Her
entertaimment
at
Cambridg
,
after
,
the
Queen
in
her
progresse
,
went
to
Cambridge
,
where
she
was
entertained
with
all
kinds
of
honour
,
and
with
Comedies
,
Tragedies
,
and
Scholasticall
Disputations
:
She
surveyed
every
Colledge
,
and
in
a
Latine
Oration
she
acknowledged
their
love
,
and
kindnesse
,
commending
their
multiplicity
of
learning
,
exhorting
them
to
bend
their
whole
mindes
,
and
studies
to
the
improvement
thereof
;
promising
to
be
a
Patronesse
to
them
therein
.
Anno
1566.
she
went
to
Oxford
also
,
where
she
And
Oxford
.
was
magnificently
entertained
:
There
she
stayed
seven
dayes
,
being
much
delighted
with
the
pleasantnesse
of
the
place
,
and
beautifulnesse
of
the
Colledges
;
and
the
wits
,
and
excellent
learning
of
the
Students
:
She
gave
them
large
thankes
in
a
Latine
Oration
,
with
singular
sweetnesse
of
speech
,
and
so
bade
them
heartily
fare-well
.
Anno
1568.
some
godly
Ministers
sought
earnestly
A
further
reformation
desired
.
for
a
reformation
of
our
Church
,
for
abolishing
of
Episcopacy
,
&
for
the
setling
of
the
Presbyteriall
government
in
this
Kingdome
.
But
by
the
power
of
the
Bishops
with
the
Queen
,
they
were
imprisoned
;
yet
had
they
many
that
concurred
with
them
in
judgement
;
which
by
the
Prelaticall
party
were
branded
with
the
odious
name
of
Puritanes
.
About
this
time
the
Queen
of
Scots
fled
into
England
,
and
by
the
advice
of
the
Privy
Councel
,
was
here
detained
.
Queene
of
Scots
imprisoned
.
Also
Pope
Pius
Quintus
suborned
one
Robert
Ridolph
,
a
Florentine
,
who
had
lived
a
Factor
in
London
a
long
time
,
to
stirr
up
the
Papists
in
England
against
Treason
by
the
Popes
meanes
.
Q.
Elizabeth
,
which
he
most
zealously
,
and
closly
prosecuted
:
yet
the
Lord
prevented
him
:
Also
there
was
much
underhand
dealing
,
that
the
Duke
of
Norfolk
might
marry
the
Queene
of
Scots
,
&
set
her
at
liberty
,
whereupon
she
was
removed
out
of
the
North
(
being
a
Popish
countrey
)
to
Tidbury
Castle
,
under
the
custody
of
George
Earle
of
Shremesbury
:
Persecution
in
France
.
Queene
Elisabeth
used
great
care
for
the
safety
of
religion
both
at
home
,
and
abroad
;
and
whereas
in
France
edicts
were
published
(
contrary
to
the
former
Our
Queene
mediates
for
them
.
agreement
)
whereby
the
exercise
of
the
reformed
religion
was
utterly
forbidden
,
the
professors
of
it
removed
from
all
publick
offices
,
and
the
Ministers
of
the
word
commanded
to
depart
the
Realme
by
a
day
prefixed
,
our
Queene
by
her
Embassador
Norris
earnestly
solicited
the
King
of
France
,
that
a
sound
and
sincere
peace
might
be
made
,
advising
the
King
,
that
he
would
not
by
unseasonable
remedies
incense
his
subjects
minds
,
&
that
aboue
all
things
She
relieves
the
protestants
.
he
would
beware
of
those
,
which
by
rooting
out
his
faithfull
subjects
,
sought
to
weaken
his
Kingdom
,
that
it
might
become
a
prey
to
others
:
but
when
he
would
not
hearken
to
her
Counsell
,
lest
she
should
faile
those
that
were
joined
with
her
in
one
common
cause
,
shee
sent
one
hundred
thousand
Angells
,
and
munition
for
warr
to
the
Protestants
:
she
also
entertained
curteously
such
French
Protestants
,
as
fled
into
England
,
as
also
the
Netherlanders
,
many
of
whom
came
hither
also
to
withdraw
themselves
from
the
cruelty
of
the
Duke
de
Alva
,
who
breathed
forth
nothing
but
blood
and
death
against
them
:
and
shortly
after
picking
a
quarrel
with
our
Queene
,
he
prohibited
all
commerce
with
the
English
,
and
commanded
that
nothing
should
be
brought
in
,
or
carried
forth
of
the
Netherlands
by
the
English
:
He
also
appointed
searchers
,
amongst
whom
there
was
none
so
active
,
as
one
Iohn
Story
an
English
fugitive
,
who
had
before
consulted
with
a
Magician
against
the
Queens
life
,
and
had
provoked
the
Duke
Story
executed
.
de
Alva
to
invade
England
but
being
allured
with
a
wile
into
a
ship
,
they
presently
hoised
saile
,
and
brought
him
hither
,
where
he
was
afterwards
executed
for
his
treason
.
About
this
time
many
rumors
brake
forth
,
that
the
Earles
of
Northumberland
and
Westmerland
(
zealous
Papists
)
were
raising
a
rebellion
in
the
North
,
whereupon
the
Queene
sent
to
them
,
to
come
up
to
London
,
and
Northumberland
was
partly
minded
so
to
doe
,
but
his
friends
and
followers
beseeched
him
,
Treason
in
the
Norh
.
that
he
would
not
faile
them
,
nor
the
religion
of
his
fathers
:
telling
him
,
that
the
Catholicks
were
prepared
all
over
England
to
assist
him
:
that
some
were
coming
out
of
Scotland
,
others
out
of
the
Netherlands
from
the
Duke
de
Alva
to
joine
with
him
,
whereupon
he
going
to
the
Earle
of
Westmerland
:
they
brake
out
into
open
rebellion
,
publishing
these
pretences
:
That
they
took
Arms
with
no
other
intent
,
but
that
the
religion
of
their
forefathers
might
be
restored
,
corrupt
councellors
removed
from
the
Queene
the
Duke
of
Norfolk
and
other
Knights
that
were
put
from
their
ranks
,
might
be
restored
to
liberty
and
grace
:
and
that
they
attempted
nothing
against
the
Queen
,
to
whom
they
vowed
themselves
now
▪
and
ever
dutifull
and
obedient
subjects
.
Popish
profanenesse
.
Their
first
march
was
to
Durham
,
where
they
rent
and
trampled
under
feet
English
Bibles
in
as
great
a
contempt
as
Iehoiakim
did
Ierem'ys
rowle
.
At
Darington
they
besprinkled
the
Army
with
holy
water
,
and
at
Rippon
they
heard
Masse
to
forward
their
treason
:
their
Ensigne
was
the
Crosse
and
fiue
wounds
of
Christ
:
At
Brampton
Moore
they
mustered
a
thousand
six
hundred
horse
,
and
foure
thousand
foot
,
with
which
they
fell
upon
Barnards
Castell
,
which
after
eleven
daies
siege
was
yeelded
to
them
:
hereupon
they
were
proclaimed
Traitors
,
the
Pope
promised
a
hundred
thousand
Crownes
to
advance
this
designe
,
but
before
they
received
the
money
,
the
Earle
of
Sussex
,
Lieutenant
Generall
of
the
North
,
gathered
some
forces
,
and
pursued
them
,
whereupon
the
chiefe
of
them
fled
into
Scotland
to
the
popish
party
there
,
not
bidding
their
deluded
Traitors
overthrown
.
followers
farewell
,
who
were
presently
surprized
without
resistance
,
and
the
ringleaders
of
them
were
executed
by
Marshall
Law
:
Yet
presently
after
Leonard
Dacres
began
a
new
rebellion
,
and
raised
many
New
Treason
to
revenge
their
friends
death
,
but
the
Lord
Hunsdon
hasting
against
them
,
after
a
long
and
desperate
fight
,
put
them
to
flight
,
Dacres
escaping
into
Scotland
,
and
leaving
his
followers
to
the
Law
:
Northumberland
in
Scotland
was
taken
by
the
Regent
,
imprisoned
,
and
afterwards
sent
into
England
,
where
(
being
attainted
by
the
Parliament
)
he
was
beheaded
at
Northumberland
beheaded
.
Yorke
.
The
Earle
of
Westmerland
,
by
Gods
revenging
hand
,
in
the
very
time
of
his
rebellion
,
was
deprived
of
his
Children
;
and
afterwards
wandring
himselfe
Gods
judgement
on
traytors
.
in
strange
Countries
,
had
his
body
consumed
with
venemous
ulcers
,
whereof
he
died
.
About
that
time
,
Pope
Pius
Quintus
,
at
the
instance
of
Nicolas
Morton
,
an
English
Priest
,
sent
forth
his
Bull
against
the
Queen
,
whereby
he
deprived
her
of
The
Popes
Bull
.
all
Princely
authority
,
as
one
uncapable
of
the
Crown
,
or
Government
.
Then
were
his
Emissaries
sent
forth
,
some
plotters
of
invasions
,
to
lay
our
land
wast
;
others
,
conspirators
against
her
sacred
person
:
And
the
Popes
Bull
was
brought
to
London
,
and
in
the
night
time
hung
upon
the
Gates
of
the
Bishops
Palace
by
Pauls
.
Yet
in
the
middest
of
these
broiles
at
home
,
she
failed
not
to
relieve
the
Protestants
of
She
relieves
the
French
Pro●estants
.
France
,
who
were
in
a
most
distressed
state
:
And
she
exhorted
all
the
Princes
of
the
same
profession
,
to
take
upon
them
the
defence
of
the
common
Cause
.
The
Queen
of
Navarre
she
supplied
with
monies
,
taking
Jewels
in
pawne
for
it
.
She
permitted
Henry
Champnour
to
lead
into
France
and
hundred
voluntary
Gentlemen
upon
Horsebacke
,
who
were
very
serviceable
to
the
Protestant
party
.
Not
long
after
were
executed
Sherwin
,
Campion
,
Kirby
,
for
dispersing
Traytors
executed
.
God
plagues
them
.
&
promoting
the
Popes
Bull
against
the
Queen
.
And
Sanders
,
the
Popes
Legate
in
Ireland
to
raise
rebellion
,
fell
mad
,
and
wandred
succourlesse
in
the
wast
mountaines
,
where
he
miserably
died
.
Then
John
Summervile
of
Ederston
in
Warwickeshire
,
Summerviles
treason
.
came
to
the
Court
,
(
provoked
thereto
by
one
Hall
,
a
Seminary
Priest
)
with
a
purpose
to
murder
the
Queen
;
but
God
discovering
his
treason
,
hee
was
committed
to
Newgate
,
where
he
desperatly
hanged
him selfe
.
Many
Priests
and
Jesuits
repaired
into
England
in
the
attire
of
Gallants
,
dispersing
themselves
,
and
endeavouring
to
withdraw
the
subjects
from
their
allegaince
:
some
of
which
were
taken
and
executed
,
as
Campion
,
&c.
Then
Francis
Throgmorton
,
solicited
thereto
by
Throgmortons
treason
.
Mendoza
the
Spanish
Embassadour
,
undertooke
to
sound
the
Havens
for
the
enemies
entrance
;
to
get
a
Catalogue
of
all
the
Popish
Gentlemen
in
every
County
,
that
would
assist
:
But
God
discovering
his
treason
,
he
was
apprehended
,
&
in
his
study
the
catalogue
was
found
,
and
the
Havens
for
landing
,
&c.
for
which
he
was
worthily
executed
.
Then
one
William
Parry
(
whose
life
the
Queen
had
Parry's
treason
.
formerly
spared
,
when
he
was
justly
condemned
for
burglary
)
vowed
her
death
:
and
for
this
end
,
he
went
to
the
Queen
,
desiring
to
speak
with
her
,
and
oft-times
after
having
weapon
,
place
,
presence
,
and
opportunity
,
intending
resolutely
to
kill
her
,
was
ever
daunted
when
he
beheld
the
glory
of
her
presence
,
and
majesty
in
her
face
.
Yet
afterwards
,
reading
Allens
book
,
he
was
so
fired
with
zeale
,
that
he
posted
to
a
Gentleman
,
whom
he
thought
as
discontented
as
himselfe
,
opening
his
treason
for
the
bringing
in
of
forraigne
invaders
,
and
threatning
with
Dagge
or
Dagger
,
to
kill
the
Queen
:
but
the
Gentleman
revealing
it
to
two
privy
Councellors
,
he
was
apprehended
,
and
confessing
his
treason
,
was
worthily
executed
.
Hereupon
her
Majesty
in
a
Parliament
openly
professed
,
that
she
knew
no
Creature
breathing
,
whose
life
stood
hourly
in
more
perill
then
her
owne
:
And
that
even
at
her
first
entrance
into
her
estate
,
she
entred
into
infinite
dangers
of
life
,
as
one
that
had
to
wrestle
with
many
and
mighty
enemies
;
God
protects
his
own
.
yet
was
she
confident
of
her
heavenly
Fathers
protection
,
&c.
Shortly
after
,
as
she
was
upon
the
Thames
in
her
Barge
with
the
French
Embassador
,
and
some
others
,
a
Serving-man
with
his
Caleiver
shot
a
bullet
,
which
pierced
both
the
armes
of
one
of
the
Water-men
;
within
six
foot
of
the
Queen
:
With
which
all
in
the
Courage
.
Barge
were
astonished
;
but
she
being
undaunted
,
and
seeing
the
man
bleed
,
threw
him
her
scarfe
,
and
with
words
of
comfort
,
bade
him
be
of
good
cheere
,
he
should
never
want
:
for
the
bullet
was
aimed
at
her
,
though
it
hit
him
:
yet
afterwards
knowing
that
it
was
done
casually
,
she
both
pardoned
the
party
,
and
commanded
his
master
to
keep
him
still
in
his
service
.
She
was
of
such
singular
clemency
,
that
she
never
Clemency
.
heard
of
the
capital
punishment
of
offenders
,
even
of
such
as
had
sought
her
own
death
,
but
it
bred
horror
,
and
sorrow
in
her
;
so
that
had
not
her
Councellors
earnestly
inculcated
the
necessity
of
such
exemplary
Justice
,
many
dangerous
attempts
had
escaped
their
due
punishment
,
which
moved
her
to
say
,
that
her
reading
of
Seneca
de
clementia
,
had
done
her
much
good
;
but
some
would
perswade
her
,
it
had
done
her
State
as
much
harm
.
Her
love
to
her
people
in
generall
,
and
tender
care
over
the
poorer
sort
,
and
oppressed
,
was
incomparable
:
Her
eares
were
alwayes
open
to
their
complaints
,
Love
to
her
people
.
and
her
hands
open
to
receive
their
petitions
;
and
her
manner
was
,
alwayes
to
commend
their
causes
to
her-Councell
,
and
Judges
,
to
whom
she
used
to
say
:
Have
care
of
my
people
,
you
have
my
place
,
doe
Her
charge
to
the
Judges
.
you
to
them
that
which
I
ought
to
doe
:
they
are
my
people
,
yet
every
one
oppresseth
and
spoileth
them
without
mercy
:
they
can
neither
help
themselves
,
nor
revenge
their
quarrell
:
See
to
them
,
I
pray
you
,
see
to
them
,
for
they
are
my
charge
;
them
therefore
I
charge
you
with
as
God
hath
committed
them
to
me
:
I
care
not
for
my selfe
,
my
life
is
not
deare
unto
me
;
my
care
is
for
my
people
.
If
you
knew
my
care
for
my
people
,
you
might
discerne
,
that
I
take
no
great
joy
in
wearing
the
Crowne
,
&c.
Anno
1585.
Henry
Percy
,
Earle
of
Northumberland
,
was
gone
so
farre
in
disloyall
practices
against
her
,
that
he
was
committed
to
the
Tower
;
whereby
Northumberland
kills
himselfe
.
discharging
a
Dagge
with
three
bullets
under
his
left
pap
,
he
pierced
his
heart
,
and
presently
died
.
Also
Philip
,
Earle
of
Arundel
,
and
Sir
John
Perat
,
late
Deputy
of
Ireland
,
for
plotting
with
Spain
against
the
Queen
,
were
imprisoned
in
the
Tower
;
where
,
by
course
of
nature
,
they
ended
their
lives
.
Then
Anthony
Babington
,
Esquire
,
and
thirteene
Babington
and
his
complices
.
more
,
whereof
one
was
a
Seminary
Priest
,
conspired
against
her
,
whereof
seven
of
them
undertooke
to
murther
her
:
They
held
intelligence
also
with
forraign
Powers
to
invade
the
Realm
;
and
with
many
Papists
,
in
most
parts
of
the
Kingdome
.
But
the
Priest
going
to
the
Spanish
Embassador
Mendoza
,
to
signifie
that
all
things
were
now
ready
,
was
suddenly
apprehended
,
and
imprisoned
:
whereupon
Babington
and
two
others
of
them
resolved
immediately
to
kill
the
Queene
:
bu●
(
God
protecting
her
)
he
was
intercepted
,
and
imprisoned
,
from
whence
he
escaped
,
and
intending
to
fly
the
land
disguised
himselfe
by
colouring
his
face
and
hands
with
walnuttree
leaves
,
yet
(
through
Gods
mercy
)
he
was
discovered
,
apprehended
,
and
brought
to
the
Tower
:
the
other
conspirators
hereupon
dispersed
themselves
:
yet
were
met
with
,
and
examined
,
who
confessed
their
treasons
,
and
were
deservedly
condemned
,
and
executed
:
Then
Stanly
an
English
Fugitiue
,
suborned
Stanly's
treason
-
Patrick
Cullen
for
thirtie
pound
to
kill
the
Queene
:
yet
God
discovering
his
treason
,
he
was
apprehended
and
executed
:
Then
Roderick
Lopez
a
Physitian
about
her
Majesty
,
was
corrupted
to
give
her
poison
in
her
Physick
,
and
for
that
end
had
a
Iewell
of
gold
garnished
with
a
great
Diamond
,
and
Lopez
his
treason
.
large
Ruby
given
him
,
and
fifty
thousand
Crownes
promised
when
he
should
effect
it
:
But
Gods
mercy
brought
to
light
the
conspiracy
:
So
that
Lopez
coming
with
his
poisonous
Physick
to
the
Queene
,
she
told
him
,
he
must
goe
to
the
Lord
Treasurer
Cecill
,
who
had
more
need
of
Physick
then
she
,
whereupon
he
went
to
him
with
all
diligence
,
to
whom
the
old
man
said
,
what
is
your
Physick
Master
Doctor
:
a
Purge
said
Lopez
:
I
think
,
said
the
Lord
Cecill
,
I
must
be
a
Physitian
to
purge
you
,
and
so
apprehended
him
for
a
Traitor
,
then
other
Doctors
examining
the
ingredients
,
easily
found
that
the
potion
was
poison
,
for
which
he
suffered
death
at
Tyburne
as
he
deserved
.
Then
two
other
English
fugitives
,
York
&
Williams
souldiers
by
profession
,
and
desperate
Papists
,
Yorke
and
Williams
treason
.
were
suborned
to
kill
her
,
oaths
of
secresie
administred
to
them
by
a
Priest
,
who
sent
them
away
with
his
blessing
:
they
came
into
England
with
a
purpose
to
get
entertainment
with
some
great
Courtier
to
further
their
designe
,
but
their
Treason
being
found
out
,
they
were
condemned
,
and
dyed
like
Traitors
:
Squires
treason
.
Then
one
Squire
,
who
belonged
to
the
Queens
stable
,
was
hired
to
poison
the
pummell
of
her
saddle
:
and
by
a
Iesuit
he
was
thus
encouraged
:
God
blesse
thee
,
and
give
thee
strength
,
my
sonne
,
be
of
good
courage
,
I
pawne
my
soul
for
thine
,
and
thou
shalt
have
my
prayers
dead
and
alive
:
and
thereupon
he
delivered
him
the
poison
,
directed
him
how
to
apply
it
;
and
afterwards
the
Queene
being
to
ride
abroad
,
he
pressed
out
the
poison
upon
the
Pummell
of
her
saddle
a
little
before
she
gat
up
,
yet
Gods
wonted
and
wonderfull
protection
appeared
;
for
though
the
season
was
hot
,
and
her
veines
&
pores
open
to
receive
any
malignant
tainture
,
yet
her
bodie
felt
no
distemper
,
nor
her
hand
more
hurt
then
Pauls
did
when
he
shaked
off
the
venemous
viper
:
then
with
the
same
poison
he
anointed
the
pummels
of
a
wodden
chaire
,
wherein
the
Earle
of
Essex
sate
,
purposing
to
destroy
him
also
,
but
the
Lord
prevented
the
operation
,
as
he
did
to
the
Queene
:
Hereupon
the
Iesuit
suspecting
Squires
falshood
:
because
the
act
was
not
done
,
sent
information
against
him
into
England
,
whereupon
he
was
committed
to
prison
,
and
examined
,
who
confessing
all
,
was
Worthily
executed
.
The
Duke
of
Norfolk
,
who
was
prisoner
in
the
Tower
about
the
Queene
of
Scots
,
was
after
triall
Duke
of
Norfolk
executed
.
condemned
,
and
executed
:
Anno
1572.
the
Regent
of
Scotland
sent
to
her
to
crave
aide
,
for
the
defence
of
the
young
King
and
countrey
,
endangered
by
Civill
She
relieves
Scotland
.
broiles
,
whereupon
the
Queene
sent
him
a
thousand
fiue
hundred
men
,
under
Sir
Wilam
Drury
,
who
Roiall
exchange
built
.
besieged
the
Castle
of
Edenborough
held
by
some
rebells
,
took
it
in
,
and
so
returned
into
England
.
The
same
yeare
Sir
Thomas
Gresham
built
the
royall
Sir
Francis
Drake
compasses
the
world
.
exchange
for
the
commerce
of
Merchants
.
Anno
1577.
Sir
Francis
Drake
sailed
about
the
world
,
returning
anno
1580
,
to
the
great
honour
of
the
Queene
Stukelies
rebellion
in
Ireland
and
the
English
nation
,
being
the
first
that
ever
attempted
and
performed
such
an
enterprize
.
Anno
1583
the
Pope
and
King
of
Spaine
joined
together
to
send
men
and
money
,
under
Thomas
Stukely
into
Ireland
to
stirr
up
rebellions
there
:
but
the
Lord
Grey
,
Deputy
of
Ireland
quickly
slew
and
took
them
prisoners
:
&
Stukley
,
haunted
with
the
Gods
judgment
on
Desmond
furies
of
his
owne
conscience
,
died
miserably
.
Also
the
Earle
of
Desmond
,
that
had
joined
in
the
rebellion
,
wandring
in
the
woods
,
was
at
last
slaine
by
a
common
souldier
:
About
this
time
the
States
of
the
Lowcountries
joyning
together
to
free
themselves
from
the
Spanish
tyranny
,
sought
to
our
Queene
to
be
their
protectresse
:
she
permitted
them
to
carry
over
many
English
volunteeres
,
and
promised
to
mediate
peace
betwixt
them
and
the
King
of
Spaine
,
&
so
dismissed
them
well
satisfied
:
but
presently
after
Don
John
of
Austria
oppressing
of
them
,
they
sued
againe
to
the
Queene
,
that
by
her
meanes
,
they
might
enjoy
the
ancient
priviledges
of
their
provinces
,
and
freedome
of
conscience
from
the
Spanish
inquisition
,
and
by
their
lamentable
complaints
,
they
so
prevailed
with
the
pittifull
Queene
,
that
she
sent
into
Spaine
,
to
intreate
the
King
to
redresse
their
grievances
;
but
hee
She
lends
mony
to
the
Hollanders
.
being
deafe
to
that
request
,
and
planting
his
Garisons
very
suspitiously
,
she
agreed
with
the
States
,
and
lent
them
an
hundred
thousand
pound
for
their
reliefe
,
Anno
1581.
Francis
Valois
the
K.
of
France
his
brother
,
came
into
England
to
woe
our
Queene
;
but
she
desiring
to
doe
nothing
that
might
grieve
her
subjects
,
after
Princely
entertainement
dismissed
him
:
shortly
after
the
Prince
of
Orange
being
murthered
,
the
She
undertakes
the
defence
of
the
Netherlands
.
States
sued
to
her
againe
for
reliefe
and
protection
,
and
her
Councell
upon
debate
,
resolved
that
for
defence
of
the
Gospell
,
and
the
professors
of
it
,
her
Majesty
ought
to
accept
of
the
offer
,
and
thereupon
she
undertooke
to
be
their
defender
,
but
would
not
take
the
title
of
Soveraigne
Lady
thereof
,
which
they
would
have
setled
upon
her
and
her
heires
:
then
was
Sir
John
Norris
sent
over
with
five
thousand
foot
,
and
one
thousand
horse
at
her
Majesties
pay
,
for
security
whereof
Flushing
,
Brill
,
and
the
Ramekins
were
delivered
to
her
Majesties
use
,
Anno
1585.
This
Philip
of
Spaine
tooke
very
ill
,
and
published
Mendoza's
Treason
.
two
false
Libells
against
her
,
whereunto
shee
returned
a
printed
answer
:
Then
Mendoza
the
Spanish
Lieger
Embassadour
practized
to
bring
in
forraigne
forces
for
the
invasion
of
this
Land
,
but
the
Lord
prevented
him
.
Eale
of
Leicester
sent
into
the
Netherlands
.
Then
the
Queene
sent
Robert
Dudley
Earle
of
Leicester
with
a
braue
traine
into
the
Low
Countries
,
where
he
was
joyfully
,
and
honourably
entertained
,
and
the
States
tooke
their
oath
to
the
Queene
:
Leicester
presently
attempted
the
taking
in
of
Zutphen
,
where
happened
a
fierce
encounter
betweene
the
English
Sir
P.
Sidney
slaine
.
and
Spaniards
,
in
which
the
brave
Sir
Philip
Sidney
,
as
he
changed
his
horse
,
was
shot
with
a
musket
bullet
aboue
the
knee
,
which
so
shattered
the
bone
of
his
thigh
,
that
he
died
thereof
twenty
fiue
daies
after
;
yet
the
English
tooke
in
a
Sconse
York
and
Stanley
traitors
.
neere
Zutphen
;
whereof
Leicester
made
Rowland
Yorke
Governour
,
as
also
Sir
William
Stantley
Governour
of
Deventer
,
contrary
to
the
minde
of
the
States
;
and
these
two
men
traiterously
sold
the
places
to
the
Spaniards
presently
after
,
which
made
the
States
very
jealous
of
the
English
.
Then
was
the
Earle
of
Leicester
Anno
1587.
Q.
of
Scots
beheaded
.
sent
for
back
into
England
;
and
about
that
time
,
the
Queene
of
Scots
was
beheaded
at
Fotheringhay
Castle
.
In
Leicesters
absence
,
his
officers
,
and
souldiers
grew
very
unruly
,
whereupon
the
States
chose
Maurice
of
Nassaw
their
Governour
,
yet
Leicester
returned
into
Holland
,
but
the
differences
Betwixt
him
,
and
the
states
growing
higher
,
the
Queene
caused
him
to
resigne
his
Government
,
and
returne
popish
perfidiousnesse
.
for
England
.
Anno
1588
the
Spaniard
prepared
for
to
invade
England
,
yet
held
a
treaty
for
peace
,
the
better
to
make
the
Queene
secure
.
His
preparations
were
extraordinary
,
as
may
appeare
by
this
list
of
his
Navie
.
the
Spanish
navie
.
The
Admirall
Galleon
of
St.
Martins
of
1000
Tunn
,
177
marriners
,
300
souldisrs
,
50
Cannon
&c.
Galleon
of
St.
Iohns
of
1070
Tunn
,
160
Marriners
,
231
Souldiers
,
50
Cannon
&c.
Galleon
of
St.
Mark
,
of
792
Tunn
,
117
Mariners
,
292
Souldiers
&c.
Galleon
of
St.
Phillip
,
of
800
Tunn
,
117
Marriners
,
415
Souldiers
,
40
pieces
of
Artillery
.
Galleon
of
St.
Lewis
,
of
830
Tunn
,
116
Mariners
,
376
Souldiers
,
40
Gunns
.
Galleon
of
St.
Matthew
,
of
750
Tunn
,
50
Marriners
,
177
Souldiers
,
40
Gunns
.
Galleon
of
St.
Iames
,
of
520
Tunn
,
100
Marriners
,
300
Souldiers
,
30
Gunns
.
Galleon
of
Florence
,
of
961
Tunn
,
100
Marriners
,
300
Souldiers
,
52
Gunns
.
Galleon
of
St.
Christopher
,
of
352
Tunn
,
90
Marriners
,
300
Souldiers
,
30
Gunns
.
Galleon
of
St.
Bernard
,
of
352
Tunn
,
100
Marriners
,
280
Souldiers
,
30
Gunns
.
1
Zabra
of
166
Tunn
,
55
marriners
,
55
Souldiers
,
13
Gunns
.
2
Zabra
of
166
Tunn
,
50
Marriners
,
60
Souldiers
&c
Ship
of
St.
Angell
,
of
768
Tunn
,
114
Marriners
,
323
Souldiers
,
30
Cannon
.
The
Gangrin
of
1160
Tunn
,
100
Marriners
,
300
Souldiers
36
Cannon
.
St.
Iames
of
660
Tunn
,
102
Marriners
,
250
Souldiers
,
30
Gunns
.
Conception
of
468
Tunn
,
70
Marriners
,
100
Souldiers
,
20
Cannon
.
2
Conception
of
418
Tunn
,
70
Marriners
,
164
Souldiers
,
24
Gunns
.
Magdalen
of
330
Tunn
,
70
Marriners
,
200
Souldiers
,
22
Gunns
.
St.
Iohn
of
350
Tunn
,
80
Marriners
,
130
Souldiers
,
24
Gunns
.
Mary
of
165
Tunn
,
100
Marriners
,
180
Souldiers
,
24
Gunns
.
Manuell
of
520
Tunn
,
54
Marriners
,
130
Souldiers
,
16
Gunns
.
Mary
of
707
Tunn
,
50
Mariners
,
220
Souldiers
,
30
Gunns
;
besides
diverse
others
.
They
had
in
all
130
ships
of
57808
Tunn
,
8450
Mariners
,
19295
Souldiers
,
2088
Slaves
:
2630
Cannon
,
7000
Muskets
:
10000
Halberds
,
and
Partizans
:
100000
quintals
of
Biscuits
:
147000
Pipes
of
wine
:
6500
quintalls
of
Bacon
,
3000
quintalls
of
Cheese
.
Besides
fish
,
rise
,
banes
,
Pease
,
Oile
,
Vineger
,
&c.
12000
Pipes
of
fresh
water
.
The
Army
cost
every
day
30000
Ducats
:
the
Generall
was
the
Duke
of
Medina
Sidonia
:
there
were
in
it
100
Friers
:
Physicians
,
Chirurgeons
,
Apothecaries
,
and
foure
and
twentie
noblemen
volunteers
:
this
navy
was
by
them
stiled
the
Invincible
Armado
:
and
had
the
blessing
of
the
Pope
along
with
it
:
To
encounter
with
it
,
the
Queene
first
appointed
Generall
Fasting
and
prayer
publickly
Fasting
and
Prayer
.
through
the
land
:
then
she
sent
forth
under
Charles
Howard
Lord
Admirall
▪
and
under
Sir
Francis
Drake
vice
Admirall
a
hundred
ships
,
as
also
forty
little
ships
under
Henry
Lord
Seimer
lay
about
Dover
:
as
the
former
lay
at
Plimmouth
:
in
all
our
fleet
were
but
three
and
twenty
of
the
Queenes
great
ships
:
the
rest
were
little
ones
.
The
Prince
of
Parma
in
the
Netherlands
was
to
joyne
with
the
Spanish
Navie
,
and
had
prepared
for
that
end
two
hundred
and
ten
bands
of
old
Souldiers
,
a
hundred
in
each
band
,
and
foure
thousand
nine
hundred
horse
for
land
service
.
In
the
English
Fleet
were
but
twelve
thousand
Marriners
and
Souldiers
:
July
the
20.
Anno
1588
the
Spanish
Navie
came
within
the
sight
of
England
:
and
they
were
so
confident
of
success
,
that
they
spared
for
no
cost
,
intending
that
England
should
pay
the
reckoning
.
Besides
what
was
mentioned
before
,
they
had
220000
great
shot
.
Of
Powder
foure
thousand
two
hundred
quintals
,
every
quintall
containing
an
hundred
weight
.
Of
lead
for
bullets
,
a
thousand
quintals
,
of
Match
,
a
thousand
two
hundred
quintalls
;
with
murthering
peeces
,
double
Canons
for
battery
:
Field
peeces
for
the
Campe
,
with
store
of
furniture
for
carriages
,
Mules
and
Horses
:
they
had
stoore
of
Torches
,
Hides
,
and
Lead
,
to
stop
leakes
,
Whippes
and
butchering
knives
:
The
Army
in
all
was
thirty
two
thousand
strong
.
The
Prince
of
Parma
provided
70
flat
bottom'd
boats
,
every
one
able
to
beare
30
horses
for
transportation
,
with
bridges
ready
made
to
ship
and
unship
them
:
Store
of
Piles
sharpened
at
the
ende
with
iron
pikes
to
pile
up
the
mouthes
of
Rivers
;
twenty
thousand
empty
casks
with
cords
,
&
other
furniture
fit
to
make
floating
bridges
to
stop
up
havens
,
&c.
Towards
this
expedition
the
Pope
sent
out
his
Crusado
,
and
contributed
a
million
of
gold
:
Our
Queene
besides
her
Navy
,
prepared
a
land
Army
under
the
Earle
of
Leicester
Lievetenant
Generall
,
which
met
at
Tilbury
in
Essex
,
consisting
of
twenty
two
thousand
foot
,
and
one
thousand
five
hundred
Tibury
Campe
.
Horse
:
her selfe
like
another
Deborah
,
was
Generall
of
the
Army
:
the
first
of
the
Spanish
Shipps
,
which
fell
into
our
hands
was
a
great
Galleon
,
which
having
lost
her
foremast
,
lagged
behind
the
rest
,
whereupon
Drake
takes
a
Galleon
.
Drake
sent
to
command
them
to
yeeld
,
otherwise
his
bullets
should
force
them
to
it
;
but
Valdez
answered
,
that
they
were
450.
strong
,
and
himselfe
Don
Pedro
,
and
therefore
expected
honorable
conditions
;
Drake
replyed
,
that
he
had
no
leasure
to
parly
,
if
they
would
yeeld
presently
,
do
it
;
otherwise
they
should
prove
that
Drake
was
no
dastard
:
as
soone
as
they
heard
that
terrible
name
of
Drake
,
they
presently
yeelded
:
in
the
ship
they
found
fifty
five
thousand
Ducats
,
which
they
shared
merrily
amongst
them
,
whilst
the
Armado
lay
at
anchor
neere
Callis
,
the
English
Eight
Fire
ships
.
emptied
eight
ships
,
filled
them
with
Gun-powder
,
pitch
,
brimstone
,
&c.
which
in
the
night
they
let
drive
with
the
winde
towards
the
Spanish
Fleet
,
which
so
frighted
them
with
horrible
feare
,
lest
their
ships
should
be
fired
,
that
they
cut
their
Cables
,
and
fled
in
such
hast
and
confusion
,
that
their
greatest
Galliasse
fell
foule
on
another
ship
,
whereby
shee
was
Spaniards
beaten
.
taken
by
the
English
,
and
in
her
a
rich
booty
;
in
briefe
,
God
fighting
from
heaven
by
the
winds
against
them
,
and
prospering
the
English
in
their
little
nimble
shippes
,
this
Invincible
Armado
was
so
shattered
,
torne
,
dispersed
,
&c.
that
they
came
short
home
eighty
one
of
their
ships
,
and
thirteene
thousand
,
five
hundred
,
and
odd
of
their
men
.
So
that
there
was
no
famous
and
great
Family
in
all
Spaine
,
which
in
this
expedition
lost
not
a
son
,
brother
,
or
kinseman
:
Thanksgiving
.
Hereupon
this
Religious
Queene
caused
publick
thanksgiving
to
bee
celebrated
to
the
Lord
of
Hosts
Concerning
this
wonderfull
deliverance
,
Mr.
Samuell
Ward
made
these
verses
.
Octogesimus
Octavus
,
mirabilis
annus
,
Clade
Papistarum
,
faustus
vbique
pijs
.
In
Eighty
eight
Spaine
arm'd
with
potent
might
Against
our
peacefull
land
came
on
to
fight
.
The
Windes
,
and
Waves
,
and
Fire
in
one
conspir
To
helpe
the
English
,
frustrate
Spaines
desire
.
Queene
Elizabeths
fame
was
so
advanced
hereby
,
that
Don
Antonio
,
the
expulsed
King
of
Portugall
came
to
her
for
reliefe
,
who
granted
it
to
him
:
shortly
after
the
King
of
France
,
Henry
the
third
,
being
murthered
Don
Antonio
seekes
reliefe
.
by
a
Jacobin
Frier
,
the
Guisian
faction
leagued
together
to
keepe
out
Henry
of
Burbon
,
King
of
Navar
,
and
next
heire
to
the
Crowne
of
France
,
from
succeding
in
that
Kingdome
,
because
he
was
a
protestant
:
hereupon
he
craved
aid
of
our
Queene
to
settle
him
in
his
throne
,
which
she
granted
in
respect
of
the
common
cause
of
Religion
,
and
first
sent
him
over
two
thousand
pound
in
mony
,
Armes
,
ammunition
,
&c.
then
she
sent
him
some
ships
:
then
a
brave
Army
She
helps
the
King
of
France
under
the
Lord
Willoughby
,
then
three
thousand
foot
under
Sir
Iohn
Norris
:
then
an
other
Army
under
the
Earle
of
Essex
:
all
which
stood
him
in
great
stead
,
and
much
forwarded
his
advancement
to
the
Crowne
:
Afterwards
she
prepared
,
and
sent
forth
a
gallant
Feet
under
the
command
of
the
Lord
Admirall
Howard
for
the
Sea
,
and
the
Earle
of
Essex
for
the
Land
service
:
shee
also
published
a
Declaration
of
An.
1596.
the
occasion
,
viz.
because
she
heard
of
the
great
preparation
which
the
King
of
Spaine
made
for
a
second
invasion
of
her
Land
,
and
when
it
was
ready
to
set
saile
,
she
made
this
prayer
:
Most
omnipotent
maker
and
guider
of
the
worlds
Maisse
,
that
only
searchest
and
fathomest
the
bottom
of
our
hearts
,
&
in
them
seest
Her
prayer
for
her
Fleet
.
the
true
Originalls
of
all
our
actions
intended
:
thou
that
by
thy
foresight
dost
truly
discerne
,
how
no
malice
of
revenge
,
nor
requitall
of
injury
,
nor
desire
of
bloodshed
,
nor
greedinesse
of
gaine
hath
bred
that
resolution
of
our
setting
forth
this
Army
,
but
a
heedfull
care
,
and
wary
watch
,
that
no
neglect
of
foes
,
nor
over-surety
of
Haven
,
might
breed
either
danger
to
us
,
or
glory
to
them
:
these
being
our
true
grounds
,
wee
humbly
beseech
thee
with
bended
knees
,
prosper
the
worke
,
and
with
best
fore-winds
guide
the
journey
,
speed
the
victory
,
and
make
the
returne
the
advancement
of
thy
glory
,
the
triumph
of
their
fame
,
and
surety
to
the
Realme
with
the
least
losse
of
the
English
blood
:
To
these
devont
Petitions
Lord
give
thou
thy
blessed
grant
&c.
The
Fleet
,
according
to
her
prayer
,
saised
with
a
prosperous
wind
to
Cadiz
,
in
whose
haven
lay
ninty
saile
of
Ships
,
and
twenty
Gallies
:
fiue
of
them
of
those
which
they
called
the
Kings
twelve
Caidz
taken
by
the
English
.
Apostles
:
these
were
richly
laden
with
ammunition
,
money
,
oile
,
waxe
,
silk
,
cloth
of
gold
,
quicksilver
&c.
with
these
our
navy
fought
,
beate
them
,
then
landed
,
assaulted
the
City
,
and
tooke
it
:
then
the
Generall
made
a
proclamation
,
that
none
on
paine
of
death
should
offer
violence
to
any
religious
person
,
woman
,
or
child
:
the
Ladies
and
gentlewomen
were
sent
away
with
their
richest
Iewells
,
and
apparell
:
the
spoile
was
given
to
the
souldiers
,
and
the
Citizens
paid
120.
thousand
Ducats
for
their
ransom
:
The
navy
of
the
Spaniards
valewed
by
themselves
at
twelve
Millions
of
Ducats
,
was
sunk
,
burned
,
or
taken
:
our
English
souldiers
were
much
inriched
by
this
enterprise
:
then
they
marched
up
into
the
countrey
without
resistance
,
tooke
many
booties
,
and
then
returned
to
their
ships
,
and
so
through
Gods
mercy
,
in
safety
to
Plimmouth
.
Anno
1597
the
Earle
Essex
was
againe
sent
forth
with
a
brave
Fleet
,
with
which
he
went
to
the
Spanish
Ilands
,
where
he
did
great
spoile
,
tooke
rich
prizes
,
and
returned
laden
with
honour
,
and
treasure
.
After
this
,
the
King
of
Spanish
Ilands
invaded
.
Denmark
sent
Ambassadors
to
mediate
peace
betweene
England
and
Spaine
,
whom
she
answered
,
and
,
concluded
thus
;
I
would
have
the
King
of
Denmark
and
all
Princes
Christian
,
and
Heathen
know
,
Her
answere
to
the
K.
of
Dunmark
.
that
England
hath
noe
need
to
crave
peace
:
nor
my selfe
endured
one
houres
feare
,
since
I
attained
the
Crowne
thereof
,
being
(
through
Gods
mercy
)
guarded
with
so
valiant
and
faithfull
Subjects
.
Anno
1600
Tir-Owen
,
and
others
rebelling
in
Ireland
,
were
much
encouraged
by
the
Pope
:
and
the
King
of
Spaine
sent
Don
Iohn
De
Aquila
into
Ireland
with
two
thousand
old
trained
souldiers
to
joine
with
them
,
who
landed
at
Kinsal
in
Munster
,
and
after
came
a
new
supply
under
Don
Alphonso
,
who
was
himselfe
taken
prisoner
,
and
many
of
his
Spaniards
Tir-Owens
rebellion
slaine
at
his
first
landing
,
and
Don
Iohn
so
closely
besieged
,
that
he
was
glad
to
sue
for
peace
,
and
upon
articles
to
surrender
all
he
had
,
and
so
to
returne
home
againe
.
Finally
God
intending
to
advance
this
nation
under
her
Government
,
as
she
had
beene
Piety
rewarded
.
carefull
to
advance
his
glory
,
and
the
Gospell
of
Iesus
Christ
she
,
prospered
in
every
thing
at
home
and
abroad
;
the
great
affaires
of
Europe
chiefly
depended
upon
her
directions
,
who
sitting
at
the
Helme
arbitrated
and
guided
their
estates
,
both
in
peace
and
Her
great
acts
.
warr
:
Spaine
seeking
to
overflow
all
,
was
by
her
beaten
back
,
and
scarsly
able
to
maintaine
his
owne
banks
:
In
France
the
house
of
Valois
was
underpropped
Never
did
any
Commonwealth
doe
such
things
.
by
her
councell
;
and
that
of
Burbon
advanced
by
her
countenance
,
forces
,
and
treasure
:
Scotland
releived
by
her
love
:
Netherlands
by
her
power
:
Portugalls
King
by
her
bounty
:
Poland
by
her
commiseration
:
and
Germany
,
Denmark
,
Swedeland
often
took
up
,
and
laid
downe
Armes
at
her
beck
:
she
extended
her
trade
and
fame
into
Russia
,
Asia
,
Africk
,
America
:
was
highly
honoured
by
the
great
Turke
,
Persians
,
Barbarians
,
Indians
:
She
had
warriers
like
to
the
worthies
of
David
:
renowned
Captaines
for
Sea
and
land
:
by
a
powerfull
Navie
she
attained
the
Soveraignty
of
the
Sea
:
her
Temperance
was
such
,
that
Her
Character
.
her
brother
King
Edward
usually
called
her
,
his
sister
Temperance
:
She
was
famous
for
piety
,
Iustice
,
and
clemency
:
Her
Court
was
an
Academy
of
honorable
Councellers
,
Illustrious
Peers
,
Gallant
Courtiers
,
Learned
Professors
,
Intelligent
statists
,
and
a
Sanctuary
where
the
meanest
might
find
refuge
:
As
she
was
learned
,
so
she
tooke
much
paines
to
improve
her
learning
,
by
reading
over
authors
in
their
Originalls
,
whereby
she
was
able
to
answer
the
Embassadors
of
most
Nations
in
their
owne
languages
:
She
(
with
Titus
)
thought
that
day
lost
,
wherein
she
either
did
not
,
or
received
not
some
good
:
So
that
laying
aside
her
great
affaires
,
she
spent
some
houres
everie
day
in
reading
,
or
hearing
learned
Readers
.
But
above
all
,
her
piety
was
most
remarkable
;
for
the
sacred
Scriptures
were
her
greatest
delight
,
Her
Piety
.
wherein
she
read
often
,
and
heard
them
frequently
preached
,
to
which
she
attended
with
much
reverence
,
and
the
pious
fruits
thereof
shined
brightly
in
the
whole
course
,
as
well
of
her
privat
life
,
as
of
her
publ●ck
actions
:
Prayer
,
sobriety
,
purity
,
charity
,
Chastity
.
and
chastity
,
were
her
inseparable
companions
,
never
suffering
any
Lady
to
approach
her
presence
,
of
whose
stain
she
had
but
the
least
suspition
.
The
distressed
she
relieved
,
the
oppressed
she
succoured
,
the
over-born
Princes
she
aided
,
the
proud
she
amated
,
and
alwayes
over-mastred
,
through
Gods
assistance
,
to
her
lasting
memory
,
and
Englands
glory
.
Her
zeale
to
God
appeared
in
preserving
his
true
Church
and
worship
from
the
pollutions
of
Idolatry
:
her
Kingdome
and
Court
was
a
sanctuary
to
banished
Protestants
and
persecuted
Christians
,
so
that
by
forraigne
Churches
her
losse
was
much
lamented
,
and
she
was
stiled
the
Nursing-mother
of
the
French
,
Dutch
,
&
Italian
Exiles
for
Christs
name
,
and
the
unconquered
Defendresse
of
the
whole
true
Christian
Religion
.
Her
last
sicknesse
was
accompanied
with
a
deep
melancholy
;
wherein
,
as
she
gave
signes
of
death
to
Her
last
s●cknesse
.
her
Physitians
,
so
great
assurance
of
eternall
life
to
those
godly
Divines
that
were
about
her
,
manifesting
by
her
fervent
prayers
,
and
by
lively
signes
at
their
prayers
,
and
speeches
,
how
she
rejoyced
with
the
Apostle
,
That
she
had
fought
a
good
fight
,
finished
her
course
,
and
kept
the
Faith
,
hoping
for
the
Crown
of
Righteousnesse
,
which
the
Lord
the
righteous
Judge
had
laid
up
for
her
against
that
great
day
.
And
so
she
resigned
up
her
blessed
Soule
into
the
hands
of
her
faithfull
Creator
,
and
mercifull
Redeemer
,
March
Her
death
24.
Anno
Christi
1602.
of
her
age
threescore
and
nine
,
six
moneths
and
seventeen
dayes
,
and
of
her
reigne
foure
and
fourty
.
She
was
as
well
beloved
,
and
her
death
as
much
lamented
,
as
ever
any
Prince
was
.
King
JAMES
erected
for
her
a
Princely
Monument
,
whereon
he
caused
to
be
inscribed
this
Epitaph
.
Sacred
unto
Memory
.
REligion
to
its
primitive
sincerity
restored
,
peace
throwly
setled
:
Coine
to
the
true
value
refined
:
Rebellion
at
home
extinguishe
:
France
neere
ruine
by
intestine
mischiefes
,
relieved
:
Netherlands
supported
:
Spaines
Armado
vanquished
:
Ireland
with
Spaniards
expulsion
,
and
Traitors
coercion
,
quieted
:
Both
vniversities
revenewes
by
a
Law
of
provision
,
exceedingly
augmented
:
Finally
all
England
enriched
;
and
fiue
and
forty
yeares
most
prudently
governed
:
Elizabeth
,
a
Queene
,
a
Conqueresse
:
a
Triumpher
:
The
most
devoted
to
Piety
:
The
most
happie
after
seventy
yeares
of
her
life
,
quietly
by
Death
departed
,
hath
left
here
(
in
this
most
famous
Collegiat
Church
,
which
by
her
was
established
,
and
refounded
)
these
remaines
of
her
mortality
,
untill
at
Christs
call
they
shall
againe
arise
immortall
&c.
By
her
abstinence
from
wine
,
and
most
temperate
Diet
,
she
had
preserved
her
health
till
her
very
latter
end
.
A
little
before
her
death
,
she
caused
that
Ring
wherewith
at
her
inauguration
she
was
,
as
it
were
,
married
to
her
Kingdome
,
and
which
she
had
never
after
taken
of
,
to
be
filed
of
her
finger
;
she
had
a
good
vaine
in
Poetry
.
In
the
time
of
her
sisters
reigne
,
when
a
Popish
Priest
pressed
her
hard
to
declare
her
opinion
of
Christs
presence
in
the
Sacrament
,
she
truly
and
warily
answered
him
thus
.
T
was
God
the
word
that
spake
it
,
He
tooke
the
bread
and
brake
it
;
And
what
the
word
did
make
it
,
That
I
believe
,
and
take
it
.
And
at
an
other
time
,
a
little
before
the
Spanish
Invasion
in
eighty
eight
,
the
Spanish
Embassador
summing
up
his
masters
demands
thus
in
verse
;
Te
veto
ne
pergas
bello
defendere
Belgas
:
Quae
Dracus
eripuit
nunc
restituentur
oportet
:
Quas
Pater
evertit
jubeo
te
condere
cellas
,
Religio
Papae
fac
restituetur
ad
nugnem
.
These
to
you
are
our
commands
Send
no
help
to
the
Netherlands
.
Of
the
treasure
took
by
Drake
Restitution
you
must
make
.
And
those
Abbies
build
anew
Which
your
Father
overthrew
,
If
for
any
peace
you
hope
,
In
all
points
restore
the
Pope
.
Our
Queene
ex
tempore
returned
him
this
answere
;
Ad
Graecas
,
bone
Rex
,
fient
mandata
Calendas
:
Know
,
O
great
King
,
that
this
your
will
At
latter
Lammas
wee
'l
fulfill
.
Concerning
that
wonderfull
deliverance
,
that
God
gave
to
our
Queene
&
Kingdome
from
the
Spanish
invasion
in
eightie
eight
,
the
learned
and
acute
Beza
made
these
verses
.
Straverat
innumeris
Hispanus
classibus
aequor
,
Regnis
iuncturus
sceptra
Britanna
suis
.
Tanti
hujus
rogitas
quae
motus
causa
?
superbos
Impulit
Ambitio
,
vexit
Avaritia
.
Quam
bene
te
Ambitio
,
mersit
,
vanissima
,
ventus
,
Et
tumidae
tumidos
vos
superastis
aquae
!
Quam
benè
raptores
Orbis
totius
Iberos
Merfit
inexhausti
justa
vorago
maris
!
At
tu
,
cui
venti
,
cui
totum
militat
aequor
,
Regina
,
O
mundi
totius
una
decus
.
Sic
regnare
deo
perge
,
Ambitione
remota
,
Prodiga
sic
opibus
perge
ju
vare
pios
:
Vt
te
Angli
longum
,
longum
Anglis
ipsa
fruaris
Quam
dilecta
bonis
,
tam
metuenda
malis
.
Spaine
with
his
Fleet
the
Seas
did
cover
o're
Thinking
to
Spaine
to
joine
the
Brittish
shore
:
If
you
ask
,
why
?
Ambition
of
rise
Forc'd
the
proud
fooles
,
vexed
with
Avarice
:
How
well
,
Ambition
,
did
the
winds
thee
drowne
And
tumid
waues
,
thy
tumid
mind
bring
downe
?
How
well
the
al-devouring
Seas
did
curb
The
Spaniards
,
Ravishers
of
the
earths
whole
Orb
?
But
thou
,
for
whom
the
winds
,
and
Seas
doe
fight
,
Great
Queene
:
the
worlds
sole
glory
and
delight
.
Still
maist
thou
reigne
from
foule
Ambition
freed
,
Still
with
thy
bounty
to
help
them
that
need
.
Long
maist
thou
England
;
she
long
thee
possesse
.
Belou'd
of
good
men
,
fear'd
of
wickednesse
.
Collected
out
of
Speeds
Chronicle
,
the
Booke
of
Martyrs
,
&c.
K
:
OF
SWEDEN
portrait of Gustavus Adolphus
The
Life
of
Gustavus
Adolphus
King
of
Sweden
,
who
dyed
Anno
Christi
1632
GVstavus
Ericus
,
the
first
of
that
name
,
and
blood
,
was
ONE
of
THOSE
six
Hostages
sent
to
that
scarse
to
be
paralelled
Tyrant
Christierne
King
of
Denmarke
,
Anno
1518
,
which
hostages
he
having
gotten
into
his
power
,
most
perfidiously
retained
as
his
prisoners
,
carrying
them
away
with
him
into
Denmark
But
Gustavus
finding
favour
and
liberty
one
day
to
goe
a
hunting
,
disguised
himselfe
&
escaped
,
and
after
many
dangers
arrived
in
his
owne
countrey
Anno
1520.
About
which
time
the
said
King
Bruitish
cruelty
.
Christierne
,
contrary
to
his
promise
made
to
the
Swedes
remitting
all
offences
upon
their
submission
,
beyond
all
examples
of
Christianity
,
within
four
daies
after
his
Coronation
,
caused
all
the
Nobility
,
Gentry
,
Bishops
,
Councellers
,
and
prime
Citizens
of
the
Kingdome
of
Sweden
either
to
be
hanged
,
or
beheaded
:
so
that
the
streets
of
Stockholme
,
where
he
was
crowned
,
ran
with
blood
:
and
their
carkasses
were
kept
unburied
three
daies
,
&
then
he
caused
them
to
be
buried
:
amongst
these
thus
massacred
,
the
father
of
Gustavus
was
one
;
but
when
Gustavus
heard
this
dolefull
newes
,
having
that
winter
gathered
a
small
company
of
souldiers
together
,
he
excited
the
Swedes
to
vindicate
their
countreys
liberty
:
In
the
valiant
prosecution
whereof
,
he
having
beene
a
chiefe
author
Zeale
.
by
the
consent
of
all
the
States
of
the
Kingdom
,
was
chosen
King
Anno
1527.
but
he
refused
to
be
Crowned
,
contenting
himselfe
with
the
title
of
Governour
;
by
authority
whereof
Anno
1523.
he
summoned
a
Parliament
,
where
he
propounded
the
reformation
of
Religion
,
but
finding
much
opposition
,
he
resignes
the
Kingdom
unto
the
states
againe
:
But
shortly
after
the
countrey
being
in
danger
,
they
humbly
beseech
Gustavus
once
againe
to
accept
the
Kingdome
:
and
so
he
was
Crowned
the
Protestant
King
that
ever
was
,
Anno
1527.
He
raigned
three
and
thirty
yeares
.
He
left
his
Kingdome
to
Ericus
his
eldest
sonn
Anno
1560
,
who
reigned
eight
yeares
,
and
dyed
without
issue
:
Iohn
the
second
of
Gustavus
succeeded
Anno
1568
:
raigned
foure
and
twenty
yeares
:
his
only
issue
was
Sigismund
,
who
was
chosen
King
of
Poland
in
his
fathers
life
time
:
and
succeeded
his
father
in
the
Kingdome
of
Sweden
Anno
1593.
He
took
an
oath
to
maintaine
the
priviledges
of
the
Kingdome
,
to
continue
the
reformed
religion
according
to
the
Augustane
confession
,
to
bring
in
no
strangers
&c.
which
oath
he
palpably
violating
,
by
attempting
to
alter
religion
,
to
enslaue
Sweden
,
by
making
it
a
Province
of
Poland
&c.
therevpon
Anno
1599
in
a
full
assembly
of
the
States
of
Sweden
he
was
deposed
,
and
his
son
Ladislaus
chosen
in
his
roome
,
provided
that
his
father
Sigismund
within
three
months
sent
him
into
Sweden
,
which
he
refusing
to
doe
,
the
States
chose
Charles
,
the
youngest
sonn
of
Gustavus
,
for
their
King
,
Anno
1600
:
who
valiantly
delivered
his
countrey
His
birth
and
education
.
from
the
oppressions
of
the
Polocks
:
His
son
was
this
Gustavus
Adolphus
,
who
was
borne
Anno
1594
,
and
carefully
brought
up
by
his
father
in
the
knowledge
both
of
Arts
,
and
Armes
,
and
in
such
other
ekercises
,
as
seasoned
him
both
with
vertue
,
and
religion
,
and
prepared
him
for
great
businesses
:
His
spirit
by
his
education
was
so
elevated
,
as
to
esteeme
noe
good
designe
too
hard
for
him
:
his
courage
so
fortified
,
that
he
kew
not
how
to
stoop
beneath
a
King
.
So
soone
as
he
was
fit
for
it
,
he
travelled
into
France
,
Italy
,
Netherlands
and
Germany
:
his
father
dying
whilst
he
was
abroad
,
he
continued
his
Gustavus
Adolphus
Rex
Suecorum
.
travells
under
the
name
of
Master
GARS
,
the
fou●
initiall
letters
of
his
name
,
and
title
:
In
his
travells
he
gained
much
experience
,
studying
the
Mathematicks
,
and
learning
the
French
,
Dutch
,
and
Italian
languages
:
He
was
but
seventeene
yeares
old
at
his
Fathers
death
,
after
which
,
hastening
home
into
his
owne
Countrey
,
he
found
himselfe
environed
with
enemies
:
The
Emperour
of
Russia
,
and
the
King
of
Denmark
laying
claime
to
some
parts
of
his
Kingdom
,
and
the
King
of
Poland
claimed
all
:
but
he
so
bravely
,
and
valiantly
behaved
himselfe
,
that
he
beate
them
in
severall
battalles
,
and
at
last
enforced
them
to
make
peace
with
him
:
About
this
time
the
Empeperour
of
Germany
had
greatly
oppressed
many
Princes
and
free
Cities
of
the
Empire
,
especially
the
Protestant
party
,
some
of
whom
he
had
cast
out
of
their
inheritances
:
Stralsund
,
and
Stetin
,
Mecklenburg
,
and
Pomerland
were
so
heavily
oppressed
,
so
sorely
overlaid
with
taxes
,
and
free
quarter
,
that
they
were
no
longer
able
to
endure
it
,
whereupon
they
pittifully
complained
,
and
petitioned
the
Emperour
for
redresse
:
but
he
,
slighting
their
requests
,
continues
the
oppressions
;
then
they
complaine
to
the
King
of
Sweden
,
who
pittying
the
complaints
of
his
Allyes
,
confederates
,
and
neighbours
,
sends
an
Embassadour
to
the
Emperour
in
their
behalfe
,
who
was
returned
with
scorne
,
and
contempt
:
Hereupon
the
King
,
considering
that
his
owne
safety
did
much
depend
upon
theirs
,
he
resolves
to
undertake
their
protection
,
but
He
intercedes
for
the
Protestants
.
withall
that
he
might
not
be
misinterpreted
,
he
publishes
a
declaration
,
wherein
he
protests
,
that
hee
would
not
have
stirred
,
if
the
Emperour
had
not
put
His
Declaration
.
such
insufferable
affronts
upon
him
,
who
in
the
late
warrs
of
Prussia
betweene
Sweden
,
and
Poland
,
had
forbidden
him
to
make
any
leavies
of
men
,
victualls
,
or
ammunition
in
Germany
,
yet
granting
liberty
to
his
enemie
the
King
of
Poland
to
doe
it
:
that
the
Emperour
himselfe
had
sent
two
Armies
into
Prussia
to
the
aide
of
his
enemy
the
Pole
:
that
his
currier
riding
post
with
letters
to
Bethlem
Gabor
,
had
been
staid
,
his
letters
opened
,
and
false
Copies
published
of
them
:
that
his
Embassadours
had
been
sleighted
,
denied
Audience
,
and
forbidden
to
stay
in
Germany
:
that
when
he
sought
peace
by
the
mediation
of
the
King
of
Denmark
,
he
obtained
nothing
but
affronts
and
delaies
:
that
the
poore
towne
of
Stralsund
(
though
it
had
promise
of
protection
from
the
Emperour
,
yet
)
was
it
blockt
up
by
the
Duke
of
Freidland
,
who
also
had
taken
the
I
le
of
Rugen
,
lying
neere
to
Walsteine
.
to
it
:
that
both
those
places
had
sought
to
him
for
protection
,
and
that
it
much
concerned
him
,
not
to
suffer
them
to
be
possessed
by
his
enemies
:
that
the
Emperour
had
hindred
the
Swedish
trade
upon
the
Baltick
Sea
:
taken
his
Ships
,
layed
embargoes
upon
them
&c.
that
his
coming
with
an
Army
into
the
Empire
was
,
to
relieve
his
cosin
and
confederate
,
the
the
Duke
of
Stetin
and
Pomeren
,
miserably
oppressed
,
and
to
secure
his
owne
dominions
,
not
to
offer
hostility
to
the
Emperour
,
or
Empire
;
this
his
declaration
he
sent
in
a
faire
,
and
respectfull
maner
to
the
Emperour
,
who
wholly
sleighted
it
,
but
it
much
satisfied
the
world
:
it
was
rumored
abroad
,
that
divers
Potent
Princes
,
as
England
,
France
,
Russia
,
Venice
,
and
Holland
,
were
interessed
with
him
in
this
action
:
The
Emperour
made
great
preparation
to
withstand
his
comming
,
filling
the
townes
of
Pomerland
,
&
Brandenburg
with
Garisons
.
In
Mecklenburg
were
Walsteines
forces
,
who
was
newly
made
Duke
thereof
:
All
the
bridges
and
passes
upon
the
river
Oder
were
stopped
up
,
manned
,
and
fortified
&c.
the
King
of
Sweden
had
no
towne
to
be
his
friend
,
but
the
distressed
Stralsund
only
,
where
he
might
land
his
forces
:
He
therefore
intending
to
land
in
the
I
le
of
Rugen
,
within
halfe
a
league
of
Stralsund
,
sends
to
Sir
Alex
.
Lesly
governour
of
Stralsund
,
who
with
eighteene
Swedish
ships
fell
upon
the
Iland
,
and
in
a
short
time
cleered
it
of
the
Imperialists
:
presently
after
,
his
Majesty
of
Sweden
in
a
hundred
and
thirty
ships
,
embarks
his
Some
say
not
above
11000
in
all
.
Army
of
about
twelve
thousand
foot
,
and
three
thousand
horse
,
some
say
not
so
many
,
and
lands
in
this
I
le
of
Rugen
:
His
enemies
in
all
those
parts
assembled
together
,
to
bid
him
battell
at
his
first
landing
,
but
God
struck
them
with
such
a
terrour
,
that
they
durst
not
doe
it
:
the
King
was
the
first
that
landed
himselfe
,
who
immediately
kneeled
downe
and
prayed
thus
:
O
most
great
God
,
that
commandest
what
ever
His
prayer
at
his
landing
.
thou
pleasest
both
in
heaven
and
earth
,
and
in
the
surging
Seas
,
what
thank
fullnesse
am
I
bound
to
render
unto
thee
for
that
thou
hast
preserved
me
thus
safely
in
al
this
so
perilous
a
voiage
?
Againe
,
&
againe
do
I
from
the
very
bottome
of
my
heart
&
soul
give
thanks
unto
thee
:
and
here
I
humbly
beseech
thee
,
that
seeing
,
as
thou
very
well
knowest
,
I
haue
not
undertaken
this
expedition
for
any
private
ends
of
my
owne
,
but
only
for
thine
honour
sake
,
and
to
be
some
comfort
and
assistance
to
thine
afflicted
church
:
so
(
if
so
be
the
time
which
thy selfe
hast
appointed
be
already
come
)
thou
wouldest
now
be
pleased
to
favour
and
blesse
me
hereafter
also
:
and
that
especially
thou
wouldest
send
me
a
faire
wind
,
and
a
prosperous
,
that
the
Army
yet
left
behind
,
which
out
of
so
many
people
and
nations
I
have
gathered
together
,
I
may
with
joyfull
eyes
shortly
here
behold
,
and
with
an
happy
beginning
promote
with
them
the
glory
of
thy
holy
name
,
Amen
:
This
devotion
of
the
K.
wrought
so
with
his
Councellors
,
and
commanders
,
that
it
Prayer
powerfull
.
wrung
teares
out
of
their
eyes
;
to
whom
he
said
,
Forbeare
to
weepe
,
but
heartily
conjoine
your
prayers
with
me
;
for
the
greater
the
Army
of
prayers
is
,
the
greater
and
more
assured
shall
be
the
victory
:
he
that
pray's
diligently
hath
in
part
already
overthrowne
the
enemy
:
then
tooke
he
a
shovell
,
and
fell
to
digging
of
a
trench
,
and
all
the
rest
of
the
Army
followed
in
their
turnes
,
the
one
halfe
digging
,
the
other
halfe
standing
to
their
Armes
,
so
that
before
night
they
had
strongly
entrenched
themselves
.
After
two
daies
rest
,
he
took
a
party
of
horse
and
foot
,
marching
three
miles
into
the
countrey
,
where
he
saw
diverse
troops
of
the
enemies
,
but
they
all
ran
away
:
then
he
assaulted
and
took
in
diverse
Sconces
,
which
were
strongly
built
,
but
weakly
defended
,
so
that
in
twelve
daies
space
he
cleered
the
Iles
of
Vsedom
He
takes
in
two
Ilands
.
and
Wollin
:
and
so
marched
to
the
City
of
Stetin
,
the
seat
of
the
Duke
of
Pomeren
and
Stetin
;
all
the
Ladies
and
gentlewomen
gat
upon
the
leades
,
and
into
windows
to
looke
at
the
Kings
Army
:
the
King
sent
a
Trumpet
to
demand
entrance
:
the
Duke
returned
answer
,
that
he
was
resolved
to
stand
Neuter
:
the
King
not
satified
,
tells
him
,
that
he
came
into
Germany
to
relieve
the
oppressed
Princes
,
and
therefore
expects
to
be
admitted
into
the
City
,
which
if
it
was
refused
him
,
he
would
force
it
:
hereupon
the
Duke
issues
out
of
the
Port
,
and
goes
to
the
King
,
desiring
to
stand
Neuter
,
but
the
King
would
not
heare
of
it
,
and
looking
up
to
the
Ladies
,
Cosin
,
saith
he
,
if
you
meane
to
keepe
me
out
of
the
towne
,
you
must
set
others
to
guard
it
,
then
these
Ladies
&c.
then
the
Duke
desiredl
eave
to
goe
into
the
towne
,
the
K.
consented
,
Steten
taken
by
Policy
.
&
ordered
the
Lord
Reay
(
a
brave
Scotchman
)
to
guard
him
,
who
when
the
draw-bridge
was
let
downe
for
the
Duke
,
entred
upon
it
with
him
,
and
pell
,
mell
,
entred
the
gate
with
the
Towne
Garison
,
whereupon
the
King
with
his
whole
Army
marches
into
the
City
,
and
so
became
master
of
it
without
blood-shed
.
Not
long
after
,
the
King
commanded
a
Fasting
and
prayer
.
Solemn
fast
to
be
kept
through
his
Army
,
&
Leaguer
at
Stetin
;
the
same
day
the
Imperialists
fell
upon
their
outguards
,
but
the
Leaguer
taking
the
Alarum
soone
beat
them
off
:
then
were
two
souldiers
suborned
by
Tilly
to
murther
the
King
,
but
it
pleased
God
Treason
discovered
.
to
discover
the
treason
,
whereupon
one
of
them
ran
away
,
the
other
was
deservedly
executed
.
Afterwards
the
King
marching
against
Grippenhagen
,
desirous
to
satisfy
himselfe
in
viewing
of
a
passe
with
foure
and
twenty
horse
only
in
his
company
,
fell
into
an
Ambush
of
sixty
horse
,
where
he
valiantly
defended
himselfe
,
till
some
of
his
troops
,
hearing
the
pistols
goe
off
,
fetched
him
of
in
safety
:
before
he
began
his
Battery
,
he
ordered
an
other
Fast
to
be
kept
in
his
The
King
in
danger
.
A
Fast
.
Campe
,
and
the
Lord
was
pleased
to
giue
him
successe
answerable
to
his
desires
:
yea
,
which
is
admirable
in
eight
daies
space
he
tooke
in
many
Citis
,
Pomeren
and
Markland
cleere
.
defeated
many
enemies
,
gat
many
prisoners
,
so
that
he
wholly
cleered
Pomeren
,
and
Markland
:
He
was
very
sparing
of
blood
,
putting
few
to
the
sword
,
even
in
those
townes
and
Castles
that
he
tooke
in
by
storme
.
Then
came
the
French
Embassador
to
his
head
His
clemency
.
King
of
France
confederates
with
him
.
quarters
,
where
a
league
was
concluded
betwixt
the
King
of
France
and
him
,
upon
these
,
conditions
:
First
that
for
the
defence
of
their
friends
,
cleering
of
the
Ocean
,
and
Baltick
Seas
;
restoring
of
the
oppressed
States
of
the
Empire
:
and
demolishing
of
new
built
Forts
upon
the
Ports
and
Coasts
of
either
Sea
;
And
secondly
,
seeing
the
Adverse
party
refused
to
repaire
injuries
,
and
rejected
all
intercessions
,
therefore
the
King
of
Sweden
was
to
maintaine
thirty
thousand
foot
,
and
sixe
thousand
horse
in
Germany
,
and
the
King
of
France
was
to
pay
his
share
towards
the
maintenance
of
the
same
;
these
with
divers
others
were
the
conditions
of
the
League
,
whereof
the
King
of
Sweden
gave
present
notice
to
the
Protestant
Princes
met
in
a
Diet
at
Leipsich
,
assuring
them
that
his
intentions
were
no
other
,
but
to
defend
,
and
restore
the
German
Princes
,
and
their
Liberties
,
&c.
Whereas
some
of
the
Kings
forces
were
left
in
Prussia
since
his
late
warrs
there
,
order
was
given
unto
them
within
three
daies
to
take
shipping
,
&
goe
to
the
King
in
Pomeren
;
and
for
their
transportation
,
nine
ships
were
appointed
,
but
a
storme
arising
,
the
fleet
was
scattered
,
seven
of
them
with
much
adoe
made
their
Port
,
one
other
,
wherein
was
Monroe
,
a
brave
Scotchman
,
with
three
companies
,
run
a
ground
neere
to
Rugenwald
,
a
strong
place
held
by
the
Imperialists
,
Heere
a
double
feare
ceased
on
them
,
either
of
drowning
in
the
Sea
,
or
having
their
throates
cut
on
shore
:
the
latter
they
put
unto
the
venture
,
and
upon
a
float
of
boards
,
gat
safe
to
the
land
;
but
,
through
Gods
good
providence
,
most
of
the
Garison
were
gone
Gods
providence
.
abroad
to
fetch
in
their
weekely
contribution
:
the
Burgomaster
or
major
of
the
Towne
seeing
the
Scots
thus
gotten
ashore
,
went
to
them
,
and
understanding
that
they
were
the
King
of
Swedens
men
,
invited
them
into
the
towne
,
and
in
the
night
time
letting
them
in
,
and
furnishing
them
with
armes
,
Monroe
sent
Captaine
Rugenwald
taken
.
Bullion
,
with
a
chosen
party
of
Musketteeres
to
fall
upon
the
Imperialists
that
remained
in
the
City
,
who
quickly
Cryed
for
quarter
,
&
had
it
granted
:
the
Towne
being
thus
miraculously
taken
,
God
brought
in
the
ninth
ship
that
was
driven
away
by
the
storme
,
to
anchor
before
the
Towne
,
whereby
Monro
was
strengthened
,
and
enabled
to
doe
some
feates
of
Armes
abroad
in
the
countrey
:
the
King
perceiving
that
God
himselfe
had
herein
fought
for
him
,
commands
Monro
to
continue
there
,
and
sends
gallant
Bauditzen
with
some
more
horse
and
foot
to
joine
with
him
.
A
while
after
came
an
Imperiall
Currier
to
the
King
;
His
letter
contained
an
admiration
of
the
Emperours
,
why
the
King
should
come
armed
into
the
Empire
,
offering
him
a
treaty
of
peace
,
if
he
would
first
lay
downe
armes
:
To
this
he
answers
,
that
his
Imperiall
His
answere
to
the
Emp.
Majesty
would
cease
to
wonder
,
if
he
pleased
to
remember
the
two
Armies
sent
against
him
into
Prussia
:
the
wronging
of
his
friends
,
and
the
endangering
of
his
Kingdoms
;
and
as
for
the
profer
of
peace
,
he
could
not
believe
that
it
was
sincerely
meant
,
seeing
that
before
it
was
scorned
:
but
to
lay
downe
Armes
,
he
utterly
refused
,
unlesse
Germany
were
restored
to
liberty
&c.
A
wonderfull
thing
it
is
that
in
eight
moneths
,
space
betwixt
Iuly
and
February
,
he
Eightie
Cities
&c.
taken
in
eight
moneths
.
tooke
in
eighty
Cities
,
Castles
,
and
Sconces
in
Pomerland
and
Mecklenburg
.
Tilly
the
Imperiall
Generall
,
having
about
this
time
gotten
together
a
braue
Army
of
one
&
twenty
thousand
horse
and
foot
,
advances
towards
the
King
:
Tillies
Army
.
who
strongly
entrenched
himselfe
,
out
of
which
he
would
not
be
drawne
:
Tilly
passed
and
repassed
by
,
yet
durst
not
he
venture
,
upon
him
in
his
trenches
:
the
King
had
noe
reason
to
present
him
battell
,
his
Army
having
beene
so
wearied
out
,
and
noe
necessity
forcing
him
to
fight
:
therefore
Tilly
goes
back
,
and
laies
siege
to
Magdeburg
,
which
at
last
hee
tooke
,
and
like
a
bloody
villaine
,
put
to
the
sword
twenty
thousand
persons
at
least
,
of
all
ranks
,
ages
,
and
sexes
;
that
great
City
also
he
burned
Popish
cruelty
.
downe
,
utterly
turning
it
into
Cinders
,
exceping
a
hundred
nine
and
thirty
houses
:
His
souldiers
committed
all
manner
of
ravages
all
the
countrey
over
:
Ladies
,
Gentlewomen
,
and
others
,
like
beasts
and
dogs
they
yoaked
&
coupled
together
,
leading
them
into
the
woods
to
ravish
them
,
&
such
as
resisted
,
they
stript
naked
,
whipt
them
,
cropt
their
eares
,
and
so
sent
them
home
againe
.
In
the
meane
time
,
the
King
taking
with
him
eight
thousand
men
,
advanceth
towards
Frankfurt
upon
Oder
:
Count
Scomberg
was
governour
there
,
who
suspecting
the
Kings
purpose
,
tooke
in
seven
thousand
more
into
the
Garison
,
and
burnt
downe
the
suburbs
:
the
same
day
came
the
King
,
then
he
entrened
in
the
vineyards
neere
the
City
:
in
the
approaches
the
valiant
Baron
Dyvell
was
wounded
,
which
much
troubled
the
King
;
in
the
evening
the
Imperialists
salied
out
,
but
were
soone
beaten
back
with
losse
;
the
next
day
being
Sabbath
,
the
King
had
praiers
,
Sabbarh
sanctified
.
and
sermons
in
his
Camp
:
all
things
being
quiet
,
the
souldiers
in
the
towne
began
to
revile
the
Swedes
,
asking
them
,
if
they
had
eaten
up
their
leather
gunns
;
they
hung
out
also
a
Goose
upon
a
pike
,
jeering
the
Swedes
with
it
;
the
great
officers
within
the
towne
thought
that
the
King
had
noe
purpose
to
set
upon
them
,
his
numbers
were
so
small
,
and
their
owne
strength
so
great
:
Both
Sermons
being
ended
,
he
commanded
Sir
Iohn
Banier
to
give
order
for
the
assault
:
and
when
he
saw
his
commanders
and
officers
in
a
bravery
ready
to
fight
unarmed
,
he
commanded
them
to
put
on
their
armour
:
Saying
,
if
my
officers
be
killed
,
who
shall
command
my
souldiers
:
the
Swedish
souldiers
wanting
ladders
,
ran
to
the
Boores
houses
,
&
fetched
their
racks
,
with
which
and
some
hatchets
they
got
to
a
mighty
strong
pallisado
neere
the
walls
,
which
they
fell
to
hewing
downe
,
then
the
enemies
and
they
fell
to
it
,
bullets
and
smoke
darkening
the
very
aire
,
the
Imperialists
being
beaten
,
retire
through
a
Salley-port
into
the
towne
:
the
King
calling
Sir
Iohn
Hephbron
,
and
Colonell
Lumsdell
,
said
,
now
my
brane
Scots
,
remember
your
countreymen
slaine
at
new-Brandenburg
:
they
Franckfurt
taken
by
storme
.
thereupon
with
their
English
and
Scots
regiments
,
presse
upon
the
Salley-port
,
bullets
flying
as
thick
as
haile
;
Lumsdel
with
his
drawne
sword
presses
on
,
saying
,
Let
's
,
enter
my
hearts
,
and
so
thrusting
in
aamongst
the
thickest
of
his
enemies
,
his
men
follow
,
knocking
downe
their
enemies
most
pittiously
:
then
breaking
open
the
greater
gate
,
they
entred
the
City
,
making
a
pitifull
slaughter
,
crying
,
New-brandenburg
,
knock
him
downe
:
One
Scotchman
killed
eighteene
men
with
his
owne
hands
;
and
Lumsdell
tooke
eighteene
Colours
,
yea
he
shewed
such
valour
,
that
the
King
afterwards
bid
him
ask
what
he
would
,
and
he
would
give
it
him
:
by
this
time
the
Swedes
gat
over
the
walls
:
Scomberg
valiantly
opposed
himselfe
,
but
was
quickly
forced
to
retire
:
the
Swedes
running
into
danger
,
like
flies
into
the
candle
,
as
if
they
had
not
seene
it
:
the
Imperialists
having
brought
all
the
riches
which
they
had
gotten
by
Much
riches
taken
.
Plundring
the
whole
countrey
into
this
City
,
were
now
lading
of
it
away
upon
mules
,
wagons
&c.
but
the
Swedes
saved
them
that
labour
,
and
the
flying
souldiers
were
so
stopped
,
and
wedged
in
with
these
carts
,
that
many
of
them
were
stifled
,
slain
,
or
thrust
into
the
Oder
:
divers
of
the
Imperiall
Collonells
were
here
slaine
,
with
fifty
Captaines
and
officers
,
and
aboue
seven
thousand
souldiers
,
three
and
twenty
Ensignes
,
and
eight
Cornets
were
presented
to
the
King
:
many
prisoners
taken
,
and
sent
to
Stetin
;
of
the
Swedes
were
slaine
but
one
hundred
,
and
as
many
more
hurt
:
the
next
day
the
King
by
intreaties
and
threats
restrained
his
men
from
plunder
:
Here
he
found
much
riches
:
a
hundred
thousand
pound
of
powder
:
eighteene
pieces
of
great
Ordnance
,
besides
little
ones
,
and
a
great
quantity
of
Armes
,
and
Ammunition
;
there
was
no
woman
ravished
Cood
disiples
.
in
all
this
City
,
nor
any
Burger
kild
:
the
King
caused
solemne
thanks
to
be
returned
to
almighty
God
for
this
great
victory
:
Shortly
after
he
restored
Thanksgiving
.
the
Duke
of
Mecklenburg
to
his
ancient
and
paternall
inheritance
,
out
of
which
he
had
beene
unjustly
cast
by
the
Emperour
who
had
given
it
to
Walsteine
:
After
which
he
cleares
Branbenburg
of
the
Imperialists
,
and
takes
in
Gripswald
,
and
many
other
places
.
Then
he
advanced
towards
Magdeburg
,
from
which
Tilly
was
departed
,
having
fortified
and
garisoned
it
;
by
the
way
he
tooke
in
many
townes
and
Castles
,
which
Tilly
hearing
of
,
sent
back
foure
Regiments
under
Pappenheime
to
resist
him
,
who
joyning
with
the
garisons
that
were
expulsed
by
the
King
,
fell
upon
a
party
of
the
Swedes
,
which
the
King
hearing
of
,
with
all
his
horse
and
two
thousand
Muskettiers
hee
comes
time
enough
to
make
one
in
the
medley
:
Pappenheim's
foot
are
almost
all
slaine
on
Pappenheme
beaten
.
the
place
:
his
horse
plaid
the
Pultrons
,
&
ran
away
,
himselfe
escaped
by
the
swiftnesse
of
his
horse
:
hereupon
diverse
garisons
were
quitted
to
the
King
:
then
the
King
proceeding
further
,
formed
a
strong
Camp
at
Werben
upon
the
river
Elbe
,
hearing
that
Tilly
was
coming
back
towards
him
,
and
called
of
Anno
1932.
his
Garrisons
that
were
not
tenable
.
Tilly
sent
,
as
his
avantcurriers
,
four
Regiments
of
horse
,
excellent
old
souldiers
,
and
most
of
them
Curiassiers
,
to
see
if
they
could
tempt
out
the
King
to
fight
,
these
were
confident
that
the
King
would
not
fight
,
and
so
marched
to
a
towne
within
a
league
of
him
,
not
seeing
one
Swede
all
the
way
,
and
so
there
they
took
up
their
quarters
;
Bernsteyn
that
commanded
in
chiefe
with
six
hundred
Curiassiers
set
the
watch
,
the
other
betooke
themselves
to
their
rest
:
the
King
of
Sweden
privily
sends
out
a
party
of
two
Bernsteine
beaten
and
slaine
.
thousand
musketters
,
and
fiue
hundred
Dragooners
against
them
,
which
in
the
breake
of
day
fell
upon
them
,
slew
a
thousand
fiue
hundred
,
&
Bernestyne
amongst
them
,
took
nine
and
twenty
Corners
,
and
great
store
of
plate
and
money
:
Tilly
resolving
reveng
,
marches
towards
the
King
with
six
&
twenty
thousand
brave
men
,
all
like
himselfe
,
full
of
anger
and
resolution
:
but
before
he
assaulted
his
trenches
,
he
endeavoured
secretly
to
hire
some
traytors
with
large
promises
to
naile
up
the
Kings
Ordnance
,
that
it
Treason
.
might
be
made
unservicable
against
him
:
but
by
remorse
of
conscience
in
one
of
the
undertakers
,
the
plot
was
discovered
:
yet
the
King
gave
not
Tilly
one
Cannon
shot
,
though
he
came
neere
his
Ordance
,
which
made
him
very
confident
that
his
plot
had
taken
,
and
his
men
pressed
on
in
great
multitudes
,
but
on
a
sudden
there
was
such
a
tempest
of
chaine
shot
,
murthering
shot
,
and
what
ever
was
cruellest
to
doe
execution
,
shoured
in
amongst
them
,
that
there
was
made
a
miserable
slaughter
:
immediately
sallyed
out
Baudissen
with
three
regiments
of
horse
,
Tilly
worsted
.
and
so
cruelly
charged
his
Curiassiers
,
that
had
the
King
seconded
him
,
Tilly
had
had
a
great
defeate
:
but
a
retreat
was
sounded
for
that
night
:
then
Tilly
hired
some
Boores
to
fire
the
towne
of
Werben
,
about
Treason
.
which
the
Kings
Leaguer
was
:
but
through
Gods
mercy
they
were
discovered
,
and
executed
:
Tilly
made
some
other
attempts
,
but
seeing
he
could
make
nothing
of
it
,
he
retreated
:
after
whom
the
King
followed
,
charging
the
Crabbats
[
light
horsemen
]
so
furiously
,
that
they
were
driven
upon
their
owne
foot
,
who
were
faigne
to
charge
their
pikes
against
them
:
Hereupon
Tilly
made
an
Alt
,
ordered
his
men
,
and
a
skirmish
was
begun
,
which
by
the
nights
approach
was
broken
off
,
and
so
both
sides
retired
to
their
quarters
:
Tilly
had
a
great
mind
to
be
revenged
,
sent
out
diverse
Parties
to
watch
their
opportunity
,
but
seeing
that
most
of
them
came
short
home
,
and
victualls
grew
very
deere
,
he
disloges
with
his
Army
,
and
marches
quite
away
into
the
Duke
of
Saxonies
country
:
he
left
behind
him
500
starved
horses
,
800
Wagons
forwant
of
draught
horses
,
Tilly
retreates
into
Saxony
.
besides
,
about
7000
of
his
men
lost
in
this
expedition
:
then
the
King
divided
his
Army
into
severall
quarters
.
At
this
time
the
Queene
of
Sweden
arrived
at
Wolgost
with
eight
thousand
men
:
and
Marquis
Hamilton
brought
six
thousand
more
out
of
English
under
D.
Hamilton
.
England
at
the
same
time
:
with
these
men
the
King
reenforced
his
severall
Armies
:
Tilly
was
busily
imployed
in
taking
in
Townes
in
Saxony
,
and
afterwards
besieges
Lipswich
:
Hereupon
the
Duke
of
Saxony
sends
importunatly
to
the
King
,
to
hasten
to
his
relief
,
who
accordingly
uniting
his
forces
again
,
marches
thitherward
:
by
the
way
they
met
with
hard
lodging
,
and
worse
commons
,
whereupon
the
Army
being
drawn
up
into
Battalia
,
the
King
thus
spake
to
them
:
Lords
and
gentlemen
,
I
am
much
grived
for
His
speech
to
his
Armies
this
your
hard
lodging
,
&
entertainement
:
But
courage
my
hearts
,
we
are
now
almost
in
the
Dukedome
of
Saxony
,
his
country
:
there
things
will
mend
:
there
we
shall
have
victuals
,
and
provision
enough
,
then
shal
you
be
paid
your
arreares
,
only
I
desire
you
to
behave
your selves
civilly
amongst
the
inhabitants
&c.
It
nothing
,
I
know
,
daunts
your
valiant
hearts
,
that
you
are
going
to
fight
with
an
Army
that
call
themselves
invincible
:
since
you
have
found
it
not
to
be
so
:
On
therefore
my
hearts
,
on
Gods
name
;
we
daily
pray
to
the
Lord
of
hosts
for
you
,
and
we
desire
you
to
doe
the
same
for
us
,
that
he
would
be
gratiously
pleased
to
goe
along
with
us
,
to
assist
us
,
and
to
give
us
good
successe
in
whatsoever
,
just
and
religious
enter
prize
we
undertake
.
The
Army
much
encouraged
with
this
speech
,
marches
couragiously
that
night
neere
Wittenberg
:
and
hither
the
Duke
of
Saxony
sent
Embassadors
to
the
King
,
to
conclude
upon
what
tearmes
he
should
assist
him
:
which
were
these
.
First
,
that
the
King
might
freely
passe
,
and
repasse
Articles
betweene
the
King
and
D
of
Saxony
.
through
Saxony
.
Secondly
,
that
the
Duke
at
his
own
charge
should
finde
the
Kings
army
with
powder
,
shot
,
and
provisions
.
Thirdly
,
that
the
Dukes
Army
should
be
under
the
command
of
the
King
.
Fourthly
,
that
the
Duke
should
conclude
no
peace
with
the
Emperour
without
the
Kings
consent
:
when
the
two
Armies
met
,
the
Dukes
horse
and
foot
vailed
their
Cornets
,
and
Ensignes
as
they
passed
by
the
Kings
Army
:
the
next
day
newes
came
that
Tilly
had
gotten
Lipsich
:
Then
did
Tilly
out
of
a
bravery
send
Tilly
takes
Lipsich
.
a
Trumpet
to
the
King
with
this
message
,
that
as
hee
was
a
brave
Cavalier
,
hee
should
come
,
and
give
him
His
message
to
the
King
.
battell
:
the
King
scorning
the
terme
of
Cavalier
,
replyed
thus
:
what
!
doth
your
Generall
thinke
mee
worthy
of
no
better
a
terme
then
of
a
Cavalier
?
I
am
a
King
,
and
tell
him
ere
long
I
shall
finde
him
out
:
hereupon
Tilly
prepares
his
Army
,
as
for
a
victory
assured
,
rather
then
to
fight
much
for
it
,
and
his
men
Pride
.
who
counted
themselves
invincible
were
very
glad
of
the
newes
of
a
pitch't
battell
:
Pappenheim
when
hee
A
Prodigie
saw
the
bloud
prodigiously
dropping
from
the
house
at
Hall
,
where
he
was
,
said
:
what
!
must
we
bleede
?
will
the
King
of
Sweden
beate
us
?
that
's
impossible
.
September
the
seventh
,
Tilly
with
foure
and
forty
thousand
brave
men
advances
into
the
field
:
the
place
was
a
Goodly
plaine
called
Gods-acre
,
a
mile
from
Leipsich
:
the
same
place
,
where
Charles
the
fifth
overthrew
Prince
Mauris
formerly
:
there
was
in
this
plaine
a
little
rising
hill
,
and
a
wood
,
here
Tilly
,
carefull
of
all
advantages
,
placed
his
Army
:
the
hill
was
fit
to
plant
his
cannon
on
,
and
easie
for
him
to
descend
,
but
hard
for
the
Swedes
to
climb
up
;
the
wood
served
him
to
hide
his
men
at
the
first
,
and
for
a
retreating
place
if
need
were
:
His
word
was
,
Saint
Mary
,
the
token
to
be
known
by
,
was
white
strings
and
ribbons
:
the
King
the
day
before
the
battell
kept
a
fast
with
his
Army
,
to
seek
unto
God
for
successe
:
in
the
evening
he
marcheth
forward
within
three
or
four
miles
of
the
enemy
,
where
they
rested
that
Fasting
and
prayer
before
the
Battell
.
night
;
the
King
that
night
dreamed
that
he
had
Tilly
fast
by
the
haire
of
the
head
,
and
for
all
his
strugling
,
would
not
let
him
goe
,
till
he
bit
him
on
the
left
side
,
which
upon
the
successe
,
was
thus
interpreted
,
that
the
king
should
have
the
upper
hand
of
his
enemie
,
A
Dreame
of
the
Kings
.
and
that
Tilly
should
defeat
the
Duke
of
Saxony
,
who
had
the
left
side
of
the
King
in
the
battell
:
Before
day
light
,
he
was
upon
his
march
,
and
coming
within
view
of
the
enemie
,
he
saw
them
upon
the
higher
ground
:
Tilly
knowing
that
they
were
to
meet
with
a
troublesom
passage
through
bushes
and
dirty
waies
,
sent
out
some
to
trouble
them
,
who
also
by
setting
fire
to
traines
of
gunpowder
,
scattered
for
that
purpose
,
sought
by
the
smoke
thereof
,
the
wind
blowing
it
just
into
the
protestants
faces
,
to
blind
and
trouble
their
putting
of
themselves
into
order
:
but
neither
force
,
nor
stratagem
could
serve
turne
;
for
in
despite
of
both
,
the
passe
was
gained
,
where
the
protestants
immediately
began
to
put
themselves
into
order
of
Battell
:
and
seeing
Tilly
present
his
men
in
a
mighty
large
front
,
which
with
his
wings
extended
full
two
miles
in
length
,
and
to
prevent
hemming
in
,
they
divided
themselves
into
two
Armies
,
the
Duke
of
Saxony
towards
the
left
,
the
King
towards
the
right
hand
:
Tilly
seeing
their
march
,
said
,
Now
fellow
souldiers
Tilly's
speech
to
his
souldiers
,
The
Ks.
to
his
.
we
must
looke
for
blowes
:
his
men
,
deeming
themselves
invincible
,
expressed
much
desire
to
beat
it
:
The
King
of
Sweden
rode
from
regiment
to
regiment
,
saying
with
a
loud
voice
,
Come
on
,
Comrades
,
will
you
fight
to
day
for
the
name
of
Iesus
Christ
?
they
all
cheerfully
cried
out
;
vivat
Gustavus
Adolphus
vive
,
vive
,
vive
thereupon
the
King
presently
sent
a
Trumpet
to
Tilly
with
a
letter
,
that
he
desired
to
see
him
in
the
field
,
and
to
that
purpose
he
now
attended
for
him
:
to
which
Tilly
returned
answere
,
that
he
for
his
part
had
never
refused
to
fight
with
him
;
that
he
would
now
meet
him
halfe
way
,
and
that
the
King
knew
well
where
to
find
him
:
the
King
had
in
his
Army
about
twenty
thousand
,
amongst
whom
were
many
English
&
Scots
:
the
Duke
of
Saxonies
Army
consisted
of
fourteene
thousand
,
led
by
the
valiant
L.
Arnheim
:
the
word
for
both
the
Protestants
armies
was
,
God
with
us
;
their
tokens
,
Greene
branches
in
their
hats
and
helmets
:
some
few
daies
before
,
two
flocks
of
birds
had
fought
in
this
place
,
the
one
killing
A
prodigie
.
and
beating
away
the
other
,
the
victorious
birds
remained
on
the
place
,
which
being
sprung
by
the
Kings
vauntcurriers
,
took
their
flight
to
Tillies
Army
,
and
there
fetching
a
circle
about
,
returned
towards
the
Kings
Army
:
as
who
would
say
,
we
went
to
fetch
you
victory
:
at
least
some
thus
thought
of
it
.
Being
now
ready
to
come
to
the
shock
,
some
strugling
there
was
for
the
wind
,
which
was
full
The
Battell
begins
.
in
the
protestants
faces
,
the
King
by
wheeling
about
sought
to
alter
it
,
the
other
as
much
to
keep
their
advantage
:
the
fight
began
with
great
Ordnance
,
Tilly
himselfe
gave
fire
to
the
first
three
great
gunns
:
&
the
King
,
as
his
manner
was
,
to
the
two
first
:
the
hideous
roaring
of
the
cannons
on
both
sides
,
made
the
very
Earth
to
tremble
,
and
continuing
so
two
hours
,
made
many
a
brave
man
breath
his
last
:
about
two
a
clock
the
cannon
gave
over
,
and
both
horse
and
foote
charged
:
Pappenheim
with
his
horse
charging
the
Kings
right
wing
,
which
was
lined
with
Muskietters
,
was
so
pelted
,
that
traversing
their
ground
,
they
thrust
in
betweene
the
Kings
Right
wing
,
and
maine
battell
,
where
Bannier
commanded
,
after
whom
the
King
immediately
sent
some
able
troops
,
who
hemming
them
in
cut
them
utterly
to
pieces
:
Pappenheimes
foot
being
thus
left
naked
,
were
easil●
defeated
,
he
himselfe
was
wounded
,
forsook
the
field
,
and
left
all
his
Ordnance
behind
him
:
the
King
in
the
beginning
of
the
fight
,
seeing
his
Prayer
the
best
refuge
.
men
hardly
charged
,
alighting
from
his
horse
,
with
bended
knees
prayed
to
the
God
of
heaven
for
victory
;
Tilly
seeing
it
goe
hard
with
his
left
wing
,
advanceth
downe
the
hill
with
his
battell
,
consisting
of
sixteene
Regiments
of
brave
old
souldiers
,
the
horsemen
also
proudly
prancing
upon
their
flanks
:
opposite
to
him
was
Gustavus
Horne
,
with
his
left
wing
:
Tilly
twice
or
thrice
charges
him
with
great
bravery
,
which
charges
Horne
with
as
much
resolu●ion
endures
and
returned
:
Tilly
finding
himselfe
much
galled
there
with
the
Swedish
horse
lined
with
Drakes
,
and
small
field
pieces
,
leaving
part
of
his
horse
and
foot
to
hold
Horne
play
,
suddenly
with
the
rest
converts
all
his
fury
upon
the
Duke
of
Saxony
:
two
or
three
charges
the
Saxons
endured
well
enough
,
but
the
wind
carrying
the
smoake
and
dust
full
into
their
eyes
,
and
Tillyes
men
falling
too
heavily
upon
them
,
they
not
able
any
longer
to
endure
the
fury
of
the
old
Wallons
,
Germans
,
and
Burgundians
,
The
Saxons
flie
▪
and
pillage
their
owne
wagons
.
at
first
began
to
give
ground
,
&
to
run
quite
away
a
little
after
:
some
were
slaine
and
many
were
taken
prisoners
,
the
rest
fled
,
leaving
all
their
faire
Ordnance
to
the
enemie
,
who
presently
turned
them
upon
the
Swedish
:
But
these
cowardly
Saxons
,
is
soone
as
they
were
out
of
reach
of
the
enemy
,
fell
to
pillage
their
owne
wagons
,
that
they
might
carry
home
the
spoiles
of
the
warrs
,
though
not
of
their
enemies
:
the
Imperialists
seeing
the
Saxons
flying
,
cry
Victoria
,
Victoria
,
follow
,
follow
,
follow
;
but
the
old
Lad
their
Generall
said
,
Let
them
goe
,
we
shall
overtake
them
time
enough
,
let
us
beat
the
Swedes
too
,
and
then
all
Germany
is
our
owne
:
some
posts
were
presently
dispeeded
away
to
the
Emperor
at
Vienna
with
welcome
tidings
of
victory
:
But
valiant
Arnheym
,
with
the
best
of
the
Dukes
horse
,
&
his
life
guard
,
edging
towards
the
Swedes
,
kept
the
field
:
An
Imperiall
Cavalier
seeing
a
Saxon
Captaine
of
horse
,
behave
himselfe
bravely
in
the
head
of
his
Troop
,
presently
riding
up
to
him
,
bent
his
Pistoll
upon
him
,
engaging
him
in
a
single
combat
,
which
the
Saxon
refused
A
Duell
not
,
and
both
their
horses
being
shot
,
to
it
on
foot
they
goe
with
sword
and
pistoll
;
both
are
slaine
,
and
both
fell
downe
dead
together
one
upon
another
:
yet
death
gaue
the
honour
to
the
Saxon
Champion
,
laying
him
uppermost
:
But
that
party
which
Tilly
had
left
engaged
with
Horne
,
came
not
so
victoriously
of
from
the
Swedes
,
as
their
Generall
had
done
from
the
Saxons
,
but
were
dispersed
,
and
put
to
flight
:
the
Earle
of
Frustenberg
which
commanded
the
left
wing
of
the
Tillians
,
having
peiced
in
with
Tilies
body
that
charged
the
Saxons
,
seeing
them
fly
,
he
with
his
regiment
flies
amaine
upon
the
Swedes
againe
,
charging
the
reere
of
the
left
Wing
,
where
Colonell
Hall
,
a
brave
gentleman
,
commanded
:
after
a
while
Frustenberg
was
himselfe
dangerously
wounded
,
and
carried
off
:
Hall
also
,
whose
brest
plate
was
not
full
proofe
,
was
slaine
with
a
Musket
bullet
upon
the
place
.
But
noe
sooner
were
Furstenbergs
foot
defeated
,
but
eight
thousand
of
those
Imperialists
,
which
had
discomfited
the
Saxons
came
upon
the
place
,
where
the
Saxons
were
lately
Marshalled
:
the
dust
and
smoake
were
so
great
,
that
they
were
on
Colenbach
,
ere
he
was
aware
,
the
Imperialists
turning
two
pieces
of
Ordnance
,
which
they
had
taken
from
the
Saxons
,
let
fly
amongst
the
Swedes
:
Iust
at
that
time
came
the
King
riding
up
to
his
men
,
crying
to
Collenbach
,
Charge
man
,
on
Gods
name
,
and
withall
himselfe
led
them
up
against
the
enemie
:
Collenbach
advancing
(
and
the
King
going
away
to
looke
to
other
places
)
was
presently
charged
with
ten
Cornets
of
horse
,
who
at
the
first
or
second
charge
killed
all
his
officers
,
that
commanded
foure
of
his
Troopes
,
yea
Collenbach
himselfe
was
there
slaine
:
his
foure
Troopes
flying
thereupon
,
which
yet
the
Imperialists
by
reason
of
the
smoake
discerned
not
;
then
did
a
party
of
the
Kings
Muskettiers
give
fire
upon
them
,
which
made
them
wheele
about
to
the
left
;
where
they
encountred
with
foure
other
Troops
of
Collenbachs
regiment
,
who
charged
so
lustily
upon
them
,
that
they
draue
them
to
the
gates
of
Leipsich
:
the
King
when
he
went
from
Collenbach
,
rode
to
his
three
Brigades
of
reserues
,
under
the
command
of
valiant
Hepbron
,
carrying
with
him
many
prisoners
,
which
he
had
taken
with
his
right
wing
,
shewing
them
to
his
men
,
and
crying
,
Lustily
,
Valiantly
:
the
souldiers
answering
Vive
:
the
King
seeing
their
alacrity
,
led
them
on
Liue
.
against
those
eight
thousand
,
which
had
defeated
the
Saxons
,
mentioned
before
,
and
with
all
he
sent
Baron
Dyvell
to
Sir
Iohn
Hebpron
,
to
bid
him
fall
on
:
Scarfly
had
this
brave
Baron
Dyvel
done
his
message
,
but
he
was
shot
starke
dead
upon
the
place
.
Hepbron
moved
forward
,
with
whom
was
the
valiant
Scots
Colonell
Lumsdall
,
&
Sir
Iames
Ramsey
,
with
Muschamp
a
brave
English
man
:
our
Muskettiers
gave
not
fire
till
they
came
within
Pistoll
shot
,
and
then
the
three
first
ranks
discharged
together
,
and
after
them
the
other
three
;
which
done
,
they
fell
pell
mell
into
their
ranks
,
knocking
them
downe
with
the
but
ends
of
their
Muskets
:
yet
four
gallant
Troopes
of
the
enemies
curiassiers
,
came
up
to
the
Swedes
,
&
with
their
pistols
shot
all
the
Scottish
Ancients
dead
upon
the
place
:
yet
did
the
Scots
bravely
stand
to
it
,
maintaining
the
fight
about
an
houre
together
,
in
which
time
many
of
the
Imperialist
were
slain
&
the
rest
fled
:
So
that
there
was
not
a
greater
f●ll
o●
men
any
where
that
day
,
then
in
this
place
:
nor
any
piece
of
service
better
on
both
sides
maintained
;
and
here
it
was
that
Tilly
himselfe
received
his
wounds
:
Tilly
wounded
the
King
having
set
on
Hepbron
upon
Tilly
,
returned
to
his
right
wing
,
presently
advancing
forward
with
it
towards
the
wood
upon
the
hill
,
where
some
of
Tillies
regiments
stood
as
reserues
,
and
others
that
had
beene
routed
,
were
resorted
thither
:
the
King
in
person
set
upon
these
with
such
courage
,
that
at
the
first
onset
,
he
cut
in
pieces
those
which
guarded
the
Ordnance
,
which
he
turned
immediately
upon
the
enemy
;
but
there
were
foure
Regiments
of
old
souldiers
,
that
stood
to
their
Armes
brauely
,
such
as
feared
noe
enemie
:
these
made
good
the
wood
for
a
long
time
against
the
King
:
killed
many
a
brave
fellow
,
nor
would
they
budg
a
foot
,
though
they
saw
noe
The
Imperialists
beaten
.
hope
of
reliefe
,
but
fought
it
out
to
the
last
man
:
only
some
few
of
them
,
when
they
had
done
as
much
as
men
could
doe
,
retired
u●der
the
benefit
of
the
night
which
was
now
come
on
:
by
which
time
all
the
Imperiall
Army
was
wholly
beaten
.
Thus
after
fiue
houres
hard
fight
,
the
victory
through
Gods
mercy
,
fell
to
the
King
,
whose
horsmen
continued
the
chase
,
till
darknesse
made
it
dangerous
to
pursue
the
enemie
any
further
:
the
Kings
Army
remaining
masters
of
the
field
,
lay
all
night
upon
the
bare
ground
,
yet
none
but
the
wounded
,
complained
of
the
want
of
a
featherbed
:
the
next
morning
they
pursued
the
flying
enemies
,
killing
many
,
and
taking
many
prisoners
:
thus
that
formidable
army
Pride
goes
before
destruction
.
of
the
Catholick
leaguers
,
which
had
for
eleven
yeares
together
given
Lawes
to
all
Germany
,
and
made
the
name
of
Tilly
so
renowned
,
was
in
one
day
,
through
the
power
and
goodnesse
of
God
,
broken
in
pieces
:
about
ten
thousand
of
them
slaine
,
many
thousands
wounded
,
and
six
thousand
forsaking
that
side
,
tooke
oath
and
pay
for
the
Kings
service
,
many
more
running
away
,
and
never
returning
to
their
colours
:
then
did
the
King
seise
upon
the
enemies
standing
Camp
,
where
he
found
three
thousand
Wagons
with
all
their
baggage
,
tents
,
and
pavilions
,
many
Cattell
,
Oxen
,
Sheep
,
horses
,
Asles
,
Poultry
,
bread
,
wine
,
meat
upon
the
spits
&c.
much
costly
stuffe
,
money
and
plate
:
He
tooke
one
hundred
Ensignes
,
and
Cornets
:
fourteene
Demicannons
;
sixteene
field
pieces
&c.
the
King
of
Sweden
lost
but
seven
hundred
men
,
and
the
Duke
of
Saxony
two
thousand
:
the
King
lost
but
foure
Colonells
;
but
The
greatnesse
of
the
victory
.
Tilly
many
more
:
all
advantages
were
on
the
enemies
side
:
the
wind
,
the
wood
,
the
higher
ground
:
Tillies
army
was
the
greater
,
his
souldiers
the
older
,
and
their
Army
by
themselves
counted
Invincible
:
besides
the
Kings
Army
was
much
discouraged
by
the
flight
of
the
Saxons
,
yet
the
Lord
of
Hosts
gave
him
the
victory
,
that
he
might
give
him
the
praise
:
Tillies
manly
heart
could
not
refraine
from
teares
,
when
he
thus
saw
his
old
souldiers
goe
to
ruine
:
and
this
Tilly
weeps
.
old
Conqueror
,
that
used
still
to
see
the
backs
of
his
enemies
,
is
now
glad
to
shew
them
his
owne
heeles
,
and
wounded
as
as
he
was
,
fled
twenty
miles
that
night
:
Fustenberg
and
Pappenheim
also
sorely
wounded
,
came
thither
to
him
,
and
having
their
wounds
dressed
,
they
fled
in
an
hackney
coach
,
and
Tilly
in
an
horse-litter
:
the
King
of
Sweden
,
as
he
began
with
prayer
,
so
he
ended
with
thanksgiving
,
appointing
(
together
with
the
Duke
of
Saxony
)
a
Publick
day
Thanksgiving
.
of
thanksgiving
to
be
celebrated
,
both
in
the
Army
,
and
through
all
Saxony
,
unto
God
for
this
so
glorious
a
victory
.
Tilly
after
this
overthrow
flies
from
place
to
place
,
partly
to
secure
himselfe
,
and
partly
to
gleane
up
as
many
of
his
dispersed
souldiers
as
possibly
he
could
,
so
that
in
ten
daies
space
he
had
gone
a
hundred
and
fortie
miles
:
he
wrote
also
to
Altringer
to
joine
his
Army
with
him
,
and
then
begins
to
forme
an
army
againe
,
and
Altringer
brings
to
Tilly
formes
a
new
Army
.
him
about
ten
thousand
men
,
so
that
in
all
he
had
about
eighteene
thousand
men
,
but
ill
clothed
,
and
armed
:
afterwards
he
joynes
with
the
Lorrain
Army
:
and
coming
before
the
great
City
of
Norimberg
,
he
demanded
supply
of
bread
&c.
promising
that
if
they
yielded
to
him
,
he
would
pay
them
honestly
,
otherwise
he
would
force
them
to
it
:
but
the
Count
of
Solmes
,
sent
thither
as
Governour
by
the
King
of
Sweden
,
made
a
resolute
salley
the
next
day
before
Tillies
trenches
,
where
with
his
Swedish
horse
,
he
tooke
the
young
Prince
of
Anhalt
with
diverse
more
,
prisoners
:
Tilly
thereupon
leaving
behind
him
two
thousand
dead
,
wounded
and
sick
men
,
dislodged
with
his
army
:
about
this
time
he
had
twelve
thousand
fiue
hundred
weight
of
powder
blowne
up
Gods
just
judgment
upon
Tilly
.
by
an
accident
,
whereupon
he
said
,
with
a
deep
sigh
:
I
doe
evidently
see
all
my
good
fortunes
begin
to
faile
me
,
and
every
thing
goes
awkardly
with
me
:
He
should
have
said
,
Now
doth
the
Lord
revenge
upon
me
all
that
innocent
blood
which
I
shed
at
Magdebrug
,
together
with
all
other
my
wicked
practises
:
After
this
he
marches
into
the
Palatinate
,
after
whom
the
The
Kings
entertainement
at
Norimberg
.
King
of
Sweden
follows
with
about
foure
and
twenty
thousand
men
,
but
first
he
went
to
Norimberg
,
and
was
there
with
wonderfull
joy
entertained
,
and
presented
with
foure
great
pieces
of
brasse
Ordnance
:
two
globes
of
silver
,
filled
with
silver
and
gold
:
Oates
fish
,
wine
&c.
and
an
Oration
made
to
him
,
to
which
(
being
an
excellent
speaker
)
he
presently
returned
answere
,
thanking
them
for
their
presents
,
but
especially
for
their
constancy
in
religion
,
and
defence
of
it
,
promising
for
his
part
,
that
as
he
had
undertaken
the
defence
of
it
,
so
through
Gods
grace
and
assistance
he
would
protect
them
,
and
all
the
rest
of
his
friends
to
the
uttermost
of
his
power
:
Also
hearing
that
Tilly
went
further
and
further
from
him
,
to
joine
with
Walsteines
army
,
he
resolved
to
march
into
Bavaria
,
a
rich
and
fertile
countrey
,
and
so
thereby
to
remove
the
seat
of
warr
from
the
Palatinate
;
and
for
that
end
he
marched
to
Donawert
,
which
was
the
Key
to
open
his
passage
into
Bavaria
:
this
was
a
strong
City
,
and
had
in
it
a
Garison
of
one
thousand
seven
hundred
foot
,
and
fiue
hundred
horse
under
the
valiant
Rodulph
Maximilian
,
Duke
of
Saxen
Lawenburg
:
by
the
City
ran
the
river
of
Danubius
,
over
which
the
King
must
passe
into
Bavaria
:
the
The
siege
of
Dunawert
.
King
raised
a
Battery
,
on
which
he
mounted
twenty
pieces
of
Ordnance
,
wherewith
he
annoied
the
towne
,
and
hindred
the
passage
over
the
Bridge
:
He
also
sent
Colonell
Hepbron
with
his
Brigade
over
a
bridge
fiue
miles
about
,
who
about
midnight
silently
disposed
his
men
in
a
covert
all
along
in
gardens
under
the
wall
,
so
disposing
the
matter
,
that
none
could
passe
over
the
bridge
,
or
out
at
the
Westerne
Port
,
but
he
fell
within
his
reach
,
which
they
in
the
towne
perceiving
and
despairing
of
reliefe
,
intended
under
the
covert
of
the
night
to
have
marched
over
the
Bridge
into
Bavaria
:
but
Hepbron
so
galled
them
in
their
passage
,
that
though
Saxen-Lawenburg
and
some
few
with
him
,
got
safely
over
,
yet
the
rest
were
so
cut
downe
,
that
their
dead
bodies
covered
the
bridge
,
and
thereby
encombred
the
whole
passage
;
the
rest
seeing
that
,
sallied
out
at
the
Port
upon
Hepbron
,
but
were
soon
repulsed
:
the
King
all
this
while
thundering
with
his
Cannon
on
the
other
Port
,
and
they
within
,
still
fearing
his
entrance
,
boldly
sallied
out
againe
upon
Hepbron
,
who
so
entertained
them
,
that
he
slew
about
foure
hundred
,
and
tooke
as
many
prisoners
,
and
in
the
height
of
his
valor
,
entred
the
Port
,
with
my
Lord
Craven
,
Donawert
taken
.
and
some
other
English
gentlemen
,
where
they
cut
in
pieces
all
that
resisted
,
and
the
souldiers
fell
to
plundering
,
where
many
a
gold
chaine
,
plate
,
and
other
treasure
of
the
enemies
were
made
prize
:
By
this
time
the
King
was
entred
at
his
Port
also
,
who
immediately
commanded
,
that
none
of
the
Burgers
houses
should
be
plundred
:
the
King
gave
Hepbron
the
honour
of
this
action
:
then
he
restored
the
free
exercise
of
the
Protestant
religion
,
garrisoned
the
place
,
and
so
advanced
forwards
:
Tilly
having
notice
of
the
Kings
marching
toward
Bavaria
,
presently
hasted
thither
by
an
other
way
,
and
the
better
to
keep
out
the
King
,
he
breake
downe
the
Bridges
over
Danubius
,
and
the
river
Lech
,
and
to
keep
him
from
passing
over
the
Lech
,
he
laies
his
Army
all
along
upon
the
Bavarian
shore
of
it
,
sixteene
miles
in
length
;
yet
the
King
prepares
to
lay
a
bridg
over
the
river
,
and
in
two
small
boates
sends
over
the
Swedes
,
and
Fins
,
his
pioneres
and
carpenters
to
the
other
side
of
the
river
,
to
cast
up
an
halfe
moone
to
secure
the
passage
of
the
Bridge
,
which
Tilly
with
all
his
art
and
power
endeavoured
to
resist
:
yet
they
performed
their
task
,
making
good
the
place
till
they
were
relieved
:
the
small
and
great
shot
goe
off
incessantly
on
both
sides
with
extreame
hot
execution
one
upon
another
:
in
which
time
Generall
Altringer
was
neere
slaine
,
and
carried
of
in
the
Duke
of
Bavaria's
owne
coach
:
the
Bavarian
Captaines
found
this
such
hot
service
,
that
Tilly
himselfe
was
faigne
to
come
up
to
the
point
,
and
in
the
very
face
of
danger
to
give
directions
,
where
he
received
a
Tilly
slaine
.
musket
shot
in
the
thigh
,
whereof
he
shortly
after
dyed
:
this
accident
so
astonished
the
Duke
of
Bavaria
,
that
he
presently
posted
away
to
Ingolstat
,
his
chiefe
The
King
enters
Bavaria
.
City
,
and
most
of
his
Army
retreated
from
their
Charge
,
so
that
the
King
with
his
Army
gat
over
the
river
,
and
sending
out
parties
,
cut
off
many
of
the
Bavarian
straglers
:
Afterwards
the
King
took
in
diverse
strong
places
and
Cities
,
and
amongst
them
,
the
great
City
of
Auspurg
,
into
which
when
he
was
entred
,
he
went
strait
to
Church
,
where
Doctor
Fabricius
,
the
Kings
Caplaine
,
preached
on
Psalme
12
:
5
:
For
the
oppression
of
the
poore
,
for
the
sighing
of
the
needy
,
now
will
I
arise
,
saith
the
Lord
&c.
after
Sermon
,
was
a
solemne
thanksgiving
for
the
victory
;
Thanksgiving
.
then
he
fortified
the
City
,
and
restored
the
protestant
religion
in
it
againe
,
and
so
marches
to
Ingolstat
,
The
King
in
danger
.
in
which
siege
the
Kings
horse
was
slain
under
him
,
and
the
Marquesse
of
Baden
,
a
gallant
man
,
was
slaine
hard
by
,
with
whose
death
the
King
was
The
Kings
Christian
speech
.
exceedingly
grieved
,
and
in
a
speech
before
his
commanders
,
he
told
them
,
that
hereby
he
was
put
in
mind
of
his
owne
mortality
,
knowing
that
the
bullet
made
no
distinction
betweene
a
King
and
his
meanest
souldier
:
&
that
it
was
Gods
decree
,
that
noe
priviledges
could
exempt
him
from
death
,
therefore
saith
he
:
I
wholly
resigne
up
my selfe
to
the
providence
of
the
almighty
,
who
,
though
he
may
take
me
away
,
yet
I
know
,
he
will
not
abandon
this
so
just
cause
,
which
I
have
undertaken
for
restoring
the
Germanes
liberties
:
He
doubtlesse
will
raise
up
some
other
,
more
wise
,
couragious
and
valiant
then
my selfe
,
who
shall
put
a
period
to
this
warr
&c.
The
Duke
of
Bavaria
lying
with
his
Army
on
the
other
side
of
the
river
,
and
the
King
finding
that
the
City
was
not
easy
to
be
taken
,
raises
his
siege
,
and
Munchen
delivered
to
the
King
.
taking
in
diverse
townes
,
and
restoring
the
protestant
religion
in
them
,
he
at
last
came
before
Munchen
,
where
was
the
curious
pallace
of
the
Duke
of
Bavaria
,
whereupon
the
Deputies
of
the
Towne
came
forth
to
him
,
presented
him
with
the
keyes
,
and
a
promise
of
three
hundred
thousand
Dollars
:
the
King
enters
,
suffers
the
garrison
to
march
out
safely
,
viewed
the
Magazin
,
where
were
great
store
of
Armes
and
Ammunition
,
he
found
buried
also
one
hundred
and
forty
faire
pieces
of
Brasse
Ordnance
,
and
in
one
of
them
thirty
thousand
pieces
of
gold
:
but
the
chamber
of
rarities
afforded
him
most
entertainement
,
in
which
were
incomparable
varieties
both
of
Art
and
nature
:
About
this
time
,
Commissary
Ossa
,
with
an
Army
of
seven
thousand
men
,
came
into
those
parts
,
against
whom
the
King
sent
a
party
:
and
leaving
Colonell
Hepbron
governour
of
Munchen
,
himselfe
follows
after
:
which
newes
comming
to
Ossa
,
he
retreated
so
speedily
,
that
he
left
his
great
Ordnance
behind
him
:
So
that
about
this
time
the
King
had
either
conquered
,
or
drawne
to
his
party
all
the
middle
part
of
Germany
,
yea
from
the
Baltick
Sea
to
the
Alps
,
neere
to
Italy
,
for
fiue
hundred
miles
together
,
he
had
gone
on
with
victorious
The
great
and
speedy
victorys
of
the
King
.
successe
;
and
shortly
after
the
great
City
of
Vlm
accorded
with
the
King
,
to
whom
he
sent
Sir
Patrick
Ruthuen
a
gallant
Scots-man
to
be
their
Governour
,
and
so
a
while
after
,
he
returnes
,
and
encamps
by
Norimberg
:
and
this
he
did
the
rather
,
because
the
Duke
of
Bavaria
had
now
joined
his
Army
with
Walsteine
,
who
by
command
of
the
Emperour
had
gotten
together
a
great
Army
,
wherewith
they
threatened
the
ruine
of
Norimberg
:
the
K.
therefore
round
about
The
King
encamps
about
Norinberg
.
this
towne
entrenched
himselfe
:
his
Army
being
but
about
fifteene
thousand
fiue
hundred
men
,
&
therefore
he
sends
for
his
other
Armies
to
come
to
him
:
Walstein
had
in
his
Army
twenty
thousand
horse
,
&
forty
thousand
foot
,
besides
fiue
thousand
Crabats
:
About
foure
miles
distant
from
the
Kings
Leaguer
,
Walstein
formes
his
,
who
as
Imperiall
Generalissimo
Walstaines
great
Army
.
commanded
in
chiefe
over
the
Bavarian
Army
also
,
&
having
fortified
his
Camp
,
he
gave
order
to
his
souldiers
to
make
more
use
of
their
trenches
,
then
of
their
weapons
,
intending
by
delaies
to
force
the
King
to
dislodge
from
before
Norimberg
,
&
to
abandon
it
up
to
his
mercy
:
the
two
Armies
being
quartered
so
nere
together
,
there
passed
many
skirmishes
betwixt
them
,
sometimes
one
going
away
with
the
losse
,
somtimes
the
other
;
having
laine
thus
a
while
,
Walstein
sends
home
to
the
King
,
Colonell
Dubattell
,
whom
he
had
taken
prisoner
,
without
ransome
,
and
with
this
message
:
That
he
had
no
other
ambition
then
once
to
see
his
Majesty
in
good
tearmes
with
the
Emperour
:
his
Master
,
and
himselfe
to
have
the
honour
to
be
the
instrument
of
it
:
After
a
while
the
D.
of
Bavaria
moved
Walsteine
to
beat
up
the
Kings
quarters
,
before
his
other
Armies
came
up
to
him
;
to
whom
he
answered
,
that
he
would
not
venture
,
for
if
his
army
were
beaten
,
all
Germany
,
and
Italy
were
both
endangered
:
yet
if
Bavaria
would
fall
one
first
,
he
would
second
him
with
all
his
forces
:
During
the
Kings
aboad
here
,
the
Norimbergers
complained
to
him
,
that
their
lands
and
territories
had
beene
as
bad
plundred
by
his
Army
,
as
by
the
enemies
,
where
upon
the
King
calling
The
Kings
speech
to
his
commanders
.
his
officers
together
,
spake
thus
unto
them
:
Ye
Princes
,
Earles
,
Lords
,
and
gentlemen
,
you
are
some
of
those
that
are
unfaithfull
,
and
disloiall
to
your
owne
countrey
,
and
doe
help
to
ruine
it
:
I
confesse
you
are
gallant
men
,
and
have
done
brave
service
in
the
warrs
,
but
when
I
heare
of
your
ravages
,
robberies
and
plunderings
,
my
haire
stands
an
end
at
the
very
horror
of
it
:
Iudge
your selves
;
is
it
not
a
dolefull
case
that
one
Christian
,
of
the
same
profession
in
religion
should
pilage
another
.
One
friend
ransack
,
spoile
,
and
ruine
another
.
The
very
Divells
in
hell
are
more
trusty
one
to
an
other
then
you
are
:
my
bowels
yerne
within
me
,
when
I
heare
complaints
,
that
the
Swedish
souldiers
are
more
insolent
then
the
enemies
:
But
they
are
not
the
Swedes
,
they
are
the
Germans
that
commit
these
insolencies
:
had
I
knowne
that
you
Germans
had
beene
a
people
of
this
temper
,
to
beare
noe
more
affection
to
your
naturall
countrey
&c.
I
would
never
haue
sadled
horse
for
your
sakes
,
much
lesse
have
hazarded
my
life
,
kingdome
,
and
estate
in
your
behalfe
&c.
But
it
may
be
you
will
say
,
you
want
money
,
but
is
not
the
fault
in
your selves
,
who
hinder
me
from
having
meanes
to
pay
you
by
your
robbings
and
pillages
:
For
my
owne
part
,
I
protest
before
God
,
that
I
have
not
by
all
this
warre
enriched
my selfe
so
much
as
a
paire
of
bootes
comes
to
:
yea
I
had
rather
ride
without
bootes
,
then
in
the
least
degree
to
enrich
my selfe
by
the
dammage
of
these
poore
people
:
Since
my
coming
into
Germany
,
I
have
received
out
of
my
owne
countrey
forty
tunns
of
gold
,
which
I
have
spent
for
the
reestablishment
of
those
oppressed
princes
,
which
are
of
the
same
true
religion
with
me
&c.
that
which
I
desire
of
you
for
the
time
to
come
is
,
that
you
spoile
not
others
of
their
goods
,
but
leave
everie
man
to
his
owne
possessions
:
the
choller
and
manhood
that
you
have
,
skore
it
(
on
Gods
name
)
on
the
fronts
of
your
enemies
,
but
distaine
not
the
honour
of
a
souldier
by
insulting
over
unarmed
innocents
:
Live
upon
your
meanes
like
souldiers
,
&
not
upon
pilfering
and
spoiling
like
thieves
,
and
robbers
:
this
if
you
doe
not
,
you
shall
ever
be
infamous
,
and
I
by
such
helpers
shall
never
be
victorious
:
This
speech
was
delivered
with
that
efficacy
and
life
,
that
it
extracted
teares
of
compunction
from
these
militarie
hearers
,
who
had
rather
bleed
then
weepe
:
He
also
seconded
it
with
a
proclamation
,
that
he
would
henceforth
pardon
no
man
of
what
ranck
soever
,
that
should
in
this
kind
be
againe
complained
of
:
adding
,
that
if
to
avoid
punishment
,
they
should
all
conspire
upon
a
mutiny
,
himselfe
with
his
Swedes
,
and
Finlanders
would
undertake
so
to
rattle
them
,
that
the
shivers
of
their
staves
should
fly
about
their
eares
for
it
:
About
this
time
the
severall
Armies
,
that
the
King
had
sent
for
,
to
release
him
,
began
to
drawe
neere
:
which
the
King
hearing
of
,
appointed
a
solemne
Fasting
and
prayer
.
day
of
Fasting
and
prayer
in
his
Leaguer
,
to
seek
unto
God
for
the
happy
joining
and
good
successe
of
his
Armies
,
and
then
quitting
his
trenches
,
he
went
forth
and
joined
with
them
,
whereupon
he
drew
up
into
Battalia
before
the
enemies
trenches
,
and
stood
there
all
day
to
make
a
brave
upon
them
.
The
King
was
now
six
and
forty
:
thousand
strong
,
and
therefore
resolved
,
if
he
could
,
to
joine
Battell
with
the
enemy
,
but
because
Walstein
kept
himselfe
in
his
trenches
,
and
would
not
stir
,
the
King
raised
batteries
,
planted
Ordnance
,
with
which
he
plaid
into
his
Camp
:
and
when
that
prevailed
not
,
he
sought
to
force
his
trenches
,
whereupon
ensued
a
very
desperate
fight
,
wherein
many
a
brave
man
lost
The
King
in
danger
.
his
life
:
a
piece
of
the
sole
of
the
Kings
boote
was
carried
away
with
a
shot
,
and
Duke
Bernard
of
Saxen
Weymar
had
a
horse
slaine
under
him
,
and
yet
it
pleased
God
to
preserve
them
both
from
any
further
hurt
:
then
the
King
sent
out
parties
to
cut
off
Walsteins
victualls
,
whereupon
ensued
divers
bickerings
.
The
Crabats
fled
out
as
farr
as
Altroffe
,
an
university
belonging
to
Norimberg
,
where
they
ligt
upon
the
poore
Schollers
(
they
might
as
well
have
robbed
the
Spittle
)
Agricola
,
Nester
,
and
Bruno
,
professors
there
,
they
carried
away
,
and
put
poore
Genus
and
Species
A
university
plundered
.
to
their
ransom
.
But
the
King
perceiving
that
the
enemies
would
not
be
drawne
out
to
fight
,
resolved
upon
a
remove
,
marching
by
,
and
almost
round
about
the
Imperiall
Leaguer
with
Colours
flying
,
Drums
beating
&c.
and
so
dividing
his
Army
,
he
took
in
diverse
places
;
Then
did
Walstein
march
into
Voitland
to
undoe
the
Duke
of
Saxony
,
which
the
King
hearing
of
,
presently
turned
his
course
thitherward
,
and
not
long
after
having
reunited
his
forces
,
he
intended
to
set
upon
Walstein
,
who
perceiving
the
Kings
purpose
,
called
together
his
forces
also
;
then
did
the
King
consult
,
whether
he
should
fight
the
enemy
or
noe
:
Duke
Bernard
was
for
the
valiant
Affirmatiue
:
Major
Kniphauson
for
the
sober
Negative
,
his
reasons
were
.
1.
Noe
man
is
to
fight
,
but
when
he
is
apparently
stronger
then
the
enemie
,
which
the
King
is
not
.
2.
None
is
to
attack
a
stronger
enemie
but
when
compelled
by
a
pressing
&
inavoydable
necessity
,
viz
to
force
his
passage
,
when
he
is
hemmed
in
,
and
when
hunger
and
want
of
provision
enforceth
,
which
are
not
the
Kings
case
:
Hereupon
the
King
resolved
to
goe
and
joine
with
the
Duke
of
Saxony
,
but
by
the
way
,
hearing
that
the
Imperialists
lay
scatetring
in
severall
Dorps
and
villages
about
Lutzen
,
without
any
intelligence
of
the
Kings
motion
,
his
Majesty
then
put
on
a
resolution
to
fight
,
saying
,
that
he
now
verily
believed
that
God
had
given
his
enemies
into
his
hands
:
then
did
he
,
and
all
his
Army
advance
stoutly
against
the
enemies
,
doubling
their
march
,
but
their
leggs
found
it
a
longer
way
then
their
eies
,
and
besides
there
was
a
filthy
passe
by
the
way
at
a
bridge
over
a
river
,
which
hindred
the
Army
full
two
houres
,
so
that
it
was
night
when
he
came
within
two
miles
of
Lutzen
,
where
he
was
forced
by
the
darknesse
to
quarter
in
the
open
field
with
all
his
Army
:
then
did
the
Imperialists
take
the
alarum
,
and
order
was
sent
to
all
the
quarters
of
their
Army
upon
paine
of
death
to
repaire
immediately
to
Lutzen
,
so
that
by
ten
a
clock
the
next
morning
they
were
all
come
up
together
,
and
Walsteine
had
planted
his
ordnance
advantagiously
,
entrenched
about
it
,
cast
up
breastworks
for
his
men
&c.
The
King
having
thus
brought
himselfe
into
a
necessity
of
fighting
,
very
early
in
the
morning
,
he
caused
the
Drums
to
beat
,
then
had
Doctor
Fabricius
to
pray
with
him
,
and
other
ministers
in
the
head
of
other
Regiments
:
it
was
a
very
misty
morning
,
which
wasa
great
advantage
to
the
enemie
to
prepare
his
The
Battell
of
Lutzen
works
,
from
which
he
was
resolved
not
to
stirr
,
and
about
ten
a
clock
,
November
the
sixt
,
the
fogg
cleered
The
Kings
speech
to
his
souldiers
up
,
and
the
King
going
first
to
his
owne
subjects
,
spake
to
this
purpose
:
My
deere
brethren
carry
your selves
brauely
this
day
;
fight
valiantly
on
Gods
name
,
for
your
religion
,
and
for
your
King
:
this
if
you
doe
,
Gods
blessing
,
and
the
peoples
praises
shall
be
your
Guerdon
,
and
you
for
ever
shall
be
laden
with
an
honourable
memoriall
,
nor
will
I
forget
to
reward
you
nobly
:
If
you
play
the
Poultrons
,
I
here
call
God
to
witnesse
,
that
not
a
bone
of
you
shall
ever
returne
againe
to
Sweden
:
To
the
Germans
he
said
,
O
my
bretheren
,
Officers
and
fellow
souldiers
,
I
most
earnestly
intreat
and
beseech
you
to
make
full
tryall
of
your
valour
this
one
day
:
fight
manfully
against
your
enemies
this
day
both
with
me
,
and
for
me
:
Be
not
faint
hearted
in
the
battell
,
nor
for
any
thing
discouraged
:
Set
me
before
your
eies
,
even
me
,
who
dreadlesly
for
your
cause
,
am
here
ready
to
adventure
both
life
and
blood
:
If
you
doe
this
,
God
no
doubt
himselfe
will
from
heaven
reward
you
with
a
most
glorious
victory
,
of
which
your selves
and
posteritie
shall
have
the
benefit
:
If
you
doe
not
,
farewell
for
ever
to
your
religion
,
and
yourselves
must
for
ever
remaine
enslaved
:
the
souldiers
of
both
nations
with
joyfull
acclamations
answering
the
King
,
he
further
said
,
and
now
my
hearts
,
let
us
on
brauely
against
our
enemies
,
and
the
God
of
heaven
prosper
our
endeavours
:
and
so
casting
up
his
eies
to
heaven
,
with
a
loud
voice
he
said
,
Iesus
vouchsafe
this
day
to
be
my
strong
helper
,
and
give
me
courage
to
fight
for
thy
glory
,
and
for
His
prayer
.
the
honour
of
thy
name
:
then
drawing
his
sword
,
he
waved
it
over
his
head
,
and
advanced
the
formost
of
all
his
Army
:
amongst
the
Kings
owne
guard
were
the
English
and
Scotish
gentlemen
:
he
himselfe
was
attired
in
a
plaine
Buff-coat
without
Armour
:
and
being
requested
to
put
on
his
Corslet
,
he
said
,
the
Lord
God
is
my
Armour
,
His
watch
word
was
,
God
with
us
:
Walsteines
was
,
Iesus
Maria
;
the
King
said
,
I
thank
God
I
have
both
wind
and
sunn
to
favour
me
;
the
field
,
where
the
battell
was
fought
,
was
a
plaine
Champion
countrey
,
yet
had
many
ditches
which
served
Walsteines
men
for
breastworks
,
and
the
Kings
horse
in
passing
over
them
,
were
some
of
of
them
overthrowne
:
there
were
also
two
little
hills
,
upon
which
Walstein
had
planted
his
great
gunns
:
And
so
great
was
his
Army
,
that
the
front
of
it
extended
two
miles
in
length
:
the
Armies
coming
within
reach
,
the
great
gunns
began
to
play
on
both
sides
:
but
the
Imperiall
cannon
being
planted
upon
steady
and
fixt
Batteries
(
where
as
the
Kings
gave
fire
in
motion
)
did
the
greater
execution
,
so
that
the
King
not
liking
that
sport
,
caused
his
Army
to
advance
upon
the
very
mouth
of
the
cannon
:
the
Imperialists
kept
their
ground
,
expecting
that
the
Swedes
fury
would
be
over
,
and
themselves
out
of
breath
,
ere
they
could
get
over
the
ditches
,
and
beat
out
the
Musketteires
:
yet
they
overcame
those
difficulties
,
and
so
theleft
wing
engaged
with
the
right
of
Walsteines
:
then
the
King
advancing
with
his
right
wing
,
and
observing
where
the
Crabats
stood
,
and
where
the
Curiasseires
,
which
were
armed
Cap.
a
pied
,
calling
Colonell
Stalhansh
to
him
,
he
said
:
as
for
those
fellows
[
the
Crabbats
]
I
care
not
for
them
:
but
charg
me
those
black-fellows
soundly
,
for
they
are
the
men
that
will
undoe
us
:
the
King
fought
at
the
head
of
his
Squadron
,
himselfe
being
formost
with
his
pistoll
in
one
hand
,
and
his
sword
in
the
other
:
and
thus
charging
upon
the
Curiassiers
,
he
was
there
overlaid
with
numbers
,
insomuch
as
his
men
,
in
danger
of
being
hemb'd
in
,
were
faigne
to
give
ground
,
and
to
retire
towards
their
body
;
there
did
the
King
receive
a
shot
into
the
left
arme
,
which
he
not
feeling
at
first
,
would
haveled
on
still
,
but
by
and
by
,
perceiving
his
blood
to
gush
out
abundantly
,
and
that
part
of
his
bone
was
broken
,
he
called
to
Duke
Albert
of
Saxen-Lawenburg
,
saying
,
Cosin
,
I
am
sore
wounded
,
help
me
to
make
my
retreat
,
this
,
whilst
the
Duke
and
those
that
were
with
the
the
King
were
about
to
doe
,
his
squadron
also
being
now
upon
the
retreat
,
there
comes
up
an
officer
of
of
the
Curiassiers
,
that
too
well
knew
the
King
,
and
said
,
this
is
the
right
bird
,
and
so
discharging
his
Pistoll
,
The
King
slaine
.
shot
him
through
the
body
,
&
himselfe
was
presently
shot
dead
upon
the
place
:
the
King
was
held
up
in
his
saddle
a
while
,
but
presently
fell
:
his
horse
also
was
shot
,
and
so
ran
away
without
his
master
:
Iust
now
fell
a
great
mist
,
the
Sunn
,
which
before
shined
very
brightly
,
on
a
sudden
Muffling
up
his
face
in
a
mourning
cloud
,
as
if
not
able
to
look
upon
the
fall
of
the
King
of
Sweden
:
the
Imperialists
being
now
masters
of
the
Kings
body
,
fell
to
stripping
of
it
:
one
getting
his
spurs
,
another
his
sword
,
another
his
ring
,
an
other
his
buffecoat
&c.
every
one
being
greedy
to
get
some
part
of
his
spoiles
:
but
before
they
could
carry
away
his
body
,
the
Swedes
returning
,
so
charged
the
enemies
,
that
they
were
forced
to
retreat
,
whereupon
Stalhansh
recovering
the
body
,
carried
it
away
in
an
ammunition
waggon
privately
,
so
that
few
in
his
owne
Army
knew
of
his
death
:
All
this
while
were
the
foure
foot
Brigades
of
the
Swedes
pell
mell
at
it
,
and
gat
ground
apace
of
the
Imperialists
,
the
horse
also
after
an
houres
fight
,
draue
them
back
,
and
got
possession
of
seven
pieces
of
their
Ordance
:
but
by
this
time
the
mist
was
so
extraordinarily
thickned
by
the
smoake
,
that
the
Swedes
could
not
see
to
pursue
their
advantage
:
yet
it
pleased
God
to
strike
parte
of
the
Imperiall
Army
with
such
a
Pannick
feare
,
that
above
one
thousand
A
Pannick
feare
.
Dutch
horse
ran
all
away
together
,
one
amongst
them
crying
out
,
Oh
I
know
the
King
of
Sweden
well
enough
,
he
is
best
at
the
latter
end
of
the
day
:
But
the
chiefest
fright
was
amongst
the
Ladies
and
Captaines
wiues
,
and
other
women
behind
the
Army
,
many
of
them
getting
out
of
their
coaches
,
cut
asunder
the
harnesse
,
and
mounted
stradling
upon
the
bare
horse
backs
,
&
so
scudded
away
amongst
the
souldiers
:
diverse
women
and
children
were
there
troden
to
death
,
nor
did
the
horsmen
stay
till
they
had
fled
diverse
miles
:
Papenheime
slaine
.
but
in
the
heat
of
the
battell
,
Count
Pappenheime
(
who
was
before
sent
for
)
came
in
with
his
horse
and
dragooners
,
by
whose
coming
the
charge
was
againe
renued
:
but
just
as
he
was
ordering
his
horse
,
he
was
shot
with
a
Falconet
bullet
,
whereof
he
presently
dyed
:
his
officers
flocking
about
him
,
cryed
out
,
O
our
Generall
is
slaine
,
our
Generall
is
slaine
,
and
thereupon
turning
their
horse
heads
,
they
ran
out
of
the
battell
without
stroke
striking
:
but
the
Imperialists
that
were
set
on
by
his
coming
,
maintained
the
fight
with
admirable
resolution
:
yet
the
charge
was
sustained
by
the
Swedes
with
much
gallantry
:
full
two
houres
were
they
thus
in
hot
battell
:
but
the
greatest
losse
fell
upon
two
Bridgades
of
the
old
Swedish
souldiers
,
whom
the
King
had
most
relyed
on
:
these
old
blades
stood
to
their
armes
stoutly
,
till
the
ground
was
covered
with
their
bodies
,
yet
they
dyed
not
unrevenged
,
for
they
slew
many
of
the
Imperialists
,
and
amongst
them
diverse
of
great
account
:
Duke
Bernard
had
as
hard
a
Chapter
of
it
,
as
any
man
against
the
Imperiall
right
wing
commanded
by
Count
Coloredo
:
yet
never
did
man
behave
himselfe
more
gallantly
then
Duke
Bernard
did
that
day
,
charging
his
enemies
twelve
severall
times
one
after
an
other
:
A
little
before
sunn
set
,
the
mist
cleered
up
,
and
then
did
Duke
Bernard
overview
the
posture
and
countenance
of
the
Army
,
which
he
could
not
doe
since
he
heard
of
the
Kings
death
,
till
now
:
He
spake
cheerefully
to
the
officers
,
and
souldiers
,
encouraging
of
them
to
a
new
onset
:
He
found
the
whole
Army
(
except
Kniphausens
part
)
in
noe
good
order
,
yet
he
tooke
much
paines
to
really
them
,
and
draw
them
on
to
a
new
charge
:
Alas
comrade
,
saith
the
poore
souldier
,
must
we
fall
on
againe
!
come
saith
the
other
,
if
we
must
,
let
us
doe
it
bravely
,
and
make
a
day
of
it
:
The
Imperialists
hearts
quaked
within
them
,
when
they
saw
the
Swedes
thus
advancing
in
good
order
against
them
againe
;
wherupon
the
horse
began
to
retreat
,
which
the
Swedes
perceiving
,
they
with
their
great
Ordnance
gave
them
such
a
rowsing
Salvee
,
and
then
charged
them
so
home
,
that
they
put
them
into
disorder
:
but
then
againe
fell
there
such
a
mist
,
that
the
Swedes
could
not
see
to
pursue
theire
enemies
:
and
now
was
all
the
service
turned
to
the
wind
Mills
,
where
Coloredo
was
,
who
strugled
hard
at
the
last
cast
for
life
:
a
cruell
fight
was
here
maintained
till
about
six
a
clocke
at
night
,
about
which
time
the
Imperialists
quite
gaue
it
over
:
this
cruell
and
bloody
fight
had
lasted
about
nine
houres
;
and
now
Walsteine
marched
away
towards
The
Imperialists
beaten
.
Lipswich
,
leaving
the
field
and
victory
to
the
Swedes
,
who
lodged
upon
the
ground
all
night
,
where
was
a
pittifull
groaning
of
the
dying
and
wounded
of
both
sides
:
it
was
a
frosty
cold
night
,
in
which
many
a
brave
man
dyed
of
his
wounds
,
that
with
help
might
have
beene
cured
:
the
next
morning
the
Swedes
found
all
the
Imperiall
Cannons
left
behind
them
:
there
were
slaine
of
the
Swedes
about
three
thousand
,
and
of
the
Imperialists
about
foure
thousand
upon
the
place
,
besides
whom
,
the
Boores
knocked
downe
neere
three
thousand
that
fled
away
stragling
:
the
wounded
were
as
many
more
as
the
slaine
:
on
the
Swedes
side
were
slaine
,
the
King
himselfe
,
whose
death
is
never
sufficiently
lamented
:
the
enemies
themselves
giving
him
this
testimony
,
that
he
was
the
bravest
enemie
,
and
the
best
Captaine
that
ever
was
in
Christendome
:
and
beside
him
,
Graue
Neeles
:
Nicholas
Count
of
Wesenburg
with
some
other
Colonells
and
officers
:
on
the
Imperiall
party
were
slaine
,
the
Abbat
of
Fuldea
,
Count
Pappenheim
,
young
Count
Walstein
and
diverse
A
prince
of
the
empire
.
Collonells
and
Officers
.
Walsteine
at
first
intended
only
to
make
a
retreat
to
Lipsich
,
but
his
souldiers
,
so
soone
as
they
heard
the
Drums
beate
a
retreat
,
fell
to
running
presently
:
and
the
fright
was
so
great
that
most
of
them
never
came
into
order
againe
:
his
chiefe
officers
confest
,
that
if
the
Swedes
had
but
sent
out
one
thousand
horse
after
them
,
they
might
have
cut
off
the
whole
Army
.
King
of
Swedens
Character
.
The
King
of
Sweden
bore
a
port
and
presence
,
full
of
Majesty
:
was
of
a
gallant
stature
,
aboue
six
foot
high
:
full
fac't
:
had
an
hawkseie
:
of
yellowish
haire
:
he
was
cleane
limb'd
,
strong
,
active
,
and
hardy
:
of
an
undaunted
courage
:
a
strong
judgment
:
an
admirable
quicknesse
of
conceite
;
of
a
naturall
vigilancy
,
and
indefatigablenesse
:
had
a
marvellous
forecast
,
to
apprehend
and
dispose
of
his
affaires
to
the
best
advantage
:
He
had
an
excellent
dexterity
to
extricate
,
&
untangle
the
Gordian
knottinesse
of
a
businesse
:
he
knew
how
to
take
advantage
of
mens
humours
:
and
had
a
native
attraction
in
him
to
win
hearts
,
as
well
as
provinces
:
He
was
a
great
student
upon
any
business
of
Importance
:
a
diligent
disputer
,
and
canvasser
of
the
answere
which
he
was
to
give
to
Ambassadors
.
A
sudden
danger
seldome
astonished
his
judgment
:
but
the
more
desperate
the
perill
was
,
the
nimbler
was
he
in
his
deliveries
:
still
shewing
most
vigour
,
where
there
was
most
need
of
it
:
He
was
exceeding
temperate
in
his
diet
:
his
feeding
was
upon
strong
and
souldierly
dishes
:
But
that
which
was
most
commendable
in
him
,
was
his
Religion
both
publick
His
Piety
.
and
Private
:
He
was
frequent
in
prayers
and
thanksgivings
,
upon
every
emergent
occasion
:
He
would
pray
a
shipboard
,
a
shoare
,
in
the
field
,
in
the
middest
of
a
Battell
,
as
if
prayer
alone
were
the
surest
piece
of
his
whole
Armour
:
He
was
a
strict
observer
of
Martiall
discipline
:
and
a
strict
punisher
of
misdemeanors
in
his
Camp
:
When
he
first
came
into
Germany
,
he
saw
that
many
women
followed
his
Army
,
whereupon
coming
to
a
great
river
,
his
men
and
waggons
being
passed
over
,
he
caused
the
bridge
to
be
broken
downe
,
hoping
thereby
to
be
rid
of
this
lumber
:
but
they
on
a
sudden
shriking
out
grievously
,
the
souldiers
on
the
other
side
,
vowed
not
to
stir
a
foot
till
the
women
were
fetched
over
:
whereupon
the
King
finding
that
this
ill
humour
was
so
generally
dispersed
amongst
his
men
,
that
it
was
dangerous
to
purge
it
all
at
once
,
smiled
out
his
anger
for
the
present
,
permitting
what
he
could
not
amend
:
yet
this
abuse
he
afterwards
reformed
by
degrees
:
His
Army
won
the
day
,
though
they
lost
their
King
;
which
made
one
say
,
Upon
this
place
,
the
great
Gustavus
di'd
,
Whil'st
victory
lay
bleeding
by
his
side
.
A
little
before
his
death
,
being
in
discourse
with
He
presageth
his
death
.
Doctor
Fabricius
,
his
Chaplaine
:
he
told
him
,
that
he
thought
God
would
ere
long
take
him
away
,
because
the
people
did
so
overvalew
,
and
Deifie
him
:
He
was
slaine
in
the
battell
at
Lutzen
,
November
the
16
Anno
Christi
1632.
and
of
his
age
thirty
eight
:
At
his
first
coming
into
Germany
,
having
a
designe
upon
Stetin
,
and
his
Army
now
ready
upon
the
shoare
,
and
his
boates
ready
upon
the
river
to
imbarke
them
;
the
wind
was
contray
,
and
so
had
continued
for
Power
of
prayer
.
diverse
daies
before
:
the
King
observing
this
,
before
his
Army
with
bended
knees
,
and
hands
lifted
up
to
heaven
,
he
said
:
O
thou
most
just
God
,
full
well
thou
knowest
,
that
I
did
not
at
first
undertake
this
enterprise
out
of
any
rashnesse
,
or
ambition
,
but
for
the
Glory
of
thy
most
holy
name
,
and
the
defence
of
the
truth
of
thy
word
:
here
now
therefore
I
call
upon
thee
O
God
,
and
most
humbly
doe
beseech
thee
,
that
with
the
aire
of
thy
favour
,
and
with
a
prosperous
wind
,
thon
wouldest
be
pleased
to
breath
upon
this
my
undertaking
for
Christ
his
sake
,
Amen
:
Noe
sooner
was
his
prayer
ended
,
but
through
Gods
mercy
,
the
wind
turned
about
with
so
full
a
gale
,
that
the
whole
fleet
passing
up
the
river
Oder
,
in
two
houres
space
ran
up
twenty
miles
,
and
unlooked
for
,
came
to
an
Anchor
within
a
mile
of
Stetin
,
to
the
great
defeat
of
the
purposes
of
the
Imperialists
,
who
had
an
intent
within
two
daies
after
to
have
laid
siege
to
the
City
,
had
not
God
thus
miraculously
prevented
them
:
Also
when
he
came
first
to
his
Crowne
,
he
would
needs
lay
siege
to
Notteburg
Castell
,
which
the
Muscovite
had
given
to
his
father
for
some
assistance
that
he
had
afforded
him
.
The
Castell
stood
in
an
Iland
in
the
mouth
of
the
most
raging
and
swift
river
of
Nerva
,
his
Colonells
despairing
of
taking
it
,
and
loth
that
their
young
King
should
receiue
a
check
in
his
first
attempts
,
labour
to
disswade
him
from
the
Action
:
yet
he
continued
resolute
to
pursue
it
:
and
see
how
almighty
God
wrought
for
him
:
the
besieged
Muscovites
were
stricken
with
such
thrushes
,
warts
,
and
blisters
in
their
throates
and
mouths
,
that
they
could
neither
chew
their
meate
,
nor
swallow
,
whereupon
they
parlied
,
and
yielded
A
speciall
providence
.
up
that
impregnable
Castell
to
him
,
wherein
he
found
a
whole
yeares
victualls
,
besides
abundance
of
ammunition
.
Not
long
after
this
,
he
had
a
difference
with
the
Dantzickers
,
who
prepared
twenty
or
thirty
good
ships
of
warr
,
with
the
first
opening
of
the
spring
to
have
burnt
up
his
Navie
in
the
harbour
:
but
towards
the
end
of
winter
,
when
this
narrow
Swedish
Sea
was
frozen
a
yard
,
or
two
deepe
,
this
young
King
caused
his
boores
to
cut
open
this
ice
for
ten
or
twelve
miles
together
,
which
done
,
he
came
in
a
night
with
his
fleet
upon
the
Dantzickers
,
and
burnt
,
sunk
,
and
took
most
of
them
:
Also
in
his
warrs
with
the
King
of
Poland
,
he
conquered
so
many
townes
from
him
in
Prussia
,
and
Livonia
,
that
he
inforced
him
,
by
the
mediation
of
our
King
Charles
,
to
make
peace
with
him
.
Collected
out
of
the
Swedish
Intelligencer
,
and
some
other
books
.
FINIS
.