America
.
IS
a
part
of
the
World
,
bearing
the
Name
of
Americus
Vesputius
,
a
Florentine
,
tho'
Christopher
Columbus
,
a
Genoese
,
discover'd
it
before
him
.
It
has
been
also
call'd
,
the
New
World
,
because
it
was
not
well
known
until
the
last
Age
,
and
its
bigness
has
made
it
pass
for
the
greatest
Continent
of
the
Earth
.
Sometimes
it
is
called
the
West
Indies
,
and
the
Little
Indies
,
to
distinguish
it
from
the
East
Indies
,
which
are
great
and
part
of
Asia
.
Some
give
it
the
Name
of
the
Spanish
Indies
,
because
the
King
of
Spain
has
the
greatest
and
better
part
of
it
in
his
possession
.
Thus
the
Name
of
Indies
is
common
to
two
great
Regions
;
the
one
in
our
Continent
,
the
other
in
the
other
Hemisphere
;
whether
they
were
discover'd
at
the
same
time
;
or
that
in
both
the
Inhabitants
go
commonly
naked
;
or
that
from
the
one
and
the
other
are
brought
rich
and
precious
Merchandize
and
Commodities
;
or
lastly
,
whether
the
Pilot
Alonze
Zanches
d'
Andalousia
,
being
the
same
that
saw
America
,
before
Columbus
,
and
left
him
his
Memoirs
,
did
think
that
it
was
joyn'd
to
the
Indies
of
Asia
.
In
all
probability
,
America
is
the
Atlantick
Island
of
the
Ancients
:
some
say
that
it
is
the
real
Tarsis
;
which
Monarchs
,
to
take
from
their
People
the
knowledge
of
its
great
Riches
,
and
the
desire
of
trading
thither
,
had
given
it
very
strange
Names
,
calling
it
Hell
,
the
Elysian
Fields
,
and
the
Fortunate
Islands
:
and
that
for
the
confounding
the
Name
of
Tarsis
,
they
had
called
by
the
same
Name
several
Places
of
our
Continent
,
where
the
Merchants
had
their
Banks
and
their
Correspondencies
.
Several
are
persuaded
,
that
the
City
and
Island
of
Cadiz
are
now
what
was
formerly
Tarsis
.
Those
Soveraigns
pretended
there
were
Dragons
,
Infernal
Rivers
,
sometimes
a
Cherubim
with
a
flaming
Sword
;
which
were
probably
nothing
else
than
those
storms
which
are
frequent
in
the
Torrid
Zone
,
and
the
Insults
of
Corsairs
and
Pyrates
,
who
watcht
the
the
coming
of
the
Gallies
and
Fleet
from
Terra
firma
,
to
get
Booty
.
Several
do
assure
us
,
that
it
was
to
the
Atlantick
Isle
,
Hanno
the
Carthaginian
went
,
when
he
conducted
towards
the
South
West
,
a
Fleet
of
Sixty
Sail
,
with
Thirty
Thousand
Men.
They
also
say
,
That
five
years
afterwards
,
the
same
Hanno
,
being
return'd
into
his
own
Countrey
,
prohibited
all
such
Voyages
to
his
Citizens
,
that
their
City
might
not
be
depopulated
,
by
their
going
to
dwell
there
,
charmed
with
the
great
Riches
that
were
to
be
found
in
those-Countries
,
for
fear
the
Rebels
might
make
it
an
Asile
,
to
the
ruin
of
their
State
.
Those
Authors
find
but
little
credit
,
who
undertake
to
prove
by
a
feigned
Medal
of
Augustus
,
which
was
pretended
to
be
found
in
those
parts
,
or
by
a
supposed
Marble
,
taken
out
of
the
ground
in
Portugal
,
under
King
Emanuel
,
with
Latin
Verses
of
a
forged
Sybile
,
touching
the
discovery
of
this
New
World
.
If
it
be
then
true
,
that
America
was
known
by
the
Ancients
,
we
may
say
,
that
the
perils
People
must
expose
themselves
to
in
traversing
the
Seas
that
are
between
the
two
great
Continents
before
they
arrive
there
,
and
the
little
experience
the
Ancients
had
in
Navigation
,
did
make
'em
abandon
the
persuit
of
their
Commerce
into
these
Regions
;
and
that
had
it
not
been
for
the
favourable
reception
that
was
made
by
Ferdinand
,
King
of
Arragon
and
Castile
,
to
Columbus
,
whose
proposal
had
been
rejected
by
the
Government
of
Genoa
,
the
Kings
of
Portugal
,
and
England
,
we
should
perhaps
be
still
to
learn
,
if
there
was
any
other
Continent
than
ours
.
America
is
divided
into
two
great
parts
or
Peninsula's
,
the
one
Northern
,
called
Mexicana
;
the
other
Southern
,
called
Peruana
.
This
Division
is
according
to
the
Isthmus
or
neck
of
Land
which
lyes
near
Panama
,
and
not
according
to
the
Equinoctial
Line
.
The
Spaniards
had
once
a
design
in
their
heads
to
cut
through
that
Isthmus
,
for
the
sparing
the
Charges
,
which
are
far
greater
to
them
in
that
Tract
of
Land
,
by
the
transportation
of
their
Merchandizes
,
when
they
go
to
Peru
,
or
return
from
thence
,
than
in
all
the
way
by
Sea
they
make
between
Spain
and
America
,
tho'
this
way
be
above
two
thousand
Leagues
;
But
were
not
able
to
bring
this
Enterprize
of
theirs
about
.
The
Countries
of
Northern
America
,
are
as
you
go
from
the
North
to
the
South
,
Canada
or
New
France
,
Virginia
,
Florida
,
New
Mexico
,
Mexico
or
New
Spain
,
and
the
Islands
of
the
Antilles
.
You
find
in
Southern
America
,
all
along
the
Seas
,
the
Terra
firma
,
where
is
Castella
del
Oro
,
and
Guyana
,
Peru
,
Chili
,
Magellanica
,
Paraguay
,
where
is
Tucuman
,
and
la
Plata
,
and
lastly
Brasile
.
America
is
environned
with
the
Sea
,
if
it
be
true
,
that
towards
the
North
West
it
is
separated
from
the
Land
of
Jesso
by
the
Streights
of
Anien
.
Those
who
make
it
as
big
as
Asia
and
Africa
together
,
compare
its
Northern
part
to
Asia
,
and
its
Southern
to
Africa
.
It
has
the
advantage
of
being
fertil
and
temperate
,
by
reason
of
its
great
and
goodly
Rivers
,
and
of
the
cool
Winds
that
arise
there
,
even
in
the
Torrid
Zone
,
where
the
Inhabitants
have
not
the
blackness
which
is
natural
in
most
of
the
Africans
,
and
in
some
Asiaticks
of
our
Continent
,
who
inhabit
under
the
same
Zone
.
This
makes
us
see
,
that
the
most
or
the
least
heat
is
not
always
caused
by
the
proximity
or
remoteness
of
the
Sun
,
and
that
which
contributes
thereto
often
is
the
situation
of
Places
,
the
disposition
of
the
Mountains
and
Valleys
,
the
quality
of
the
Soil
,
and
the
diversity
of
the
Winds
which
blow
in
those
respective
Regions
.
The
Riches
of
America
are
so
great
,
that
Spain
has
drawn
out
from
thence
,
and
does
still
draw
every
year
a
prodigious
quantity
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
of
which
many
private
persons
of
Europe
,
both
in
Peace
and
War
,
under
diverse
borrowed
Names
,
receive
a
good
share
.
The
Mines
of
Potosi
have
always
furnished
an
immense
number
of
Millions
.
Never
were
any
Riches
comparable
to
those
of
Atabalipa
,
and
of
Guainacapa
,
Kings
of
Peru
,
and
to
the
precious
Furnitures
of
the
City
of
Cusco
,
It
was
no
extraordinary
thing
,
during
the
Reign
of
those
Kings
,
to
see
in
some
Cities
of
those
Countreys
,
Temples
Wainscoted
with
Silver
,
and
Houses
Cover'd
with
Sheets
of
Gold
.
The
Spaniards
do
affirm
,
their
King
draws
from
thence
every
year
,
above
Twelve
Millions
of
Livres
,
by
means
of
the
Impositions
he
lays
upon
Commodities
that
are
transported
from
those
Parts
;
As
Gold
,
Silver
,
Pearls
,
Emeraulds
,
Skins
,
Sugar
,
Tobacco
,
Cutchenelle
,
Sarzepareilla
,
Ginger
,
and
several
other
things
.
Yet
it
is
made
out
,
that
the
first
Expence
,
for
the
discovery
of
America
,
came
but
to
Fifteen
Thousand
Ducats
,
which
were
advanced
to
Columbus
,
by
a
Secretary
of
the
King
of
Spain
.
The
Mexican
and
Peruvian
,
were
the
only
Nations
amongst
the
Americans
,
who
had
Cities
.
These
Cities
,
tho'
built
by
People
we
stile
Salvage
and
Barbarous
,
yielded
in
nothing
to
those
of
Europe
,
or
for
bigness
or
magnificence
.
No
Horses
were
in
America
.
An
Indian
of
good
sence
,
reckoned
a
Horse
in
the
number
of
the
three
things
he
most
esteemed
;
the
two
others
were
,
a
new
laid
Egg
,
and
Light
.
Horses
gave
so
much
terrour
to
the
Americans
,
that
for
above
a
hundred
years
they
could
not
be
prevailed
with
,
to
mount
'em
.
The
Inhabitants
are
of
four
sorts
,
Europeans
,
Metis
,
Negroes
,
and
Salvages
.
Most
of
the
Nations
of
Europe
have
Colonies
in
this
Portion
of
the
World
,
which
for
the
most
part
bear
the
Names
of
their
respective
Provinces
and
Cities
.
The
Spaniards
stand
possess'd
of
the
greatest
,
the
richest
,
and
the
fertilest
Countreys
of
America
;
Among
others
of
Mexico
and
Peru
,
formerly
two
famous
Kingdoms
;
the
latter
Hereditary
,
the
other
Elective
:
their
King
pretends
a
Right
to
All
,
by
vertue
of
the
Donative
of
Pope
Alexander
the
Sixth
,
in
the
year
1493.
But
this
other
Nations
do
not
allow
of
.
The
Portugneezes
have
the
Coasts
of
Brasile
▪
The
French
have
Colonies
in
Canada
,
in
several
Islands
,
and
upon
the
firm
Land
:
The
English
have
fair
and
great
Establishments
all
along
the
Coasts
of
Northern
America
,
and
in
the
Islands
:
The
Metis
are
those
who
are
born
of
the
Europeans
and
Indians
.
In
the
Territories
,
conquered
by
the
Spaniards
,
they
call
Crioles
,
those
who
are
born
of
a
Spanish
Man
and
Woman
,
and
these
are
they
whom
the
Spaniards
of
Europe
have
a
mortal
aversion
to
,
and
whom
they
put
by
all
great
Offices
,
for
fear
of
a
Revolt
.
The
Negroes
are
transported
into
America
,
from
Angola
and
other
parts
of
Africa
,
to
labour
in
the
Mines
,
which
drudgery
the
Americans
are
not
able
to
support
.
The
Salvages
here
live
commonly
on
Hunting
,
Maiz
,
Cassave
,
which
is
their
Corn.
They
have
amongst
'em
almost
as
many
Tongues
,
as
Villages
;
He
who
has
the
use
of
those
of
Mexico
and
Casco
,
may
make
himself
understood
through
all
America
.
This
diversity
of
Tongues
,
is
the
cause
that
we
have
little
knowledge
of
their
Origine
.
They
are
all
naturally
dexterous
and
active
,
good
Runners
and
excellent
Swimmers
.
Several
amongst
'em
live
like
Beasts
,
without
King
,
Policy
,
or
Law
.
The
Sun
,
Moon
,
nay
,
and
the
Devil
too
,
are
consider'd
by
them
,
as
so
many
Divinities
:
The
Sooth-sayers
,
who
are
very
numerous
in
these
parts
,
keep
'em
in
these
Errours
.
The
Kings
of
Spain
have
caused
five
Arch-Bishopricks
to
be
erected
there
,
and
about
thirty
Episcopal
Sees
.
The
French
have
one
Bishop
in
Canada
.
The
Portugueezes
have
at
this
present
three
in
Brasile
,
under
the
Arch-Bishop
of
S.
Salvador
.
The
other
Nations
,
who
have
Settlements
in
these
Countreys
,
have
likewise
establish'd
there
the
Religion
they
profess
.
America
is
not
peopled
comparatively
with
the
parts
of
our
Continent
;
perhaps
by
reason
of
the
continual
Wars
which
the
Inhabitants
wage
there
against
one
another
,
or
else
because
of
the
cruel
treatments
the
Indians
have
received
from
the
Spaniards
:
some
Authors
do
attest
,
they
have
put
to
Death
there
several
Millions
of
Persons
,
whether
for
Religion
,
or
for
other
Pretexts
;
and
that
the
Blood
of
those
who
have
perished
in
the
,
Mines
where
they
have
been
forc'd
to
labour
,
would
weigh
more
than
the
Gold
and
Silver
they
have
thence
extracted
.
The
Spaniards
met
with
no
strong
resistance
in
their
Conquests
,
where
they
found
none
to
make
head
against
'em
,
but
naked
People
,
whose
Armies
were
easily
broken
by
the
Noise
only
of
a
Canon-shot
,
or
at
the
sight
of
a
Horse-man
.
The
poor
Indians
stedfastly
believed
,
that
the
Spaniards
were
the
Masters
of
Thunder
;
they
thought
'em
half
Men
and
half
Horses
,
or
some
Sea-Monsters
,
when
they
saw
'em
on
Horse-back
;
And
when
they
saw
them
on
board
their
Ships
,
eating
Bisket
,
and
drinking
Claret
,
they
said
they
were
descended
from
Heaven
upon
a
great
Bird
;
that
they
eat
Stones
,
and
drank
Blood
.
If
we
consider
the
situation
of
the
Islands
of
that
part
of
the
World
,
we
shall
find
that
California
is
in
the
West
of
Northern
America
;
the
New
Lands
,
the
Bermudas
,
and
the
Antilles
,
towards
the
East
.
The
Mountains
of
the
Andes
Cross
all
Southern
America
from
the
North
to
the
South
.
That
of
Potosi
in
Peru
,
is
esteem'd
the
richest
of
all
,
by
reason
of
its
Silver
Mines
.
The
Spaniards
would
persuade
us
,
that
there
are
others
in
the
Neighbourhood
at
least
as
rich
.
The
North
Sea
is
so
call'd
,
because
it
is
on
the
North
of
the
firm
Land
,
which
makes
part
of
the
Southern
America
,
and
was
sooner
discovered
than
the
Northern
America
;
in
regard
of
which
it
cannot
bear
the
Name
of
the
North
Sea
.
'T
is
called
the
Green
Sea
towards
the
Tropick
of
Cancer
,
by
reason
of
the
Herbs
found
there
upon
the
Surface
of
the
Waters
.
The
South
Sea
is
really
Southern
,
in
regard
of
that
North
Sea
;
but
if
we
consider
all
America
,
both
Northern
and
Southern
,
we
shall
find
that
it
is
Western
.
It
's
often
called
Pacific
,
by
reason
of
its
pertinacious
Calms
,
or
else
because
very
few
Acts
of
Hostility
are
perform'd
there
.
Between
Mexico
and
the
Island
of
California
,
't
is
call'd
the
Vermillion
Sea
:
It
hardly
receives
any
considerable
Rivers
.
The
Sweet
Sea
,
which
is
in
Canada
,
and
the
Parime
Sea
,
in
Southern
America
,
bear
the
names
of
Lakes
,
because
they
are
in
the
midst
of
Lands
.
Many
are
of
opinion
,
that
by
this
Sweet
Sea
,
the
Northorn
Sea
communicates
with
with
the
Southern
.
Among
the
Rivers
of
America
,
that
of
Canada
,
or
St.
Lawrence
,
is
vulgarly
call'd
the
Great
River
,
perhaps
for
that
it
receives
above
two
thousand
others
,
great
and
small
,
and
that
above
five
hundred
Leagues
above
Quebeck
;
its
source
has
not
yet
been
found
out
:
It
makes
some
Lakes
grow
narrow
;
sometimes
it
casts
it self
among
the
Rocks
with
such
impetuosity
,
that
't
is
impossible
to
pass
there
,
by
reason
of
the
number
of
Water-falls
,
which
they
call
Saults
,
and
Carriages
,
because
those
who
mean
to
go
over
,
must
carry
their
little
Boats
upon
their
shoulders
,
which
they
term
Canoes
.
It
s
ordinary
breadth
is
full
twelve
or
thirteen
Leagues
;
its
depth
does
often
exceed
two
hundred
fathom
:
it
keeps
its
Waters
clear
as
far
as
below
Quebeck
.
The
River
of
Chayre
,
upon
the
Confines
of
the
two
America's
,
affords
means
for
the
Transportation
of
Merchandizes
from
one
Sea
to
the
other
.
L'Orenoyu
is
the
largest
of
all
those
of
America
.
The
Amanzon
is
esteemed
the
greatest
,
strongest
,
and
deepest
of
all
those
of
these
Countreys
,
and
one
of
the
fiercest
in
the
World
.
In
the
Year
1638.
the
Portuguese
,
who
were
then
under
the
Crown
of
Spain
,
remounted
it
up
as
far
as
Quito
in
Peru
,
and
came
down
again
the
following
Year
.
It
has
its
Inundations
as
well
as
the
Nile
,
whereby
the
neighbouring
Countrey
is
not
incommoded
with
Insects
:
Above
a
hundred
and
fifty
several
Nations
have
been
observ'd
to
dwell
in
the
Neighbourhood
of
this
great
River
,
and
those
which
fall
into
it
.
La
Plata
has
its
Name
from
the
Mines
of
Silver
which
are
near
it
.
Towards
its
beginning
it
bears
the
Name
of
Paraguay
,
after
having
joyned
that
of
Parana
;
it
rowls
its
Waters
for
above
sixty
Leagues
,
without
any
mixture
:
't
is
not
deep
,
tho'
towards
its
mouth
it
is
sixty
or
eighty
Leagues
broad
,
and
ten
for
the
most
part
of
its
Course
,
where
after
having
form'd
several
Islands
,
and
the
greatest
Cataract
in
the
World
,
it
keeps
its
swiftness
for
above
forty
Leagues
distance
in
the
Sea
.
It
might
contribute
much
towards
the
carrying
on
the
Commerce
from
one
Sea
to
the
other
;
but
the
Spaniards
do
not
think
fit
to
put
this
Adviso
in
practice
,
for
fear
other
Nations
might
thereby
become
acquainted
with
it
,
who
would
make
better
advantage
than
they
do
of
such
Discoveries
.
Canada
.
THe
Name
of
Canada
is
that
which
the
Canadians
gave
their
Countrey
,
thro
which
passes
the
greatest
River
of
Northern
America
,
which
they
call
the
River
of
Canada
.
This
Countrey
is
full
of
Woods
,
and
the
Climate
colder
than
that
of
France
,
tho'
both
be
in
an
equal
distance
from
the
Equinoctial
.
Canada
furnishes
[
Us
]
with
Beavers
,
Stock-fish
,
Mouse-skins
and
Whale-oyl
.
According
to
the
late
Relation
,
you
cannot
go
for
half
a
League
together
along
the
great
River
,
without
meeting
with
either
another
River
or
a
Lake
.
Wood
costs
nothing
more
than
the
trouble
of
cutting
it
.
All
these
Conveniencies
would
be
considerable
,
if
there
happen'd
not
from
time
to
time
horrible
Tempests
,
which
they
call
Hurricanes
.
In
the
Year
1663.
an
Earthquake
lasted
there
for
above
six
Months
.
The
Savages
are
distributed
into
several
Nations
under
the
Government
of
their
Sagamos's
,
who
are
the
eldest
of
their
Families
.
They
wear
Vestments
of
Skins
,
almost
like
to
those
which
our
Painters
very
generously
bestow
upon
Hercules
,
or
John
Baptist.
They
make
use
of
Bows
and
Arrows
,
the
points
whereof
they
garnish
with
Iron
and
Fish-bones
,
and
make
War
by
Courses
and
Surprises
.
They
are
almost
most
all
alike
in
manners
,
but
are
different
in
tongues
;
some
are
wandring
and
Vagabonds
,
others
have
Villages
and
setled
Abodes
;
that
is
to
say
,
Hamocks
,
which
consist
in
some
Cottages
.
They
live
almost
all
of
them
without
any
care
of
Futurity
,
and
are
very
fond
of
Tobacco
.
And
therefore
they
call
their
Festivals
and
their
Feasts
,
Tabagies
.
They
can
bring
but
very
few
men
into
the
Field
,
for
which
reason
the
Europeans
found
it
no
difficult
matter
to
settle
themselves
there
,
tho'
they
brought
along
with
them
for
that
purpose
,
but
very
inconsiderable
Forces
.
The
French
have
Forts
here
for
the
security
of
Commerce
,
and
to
put
a
stop
to
the
Courses
of
the
Savages
,
who
are
their
Enemies
.
The
Jesuits
,
Capuchins
and
other
Religions
have
their
Convents
.
Canada
contains
the
following
Countries
,
New
France
,
New
Denmark
,
New
Wales
,
New
Britain
,
otherwise
the
Land
of
Labrador
,
and
Terra
Coterialis
;
Accadia
,
New
England
,
and
New
York
,
formerly
called
New
Holland
.
Besides
these
Countries
,
there
is
that
of
Saguenay
,
which
receives
its
name
from
a
River
,
whose
mouth
is
not
above
a
quarter
of
a
League
broad
,
but
which
enlarges
it self
when
you
go
up
it
,
and
is
above
two
hundred
fathoms
deep
in
several
places
.
This
Circumstance
hath
given
occasion
to
some
Adventurers
to
seek
a
passage
there
for
the
going
to
China
thro'
the
Northern
Ocean
.
Quesbeck
the
Principal
Colony
of
the
Country
,
Founded
in
1608.
is
the
Capital
of
all
Canada
,
the
Residence
of
a
Vice-Roy
and
Bishop
.
The
City
is
divided
into
High
and
Low
,
with
a
Fortress
upon
the
Rock
,
which
commands
the
great
River
,
that
carries
the
flowing
of
the
Sea
above
the
City
.
Tadousac
,
the
three
Rivers
and
Montreal
upon
the
same
River
,
are
three
very
considerable
Colonies
of
the
French
.
The
two
best
Sea
Ports
are
Miscou
,
and
the
Port
Royal
of
Accadia
.
As
concerning
the
people
,
the
Hurons
and
the
Algonquins
towards
the
beginning
of
the
great
River
,
have
ever
been
friends
of
the
French
,
the
Iroquois
are
cruel
and
great
Buccaniers
,
that
is
to
say
,
they
suck
the
flesh
of
their
Enemies
,
they
fortifie
their
abodes
with
Palisadoes
:
They
have
been
sturdy
Enemies
to
the
French
,
and
have
done
them
great
damage
by
means
of
the
fire
Arms
they
had
from
the
English
and
the
Hollanders
of
their
Neighbourhood
.
Yet
the
French
boast
that
they
have
prevailed
over
them
;
and
that
tho'
these
Savages
have
been
able
to
bring
several
Troops
into
the
Field
without
disgarrisoning
or
emptying
their
Retreats
,
which
are
inaccessible
;
they
have
nevertheless
been
constrained
to
yield
to
the
Arms
of
France
.
Their
Country
is
pretty
fruitful
,
seeing
it
produces
Muscadine
Grapes
,
Lemmons
,
vence
and
Melons
,
even
as
good
as
those
of
Pro
-
in
France
.
The
principal
Isle
of
New-Found-Land
,
is
one
of
the
greatest
in
the
World
,
with
a
great
number
of
Ports
,
whereof
that
of
Plaisance
possessed
by
the
French
,
is
the
best
.
Heretofore
they
burnt
one
part
of
the
Forests
of
this
Island
,
to
render
it
the
more
habitable
;
But
the
Rosin
and
other
Gums
which
ran
into
the
Sea
,
were
the
occasion
of
the
Fishery
being
spoiled
in
the
Neighbourhood
for
above
seven
years
.
Almost
the
like
thing
happened
in
the
Isle
of
St.
Christophers
,
when
several
Ships
loaded
with
Tobacco
,
perished
there
;
the
strength
and
bitterness
of
that
Herb
poysoning
the
Fish
.
France
sends
every
year
a
great
number
of
Ships
to
this
Island
,
which
it
calls
for
that
reason
Terra
Neuviers
.
The
English
have
likewise
fetled
themselves
here
.
The
Isle
of
Cape
Breton
,
has
the
Port
of
Chibou
in
its
Eastern
parts
,
which
Nature
has
formed
with
all
possible
advantages
for
the
security
of
a
Fleet.
There
is
a
Shoal
and
Ridge
of
Sand
on
the
East
of
New-Found-Land
,
notorious
for
the
taking
of
Stockfish
,
and
its
extent
of
two
hundred
and
sixty
Leagues
,
which
has
given
it
the
name
of
the
Great
Bank
.
'T
is
not
a
Rock
as
several
do
imagine
;
they
call
it
Bank
by
reason
of
the
shallowness
all
along
by
its
side
,
in
respect
of
the
Depth
which
is
very
great
in
the
other
parts
of
that
Sea
.
The
fishing
there
is
of
two
sorts
,
The
one
for
Cod
,
and
the
other
for
dry
Stock-Fish
.
The
Seamen
who
Fish
there
,
have
at
the
same
time
the
pleasure
of
taking
with
the
Line
great
Birds
,
or
Fowl
,
which
they
call
Fauquets
and
Happefoyes
,
which
they
effect
by
baiting
their
Hooks
with
the
Livers
of
Cods
.
Virginia
.
VIrginia
bears
this
Name
in
honour
of
the
most
Illustrious
and
Renowned
Elizabeth
,
the
Maiden-Queen
of
England
.
First
some
French
nested
themselves
in
this
Countrey
,
but
the
English
were
too
hard
and
powerful
for
them
,
took
absolute
possession
of
it
,
in
the
Year
1584
,
and
have
continued
in
their
settlement
there
,
notwithstanding
the
loss
of
five
or
six
Colonies
.
They
have
a
Governour
,
an
Admiral
,
and
several
particular
Officers
.
This
Establishment
facilitates
to
them
the
communication
of
what
they
have
in
New
England
and
Florida
.
The
Air
of
Virginia
which
is
extreamly
healthful
,
produces
several
sorts
of
excellent
Fruits
.
It
is
somewhat
cold
,
and
yet
the
Inhabitants
go
naked
:
the
Oyl
and
the
Colours
with
which
they
rub
themselves
,
defending
them
against
the
injuries
of
the
Weather
.
From
thence
is
Exported
Tobacco
and
Silk
,
which
is
drawn
from
an
Herb
wholly
peculiar
to
Virginia
.
They
would
make
us
believe
that
there
is
a
flying
Squirrel
,
which
makes
use
of
its
paws
as
if
they
were
wings
.
The
Inhabitants
of
Virginia
love
to
make
good
Cheer
,
are
Idolaters
,
and
have
divers
Lords
,
whom
they
call
Werouns
.
Their
Towns
which
they
surround
with
Pallisadoes
,
have
only
18
or
20
Houses
.
Pomeiock
and
James-Town
,
are
the
Principal
places
of
this
Region
.
The
Bay
of
Chesapeack
is
very
considerable
,
being
seventy
five
Leagues
in
length
,
for
the
most
part
six
or
seven
broad
,
and
ten
or
twelve
towards
its
entrance
.
The
Ships
sail
up
above
sixty
Leagues
,
for
it
is
often
fifteen
or
sixteen
fathom
deep
,
and
six
or
seven
where
it
is
most
shallow
.
The
Islands
of
Barmudas
,
or
Summer
Isles
,
are
under
the
same
Crown
,
and
almost
in
the
same
Parallel
with
Virginia
,
distant
above
three
hundred
Leagues
from
the
Continent
of
America
.
They
are
several
in
number
around
the
principal
one
,
and
almost
all
invironed
with
Rocks
,
and
sufficiently
known
for
the
Shipwracks
that
happen
there
.
The
Merchants
bring
thence
Cocheneal
,
Tobacco
,
Pearls
,
and
Amber
;
there
are
found
Tortoises
of
an
excessive
bigness
,
and
Spiders
without
venom
,
extraordinary
large
,
of
a
streak'd
colour
,
which
spin
Webs
capable
of
holding
little
Birds
.
In
the
Year
1516.
five
men
being
imbarked
at
the
Barmudas
in
a
little
Pinnace
,
traversed
above
twelve
hundred
Leagues
at
Sea
,
and
by
a
singular
happiness
arrived
in
Ireland
.
In
the
Year
1525.
a
Portuguez
who
was
in
the
East
Indies
,
being
desirous
to
do
a
notable
piece
of
service
to
his
Prince
,
undertook
a
Voyage
which
was
no
less
perilous
;
for
with
a
small
Gally
,
but
sixteen
foot
long
,
and
six-broad
,
he
departed
from
Cochim
,
and
having
traversed
the
Occan
,
and
all
its
particular
Seas
,
at
last
he
arrived
at
Lisbon
,
where
he
brought
the
King
of
Portugal
the
news
of
the
building
a
Cittadel
at
Diu
;
a
piece
of
news
which
was
agreeably
received
in
that
Court
.
Florida
.
THe
Spaniards
and
French
,
the
Discoverers
of
this
Province
,
have
but
very
small
knowledge
of
it
,
as
not
having
been
very
far
in
the
Country
:
the
Spaniards
under
divers
Leaders
,
and
principally
under
Soto
,
made
some
Expeditions
into
it
,
but
both
he
and
most
of
his
men
,
dyed
in
the
prosecution
of
their
design
.
The
Name
of
Florida
was
given
it
,
either
upon
the
account
of
its
Flowers
which
it
produces
in
great
abundance
,
or
by
reason
of
the
first
Discovery
of
some
of
its
parts
,
which
was
on
a
Palm
Sunday
.
The
French
that
setled
themselves
in
that
part
which
lies
towards
the
North-East
,
had
left
there
the
names
of
the
Scine
,
Lonaloire
,
Garrone
,
Gironde
,
Chorcute
,
to
the
Rivers
they
met
withal
in
those
parts
.
But
the
Spaniards
jealous
of
the
French
Names
,
having
given
them
others
,
and
the
English
,
who
have
lately
setled
several
Colonies
here
,
do
still
at
this
day
Christen
them
anew
.
In
the
Year
1562.
John
Ribaud
caus'd
to
be
built
upon
the
River
of
Port-Royal
,
the
Fortress
of
Charles's
Fort
,
which
he
called
by
that
Name
,
in
consideration
of
King
Charles
the
Ninth
of
France
.
Two
years
after
,
one
Laudonier
built
the
Fort
of
Carolina
,
upon
the
River
of
May
,
(
Now
,
by
the
way
,
it
is
to
be
observ'd
,
that
several
Geographers
do
not
give
to
these
two
Places
their
true
Position
.
)
Since
which
,
the
French
were
constrained
to
abandon
'em
,
both
upon
the
account
of
the
Civil
Wars
which
arose
in
France
,
and
of
the
jealousie
of
the
Spaniards
,
who
could
not
well
bear
with
the
Frenchmen
having
footing
in
Florida
.
The
Spaniards
made
Florida
much
greater
than
it
really
is
,
for
they
attribute
to
it
Virginia
,
and
New
France
,
perhaps
not
to
prejudice
the
Pretentions
of
their
Soveraign
,
who
attributes
to
himself
all
America
,
tho'
his
Subjects
have
only
appear'd
in
some
of
its
Provinces
:
Others
give
only
this
Name
of
Florida
to
the
Peninsula
of
Tegesta
,
which
advances
to
the
South
,
and
contributes
to
form
the
great
and
famous
Gulph
of
Mexico
,
and
the
Channel
of
Bahama
.
The
Air
of
Florida
is
so
temperate
,
that
there
has
been
often
seen
old
Men
at
the
Age
of
Two
hundred
and
fifty
years
,
whilst
the
Children
of
five
Generations
are
all
alive
at
the
same
time
.
The
Land
is
fertile
,
full
of
Fruit-trees
,
and
its
Towns
the
best
peopled
of
all
America
,
having
in
several
places
rich
Furs
,
and
an
immense
quantity
of
Pearls
.
It
s
Mountain
Apalatei
,
produces
abundance
of
Copper
:
It
s
principal
River
is
that
of
Spirito
Sancto
,
or
Chucagua
,
which
falls
into
the
Mexican
Gulph
.
The
Coast
is
not
over
convenient
for
great
Ships
,
because
the
Sea
is
but
very
shallow
.
The
Inland
parts
are
possess'd
by
the
Savages
,
under
the
Government
and
Jurisdiction
of
divers
Paroustis
or
Caciques
,
who
are
their
Lords
.
Relations
acquaint
us
with
the
Brave
Resistance
they
made
against
the
Spaniards
.
These
Savages
adore
the
Sun
and
Moon
.
Upon
the
Coast
the
Spaniard
holds
St.
Austin
,
and
St.
Matthews
,
two
Colonies
of
small
consideration
,
tho'
in
each
there
be
a
Castle
.
St.
Austin
is
of
the
greatest
importance
,
by
reason
of
its
Haven
,
and
its
nearness
to
the
Channel
of
Bahama
,
where
the
Spanish-Fleets
commonly
pass
,
when
with
their
Cargoes
,
they
return
from
Havana
into
Europe
.
New
Mexico
.
THis
Mexico
is
call'd
New
,
because
it
was
one
of
the
last
Conquests
of
the
Spaniards
in
Northern
America
,
not
being
subdued
till
after
the
Year
1583.
'T
is
the
Ancient
Mexico
,
according
to
some
Authors
,
who
say
,
its
Inhabitants
people
part
of
New
Spain
.
The
scarcity
of
Victuals
,
and
other
inconveniencies
of
this
Countrey
,
have
not
hindred
the
Spaniards
from
going
to
search
for
Mines
in
its
Entrals
.
The
Natives
are
Idolaters
,
and
call
their
Chiefs
,
Caciques
.
New
Mexico
,
California
,
Anien
,
Quivira
,
and
Cibola
,
are
its
principal
parts
,
and
Santafe
the
most
considerable
Town
.
California
,
on
whose
Coasts
some
Pearls
are
found
,
is
one
of
the
greatest
Islands
in
the
World
.
Anian
gives
its
Name
to
a
famous
Streight
,
beyond
which
is
the
Land
of
Jesso
.
The
Wealth
of
Quivira
consists
in
certain
Bulls
or
Oxen
,
which
are
very
benificial
to
the
Inhabitants
;
their
Flesh
is
their
Food
:
of
their
Skins
they
make
Cloaths
and
Coverings
for
their
Houses
;
Thread
of
their
Hair
;
Bow-strings
of
their
Nerves
;
Awls
and
Bodkins
of
their
Bones
;
Trumpets
and
Bugles
of
their
Horns
;
they
preserve
Water
in
their
Bladders
,
and
make
Fewel
of
their
Dung
dryed
.
This
Creature
has
something
of
the
Lyon
,
the
Camel
,
the
Goat
,
and
the
Sheep
.
There
is
in
Cibola
,
Grandeda
,
Acoma
,
and
some
other
Fortresses
upon
the
Mountains
,
with
Palisado's
and
Ditches
,
which
shew
that
the
Americans
were
not
ignorant
of
the
Art
of
Fortifying
such
places
as
they
meant
(
or
stood
in
need
)
to
defend
.
Other
Enumerations
are
made
of
the
Countreys
of
New
Mexico
,
but
very
uncertain
are
they
:
the
Inhabitants
commonly
have
no
setled
abode
;
give
the
Names
of
their
Chiefs
to
their
Villages
,
and
those
Names
only
subsists
during
the
Life
of
each
of
those
Leaders
.
New
Spain
.
THe
Indians
name
this
Countrey
Mexico
,
and
the
Spaniards
,
New
Spain
;
so
that
hereby
they
call
their
King
,
the
King
of
Spains
.
The
Spaniards
here
establish'd
in
this
Countrey
several
rare
Colonies
,
as
in
the
most
considerable
of
their
Conquests
,
notwithstanding
the
misunderstanding
that
arose
between
Cortez
and
Narvaez
their
principal
Commanders
.
This
Region
,
tho'
under
the
Torrid
Zone
,
seems
to
enjoy
a
perpetual
Spring
,
by
reason
of
the
purity
of
its
Air
,
and
the
goodness
of
its
Soyl.
'T
is
the
finest
,
the
most
agreeable
,
and
the
most
populous
of
all
America
:
All
Northern
America
is
called
Mexicana
.
It
has
Mines
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
wherein
they
work
with
more
ease
than
in
those
of
Peru
:
the
Silver
that
is
drawn
from
thence
,
is
unquestionably
the
best
in
the
World
.
It
produces
that
admirable
Plant
of
Magucaz
,
which
produces
small
Wine
,
Vinegar
,
Honey
,
Needles
,
Thread
,
Stuffs
,
and
Timber
proper
for
building
.
It
has
Cotton
,
Hides
,
Silk
,
Wool
,
Balm
,
Sugar
,
Salt
that
is
made
in
its
Lakes
,
and
several
sorts
of
good
Fruits
.
It
has
all
the
Commodities
of
Europe
,
unless
Wine
and
Oyl
.
Formerly
't
was
an
Elective
Kingdom
,
full
of
great
Cities
,
governed
with
great
Policy
,
and
its
Inhabitants
very
civil
.
Its
Kings
could
bring
into
the
Field
,
Armies
of
three
or
four
hundred
thousand
tall
fighting
Men.
The
Kings
of
Spain
,
who
have
a
Vice-Roy
there
,
whose
Residence
is
in
the
Castle
of
Mexico
,
have
taken
care
to
erect
several
Bishopricks
.
The
Mexicans
are
well
made
,
dexterous
in
melting
their
Metals
,
and
in
making
Pictures
of
their
Feathers
,
which
they
have
off
their
Cincons
,
small
Birds
of
their
Countrey
,
which
live
only
upon
Dew
.
They
keep
their
Balls
in
the
open
Field
,
where
it
is
pleasant
to
see
'em
Dance
,
or
rather
,
make
Gamboles
,
and
perform
the
Double
Sommerset
,
sometimes
two
or
three
thousand
together
.
Formerly
the
Mexicans
divided
their
Countreys
into
hot
and
cold
.
At
present
the
Spaniards
reckon
their
several
small
Provinces
;
as
New
Galicia
,
Guadalaira
,
New
Biscay
,
Mexico
,
Mechoachan
,
Panuco
,
Jucatan
,
Guatimala
,
Honduras
,
Nicaregua
,
Costarica
,
Veragua
,
and
others
.
They
have
establish'd
Royal
Audiences
,
I
mean
Parliaments
,
at
Mexico
,
Guadalaira
,
and
Guatimala
.
There
is
a
sort
of
Ravenous
Birds
in
Guadalaira
,
which
are
not
much
greater
than
our
Sparrows
,
and
nevertheless
make
a
horrible
distruction
of
their
Corn
:
they
have
Bees
too
without
stings
.
The
Province
of
Mexico
,
properly
taken
,
is
that
which
lies
near
the
City
of
Mexico
,
the
greatest
,
richest
and
best
peopled
of
all
America
.
This
City
suffer'd
a
great
loss
in
the
Year
1629.
all
its
Digues
,
and
most
of
its
Houses
,
having
been
carried
away
by
the
violence
of
the
Waters
,
its
scituation
being
neer
a
Salt-water-Lake
,
of
about
twenty
five
or
thirty
Leagues
in
circuit
,
where
there
enters
another
Lake
of
sweet
Water
.
Since
that
,
it
has
been
rebuilt
,
and
has
full
a
hundred
thousand
Houses
,
great
and
small
.
Before
the
coming
of
the
Spaniard
into
this
Countrey
,
there
were
several
places
very
considerable
neer
Mexico
.
Chulula
contain'd
above
twenty
thousand
Houses
,
with
as
many
Temples
as
there
are
days
in
the
year
;
and
its
Inhabitants
did
annually
put
to
death
five
or
six
thousand
of
their
Children
,
in
sacrificing
them
to
their
Idols
.
Tezeuco
was
twice
as
big
as
Seville
in
Spain
.
Queretaro
had
a
Fountain
which
wou'd
furnish
Water
for
four
years
together
,
and
cease
running
four
years
after
.
Los
Angelos
,
upon
the
way
from
Vera
Cruz
to
Mexico
,
is
a
City
of
ten
thousand
Inhabitants
,
where
is
a
Bishoprick
of
great
Revenue
;
there
's
also
a
Mint
for
the
coining
of
Money
:
Cloth
,
Hats
and
excellent
Glasses
,
are
made
there
too
.
Acapulco
upon
the
South
Sea
,
with
a
Fort
of
five
Bastions
,
is
a
Bay
of
good
security
,
tho'
at
the
entrance
it
be
but
a
League
in
breadth
.
Jucatum
is
a
Peninsula
between
the
two
Gulphs
,
where
the
City
of
Merida
is
so
call'd
,
upon
the
account
of
its
ancient
Structures
and
Buildings
,
which
were
found
equal
to
those
of
Merida
in
Europe
.
Tabasco
,
the
first
City
that
made
any
defence
against
the
Spaniards
,
is
a
Province
,
where
the
Inhabitants
have
great
Priviledges
,
because
they
contributed
much
to
the
Conquest
of
Mexico
.
Near
Tabasco
,
Cortez
gain'd
a
great
Victory
in
the
Year
1518.
over
Montezuma
,
the
Ninth
and
last
King
of
Mexico
;
We
killed
there
upon
the
spot
above
three
hundred
thousand
Indians
.
This
Land
is
so
fertile
,
that
a
Peasant
having
caused
two
Sheep
to
come
thither
from
Castile
,
those
two
Sheep
multiplied
in
such
a
manner
that
there
were
above
forty
thousand
of
'em
in
a
few
years
:
The
Isle
of
Cozumel
,
near
the
Coast
,
is
famous
upon
the
account
of
its
ancient
Idol
.
Guatimala
produces
Balm
,
Sulphur
,
Wood
,
and
Cacao
,
which
is
a
Fruit
like
to
little
Almonds
,
whereof
the
Inhabitants
make
a
very
delicious
Drink
.
Near
Guatimala
,
is
a
Vulcan
,
that
is
,
a
Mountain
which
casts
forth
Fire
;
where
a
private
person
seeking
after
Treasures
,
which
he
fancied
there
,
found
the
End
both
of
his
Wealth
and
his
Life
.
The
Henduras
furnishes
Honey
,
Cotten
,
Cloaths
,
and
Wool
.
Niceregua
was
first
of
all
named
the
Paradice
of
Mahomet
,
by
reason
of
its
fertility
,
and
the
quantity
of
its
Gold
.
Its
Lake
of
a
hundred
and
thirty
Leagues
in
length
,
ebbs
and
flows
and
disgorges
it self
into
the
North
Sea
.
There
was
once
a
design
of
communicating
it
with
the
South
Sea
,
but
they
imagin'd
this
would
cause
a
great
deal
of
disorder
,
this
Sea
being
much
higher
than
the
North
Sea
,
because
of
several
Rivers
,
which
have
their
source
in
its
Neighbourhood
,
and
nevertheless
fall
into
the
North
Sea
.
One
of
the
last
Kings
of
Niceregua
,
seems
to
have
had
some
knowledge
of
the
Mysteries
of
our
Faith
;
He
ask'd
the
Spaniards
,
What
they
knew
of
the
Deluge
?
If
any
was
to
happen
?
If
the
Sun
and
Moon
won'd
one
day
lose
their
light
?
What
was
the
Cause
of
their
Motion
?
Whither
the
Souls
went
after
the
separation
from
their
Bodies
?
If
the
Pope
and
Emperour
were
immortal
?
And
for
what
reason
they
sought
after
Gold
and
Silver
with
so
much
Eagerness
and
so
many
Perils
?
The
Caribby
Isles
,
or
the
Antilles
.
UNder
the
Name
of
Antilles
are
generally
known
,
all
the
Islands
of
the
North
Sea
which
are
between
Florida
,
New
Spain
,
and
the
Firm-Land
of
Southern
America
.
The
Luccayes
,
seem
to
be
so
called
from
that
of
Lucayonequo
.
Bahama
gives
its
name
there
to
a
Channel
wondrously
rapid
from
the
South
to
the
North
,
and
famous
at
present
for
the
passage
of
the
Spanish
Fleets
in
their
return
from
Mexico
,
and
from
the
Terra
Firma
of
America
in
Europe
.
Bimini
which
is
a
place
of
no
easie
access
,
by
reason
of
the
Flats
and
Rocks
thereabouts
,
has
had
the
renown
of
having
a
Fountain
which
made
people
young
again
,
because
the
Women
there
were
extraordinary
Beautiful
,
and
that
for
their
sakes
several
Men
went
to
dwell
there
.
Guanahani
is
that
which
was
first
spyed
out
by
Columbus
,
who
called
it
San.
Salvador
,
by
reason
it
was
the
cause
of
saving
him
from
the
Conspiracy
of
his
Men
,
who
a
little
before
would
have
cast
him
into
the
Sea
,
as
not
in
their
mind
meeting
soon
enough
with
those
Lands
,
whereof
he
had
given
them
such
hopes
.
Hispagniola
[
otherwise
Saint
Domingo
]
is
the
first
Country
in
the
New
World
,
where
the
Spaniards
built
Towns
and
Fortresses
.
It
has
abundance
of
Cattle
,
Hides
,
Cassia
,
Sugar
,
and
Ginger
,
Cocheneal
,
Guiacum
,
and
other
Herbs
for
Physick
and
Dying
.
It
has
Mines
,
from
whence
came
the
first
and
finest
Gold
of
America
;
Here
was
found
that
rare
piece
of
Gold
which
weighed
full
thirty
seven
pound
,
and
was
lost
in
the
way
when
it
was
bringing
to
Spain
.
It
has
little
Birds
called
Cuyeros
,
which
gives
such
a
light
in
the
night
time
,
that
by
it
one
may
see
ones
way
plainly
,
and
hunt
,
&
fish
,
&
read
and
write
;
and
the
Priests
make
use
of
them
by
night
instead
of
Candles
to
read
in
their
Breviaries
.
Amongst
the
fish
that
are
taken
upon
that
Coast
,
there
is
the
Manate
,
which
is
a
Sea
Calf
above
twenty
foot
long
:
the
Revers
which
is
very
small
,
and
serves
to
catch
Fish
of
another
sort
,
by
fastening
them
on
the
thorns
of
its
back
.
St.
Domingo
,
the
Metropolis
of
the
Isle
Hispaniola
,
drove
formerly
a
more
considerable
Trade
than
it
does
at
present
:
The
French
have
possessed
the
most
Western
part
of
this
Island
,
where
they
have
a
great
number
of
Buccaniers
,
as
well
as
the
little
Island
la
Tortue
,
which
is
near
it
;
this
has
made
the
Spaniards
change
the
Course
they
held
when
they
returned
into
Spain
.
Cuba
is
more
fertil
and
temperate
than
Hispaniola
.
It
has
Parrots
,
Partridges
,
Turtles
,
and
Gold
sand
in
its
Rivers
;
for
which
reason
,
some
Authors
have
placed
here
the
Country
of
Ophir
,
from
whence
Solomon
sent
for
his
Gold
.
One
of
the
Caciques
or
petty
Kings
of
that
Island
,
having
made
his
escape
out
of
the
hands
of
the
Spaniards
,
told
his
people
that
the
Gold
and
Silver
of
their
Country
was
the
God
of
their
Enemies
,
since
that
to
possess
it
,
they
sought
for
it
in
their
very
Entrails
,
and
that
so
to
enjoy
their
own
repose
,
they
must
aband
on
it
all
to
them
.
Another
of
those
C
aciques
being
Condemned
to
be
burnt
,
was
sollicited
by
a
Priest
to
turn
Christian
,
that
he
might
go
into
Paradice
,
but
he
openly
protested
he
would
not
go
thither
,
since
Spaniards
were
there
too
.
The
poor
Savages
abhorred
them
to
that
degree
,
that
they
abstained
from
their
Wives
,
that
their
Children
might
not
become
slaves
of
such
Masters
;
And
when
they
fell
upon
them
to
boucanize
them
,
or
to
eat
their
flesh
,
it
was
rather
out
of
revenge
,
than
out
of
any
relish
they
found
therein
;
for
they
frankly
said
,
That
the
flesh
of
a
Spaniard
was
too
hard
,
and
that
to
make
it
fit
for
eating
,
it
was
first
to
be
souz'd
and
mollified
for
two
or
three
dayes
in
Vinegar
.
St.
Jago
is
the
Capital
City
with
a
Sea
Port
,
and
Havana
the
Key
and
Staple
of
all
the
West
Indies
,
the
Magazine
of
the
riches
of
America
,
by
reason
of
the
scituation
,
the
bigness
,
and
conveniency
of
its
Harbour
,
which
can
shelter
above
a
thousand
Ships
.
'T
is
the
usual
Rendevouze
of
the
Spanish
Fleets
when
they
return
into
Europe
,
and
is
defended
by
three
Castles
,
whose
strength
is
compar'd
by
the
Spaniards
to
that
of
the
Cittadels
of
Antwerp
and
Milan
.
Yet
for
all
this
,
the
English
plundered
the
City
in
the
Year
1662.
The
Port
de
Matanzas
is
the
same
where
in
the
Year
1629.
Peter
Hein
a
Hollander
,
made
himself
Master
of
the
Spanish
Fleet
,
which
was
prodigiously
rich
.
Jamaica
now
belonging
to
the
English
,
who
have
setled
themselves
there
,
since
the
Year
1655.
has
three
small
Cities
,
wherof
Seville
is
the
most
considerable
.
It
produces
so
much
Yuca
whereof
Cassia
is
made
,
that
it
passes
for
the
Granary
of
the
Antilles
.
The
Civil
Wars
of
the
Spaniards
in
America
began
in
this
Island
,
where
Christopher
Columbus
to
free
himself
out
of
danger
foretold
the
Savages
an
Eclipse
of
the
Moon
with
as
much
prudence
as
success
.
These
Savages
had
Letters
missive
in
admiration
,
thinking
one
must
necessarily
partake
of
Divinity
,
to
discover
by
a
scrowl'd
paper
ones
sentiments
to
another
a
great
way
off
.
Porto-rico
with
the
City
,
of
St.
John
,
has
Sugar
,
Ginger
,
Cassia
and
Skins
;
this
is
the
Island
where
the
Spaniards
passed
for
immortals
,
till
one
Salsedo
was
drowned
,
at
the
Passage
of
the
River
Guarabo
.
The
Caribby
Islands
are
twenty
eight
principal
Ones
,
possessed
for
the
most
part
by
Europeans
,
sometimes
they
have
been
called
by
the
Name
of
Camereanes
,
and
because
they
are
more
Eastern
,
and
as
in
the
head
of
the
Others
,
they
have
had
particularly
attributed
to
them
that
of
the
Antilles
,
which
seems
ought
to
be
common
to
all
the
Neighbouring
Islands
.
They
enjoy
so
temperate
an
Air
,
that
they
feel
there
no
excessive
heats
,
nor
do
they
ever
see
any
Ice
.
There
is
indeed
but
three
Seasons
,
the
Spring
,
Summer
,
and
Autumn
,
unless
we
give
the
name
of
Winter
to
the
rainy
Season
.
They
have
all
manner
of
good
Pulse
very
plentifully
;
but
their
Corn
does
not
attain
to
its
maturity
,
and
can
only
serve
to
make
Green-sawce
of
.
There
are
Trees
which
produce
excellent
Fruits
,
and
others
which
furnish
Wood
for
Physick
,
for
Dying
,
for
the
Carpenters
use
,
and
Wainscotting
.
Those
parts
of
these
Islands
go
under
the
Name
of
Cabissi-terre
,
which
have
the
Cape
to
the
Wind
,
which
in
those
parts
blows
almost
alwayes
from
the
East
:
and
Buss-terre
is
called
what
is
towards
the
West
.
They
name
the
little
Mountains
Marnes
,
the
Villages
Carbets
,
the
great
Winds
of
short
continuance
,
Rufales
;
and
those
that
take
their
Turn
around
the
Horizon
,
Huricanes
.
These
Hurry-canes
often
cause
great
disorders
:
They
commonly
happen
at
the
times
of
the
Equinox
upon
the
Eastern
Coasts
.
The
Pilots
foreseeing
them
,
get
their
Ships
off
from
the
Shoar
.
Saint
Christophers
has
Colonies
of
the
French
,
who
in
the
Year
1627.
shared
it
with
the
English
,
establishing
Customs
,
which
have
since
been
received
in
the
Neighbouring
Islands
:
No
place
is
there
out
of
France
,
where
the
French
have
a
greater
Establishment
;
Its
Governour
is
said
to
be
able
to
bring
seven
or
eight
thousand
Foot
into
the
Field
,
besides
several
Troops
of
Horse
;
and
they
have
four
good
Forts
.
Martinico
has
about
1000.
French
,
besides
Indians
,
and
Negroes
in
great
numbers
.
Guadaloupa
,
vulgarly
Gardeloupa
,
furnishes
fresh
Water
to
the
Ships
that
come
from
Europe
.
It
has
made
great
advantage
of
the
ruins
of
the
Dutch
Colony
of
Recif
in
Brafil
.
This
occasioned
its
being
Cultivated
with
Sugar
Canes
,
whereby
it
has
profited
more
than
by
the
Tobacco
Trade
,
drove
before
.
Barbadoes
.
BArbadoes
is
one
of
the
best
of
the
Antilles
,
and
the
most
considerable
of
them
,
which
the
English
possess
.
They
have
there
above
twenty
thousand
Inhabitants
beside
the
Savages
and
Slaves
,
who
are
full
as
many
again
.
It
has
two
or
three
small
Hills
which
are
very
fruitful
,
and
fit
for
Culture
,
to
the
very
top
.
This
Island
is
divided
into
a
Eleven
Precincts
or
Parishes
,
in
which
are
fourteen
Churches
and
Chappels
,
and
is
throughout
beset
with
Houses
,
and
no
great
distance
from
one
another
,
so
full
of
Planters
is
it
;
but
the
principal
Towns
are
St.
Michaels
,
formerly
called
the
Bridge-Town
,
or
Indian-Bridge
,
scituate
at
the
bottom
of
Charles
le
Bay
,
in
the
Southern
part
of
this
Isle
.
This
Bay
is
in
the
form
of
a
Crescent
,
very
capacious
,
deep
,
and
secure
for
Ships
;
being
big
enough
to
secure
five
hundred
Vessels
at
once
from
all
storms
.
The
Town
is
long
,
containing
several
Streets
,
and
adorned
with
abundance
of
well
built
Houses
,
being
the
place
of
Residence
of
the
Governour
,
or
His
Deputy
,
where
the
Courts
of
Judicature
are
kept
.
It
hath
two
strong
Forts
opposite
to
each
other
for
its
defence
,
and
the
security
of
the
Ships
,
but
the
Town
is
ill
seated
,
the
Ground
being
lower
than
the
Banks
of
the
Sea
;
Little
Bristol
formerly
Sprights
Bay
,
scituate
about
four
Leagues
from
St.
Michael
,
a
commodious
Road
for
Ships
,
well
frequented
,
and
defended
by
two
strong
Forts
,
St.
James
,
formerly
called
the
Hall
,
seated
not
far
from
Bristol
,
here
is
a
good
Road
for
Ships
also
,
and
is
a
place
of
considerable
Trade
,
Also
Charles-Town
,
about
two
Leagues
from
St.
Michael
,
where
are
kept
weekly
Markets
,
and
Monthly
Courts
for
the
Precincts
;
there
are
also
several
good
Bays
belonging
to
this
Island
,
as
Fowle-Bay
,
Austins-Bay
,
Maxwel-Bay
,
&c.
and
here
are
divers
Caves
,
some
of
which
are
very
deep
,
and
large
enough
to
hold
five
hundred
men
,
and
those
Caves
are
often
the
Sanctuaries
of
such
Negro
slaves
as
run
away
,
and
it
is
supposed
that
these
Caves
were
the
Habitations
of
the
Natives
.
The
Riches
and
Commodities
of
the
Island
,
consist
in
Indico
,
Cotton
,
and
Ginger
in
great
abundance
,
Logwood
,
Fustick
,
Lignumvitae
,
and
Sugars
,
whereof
there
is
so
great
a
quantity
,
that
they
freight
above
a
hundred
Ships
with
it
every
year
;
the
Inhabitants
truck
it
for
other
Commodities
at
the
rate
of
thirty
shillings
the
Quintal
;
this
Isle
is
so
very
fertil
that
it
bears
Crops
all
the
year
long
.
The
Trees
,
Fields
and
Woods
,
being
alwayes
in
their
Summer
Livery
.
They
have
here
in
their
Seas
several
sorts
of
Fish
,
as
Cavalos
,
Cong-fish
,
Green
Turtles
,
&c.
which
of
all
other
are
the
most
delicious
,
with
several
other
sorts
appropriate
to
this
and
the
rest
of
the
Caribby
Isles
;
Here
are
also
almost
all
sorts
of
English
Herbs
and
Roots
,
and
several
sorts
of
Fowls
,
and
great
variety
of
small
Birds
;
but
no
Beasts
or
Cattel
,
but
what
are
tame
and
imported
as
Camels
,
Horses
,
Asnegroes
,
Oxen
,
Bulls
,
Cows
,
Sheep
,
Goats
,
and
Hoggs
in
great
plenty
;
here
are
also
Snakes
a
yard
and
a
half
long
,
Scorpions
as
big
as
Rats
and
Lizzards
,
but
neither
of
them
hurtful
to
Man
or
Beast
,
Musketoes
,
Cock-Roches
and
Merry-Wings
,
which
are
very
troublesom
in
the
night
in
stinging
,
and
here
are
Land
Crabs
in
great
abundance
,
which
are
found
good
to
eat
;
and
a
small
Flie
called
Cayo
,
whose
Wings
in
the
night
,
as
it
flies
,
affords
a
mighty
lustre
,
and
the
Indians
do
commonly
catch
them
,
and
tye
them
to
their
hands
and
feet
,
and
make
use
of
them
instead
of
Comets
which
are
forbidden
them
;
here
are
also
abundance
of
Fruits
,
as
Dates
,
Oranges
,
Pomgranates
,
Citrons
,
Lemmons
,
Icacos
,
Cherries
,
Raisins
,
Indian
Figgs
,
Pine-Apples
,
the
rarest
Fruit
in
the
Indies
,
with
several
other
sorts
;
and
for
Trees
here
are
great
varieties
fit
for
several
uses
,
as
the
Locusts
,
Mastick
,
Red-wood
,
the
Prickle
Yellow-wood
,
Ironwood-tree
,
Cedar
,
Cassia
Fistula
,
Colloquintida
,
Tamorins
,
Cassary
,
Poyson-tree
,
Physick-Nut
,
Calabash
,
the
shells
of
which
Tree
serveth
them
for
Troughs
,
to
carry
liquid
things
in
,
and
the
Roneon
,
of
whose
Bark
is
made
Ropes
,
and
also
Flax
,
Lignum-vitae
,
with
several
others
:
The
other
Antilles
Islands
which
are
Inhabited
,
have
Colonies
either
of
English
,
French
,
or
Hollanders
.
There
are
some
other
Isles
along
the
Coasts
of
Terra-firma
;
which
are
called
Sotavento
,
because
that
in
respect
of
the
others
which
are
on
the
North-East
,
and
which
go
under
the
Name
of
Barlovento
,
they
are
below
the
Wind
which
blows
commonly
from
the
East
to
the
West
.
Margareta
,
and
Cubagua
,
had
formerly
the
Fishing
of
Pearls
,
which
prov'd
very
profitable
to
the
Spaniads
,
having
used
all
imaginable
stratagems
to
Fish
there
for
those
Oysters
,
wherein
they
found
the
Pearls
.
Tobago
,
which
has
given
its
name
to
Tobacco
,
or
else
has
received
its
own
from
that
weed
,
has
a
Colony
of
Zelanders
.
Tobacco
was
formerly
called
the
Nicotion
Herb
,
by
reason
one
Doctor
Nicot
was
the
first
who
introduced
the
use
of
it
into
Europe
.
Those
who
call'd
it
the
Queens
Herb
,
gave
it
that
name
,
as
having
been
first
presented
to
a
Queen
of
Spain
.
Castella
Aurea
.
CAstella
Aurea
,
so
called
from
the
Gold
which
the
Spaniards
found
there
in
so
great
abundance
,
that
in
the
Year
1514.
several
of
their
Country-men
would
needs
go
thither
,
in
the
Opinion
that
it
was
there
to
be
Fisht
for
with
Nets
.
Its
Inhabitants
eat
Crocodiles
&
Serpents
,
whose
flesh
they
find
very
delicate
Food
.
The
Spaniards
have
there
several
Provinces
,
Terra-firma
,
Cartagena
,
Sancka
Martha
,
the
Rio
de
la
Hacha
,
Venezuela
,
New
Andalousia
,
Popayen
,
and
the
New
Kingdom
of
Granada
.
The
Terra-firma
lies
near
the
Isthmus
,
which
joyns
the
two
America's
.
It
is
different
from
the
great
Terra-firma
which
makes
part
of
the
Northern
America
upon
the
North
Sea
.
It
s
called
so
as
being
the
first
Land
of
the
Continent
of
America
that
was
discovered
after
the
Islands
.
It
s
City
of
Panama
upon
the
South
Sea
,
is
the
Store-House
,
or
Magazine
of
the
Gold
and
Silver
of
Peru
,
which
is
afterwards
carried
by
Land
to
Porto
Belo
,
which
is
sixteen
or
eighteen
Leagues
from
thence
,
upon
the
North
Sea
,
which
is
much
augmented
from
the
ruins
of
the
City
of
Nombre
de
Dios
,
which
the
ill
Air
had
caused
the
Spaniards
to
abandon
.
At
Porto-Belo
,
this
Gold
and
Silver
is
put
on
board
of
Ships
,
which
carry
it
into
Spain
.
In
the
way
from
Panama
to
Porto-Belo
,
they
have
the
conveniency
of
the
River
of
Chagre
,
if
they
please
to
make
use
of
it
,
and
then
departing
from
Panama
,
you
have
but
five
Leagues
by
Land
;
after
which
they
Embark
upon
that
River
.
By
the
same
way
do
they
bring
their
Merchandizes
out
of
Spain
into
Peru.
In
the
Year
1668.
the
English
plundered
Porto
Belo
,
&
exacted
very
considerable
summs
from
the
Spaniards
before
they
would
restore
it
them
.
The
Buccaniers
and
other
Privateers
have
done
the
like
.
Cartagena
affords
Balm
,
Rosin
,
and
several
sorts
of
Gums
.
Its
Inhabitants
had
formerly
peculiar
places
,
whither
they
carried
the
Bodies
of
their
Dead
,
with
their
Gold
,
their
Necklaces
,
and
other
most
precious
Ornaments
:
The
Spaniards
to
take
advantage
of
this
,
have
shown
those
Relicks
the
light
for
the
second
time
;
the
City
which
is
in
a
Peninsula
,
has
had
its
Name
from
the
resemblance
of
its
Harbour
,
with
that
of
Cartagena
in
Europe
.
'T
is
one
of
the
best
of
America
,
the
Rendezvouze
of
the
Fleets
which
come
from
Cadiz
for
the
Terra-firma
.
Sancta
Martha
produces
almost
all
the
sorts
of
Fruits
that
are
had
in
Spain
;
and
there
you
see
the
beginning
of
those
High
Mountains
,
which
under
the
Names
of
Andes
,
advance
towards
the
South
.
The
Rio
de
la
Hacha
,
no
longer
affords
the
fishing
of
Pearls
in
its
Neighbourhood
.
Venezuela
had
this
Name
from
a
Town
that
was
found
built
there
upon
Piles
of
Wood
in
the
midst
of
Waters
.
When
this
Countrey
was
Discovered
,
the
Germans
to
whom
Charles
the
Ninth
had
engaged
it
,
had
a
design
to
build
a
City
at
the
mouth
of
the
Lake
Macaraybo
,
upon
the
model
of
that
of
Venice
,
but
in
a
little
while
after
they
changed
their
design
,
and
chose
rather
to
return
into
their
Countrey
;
New
Andalousia
is
otherwise
called
Paria
from
its
great
River
;
Its
Coast
as
well
as
that
of
Venezuela
,
goes
under
the
name
of
Costa
de
las
Perlas
,
by
reason
of
the
Pearl-fishing
that
is
there
,
since
they
have
ceased
so
doing
in
the
Neighbourhood
of
the
Isles
of
Margaretes
and
Cabagna
.
Some
Indians
maintain
and
defend
themselves
there
still
against
the
Spaniards
;
and
most
of
the
Sea
Towns
have
often
been
pillaged
and
plunder'd
by
the
English
.
That
of
Comana
has
Salt
Pits
in
its
Neighbourhood
.
The
Countrey
and
City
of
Popayen
have
kept
the
Name
of
their
last
King
.
The
New
Kingdom
of
Granada
,
which
was
discovered
by
one
Ximanes
a
Granadian
,
furnishes
Silver
,
Copper
,
Iron
,
and
Emeralds
.
There
was
formerly
one
brought
from
hence
to
Philip
the
Second
,
King
of
Spain
,
that
the
Goldsmiths
could
not
sufficiently
esteem
the
value
of
it
:
It
was
put
into
the
Treasury
of
the
Escurial
.
Guayna
.
THis
Countrey
has
been
named
by
some
,
the
Savage
Coast
,
the
Countrey
of
the
Amazons
,
El-Dorado
,
and
Guayna
;
this
last
Name
,
which
is
Indian
,
has
prevailed
over
the
rest
.
L'Orenoque
bounds
it
on
the
West
,
the
Amazon
River
on
the
East
,
the
North
Sea
on
the
North
,
and
the
high
Mountains
towards
the
South
;
and
all
these
bounds
leave
it
a
figure
,
which
approaches
very
much
to
Oval
.
L'Oronoque
,
called
also
Paria
,
which
in
the
Indian
Tongue
,
signifies
River
,
does
often
constrain
its
Inhabitants
,
by
its
over-flowings
,
to
make
lodgings
upon
Trees
,
which
resemble
the
Nests
of
great
Birds
.
Amongst
other
Rivers
of
Guayna
,
Surinam
is
the
most
Navigable
:
Cayenne
forms
the
Island
of
the
same
Name
.
At
the
Mouth
of
these
Rivers
,
and
all
along
the
Coast
,
which
is
generally
low
,
and
extends
above
two
hundred
and
fifty
Leagues
,
there
are
several
Colonies
of
English
,
French
,
and
Hollanders
.
The
Territories
that
lie
near
the
Lake
Parima
,
which
is
in
the
mid'st
of
Guayna
,
are
said
to
acknowledge
for
their
Soveraign
,
a
a
Successour
of
Guainacapa
,
of
the
Family
of
the
Incas
of
Peru
,
and
compose
the
true
Kingdom
of
the
Golden
King
.
The
rest
drawing
towards
the
Sea
,
is
possessed
by
divers
Nations
,
who
are
Idolaters
,
and
obey
the
most
ancient
of
their
Families
.
Some
Relations
make
mention
of
Amazons
inhabiting
there
,
or
rather
great
Women
,
who
make
War
with
an
admirable
Dexterity
and
Valour
;
that
those
of
the
Isle
of
Arowen
,
which
is
at
the
Mouth
of
the
Amazon
River
,
go
particularly
under
that
Name
,
by
reason
of
their
long
Hair
:
that
there
are
some
Nations
in
those
Parts
,
where
they
truck
their
Women
,
and
where
the
Men
commonly
seek
after
the
oldest
,
because
they
are
more
laborious
,
and
fitter
than
the
young
for
the
management
of
their
business
.
The
Inhabitants
of
Guayana
are
long
liv'd
,
by
reason
of
the
good
Air
they
breath
.
The
East
Winds
are
regular
there
;
and
it
is
never
excessively
hot
or
cruelly
cold
.
There
are
places
proper
for
the
Cultivating
of
Manioc
,
for
Cotton
,
for
Sugar
and
Tobacco
,
and
others
,
which
furnish
Gums
,
Timber
,
Precious
Stones
of
several
sorts
,
Parrots
and
Monkeys
.
Hunting
and
Fishing
are
here
equally
useful
and
pleasant
.
Manoa
,
near
the
Lake
Panima
,
the
principal
City
of
Guayna
,
is
called
Eldorado
,
by
reason
of
the
quantity
of
Gold
,
which
is
said
to
be
there
so
great
,
both
in
Coin
,
Plate
,
Armour
,
and
other
Furniture
,
that
the
Inhabitants
make
their
Arms
of
it
,
cover
their
Bodies
with
it
,
after
having
rubbed
them
with
Oyl
or
Balm
:
from
whence
it
comes
,
that
people
would
make
this
Town
pass
for
the
Richest
in
the
World
.
The
Island
Cayene
,
the
principal
Colony
of
the
French
in
those
parts
,
is
sixteen
or
seventeen
Leagues
in
circumference
,
whereof
it
presents
five
to
the
Sea
,
the
rest
is
between
the
arms
of
the
River
of
the
same
Name
.
It
has
several
Hills
and
Meadows
which
are
there
called
Savanes
.
Peru.
PERV
is
so
considerable
a
Region
,
that
the
Spaniards
thought
fitting
to
comprehend
under
that
Name
,
all
the
other
parts
of
Southern
America
.
It
is
almost
all
under
the
Torrid
Zone
,
and
yet
it
has
not
the
Qualities
of
the
Countreys
of
our
Hemisphere
,
that
are
in
the
same
Zone
.
There
are
three
sorts
of
Countreys
very
different
from
one
another
,
the
Plain
,
the
Mountainous
,
and
the
Andes
.
The
Plain
,
which
borders
upon
the
Sea
,
and
where
it
hardly
ever
rains
,
is
sandy
,
and
subject
to
Earthquakes
,
and
but
ten
or
twelve
Leagues
in
breadth
.
The
Mountainous
,
which
has
full
twenty
,
consists
in
Valleys
,
in
Hills
,
and
Mountains
,
where
it
is
very
cold
.
The
Andes
,
that
are
as
broad
as
the
Mountainous
part
,
and
where
there
be
almost
always
continual
Rains
,
are
Mountains
excessively
high
,
and
nevertheless
fertile
and
well
peopled
:
so
as
under
the
Name
of
Peru
,
many
more
Territories
have
been
contained
than
those
that
have
been
conquered
.
The
Spaniards
have
a
Vice
Roy
in
this
Countrey
,
where
they
have
particularly
fortified
Arica
,
as
a
Sea-Port
,
whether
are
brought
the
Commodities
of
Lima
,
and
the
Riches
of
Potosi
.
They
invaded
this
Kingdom
under
Pizarra
,
in
the
Year
1525.
the
Civil
Wars
which
followed
,
did
for
some
time
retard
the
absolute
Conquest
.
The
Indians
not
being
able
to
defend
themselves
,
pay
them
Tribute
.
The
King
of
Spain
draws
immense
Sums
from
the
Mines
of
Peru
;
the
principal
Towns
have
almost
all
of
'em
some
,
and
the
Fond
of
Earth
is
there
often
of
Gold
and
Silver
;
for
which
reason
Peru
is
without
contradiction
,
the
richest
Countrey
in
the
World
.
It
is
certain
,
that
the
Spaniards
brought
from
thence
to
the
value
of
above
twenty
Millions
of
Ducats
,
in
the
first
Voyage
they
made
thither
.
The
security
of
the
Ways
is
so
great
,
that
Commodities
often
to
the
worth
of
three
or
four
hundred
thousand
Ducats
are
frequently
conducted
under
the
Convoy
only
of
four
Musqueteers
.
The
Incas
had
reign'd
hereditarily
in
Peru
for
above
three
hundred
years
,
before
the
coming
of
the
Spaniards
.
They
had
caused
there
to
be
made
two
Royal
High-ways
,
the
one
in
the
Plain
,
where
they
were
at
great
Charges
in
setling
the
Sand
;
and
the
other
in
the
Mountains
,
where
it
was
necessary
to
fill
up
several
Valleys
.
These
Ways
were
each
of
'em
five
hundred
Leagues
in
length
,
and
there
were
Houses
where
Travellers
were
entertain'd
by
the
Inhabitants
,
with
all
the
care
and
civility
imaginable
.
The
same
Incas
had
also
caused
Temples
to
be
built
to
the
Sun
,
to
the
Moon
,
and
the
Stars
,
which
they
called
the
Moons
Waiting
Gentlewomen
,
to
Lightning
,
to
Thunder
,
and
the
Rain-bow
,
which
they
said
was
the
Executioner
of
the
Kings
Justice
.
Some
say
,
that
their
Policy
resembled
in
some
manner
that
of
the
Greeks
and
Romans
;
that
their
Government
was
full
of
Ease
,
Franchises
,
and
Liberality
.
They
divided
the
World
into
three
parts
,
High
,
Low
,
and
Subterranean
,
signifying
thereby
,
Heaven
,
Earth
,
and
Hell
.
Atabalippa
,
one
of
the
last
of
those
Incas
,
said
,
The
Pope
was
not
wise
,
to
give
away
what
belonged
not
to
him
;
and
that
he
the
said
Atabalippa
,
had
right
to
prefer
the
Divinity
of
the
Sun
,
before
that
of
a
Crucified
Man
:
He
likewise
threw
down
upon
the
ground
a
Breviary
that
was
offered
him
,
because
it
spoke
not
a
word
,
and
they
had
made
him
hope
it
would
tell
him
fine
things
.
This
unhappy
Prince
having
been
defeated
and
taken
by
the
Spaniards
at
Camamalca
,
offered
as
much
Gold
as
a
Room
seven
and
twenty
foot
in
length
could
hold
,
seventeen
in
breadth
,
and
proportionably
high
,
to
the
half
of
its
height
:
Notwithstanding
which
,
he
was
put
to
death
,
as
a
Conspiratour
and
a
Tyrant
.
It
is
not
to
be
wondred
at
the
abundance
of
the
Incas
Gold
and
Silver
,
since
they
had
in
Gold
all
the
Animals
and
Plants
they
had
the
knowledge
of
,
and
had
Temples
,
where
they
plac'd
a
number
of
Statues
of
pure
Gold
,
and
an
infinite
company
of
Precious
Stones
:
those
rich
Fabricks
have
been
demolish'd
by
the
Spaniards
,
in
hopes
of
finding
Gold
in
the
Materials
and
joyning
of
the
stones
,
which
were
cemented
with
it
,
tho'
they
were
of
a
prodigious
bigness
.
The
Provinces
of
Peru
,
are
Quito
,
los
Reyes
,
los
Charcas
,
la
Sierra
.
Quito
has
a
great
deal
of
Gold
,
Cotton
,
and
Medicinal
Herbs
,
and
a
Town
of
the
same
Name
,
the
ancient
abode
of
the
Inca
Guainacapa
.
The
Province
de
los
Reyes
,
has
the
finest
Cities
of
the
Countrey
,
Lima
and
Cusco
.
Lima
is
new
,
and
one
of
the
best
of
all
America
:
It
s
great
Trade
,
as
well
as
the
Residence
of
the
Vice-Roy
,
and
of
the
Arch-bishop
,
have
rendred
it
the
Capital
of
Peru.
Callao
,
a
Sea-port
Town
,
two
Leagues
from
Lima
,
is
capable
of
receiving
and
securing
several
Ships
.
Cusco
,
built
four
hundred
years
before
the
Spaniards
took
it
,
is
very
Populous
,
because
the
Kings
kept
commonly
their
Court
there
,
and
oblig'd
the
Caciques
,
or
Lords
of
the
Countrey
,
to
build
each
a
House
there
,
and
make
it
the
place
of
their
Childrens
Residence
.
There
is
in
the
Province
de
los
Charcas
,
the
Cities
de
la
Plata
,
and
Petosi
;
this
last
,
one
of
the
best
inhabited
in
all
the
West
Indies
:
It
has
all
the
Conveniencies
and
Delights
of
Life
;
and
for
that
reason
several
persons
go
to
dwell
there
.
The
Silver
Mines
of
its
Mountain
are
really
the
richest
in
the
World
;
they
are
in
no
wise
subject
to
the
Inconveniencies
of
the
Waters
,
which
commonly
incommode
other
Mines
.
The
King
of
Spain
drew
thence
formerly
every
year
above
a
Million
of
Ducuts
for
his
Fifth
;
but
since
,
they
are
much
diminished
.
The
Spaniards
are
not
sparing
of
proclaiming
from
time
to
time
the
discovery
of
other
Mines
in
their
Provinces
of
America
.
Chili
.
CHili
derives
its
Name
from
that
of
one
of
its
Valleys
,
or
from
the
Cold
which
people
suffer
in
its
Mountains
,
that
environ
it
towards
the
North
and
East
.
The
difficulty
of
passing
through
these
Mountains
,
obliges
the
Spaniards
of
Peru
,
when
they
go
thither
,
to
take
their
way
by
Sea
:
They
have
had
it
in
possession
since
the
year
1554.
Some
parts
of
this
Countrey
are
so
fruitful
and
pleasant
,
chiefly
to'wards
the
Sea-Coasts
,
that
there
are
none
of
all
America
that
better
resemble
those
of
Europe
,
which
we
esteem
the
finest
.
They
have
Ostridges
,
Copper
,
and
the
purest
Gold
in
the
World
:
there
are
so
many
Mines
of
that
precious
Metal
,
that
Chili
is
compared
to
a
golden
Sheet
,
which
has
made
the
King
of
Spain
resolve
to
keep
it
;
tho'
what
he
holds
there
,
costs
him
more
to
defend
,
than
the
rest
he
has
in
America
.
The
Cold
is
excessive
.
Almagre
lost
more
Men
and
Horses
by
the
Cold
,
than
by
the
Sword
.
At
the
four
Months
end
,
after
he
had
invaded
this
Countrey
,
they
found
some
of
his
Troopers
dead
,
in
the
same
posture
,
and
as
fresh
as
if
they
had
but
just
mounted
on
Horse-back
.
The
Rivers
only
run
in
the
day
time
,
and
remain
frozen
during
the
night
.
This
does
not
hinder
,
but
there
are
a
number
of
Vulcano's
,
or
Mountains
belching
forth
fire
.
The
Spaniards
have
a
Governour
,
who
depends
on
the
Vice-Roy
of
Peru.
The
Arauques
made
such
a
Resistance
against
them
,
that
in
the
year
1641
,
they
were
constrain'd
to
make
Peace
with
them
.
There
is
not
in
all
America
a
more
Warlike
and
Valiant
People
than
these
Arauques
;
they
know
how
to
make
Swords
,
Muskets
,
and
Cuirasses
:
they
have
the
dexterity
to
draw
up
in
Battel
,
to
Attack
,
fight
in
a
Retreat
,
to
Encamp
advantagiously
,
to
build
Forts
,
and
they
put
in
practice
most
of
the
stratagems
of
War
;
which
they
have
learnt
in
having
seen
them
but
once
used
.
They
have
often
surpriz'd
and
ruin'd
Cities
,
massacred
Garrisons
;
they
have
also
demolished
the
Fortresses
of
Arauco
,
Turen
,
Tucapel
:
An
Arauque
makes
no
difficulty
to
attack
a
Spaniard
.
San
Jago
,
the
Conception
,
and
the
Imperial
,
are
the
principal
Cities
of
Chili
:
San
Jago
has
its
Sea-Port
,
called
Valparaiso
:
the
Conception
is
the
abode
of
the
Governour
,
by
reason
of
the
Neighbourhood
of
the
Arauques
.
La
Mocha
,
at
five
Leagues
distance
from
the
Terra
firma
,
is
a
small
Isle
,
where
the
Ships
go
often
to
take
in
fresh
Water
,
and
where
several
Inhabitants
of
Chili
have
taken
refuge
,
to
exempt
themselves
from
the
rigour
of
the
Spanish
Yoke
.
Magellanica
.
MAgellanica
is
at
the
point
of
Southern
America
,
near
the
Streights
of
Magellan
.
'T
is
sometimes
called
Chica
,
and
the
Country
of
the
Patagons
.
'T
is
is
a
Land
very
poor
and
subject
to
cold
,
by
reason
of
its
high
Mountains
,
whereon
Snow
is
almost
ever
lying
.
The
Natives
dwell
in
Dens
,
where
they
adore
the
Devil
,
for
fear
he
should
do
them
some
mischief
.
The
English
,
Spaniards
,
and
Hollanders
,
have
given
very
different
Names
to
the
places
to
which
they
have
resorted
.
The
Spaniards
,
in
the
time
of
their
King
Philip
the
Second
,
built
Ciudad
del
Rey
Filippe
,
and
some
other
Fortresses
at
the
Eastern
entrance
of
the
Streight
of
Magellan
,
with
design
to
hinder
their
Enemies
from
passing
into
the
South-Sea
;
But
the
Channel
was
found
too
large
for
the
compassing
such
an
Enterprize
,
and
the
want
of
Victuals
caus'd
that
Colony
to
perish
there
.
So
that
Ciudad
was
called
Puerto
del
fame
.
The
Haven
of
St.
Julian
,
where
Magellan
wintered
and
punished
his
Mutineers
,
and
the
wish'd-for
Haven
,
are
upon
the
Eastern
Coast
.
Here
is
Sweet
Water
,
wherewith
most
Ships
have
provided
themselves
,
as
those
of
Magellan
,
Drake
,
Candish
,
Olivier
de
Nort
,
le
Maire
,
Schouten
,
and
others
,
that
have
touch'd
there
.
The
Spanish
Relations
affirm
,
there
are
Men
called
Patagons
,
ten
foot
high
,
that
will
thrust
Arrows
of
two
foot
and
a
half
long
,
down
to
the
bottom
of
their
stomach
,
and
drew
'em
out
again
,
without
receiving
any
harm
;
that
eat
at
one
Meal
,
a
great
Basket
full
of
Bisket
,
and
drink
as
much
Wine
,
as
a
Horse
can
drink
Water
;
that
one
alone
can
carry
a
Tun
of
Wine
;
that
three
or
four
of
'em
can
launch
a
Ship
into
the
Sea
;
that
they
run
as
swift
as
Staggs
;
and
lastly
,
that
fifty
Spaniards
can
hardly
bind
one
of
these
Patàgons
.
The
English
,
who
have
since
landed
in
Magellanica
,
relate
things
quite
contrary
to
what
is
before
specified
,
and
say
,
that
the
Inhabitants
there
are
not
bigger
than
the
Europeans
.
Tucuman
.
TVcuman
is
a
temperate
Countrey
,
interlaced
with
several
Rivers
,
which
after
having
watered
the
Plains
,
fall
into
the
great
River
de
la
Plata
.
Its
Inhabitants
are
docible
,
and
ingenious
,
being
more
given
to
Peace
,
than
War
;
the
Spanish
Captain
,
who
subdued
them
,
stood
in
no
need
of
very
considerable
Troops
for
that
purpose
.
They
obey
Caciques
,
their
Lords
;
their
Riches
consist
in
Cattle
.
The
Spaniards
have
there
a
Governour
,
and
their
principal
Town
is
San-Jago
d'
El-Estero
.
Cordoua
is
the
next
best
Town
of
Tucuman
.
Chaco
and
Trapalanda
,
are
two
of
its
principal
Countreys
.
It
s
People
,
Quirandies
,
towards
the
Southern
part
,
have
much
of
the
Scythian
humour
;
they
have
their
moveable
Habitations
,
and
have
always
made
a
great
resistance
against
the
Spaniard
.
La
Plata
.
THe
Name
of
La
Plata
was
given
by
the
Spaniards
to
this
Countrey
,
and
a
great
River
which
waters
it
,
in
consideration
of
the
Silver
they
received
there
,
and
of
the
Mines
they
found
.
This
Countrey
is
pleasant
and
fertil●
:
It
has
a
good
Corn-Soil
,
Vineyards
,
fruitful
Trees
,
and
Cattle
in
abundance
.
It
has
a
Rock
,
which
by
Antithesis
is
called
Poor
.
Several
Europeans
have
had
a
passionate
desire
to
settle
themselves
here
,
in
hopes
of
finding
great
Treasures
.
The
King
of
Spain
is
acknowledg'd
in
most
of
the
places
of
De
la
Plata
:
Wherefore
in
the
year
1680
,
the
Colonies
of
the
Countrey
sent
Men
to
hinder
the
settlement
of
the
Portuguese
in
the
Isles
S.
Gabriel
,
near
Buenosaires
.
The
Spanish
Governour
has
his
Residence
in
the
City
of
the
Assumption
,
wherein
there
is
a
Garrison
.
The
true
Paraguay
is
towards
the
beginning
of
the
great
River
of
the
same
Name
,
which
in
our
Tongue
signifies
the
River
of
Feathers
.
Parana
is
along
the
River
,
which
has
Cataracts
,
or
falls
of
Water
,
near
two
hundred
Yards
high
.
Buenos-aires
is
one
of
the
best
Spanish
Colonies
,
by
reason
of
the
Commerce
it
drives
in
Brasile
,
from
whence
it
receives
the
Merchandizes
of
Europe
;
which
has
invited
the
Spaniards
of
Potosi
to
go
often
thither
to
furnish
themselves
with
Necessaries
,
in
exchange
for
their
Ingots
of
Silver
,
notwithstanding
the
rigorous
Prohibitions
of
their
King
,
whose
Rights
are
lost
by
these
means
.
A
Proposal
was
made
to
his
Catholick
Majesty
,
to
have
his
Silver
of
Peru
brought
this
way
,
which
is
much
nearer
and
shorter
than
that
of
Panama
:
But
he
thought
not
fitting
to
consent
to
it
,
for
fear
his
Subjects
should
communicate
their
Commerce
of
Silver
with
the
Portuguese
of
Brasile
.
The
Inhabitants
have
great
Trees
,
which
they
call
Zaines
,
whereof
they
make
Boats
all
of
a
piece
.
They
shew
the
right
wayes
to
several
places
by
the
felling
of
Trees
:
and
as
those
Trees
are
some
green
,
others
either
black
,
yellow
,
or
red
,
the
Forests
are
agreeably
diversifyed
by
them
.
The
Orechons
are
there
remarkable
for
the
bigness
of
their
Ears
.
According
to
the
Relations
of
the
Year
1627
,
there
are
in
La
Plata
,
People
more
Civiliz'd
,
and
more
succeptible
of
our
Arts
and
Religion
,
than
in
the
other
parts
of
America
;
they
say
that
according
to
a
Tradition
,
left
their
Fore-Fathers
by
St.
Thomas
,
whom
they
call
St.
Sume
,
Priests
should
come
into
their
Countrey
with
the
Cross
to
instruct
them
,
and
teach
them
their
salvation
.
Brasile
.
BRasile
has
its
Name
common
with
a
sort
of
Wood
,
which
it
furnishes
in
abundance
.
It
was
called
the
Country
of
the
Holy
Cross
,
when
discovered
in
the
Year
1501
,
in
the
Name
of
the
King
of
Portugal
.
It
extends
along
the
North
Sea
towards
the
North.
It
has
great
Rocks
under
Water
,
whose
Mouths
make
several
good
Harbours
.
Its
Bounds
towards
the
West
are
unknown
;
those
it
has
towards
the
South
,
are
placed
diversly
according
to
the
will
of
the
Castilians
and
Portuguez
,
who
explain
,
their
own
way
,
the
Regulation
of
the
Year
1493
,
Each
pretending
the
Possession
of
the
River
La
Plata
,
with
that
of
the
Molucco
Islands
,
and
causing
Geographical
Cards
to
be
made
for
that
purpose
to
their
own
advantage
.
By
the
Regulation
above
mentioned
,
Alexander
the
6th
,
whom
Sixtus
the
5th
Lists
in
the
Rank
of
the
three
greatest
Popes
of
the
Church
,
invested
Ferdinand
King
of
Arragon
,
and
Isabella
Queen
of
Castile
his
Wife
,
in
all
the
Lands
,
which
they
should
cause
to
be
Discovered
on
the
West
of
a
Line
,
which
was
imaginarily
to
be
drawn
from
one
Pole
to
the
other
,
a
hundred
Leagues
beyond
the
Islands
Azores
:
What
was
to
Discover
on
the
East
of
that
Line
,
was
to
belong
to
the
King
of
Portugal
.
Now
the
difficulty
was
in
the
Execution
:
the
Castilians
would
reckon
those
hundred
Leagues
,
from
the
most
Western
of
the
Azores
;
the
Portuguese
,
from
the
most
Eastern
,
with
design
of
making
pass
,
for
what
they
abandoned
within
the
Desarts
of
America
,
the
rich
Possession
of
the
Molucco's
,
which
since
was
pawned
to
their
King
,
by
the
Emperour
Charles
V.
for
Three
hundred
and
fifty
thousand
Ducats
.
In
short
,
these
two
Nations
not
agreeing
in
this
affair
,
no
more
than
in
several
others
,
the
Portuguez
reckon'd
,
as
Brasile
,
all
that
extends
,
from
the
River
Maranon
,
unto
that
of
La
Plata
,
and
the
Spaniards
plac'd
the
Southern
Bounds
of
it
at
the
Capitania
of
St.
Vincent
.
In
the
Year
1680.
the
Portuguezes
have
shown
,
by
their
Descent
into
the
Islands
of
St.
Gabriel
,
that
they
mean
not
to
abate
the
least
of
their
Pretensions
.
Tho'
Brasile
be
under
the
Torrid
Zone
,
its
Air
is
temperate
,
its
Waters
the
best
in
the
World
;
Its
Inhabitants
live
often
a
hundred
and
fifty
years
and
more
.
Besides
the
Woods
of
Brasile
,
there
is
Amber
,
Balm
,
Tobacco
,
Whale-Oyl
,
Cattel
,
Confitures
;
Sugar
in
abundance
,
the
Engines
with
which
they
prepare
it
,
being
of
great
value
.
There
are
such
Animals
,
Trees
,
Fruits
,
and
Roots
,
as
are
not
seen
in
other
parts
.
The
Serpents
Adders
,
Water-Snakes
and
Toads
,
have
no
Venome
,
and
serve
for
Food
for
the
Inhabitants
.
The
Fields
are
destined
to
Sugars
,
the
Mountains
for
Woods
,
and
the
Valleys
for
Tobacco
,
for
Fruits
and
for
Mandioche
,
which
is
a
kind
of
Root
,
which
the
Inhabitants
make
their
Bread
of
.
In
this
Region
is
an
Herb
,
called
Viva
,
which
if
toucht
,
will
shut
up
as
a
Dazy
in
the
night
,
and
will
not
open
till
the
Party
,
that
injured
it
be
out
of
fight
.
Most
of
the
Towns
are
not
of
above
a
hundred
,
or
an
hundred
and
twenty
Houses
.
The
Coast
of
Brasile
is
divided
into
fourteen
Praefectures
,
or
Lordships
,
which
are
called
Capitania's
,
and
belong
at
present
all
to
the
Portuguese
.
In
the
Year
1654
,
the
Hollanders
lost
all
they
had
Conquered
in
these
parts
,
the
War
they
had
then
with
England
not
suffering
them
to
send
succours
thither
,
and
the
Portuguese
Colonies
were
there
much
better
established
than
theirs
.
In
the
Year
1662
,
the
Portuguese
entred
into
Treaty
with
them
,
to
give
them
satisfaction
,
that
they
might
not
have
them
their
Enemies
,
at
the
same
time
they
were
to
defend
themselves
against
the
Spaniards
.
Amongst
the
Capitanias
,
Tamuraca
is
the
most
ancient
,
tho'
the
smallest
:
Fernambuca
is
esteemed
a
Terrestrial
Paradice
,
by
reason
of
the
Beauty
of
its
Territory
.
Bahia
de
todos
os
Santos
,
to
the
City
of
San-Salvador
,
at
present
an
Archbishops
See
,
and
the
Residence
of
the
Governour
:
It
was
taken
in
the
Year
1624
,
by
the
Hollanders
,
who
got
such
a
Booty
there
,
that
each
Souldier
had
for
his
share
above
fifteen
thousand
Crowns
:
This
good
fortune
occasion'd
their
Retreat
,
and
their
Retreat
gave
occasion
to
the
Spaniards
and
Portugueses
to
retake
it
.
The
Capitania
of
Rio-Janeiro
,
which
the
Savages
call
Ganabara
,
has
a
great
resort
of
Ships
by
means
of
a
Navigable
River
,
or
rather
of
an
Arm
of
the
Sea
which
advances
full
twelve
Leagues
within
the
Land
and
is
seven
or
eight
in
Breadth
.
In
the
Year
1658
,
a
Mine
of
Silver
was
found
in
the
Capitania
.
The
City
of
Santos
can
receive
Ships
of
two
hundred
Tun
by
means
of
its
River
.
As
concerning
the
inward
part
of
Brasile
,
it
is
not
much
known
;
but
what
is
known
,
take
as
followeth
;
The
Inhabitants
there
go
naked
for
the
most
part
,
and
have
the
dexterity
of
passing
great
Rivers
by
the
help
of
a
Panyer
,
and
a
Rope
.
Three
Letters
of
our
Alphabet
,
are
of
no
use
amongst
them
,
F
,
L
,
R
;
Some
say
,
it
s
because
they
have
neither
Faith
,
nor
Law
,
nor
Ruler
.
The
Principal
nations
amongst
them
are
,
the
Toupinambous
,
the
Morguices
,
the
Tapuyes
,
and
others
who
differ
in
Manners
,
and
in
Language
,
and
commonly
are
distinguish'd
by
divers
Head-Gears
,
and
Forms
of
Hair
they
wear
.
Their
number
was
much
greater
before
the
coming
of
the
Portuguese
among
'em
;
several
Toupinambous
,
to
preserve
their
freedom
,
have
traversed
great
Desarts
,
and
are
gone
to
dwell
near
the
River
Maranhaon
.
The
Tapuyes
are
more
hard
to
be
Civiliz'd
,
than
the
Brasilians
who
inhabit
Aldea's
.
These
Aldea's
are
Villages
,
which
have
but
five
or
six
Houses
,
but
very
long
,
and
each
capable
of
containing
five
or
six
hundred
Persons
.
Most
of
the
Inhabitants
of
Brasile
have
made
a
brave
Defence
,
notwithstanding
the
Wars
they
make
among
themselves
;
they
have
hindred
the
Europeans
from
making
any
progress
in
the
Inlands
of
their
Countrey
,
and
have
often
ruined
the
Towns
and
Sugar-Engines
,
which
the
Christians
had
made
along
the
Coast
.
Africa
.
THat
,
which
the
Romans
call'd
Africa
,
was
known
among
the
Greeks
under
the
Name
of
Libya
.
Thus
these
two
Nations
styled
the
Provinces
that
were
opposite
to
them
towards
the
South
,
on
the
other
side
of
the
Mediterranean
Sea
,
and
these
Names
were
afterwards
communicated
to
the
rest
of
Africa
:
The
Writers
of
Holy
Matters
call
it
the
Country
of
Cham
,
because
that
,
in
the
Division
made
by
the
Children
of
Noah
,
it
fell
to
Cham's
share
.
Africa
is
a
great
Peninsula
,
which
represents
in
some
manner
the
Figure
either
of
a
Heart
,
Pyramid
,
or
Triangle
.
Those
who
compare
it
to
a
Bow
,
say
that
the
Cape
of
Sierra-Leona
,
and
that
of
Good
Hope
,
are
the
two
ends
of
it
;
that
the
Isle
of
St.
Thomas
in
the
Ethiopick
Sea
,
is
the
Middle
of
the
string
where
they
put
the
Arrow
,
whose
Heel
they
place
at
the
Isthmus
of
Sues
in
Egypt
.
This
part
of
the
World
advances
thirty
five
Degrees
beyond
the
Equator
,
and
as
many
on
this
side
the
same
Line
,
and
yet
the
Inhabitants
of
the
Southern
parts
,
are
much
blacker
,
and
less
Politick
than
those
of
the
Northern
.
It
s
length
is
from
West
to
the
East
,
from
Cape
Verd
,
to
that
of
Guardafuy
,
which
are
above
two
thousand
Leagues
distant
from
one
another
:
Eighteen
hundred
are
reckon'd
from
Cape
Boa
,
towards
the
midst
of
the
Coast
of
Barbary
,
as
far
as
the
Cape
of
Good
Hope
.
The
Portuguese
were
the
first
who
discovered
the
African
Coasts
upon
the
Ocean
.
Some
say
,
it
was
first
sail'd
round
under
the
Ptolemeys
,
others
that
Solomon
sent
Fleets
to
Ophir
,
which
having
been
fitted
out
in
the
Red
Sea
,
return'd
to
Joppa
in
the
Holy
Land
,
by
the
Mediterranean
Sea
.
Three
famous
Seas
serve
for
its
Bounds
,
as
the
main
Ocean
,
the
Mediterranean
,
and
the
Red
Sea
.
The
Ocean
communicates
it self
to
the
Mediterranean
Sea
,
by
the
Streights
of
Gibraltar
,
and
to
the
Red
Sea
,
by
that
of
Babel-Mandel
.
Several
Opinions
walk
about
touching
the
rise
of
the
Name
of
the
Red
Sea
;
the
Vulgar
believe
this
Sea
to
be
so
call'd
by
reason
of
its
red
sand
:
some
assert
,
that
the
reflection
of
the
Mountains
,
which
seem
reddish
,
burnt
,
and
glowing
,
communicates
that
Colour
to
it
:
Others
attribute
it
to
the
Rain-Waters
,
and
to
those
of
a
Fountain
,
which
run
into
that
Sea
from
the
Coasts
of
Arabia
.
Probably
this
Name
of
Red
,
and
that
of
Rubrum
,
which
the
Latins
,
have
given
the
Gulph
of
Arabia
,
came
from
that
of
Erithrean
,
which
is
Greek
,
and
was
peeuliar
to
that
Gulph
,
which
was
known
to
us
sooner
than
the
other
parts
of
the
Erithrean
Sea
.
The
Red
Sea
is
very
long
and
narrow
,
full
of
Rocks
,
and
divided
into
three
Channels
according
to
its
length
:
The
middle
one
,
called
the
Long
Sea
,
is
from
twenty
five
,
to
fifty
Fathoms
deep
,
Navigable
by
night
and
day
;
the
two
others
,
along
the
Shoars
,
are
so
full
of
Rocks
,
small
Islands
,
and
Woods
,
that
they
are
only
to
be
sail'd
in
the
day
time
,
nor
that
neither
,
without
having
Pilots
,
which
are
taken
at
Babel-Mandel
,
or
Zeilan
.
This
Sea
receives
no
considerable
Rivers
.
There
is
green
and
red
Corral
,
and
they
fish
and
take
some
Pearls
,
near
the
Island
Dalaca
.
The
ebbing
and
flowing
is
so
great
,
that
some
Naturalists
have
affirmed
,
that
the
Children
of
Israel
past
it
dry-foot
,
during
the
Ebb
,
and
that
the
Egyptians
,
having
not
well
nicked
their
time
,
were
overtaken
and
lost
by
the
return
of
the
Tide
.
But
the
Holy
Scripture
tells
us
,
that
the
Sea
divided
it self
for
the
facilitating
the
passage
to
the
Israelites
,
and
the
Arabians
still
show
the
place
of
their
passage
between
Azirut
and
El-Tor
.
The
greatest
Rivers
of
Africa
,
are
the
Nile
and
the
Niger
.
The
Nile
according
to
the
newest
Relations
,
has
its
Sourse
in
Abyssinia
,
at
twelve
Degrees
of
Northern
Latitude
;
and
runs
a
Course
of
full
five
hundred
Leagues
,
after
having
pass'd
thro'
the
Lake
Bar-Dambea
.
Its
Cataracts
,
or
Water-falls
,
are
towards
its
Source
,
and
in
the
Confines
of
Aethiopia
and
Egypt
;
its
Mouths
make
their
influx
into
the
Mediterranean
Sea
out
of
Egypt
,
where
the
Ancients
have
left
seven
,
and
the
Neotericks
four
:
Tho'
,
indeed
,
there
are
but
two
of
them
now
,
unless
there
's
an
Inundation
.
Its
Waters
enrich
and
fatten
the
Land
,
and
nourish
Egypt
,
by
their
regular
Overflowing
.
It
s
ufual
height
and
encrease
is
to
sixteen
Cubits
:
more
or
less
proves
inconvenient
.
It
is
to
be
perceived
by
the
retreat
of
the
Cattel
by
the
marks
which
are
in
the
Pits
,
and
by
the
heaviness
of
the
Rivers
Mud
,
which
they
expose
in
the
night
out
o'
doors
,
to
receive
moisture
or
Dew
,
which
precedes
and
foreshews
this
Overflowing
.
The
cause
of
it
has
been
diversly
alledged
;
some
have
said
this
River
communicates
its
self
with
the
Ocean
,
by
the
Lake
and
River
of
Zaire
:
and
that
the
storms
of
the
Sea
cause
its
Waters
to
swell
:
Others
affirm
,
that
the
sand
,
which
gathers
towards
its
Mouths
,
stops
them
,
and
that
the
Northerly
Winds
drove
them
up
.
Several
Moderns
believe
that
these
Waters
encrease
from
the
thawed
Snow
,
and
from
the
Rains
,
which
fall
regularly
,
and
abundantly
in
Ethiopia
.
It
has
lately
been
found
out
,
that
the
Nitre
,
wherewith
the
Nile
abounds
so
much
,
is
the
cause
of
all
these
wonderful
effects
,
and
that
being
heated
by
the
Sun
,
it
mingles
it self
with
the
Water
,
renders
it
troubled
,
swells
it
,
and
makes
it
pass
over
its
Banks
,
insomuch
that
the
Mud
,
which
the
Nile
conveyes
,
does
not
come
from
elsewhere
,
nor
does
it
make
its
Banks
the
higher
.
The
Niger
keeps
its
ancient
Name
,
which
it
received
from
the
people
whose
Countrey
it
Waters
;
It
sometimes
goes
under
the
Earth
,
and
before
it
empties
it self
into
the
Atlantick
Sea
,
it
forms
three
principal
Branches
,
the
Senega
,
Gambia
,
and
Rio
Grande
.
It
fertilizes
all
the
places
it
passes
through
,
and
an
abundance
of
Grains
of
Gold
are
found
in
its
Sand.
The
Zaire
is
considerable
for
the
rapidity
and
plenty
of
its
Waters
:
the
Zambre
forms
three
Branches
,
Cuama
,
Spiritu-Santo
,
and
Rio-de
los
Infantes
.
The
Ghir
often
loses
it self
in
the
Sand
,
and
almost
as
often
gets
out
thence
again
.
The
three
greatest
Lakes
,
are
Zaire
,
Zembre
,
and
Zaflan
;
all
three
in
Ethiopia
.
Amongst
the
Mountains
of
Africa
,
none
are
more
renown'd
than
Atlas
,
and
those
of
the
Moon
.
The
Poets
have
feign'd
,
that
Heaven
was
supported
by
Atlas
,
by
reason
of
its
excessive
height
,
or
else
upon
the
account
of
a
King
of
Mauritania
,
called
Atlas
,
who
was
one
of
the
first
that
studied
Astrology
.
Antiquity
thought
this
Mountain
to
be
the
boundary
of
the
World
.
In
respect
of
its
scituation
,
the
Romans
have
divided
all
Africa
into
Citerior
and
Vlterior
,
and
those
of
the
Countrey
divide
it
into
Interior
and
Exterior
.
Strabo
and
Mela
separate
Africa
from
Asia
by
the
Nile
;
some
Arabian
Geographers
shut
it
up
between
the
Mediterranean
,
the
Ocean
,
and
the
Rivers
Zaire
and
Nile
:
In
matter
of
division
it
seems
more
proper
to
follow
the
Seas
,
than
Rivers
.
The
Isthmus
of
Sues
,
which
hinders
Africa
from
being
an
Isle
,
is
of
about
nine
Leagues
between
the
Red
Sea
and
the
nearest
Channel
of
the
Nile
:
for
from
one
Sea
to
the
other
,
there
is
above
twenty
five
Leagues
,
or
three
days
journey
by
Camels
.
They
say
,
that
one
of
the
Ptolemeyes
,
Queen
Cleopatra
,
some
Sultans
and
other
Soveraign
Princes
of
Egypt
,
have
endeavour'd
to
no
purpose
to
pierce
or
cut
the
Neck
of
this
Isthmus
,
and
that
they
have
been
discouraged
from
their
undertaking
,
by
the
vastness
of
the
Work
,
and
by
the
damage
the
Waters
of
the
Red
Sea
might
do
,
being
found
higher
than
those
of
the
Mediterranean
;
and
so
might
have
corrupted
by
their
bitterness
that
of
the
Nile
,
the
only
Water
that
's
drunk
in
Egypt
.
Ptolomey
intended
a
Memorable
Work
,
in
making
Africa
an
Island
;
Cleopatra's
design
was
to
make
her
Ships
pass
into
the
Red
Sea
,
that
she
might
have
escap'd
falling
into
Augustus's
hands
.
The
Sultan's
meant
to
facilitate
the
Commerce
of
the
Europeans
through
their
Dominions
,
towards
the
constant
Levy
of
a
vast
Tribute
.
The
Africans
exact
great
Services
from
their
Elephants
,
their
Camels
,
and
their
huge
Apes
;
Dromedaries
they
call
a
sort
of
Camels
,
smaller
and
swifter
than
the
others
:
they
have
wild
Asses
,
Unicorns
,
Barbes
,
Cameleons
,
Marmousets
,
and
Parrots
.
They
get
fine
Feathers
from
their
Ostriches
,
and
their
Civit
Cats
are
much
esteem'd
for
their
scents
.
There
is
no
living-Creature
in
the
World
,
that
becomes
so
great
,
from
so
small
a
beginning
,
as
does
the
Crocodile
:
it
is
form'd
of
an
Egg
,
and
still
grows
as
long
as
it
lives
;
insomuch
that
there
are
those
that
attain
to
twenty
five
or
thirty
Cubits
.
The
scituation
of
Africa
,
under
the
Torrid
Zone
,
and
the
abundance
of
its
burning
Sand
,
occasions
insupportable
heats
,
principally
towards
the
Tropicks
,
and
make
it
the
least
fertile
and
worst
peopled
part
of
our
Continent
.
It
s
greatest
Rivers
have
Crocodiles
;
Its
Mountains
and
Desarts
are
full
of
Lions
,
and
other
wild
Beasts
:
The
lack
and
scarcity
of
Water
produces
several
Monsters
,
Creatures
of
several
kinds
,
coupling
commonly
at
the
Watering-places
,
where
they
meet
.
The
Anthropophagi
,
or
Man-eaters
,
that
have
been
found
in
those
,
parts
,
and
the
Slaves
that
are
daily
transported
from
thence
,
do
also
very
much
contribute
to
the
rendring
it
desart
.
The
Africans
,
to
consider
them
in
general
,
are
no
great
Soldiers
,
and
their
Armies
are
more
numerous
,
than
good
.
Their
Combats
are
perform'd
on
Horse-back
,
with
the
Lance
,
and
confusedly
.
The
Arabians
,
who
have
taken
up
their
Habitations
in
Africk
,
trust
in
their
dexterity
and
Address
:
their
being
harden'd
and
enur'd
to
labour
,
and
their
long
habit
of
fighting
,
renders
'em
formidable
to
their
Neighbours
.
Some
say
,
there
's
no
Nation
,
but
has
some
good
and
evil
,
but
that
the
Africans
have
nothing
that
's
good
.
As
concerning
Religion
,
there
are
Idolaters
,
Cafres
without
Law
,
Mahometans
,
Jews
,
and
Christians
of
several
sorts
.
The
Portuguese
have
some
Bishopricks
in
those
places
,
where
they
have
made
any
Establishments
.
We
may
consider
Africa
under
a
treble
respect
;
the
Countrey
of
the
Whites
;
that
of
the
Blacks
,
and
Ethiopians
;
the
Islands
make
a
fourth
.
The
Countrey
of
the
Whites
,
comprehends
Barbary
,
Egypt
,
Biledulgerid
,
and
the
Zaara
,
or
Desart
.
The
Countrey
of
the
Blacks
has
three
parts
,
Nigritia
,
Nubia
,
and
Guiney
.
Ethiopia
is
of
two
sorts
,
Higher
and
Lower
.
Ethiopia
Superior
,
is
much
of
Abyssinia
,
in
the
inward
part
of
the
Countrey
.
Ethiopia
Inferior
,
contains
Congo
,
Cafreria
,
with
Monomotapa
and
Zanguebar
.
The
Islands
attributed
to
Africk
,
are
either
in
the
Ocean
,
as
the
Tercera's
,
Madera
,
the
Canaries
,
the
Isles
of
Cap-verd
,
Madagascar
,
and
others
;
or
in
the
Mediterranean
Sea
,
as
Maltha
.
We
are
not
acquainted
with
those
of
the
Red
Sea
.
The
Island
Gueguere
is
within
the
Arms
of
the
Nile
.
Egypt
,
and
almost
all
Barbary
,
belongs
to
the
Turk
;
with
exception
to
the
Kingdoms
of
Morocco
and
Fez
,
which
have
a
Prince
of
their
own
;
and
to
the
Cities
of
the
Corsairs
;
and
some
Towns
of
the
Christians
upon
the
Coast
.
Abissinia
,
Nubia
,
Congo
,
and
Mono-motapa
,
have
their
peculiar
Kings
.
There
are
Arabian
Cheiques
in
Numidia
,
and
in
Libya
.
The
rest
of
Africa
belongs
to
several
little
,
petty
Soveraigns
;
some
of
whose
Dominions
extend
no
farther
than
the
compass
of
one
Town
or
Burrough
.
But
,
to
speak
the
truth
,
we
have
but
little
knowledge
of
the
inward
part
of
the
Countrey
.
The
Monarchs
of
England
,
Spain
,
and
Portugal
,
and
the
States-General
of
the
Vnited
Provinces
,
have
some
Places
upon
the
Coast
,
which
furnish
'em
with
the
means
of
carrying
on
the
Commerce
with
the
inland
parts
of
the
Countrey
.
The
French
have
some
places
of
Traffick
in
Barbary
in
Guiney
,
and
in
the
Isle
of
Madagascar
,
which
they
have
called
the
Isle
Dauphine
.
The
Great
Master
of
the
Order
of
St.
John
of
Jerusalem
,
is
Prince
of
the
Isle
of
Maltha
.
Barbary
.
THe
Ancients
knew
in
Africa
,
under
the
Name
of
Barbary
,
what
we
call
Zanguebar
,
whereas
the
Modern
Barbary
is
all
along
the
Mediterranean-Sea
,
where
it
comprehends
the
best
Countrey
of
all
Africk
,
and
the
most
populous
,
by
reason
of
the
conveniency
of
trade
.
Some
Sea-men
call
Barbary
,
the
Coast
of
Africk
,
from
the
Streight
of
Gibraltar
,
as
far
as
Cap-Blanc
,
which
is
at
twenty
Degrees
of
Northern
Latitude
.
The
Romans
,
Sarazens
,
Vandals
,
Arabians
,
Moors
,
and
Turks
,
who
have
been
consecutively
the
Lords
of
the
Barbary
we
treat
of
,
have
given
very
different
Names
to
its
Towns
.
The
Turkish
Emperour
sways
over
the
greatest
portion
of
it
.
The
Kings
of
Fez
and
Morocco
,
possess
what
is
most
towards
the
West
.
The
Spaniards
,
Portuguese
,
and
English
,
have
Towns
upon
the
Coast
,
which
elsewhere
shall
be
enumerated
.
Susaon
,
Couco
,
Labes
,
are
little
States
,
which
maintain
themselves
in
the
Mountains
.
Salley
,
Tituan
,
Algier
,
Tunis
,
and
Tripoli
,
are
Towns
belonging
to
Corsairs
;
the
three
last
under
the
Protection
of
the
Grand
Seignior
,
who
sends
Bashaws
thither
;
but
they
have
not
much
authority
.
The
French
have
the
Bastion
of
France
,
and
Genoveses
the
Isle
of
Tabarca
,
which
they
keep
for
the
bringing
thence
the
Merchandize
of
the
Countrey
,
which
consists
in
Barks
,
Corn
,
Hides
,
Corral
,
which
is
of
three
sorts
,
red
,
white
and
black
.
The
Portuguese
were
the
first
that
made
Conquests
in
Africa
,
and
had
it
not
been
for
the
design
they
entertain'd
of
carrying
their
Arms
into
the
East-Indies
,
from
which
they
expected
more
advantage
,
they
would
undoubtedly
have
made
Progresses
there
much
more
considerable
,
by
reason
of
the
Divisions
which
were
at
that
time
in
the
Kingdoms
of
Fez
and
Morocco
.
There
are
chiefly
seen
in
Barbary
,
Africans
,
or
Bereberes
,
who
are
called
Barbaresques
,
and
most
commonly
Moors
.
Also
there
are
Arabians
,
who
came
thither
about
the
Year
999
,
of
three
Broods
.
These
last
live
in
the
open
Field
by
Adarous
,
which
are
Communities
compos'd
of
several
Families
,
call'd
Baraques
,
where
they
have
commonly
a
hundred
,
or
two
hundred
Tents
disposed
around
;
they
esteem
themselves
much
more
Noble
than
those
,
who
inhabit
the
Towns
,
and
cultivate
the
Earth
;
nor
do
they
take
any
care
but
of
their
Herds
and
Flocks
,
or
to
make
Incursions
into
the
Mountains
:
the
Moors
apply
themselves
particularly
to
Commerce
.
Amongst
some
of
their
Customs
't
is
observ'd
,
they
are
at
excessive
charges
in
their
Nuptials
,
as
the
Christians
are
in
their
Law-Suits
,
and
the
Jews
in
their
Passeovers
.
They
cause
themselves
to
be
buryed
in
those
places
,
where
no
Body
was
enterred
before
,
that
when
they
rise
again
,
they
may
not
be
puzzled
to
know
and
distinguish
their
Members
from
those
of
others
.
They
were
used
to
crucifie
their
Criminals
,
but
since
they
took
notice
,
that
the
Christians
have
a
respect
for
Crosses
,
and
that
a
great
Drought
once
happened
during
some
Executions
,
which
nevertheless
was
followed
with
some
Rains
,
after
that
the
Crosses
were
taken
away
;
they
attributed
this
blessing
to
Mahomet
,
and
order'd
that
,
for
the
future
,
Criminals
should
either
be
Hang'd
or
Beheaded
.
They
make
five
Quarters
of
their
Sheep
,
by
reason
of
their
extraordinary
large
Tails
;
nevertheless
they
often
cause
them
to
be
roasted
whole
,
nay
,
and
served
so
upon
the
Table
too
.
Barbary
comprehends
several
Kiugdoms
,
which
have
Cities
of
the
same
Name
,
Marocco
,
Fez
,
Tremisen
,
Algier
,
Tunis
,
Tripoli
,
and
Barcar
.
The
Kingdom
of
Morocco
,
is
upon
the
Ocean
,
which
goes
under
the
Name
of
the
Atlantick
Sea
.
'T
is
full
of
Mountains
,
excessive
high
,
and
alwayes
covered
with
Snow
.
It
s
King
styles
himself
Emperour
of
Barbary
and
Morocco
,
King
of
Fez
,
of
Suz
,
and
Tafilet
;
Lord
of
Dara
,
of
Gago
,
&c.
He
takes
also
the
Title
of
Grand
Cherif
,
of
Mahomet
,
and
Successour
of
his
Family
.
This
Name
of
Cherif
shows
,
That
his
Predecessours
made
use
of
the
pretence
of
Religion
in
their
Establishment
;
they
were
also
called
Amiiel-Momins
,
and
by
corruption
Miramomoulins
,
that
is
to
say
,
Emperours
of
the
Faithful
.
The
City
of
Morocco
,
formerly
longer
and
more
populous
than
it
is
at
present
,
has
upon
its
Royal
Palace
,
three
or
four
Golden
Apples
,
esteemed
at
more
than
two
hundred
thousand
Crowns
,
which
are
said
to
be
Enchanted
,
because
they
cannot
be
taken
from
the
place
where
they
are
.
The
Land
about
it
affords
Grapes
,
as
big
as
Pullets
Eggs
,
and
Goats
hair
,
which
serves
to
make
fine
Chamlets
.
Morocco
and
Safi
,
have
Consuls
of
Europeans
,
for
the
maintaining
the
Priviledges
there
of
their
several
Nations
.
Mazagan
is
a
Fortress
of
which
the
Portuguese
have
made
use
for
the
bringing
the
open
Country
under
Contribution
,
after
the
examples
of
the
Arabians
.
The
little
Island
of
Mogodor
,
five
miles
from
the
Continent
,
has
a
Castle
with
a
Garrison
for
the
security
of
some
Mines
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
which
are
in
its
Neighbourhood
.
The
Kingdom
of
Fez
is
fruitful
,
by
reason
of
its
Rivers
:
It
has
four
sorts
of
Land
,
Mountains
,
Valleys
,
Plains
,
and
Sea-Coasts
:
the
City
of
Fez
,
which
passes
in
Africa
for
the
seat
of
the
Western
Court
,
is
the
best
,
the
finest
,
and
and
most
populous
of
all
Barbary
,
with
a
Famous
University
and
a
Library
,
in
which
there
are
above
two
thousand
Manuscripts
.
'T
is
said
to
have
above
fourscore
Gates
,
a
hundred
thousand
Houses
,
two
hundred
Hospitals
,
thirty
two
Suburbs
,
and
a
great
number
of
Temples
and
Mosques
,
whereof
one
alone
is
half
a
Mile
round
.
There
is
the
Old
and
New
Fez
,
this
the
abode
of
the
Prince
,
and
the
other
accompanied
with
a
Fortress
.
It
is
near
the
River
of
Cebu
,
which
has
towards
its
source
a
very
extraordinary
Bridge
,
for
it
is
raised
a
hundred
and
fifty
Fathoms
out
of
the
Water
,
and
is
only
a
kind
of
Pannier
of
Sea-Rushes
,
capable
of
holding
eight
or
ten
Persons
.
This
same
Pannier
is
hung
up
betwixt
two
Ropes
,
which
turn
upon
two
Pulleys
fasten'd
to
the
two
ends
of
two
Wooden
Posts
,
which
are
upon
the
Rocks
of
each
side
the
Valley
.
Salley
is
a
Nest
of
Corsairs
,
who
have
alwayes
several
Pyrate
Ships
.
Rubat
opposite
to
Salley
,
was
Built
after
the
Model
of
Morocco
,
and
has
an
Aqueduct
of
above
12000
Paces
.
Alcazar
,
is
known
by
the
Battels
of
1578
,
wherein
dyed
three
Kings
,
one
of
whom
was
Sebastian
,
King
of
Portugal
.
Anafi
or
Anfa
,
a
ruin'd
Town
with
a
Castle
of
the
Arabians
,
is
thought
by
the
Moors
,
to
be
an
Enchanted
Place
,
where
are
still
,
as
they
say
,
the
Treasures
of
their
first
Emperour
.
Tremisen
,
or
Telensin
,
is
a
great
City
,
belonging
to
the
Turk
,
seven
or
eight
Leagues
distant
from
the
Sea
.
The
Town
of
Argiers
,
is
one
of
the
best
Inhabited
,
and
the
Richest
of
all
Africk
,
by
means
of
the
Pyracies
,
which
the
Inhabitants
Exercise
upon
the
Ocean
and
Mediterranean
Sea
.
It
has
full
fifteen
thousand
Houses
,
twelve
or
fifteen
thousand
Gardens
in
its
Neighbourhood
;
the
Christian
Slaves
are
there
,
to
the
number
of
thirty
or
forty
thousand
.
Cardinal
Ximenes
said
,
That
if
Argiers
could
be
taken
,
Money
enough
might
be
found
there
to
Conquer
all
Africa
.
Amongst
the
Tents
which
are
out
of
the
Town
,
there
is
that
of
the
beautiful
Cava
,
the
Daughter
of
Count
Julian
de
la
Betica
,
who
first
caused
the
Moors
to
pass
over
into
Spain
,
to
revenge
himself
by
their
means
of
King
Roderic
.
The
Emperour
Charles
the
Fifth
,
had
the
disatisfaction
of
seeing
the
finest
Fleet
he
ever
had
,
lost
before
Argiers
.
The
Kingdom
of
Tunis
can
pride
it self
in
the
Birth
of
Hannibal
,
Asdrubal
,
Terence
,
and
other
great
Men
:
and
Christianity
is
obliged
to
it
for
the
Birth
of
Tertullian
,
St.
Cyprian
,
and
St.
Augustin
.
The
City
of
Tunis
has
encreased
it self
from
the
Ruins
of
Carthage
the
Great
,
formerly
the
Rival
of
Rome
,
and
the
Capital
City
of
a
very
considerable
State
.
At
present
it
obeys
a
Prince
whom
they
call
the
Dey
.
Bizerta
and
Souza
,
are
two
places
,
where
those
of
Tunis
do
often
keep
their
Pyrate
Ships
.
Souza
is
composed
of
the
High
and
Low
Town
.
Mahometa
,
is
the
ancient
Adrumetum
or
Adrumyssus
,
near
which
some
have
been
pleased
to
say
,
that
formerly
thirty
Gaulish
Cavaliers
,
repulsed
above
two
thousand
Moors
.
Caraan
has
been
the
Seat
of
a
Calif
,
that
is
to
say
,
of
a
Mahometan
Pontiffe
.
It
is
the
Ancient
Thisdrus
,
where
Massinissa
gained
,
over
Asdrubal
,
the
Battel
,
which
Scipio
was
spectator
of
.
Beja
is
in
a
soyl
,
so
fertil
in
Corn
,
that
it
's
a
saying
of
that
Countrey
,
That
if
there
were
two
Beja's
,
there
would
be
as
much
Corn
,
as
there
are
grains
of
sand
in
the
Sea
.
Guadibarbar
,
makes
so
many
turnings
and
windings
,
that
it
is
passed
full
five
and
twenty
times
in
the
way
,
from
Bone
to
Tunis
.
Between
the
Kingdom
of
Tunis
,
and
the
Isle
of
Maltha
,
there
are
some
small
Islands
:
Pantalaria
,
belonging
to
the
King
of
Spain
,
with
a
Gulph
,
where
the
vapour
,
which
clings
to
the
Rock
above
,
distils
as
much
Water
,
as
is
necessary
for
the
use
of
the
Inhabitants
.
Lampadosa
,
and
Linosa
,
depends
on
the
Order
of
Maltha
.
There
is
in
Lampadosa
a
Chapel
,
famous
for
the
Offerings
both
of
Christians
and
Turks
:
And
it
has
been
observ'd
,
that
the
Sacrilegious
have
never
been
able
to
carry
any
thing
away
from
thence
with
impunity
.
The
Kingdom
of
Tripoly
,
is
a
barren
Land
,
considerable
only
for
Pyracies
,
and
the
Commerce
of
its
City
,
called
Tripoly
of
Barbary
,
that
it
may
be
distinguish'd
from
those
others
of
Souria
,
and
Natolia
,
which
go
under
the
same
Name
.
Upon
the
Coasts
of
that
Kingdom
,
is
the
Island
Zerbi
,
where
in
the
Year
1560
,
the
Spaniards
were
defeated
by
the
Infidels
.
In
this
Island
was
it
also
,
that
the
Corsair
Dragut
,
escaped
from
the
famous
Doria
;
this
last
held
him
there
so
narrowly
Besieg'd
,
that
he
could
not
stir
out
;
the
other
bethought
himself
of
making
a
Channel
,
without
the
Christians
perceiving
it
,
and
so
,
in
a
clear
night
,
he
had
the
means
of
Transporting
his
Galleys
into
another
part
of
the
Island
,
and
of
retiring
to
open
Sea
,
where
he
came
and
presented
himself
before
his
Enemy
,
who
was
in
no
small
surprize
.
The
Land
of
Barca
begins
at
the
place
,
where
stood
formerly
the
Altars
of
the
Philenians
,
which
had
also
served
for
Bounds
to
the
States
of
Carthage
,
and
Cyrene
,
and
since
,
to
the
Empires
of
the
West
,
and
East
.
'T
is
only
a
meager
,
and
desart
Plain
,
where
stands
the
City
of
Caruenna
,
formerly
Cirene
,
the
Capital
of
a
small
State
,
which
was
given
by
Cirus
,
for
a
retreat
to
King
Croesus
.
In
this
Country
did
the
Psilloe
inhabit
,
who
had
the
reputation
of
making
Serpents
die
only
by
their
presence
.
Egypt
.
FEw
Countreys
have
had
so
many
ancient
Names
as
Egypt
;
the
Hebrews
and
Jews
call'd
it
Mesraim
,
and
the
Egyptians
at
present
call
it
Chibet
.
It
s
length
,
that
is
to
say
,
its
extent
from
the
North
to
the
South
,
is
two
hundred
Leagues
;
and
its
breadth
,
which
is
what
it
contains
from
the
West
to
the
East
,
is
confin'd
by
the
Mountains
,
which
bound
the
Valley
of
the
Nile
.
It
is
the
only
Region
of
Africa
,
which
touches
Asia
,
and
the
Countrey
the
most
populous
in
the
World
,
tho'
the
Air
be
somewhat
bad
.
Its
Women
do
often
bring
forth
two
or
three
Children
at
a
time
,
which
is
attributed
to
the
Water
of
the
Nile
.
Egypt
was
no
less
peopled
formerly
,
if
it
be
true
,
that
under
Amasis
,
one
of
its
ancient
Kings
,
it
had
full
twenty
thousand
Cities
.
The
plenty
of
Corn
it
affords
,
made
the
Ancients
call
it
the
Publick
Granary
of
the
World
.
The
abundance
or
famine
of
the
Roman
Empire
,
depended
on
the
good
or
ill
Harvest
in
Egypt
.
The
Nile
,
by
the
inundation
of
its
Waters
,
which
are
full
of
Nitre
,
(
as
we
said
before
)
gives
it
this
advantage
;
not
by
wholly
covering
the
Lands
,
as
several
have
imagin'd
,
but
being
brought
into
several
Channels
,
after
the
Inhabitants
have
broke
the
Dikes
.
That
part
which
is
on
the
East
of
the
Nile
,
is
more
fruitful
than
that
which
is
on
the
East
of
the
River
.
Its
Plants
grow
so
abundantly
,
that
they
would
stifle
one
another
,
if
they
did
not
prevent
it
by
casting
Sand
in
the
field
.
Thus
it
is
somewhat
surprizing
,
that
the
Egyptians
make
their
Lands
lean
with
Sand
,
whereas
other
Nations
endeavour
to
fatten
theirs
with
Dung
.
Besides
Corn
,
they
transport
out
of
this
Countrey
,
Rice
,
Sugar
,
Dates
,
Sena
,
Cassia
,
excellent
Balm
,
Skins
,
Linnen
,
and
Cloth
.
They
are
but
ill
inform'd
,
who
say
,
that
it
never
Rains
there
,
whereas
there
are
frequent
Showers
,
during
the
Months
of
November
,
December
,
and
January
,
principally
on
the
Mountains
,
and
in
the
lower
parts
.
Still
are
there
at
this
day
to
be
seen
in
Egypt
,
Pyramids
,
Obelisques
,
Labyrinths
,
and
other
Works
which
its
ancient
Kings
caus'd
to
be
made
at
an
extraordinary
charge
,
to
shew
their
Power
,
and
to
give
Employment
to
their
People
.
The
Statue
of
Memnon
was
formerly
very
considerable
there
,
as
well
as
the
Pharos
near
Alexandria
:
But
among
all
these
several
Works
,
it
has
been
observ'd
,
that
the
Pyramid
is
the
most
solid
Monument
Antiquity
has
left
us
.
There
remains
nothing
more
in
the
Lake
Meris
than
the
place
of
the
Labyrinth
,
which
is
said
to
have
had
above
three
thousand
three
hundred
Chambers
.
The
Mummys
,
which
are
very
frequent
in
this
Region
,
and
which
Travellers
take
delight
to
bring
into
Europe
,
are
Humane
Bodies
pitch'd
and
embalm'd
,
that
have
been
preserv'd
above
two
or
three
thousand
years
in
Caverns
,
whither
the
ancient
Egyptians
took
care
to
carry
them
.
They
passed
for
that
purpose
a
Lake
in
a
Bark
;
and
so
first
gave
occasion
to
the
Fable
of
Charon
.
Fiction
has
made
Gods
,
Heroes
,
and
Men
reign
in
Egypt
.
History
gives
an
account
of
several
of
its
Kings
before
Alexander
the
Great
:
It
says
that
,
among
those
Kings
,
Sesostris
was
the
greatest
Conquerour
:
that
Memnon
having
dedicated
his
Statue
to
the
Sun
,
it
saluted
that
Star
at
its
rising
:
that
Busiris
pass'd
there
for
a
Tyrant
,
by
reason
of
the
Cruelties
he
exercised
over
the
Hebrews
:
that
Cencres
is
the
Pharoah
,
who
was
drowned
in
the
Red
Sea
:
that
Protcus
had
the
repute
of
changing
his
Form
,
because
he
had
divers
sorts
of
Head-array
:
that
Chemnis
employed
three
hundred
and
sixty
thousand
Men
,
for
twenty
years
together
in
building
the
first
and
greatest
Pyramid
:
that
Sesonchis
,
with
an
Army
of
four
hundred
thousand
Foot
,
and
sixty
thousand
Horse
,
took
Jerusalem
;
and
that
Sennacherib
,
King
of
the
Assyrians
,
being
come
against
him
,
wild
Rats
gnaw'd
the
Bow-strings
in
the
Assyrian
Army
:
that
Necaus
began
the
Channel
for
the
joyning
the
Nile
and
the
Red
Sea
,
and
made
all
Africa
to
be
travell'd
round
about
.
Under
Amasis
the
Kingdom
of
Egypt
fell
into
the
hands
of
the
Persians
;
afterwards
into
those
of
the
Greeks
,
and
then
to
the
Romans
;
and
after
the
Romans
it
was
swayed
by
the
Califes
,
whose
abode
was
first
of
all
at
Medina
,
then
at
Bagdad
,
at
Damas
,
and
at
Caire
.
The
Sultans
succeeded
the
Califes
.
The
Turks
have
had
it
in
possession
since
the
year
1518.
They
reckon
there
18
Cassilifs
or
Governments
,
where
they
are
commanded
by
the
Bashaw
of
Caire
;
and
the
standing
Soldiery
there
,
are
the
bravest
and
the
most
esteemed
of
all
the
Ottoman
Empire
.
And
indeed
this
Government
is
the
most
honourable
of
all
those
that
are
out
of
the
Port
,
and
the
Grand
Seignior
receives
every
year
from
hence
,
above
a
hundred
and
fifty
thousand
Piasters
,
a
Turkish
Coin
worth
about
4
s.
sterl
.
The
Egyptians
are
the
best
Swimmers
in
the
World
,
gay
,
pleasant
,
brisk
,
and
very
ingenious
.
The
Invention
of
Astrology
,
Arithmetick
,
and
Physick
,
is
attributed
to
'em
;
Wherefore
Egypt
is
often
called
the
Mother
of
Arts
:
They
say
,
it
was
Ptolomey
Philadelphus
,
who
took
care
to
have
the
Version
of
the
Bible
out
of
Hebrew
into
Greek
,
done
by
the
serenty
Interpreters
;
and
to
make
a
Collection
of
above
two
hundred
thousand
Volumes
.
There
was
also
a
prodigious
number
of
Books
in
the
Library
of
Alexandria
,
which
was
unluckily
burnt
,
when
Julius
Caesar
there
made
War
.
The
Natives
of
the
Countrey
have
a
peculiar
way
of
hatching
Chickens
,
by
means
of
Furnaces
,
or
Ovens
,
wherein
they
put
sometimes
three
or
four
thousand
Eggs
together
,
and
when
they
are
hatch'd
,
they
sell
them
by
the
Bushel
.
They
are
for
the
most
part
Mahometans
,
but
have
amongst
them
Jews
too
,
and
Christians
,
known
under
the
Name
of
Copties
.
These
Copties
are
Natives
of
Egypt
;
they
have
a
Tongue
wholly
peculiar
,
and
a
way
of
Writing
little
different
from
that
of
the
ancient
Greeks
.
The
ancient
Egyptians
were
so
very
superstitious
,
that
they
had
almost
as
many
Gods
as
Animals
and
Plants
,
whose
Names
they
gave
to
their
Cities
.
Some
Authors
attribute
this
great
number
of
their
false
Divinities
,
to
the
Resolution
they
had
taken
of
making
and
adoring
the
Figures
of
what
had
hindred
them
from
following
Pharaoh
,
when
he
was
drown'd
in
the
Red
Sea
.
Egypt
is
commonly
divided
into
four
parts
,
Sahid
,
or
High
Egypt
;
Bechria
,
otherwise
Demesor
,
or
Middle
Egypt
;
Erriff
,
or
Low
Egypt
;
and
the
Coast
of
the
Red
Sea
.
Some
make
only
two
of
it
,
the
one
High
,
and
the
other
Low
,
according
to
the
Course
of
the
Nile
,
and
say
that
the
Hebrews
inhabited
the
Higher
;
which
they
pretend
to
prove
,
by
the
coming
of
the
Locusts
from
towards
the
East
,
for
the
punishment
of
Pharaoh
,
and
by
the
way
that
Prince
took
when
he
pursued
those
same
Hebrews
.
Some
Ancients
have
divided
Egypt
into
Libyca
,
or
Africana
;
and
into
Arabica
,
or
Asiatica
;
in
regard
of
the
same
River
.
Amongst
the
Cities
,
Cairo
is
called
Great
,
by
reason
of
the
advantages
it
has
over
all
the
other
Cities
of
Africk
.
It
is
on
the
other
side
the
place
,
where
was
the
ancient
Memphis
,
and
three
Leagues
lower
to
the
East
of
the
Nile
.
Those
who
reckon
in
't
sixty
thousand
Mosquees
,
comprehend
in
that
number
several
heaps
of
stones
:
They
say
also
,
there
are
above
twenty
four
thousand
Contradoes
,
or
Quarters
,
and
about
seven
Millions
of
Persons
,
whereof
sixteen
hundred
thousand
are
Jews
.
'T
is
certain
,
there
are
full
three
and
twenty
thousand
Mosquees
,
but
some
of
'em
are
not
ten
paces
square
.
It
s
Castle
,
which
stands
upon
a
rising
Hill
,
has
the
rarest
Prospect
and
the
best
Air
in
the
World
:
It
is
one
of
the
finest
and
strongest
that
is
seen
,
tho'
it
be
much
impair'd
from
its
ancient
splendour
.
'T
is
not
of
marble
,
as
some
Relations
averr
;
there
are
only
several
Mosaique
Works
.
The
Water
of
the
Nile
is
convey'd
thither
by
an
Aqueduct
of
three
hundred
and
fifty
Arches
.
The
People
of
Cairo
must
questionless
be
very
numerous
,
since
we
are
assur'd
,
that
in
three
Months
of
the
Year
1618
,
they
buried
there
above
six
hundred
thousand
Persons
that
died
of
the
Pestilence
;
and
that
this
sickness
is
not
perceivable
,
when
it
only
sweeps
away
two
hundred
thousand
in
a
year
.
In
short
,
Cairo
is
said
to
have
full
two
hundred
thousand
Houses
,
eighteen
thousand
considerable
Streets
,
and
twenty
five
or
thirty
Leagues
in
circumference
.
But
I
speak
this
comprehending
therein
the
old
and
new
Cairo
,
and
the
Boulac
,
which
are
near
it
;
If
new
Cairo
was
only
meant
in
this
Account
,
its
bigness
does
not
equal
that
of
London
.
They
ride
thro'
the
Streets
upon
Asses
,
as
People
go
here
in
Chairs
and
Coaches
;
not
but
that
there
are
Horses
in
Egypt
:
but
the
Turks
have
introduced
this
Custom
,
that
they
may
keep
them
for
their
own
use
.
The
Inhabitants
of
Cairo
make
those
excellent
Tapistries
,
which
we
call
Turky
Carpets
.
Besides
the
Pyramids
,
that
are
three
Leagues
,
and
the
Mummys
,
which
are
six
,
from
Caire
,
the
curious
Travellers
go
to
see
the
Granaries
and
Pits
of
Joseph
.
(
Now
it
's
to
be
observ'd
,
that
what
ever
is
beautiful
and
good
of
the
Ancients
in
Egypt
,
is
attributed
to
Joseph
;
and
what
is
vilainous
and
infamous
,
to
Pharaoh
.
)
They
go
also
to
see
Matarea
,
two
Leagues
from
Cairo
,
which
serv'd
for
a
retreat
to
the
Virgin
,
with
the
Fountain
,
which
,
with
that
of
Caire
,
is
the
only
Spring-Water
in
all
the
Countrey
.
Here
is
no
longer
to
be
seen
the
Plant
of
the
true
Balm
,
which
was
brought
thither
from
the
Holy
Land
,
by
the
Cares
of
Cleopatra
,
and
the
permission
of
Anthony
.
Sahid
,
formerly
Thebes
,
with
an
hundred
Gates
,
was
the
abode
of
the
Kings
of
Egypt
,
which
was
afterwards
transferr'd
to
Alexandria
,
then
to
Memphis
,
and
at
last
to
Cairo
;
It
gives
its
name
to
the
Thebaid
,
which
serv'd
for
a
retreat
to
several
Hermits
.
The
most
modern
Relations
call
this
City
Gergio
,
and
make
it
the
Residence
of
a
Bashaw
.
Alexandria
,
the
Work
of
Alexander
the
Great
,
formerly
the
best
Town
of
all
Africa
after
Carthage
was
the
abode
of
the
Ptolomeys
and
Cleopatra
.
When
it
was
subject
to
the
Romans
,
it
contributed
more
in
one
Month
alone
,
than
Jerusalem
did
in
a
whole
Year
.
It
had
in
its
Neighbourhood
the
Tower
of
Pharos
,
one
of
the
Seven
Wonders
of
the
World
:
It
drives
some
trade
,
by
means
of
its
two
Havens
;
It
is
the
chief
of
a
Patriarchate
of
the
same
Name
.
St.
Mark
hath
made
it
renown'd
in
Holy
History
.
The
Desarts
of
Macaire
,
where
were
reckon'd
above
three
hundred
Monasteries
were
on
the
West
of
it
.
Damietta
is
one
of
the
Keys
of
the
Countrey
,
by
reason
of
its
Scituation
and
its
Haven
upon
the
Mediterranean-Sea
,
which
made
the
French
King
,
Lewis
,
(
entituled
,
the
Saint
)
resolve
,
in
his
Expedition
into
the
Holy
Land
,
to
make
himself
Master
of
it
.
Rosetta
,
a
modern
City
,
and
pretty
well
built
,
is
the
resort
of
several
Ships
upon
the
most
frequented
Channel
of
the
Nile
.
Sues
,
which
has
not
much
above
two
hundred
Houses
,
with
a
sorry
Port
,
is
nevertheless
the
Arsenal
of
the
Turks
,
upon
the
Red
Sea
.
The
Governour
keeps
two
small
Galleys
,
and
some
Ships
,
to
make
himself
considerable
upon
the
Red
Sea
.
The
Merchandizes
of
the
East-Indies
,
bound
for
Europe
,
came
thither
formerly
;
for
which
reason
the
Turks
have
,
not
without
regret
,
seen
the
Establishment
of
the
Europeans
in
those
Indies
.
But
they
still
bring
Spices
,
to
truck
with
the
Inhabitants
for
Corral
.
Cossir
,
formerly
Berenice
,
was
the
Resort
of
the
Commodities
which
the
Romans
fetch'd
from
the
East-Indies
,
and
which
from
thence
were
carried
to
the
nearest
part
of
the
Nile
,
in
the
City
of
Coptos
,
now
called
Cana.
Buge
,
in
the
most
Southern
part
of
Egypt
,
is
a
Kingdom
tributary
to
the
Abyssins
,
according
to
the
Relations
of
1657.
Biledulgerid
,
and
Zaara
.
BIledulgerid
is
the
Numidia
of
the
Moderns
,
and
more
Southern
than
the
ancient
Numidia
.
The
Name
of
Biledulgerid
,
speaks
a
Land
fruitful
in
Dates
;
A
Fruit
which
the
Numidians
gather
,
tho'
they
be
short-sighted
,
by
reason
of
the
Sand
,
which
the
Wind
brings
in
their
Eyes
.
This
part
of
Africk
extends
from
the
West
to
the
East
,
almost
as
far
as
Barbary
.
Some
Kings
there
are
of
the
Mahometan
Religion
,
whose
power
is
but
very
inconsiderable
.
The
Arabians
,
under
their
Cheiques
,
or
Chiefs
,
are
strong
in
Cavalry
,
and
capable
of
great
Enterprizes
,
if
they
had
not
War
amongst
themselves
.
They
sometimes
assist
the
Turks
,
and
at
other
times
the
Kings
of
Morocco
and
Fez
;
the
changes
of
Soveraigns
,
and
the
diversity
of
Tongues
,
have
often
caus'd
the
Names
of
Cities
to
be
changed
.
The
Arabians
in
these
parts
hunt
after
Ostriches
,
because
they
make
great
advantages
of
'em
:
they
sell
their
Feathers
,
eat
their
Flesh
,
and
order
their
Skins
for
their
Baggage
;
they
make
their
Witchcrafts
and
Incantations
of
the
Heart
,
their
Medicaments
of
the
Fat
,
and
their
Ear-Pendants
of
the
Horn
or
Beak
.
Suz
,
the
best
peopled
Countrey
of
all
Biledulgerid
,
has
the
City
of
Tarudante
,
where
the
greatest
Traffick
is
of
Sugar
,
and
where
began
the
Dominion
of
the
Cherifs
.
The
River
of
Suz
renders
the
Land
fruitful
by
its
inundation
.
The
Sea-Towns
are
Cartguessem
,
of
the
Conquests
of
Portugal
,
and
Messa
,
with
a
Temple
;
near
which
the
Inhabitants
believe
,
that
Jonas
was
cast
up
out
of
the
Whales
belly
.
They
say
,
that
all
the
Whales
,
approaching
it
,
die
immediately
,
and
that
from
this
Temple
must
come
forth
a
great
Pontif.
The
Cape
of
Guer
,
which
is
not
very
far
distant
from
it
,
has
near
it
the
City
of
the
Holy
Cross
,
formerly
called
Agades
and
Darrumia
.
It
was
built
by
the
Portugals
,
but
the
Moors
have
it
in
possession
,
and
the
Christians
have
nothing
more
remaining
there
,
than
some
Magazines
in
its
neighbourhood
.
Tesset
is
a
Countrey
of
small
product
,
and
thinly
inhabited
.
Daru
has
some
fortified
Places
,
and
amongst
others
,
that
of
Tigumedet
,
the
native
Countrey
of
the
Cherifs
;
who
having
first
of
all
obtain'd
from
the
King
of
Fez
,
a
Drum
and
an
Ensign
,
under
pretext
of
making
War
against
the
Christians
,
dethron'd
at
length
the
King
of
the
Countrey
:
which
happen'd
towards
the
beginning
of
the
last
Age.
Segelmessa
abounds
in
hurtful
Animals
.
Tegorarina
has
plenty
of
Dates
.
Zeb
wants
Water
;
and
those
who
inhabit
it
,
in
Summer
yield
their
abode
to
the
Scorpions
.
Biledulgerid
communicates
its
Name
to
all
the
Countrey
.
Fessen
has
a
Town
of
the
same
Name
.
The
Desart
of
Barca
consists
in
Plains
of
Sand
,
where
was
formerly
seen
the
Temple
of
Jupiter
Hammon
,
notorious
for
its
Oracles
,
for
the
Fountain
of
the
Sun
,
for
the
loss
of
the
Army
of
Cambyses
King
of
Persia
,
and
for
the
happy
Journey
of
that
of
Alexander
the
Great
.
Bacchus
,
Perseus
,
and
Hercules
,
are
said
to
have
been
there
before
this
Conquerour
;
and
three
High-ways
are
reported
to
have
led
thither
,
the
first
from
Memphis
,
the
second
from
Paretonium
,
and
the
third
from
Cyrene
.
Mount
Atlas
advances
several
of
its
Branches
into
Biledulgerid
.
The
Cap
of
Non
,
upon
the
Ocean
,
was
for
a
long
while
the
limit
of
the
Navigations
of
the
Portugueses
,
who
call'd
it
in
that
manner
,
for
that
they
at
that
time
pass'd
no
farther
.
The
Name
of
Zaara
,
signifies
Desart
,
and
that
of
Libya
,
which
is
also
given
to
this
Countrey
,
is
a
Greek
word
,
which
was
first
of
all
attributed
to
Africa
.
Little
is
to
be
seen
in
the
Zaara
,
but
Sand
,
Monsters
,
and
Scorpions
;
for
which
reason
the
Inhabitants
wear
Boots
,
for
a
defence
against
the
stings
and
bitings
of
those
Creatures
.
The
Air
is
healthful
,
and
the
sick
of
the
neighbouring
Countreys
are
brought
thither
for
the
Recovery
of
their
health
.
The
Arabians
consider
there
three
sorts
of
Countreys
;
the
Cehel
,
where
is
small
Sand
,
without
any
Verdure
;
the
Zaara
,
where
is
Gravel
,
and
a
little
Verdure
;
and
the
Asgar
,
where
are
Marshes
,
Herbs
,
and
Bushes
.
Travellers
before-hand
make
provision
of
all
things
necessary
for
the
Life
of
Man
:
for
the
Houses
and
Wells
are
at
such
a
distance
from
one
another
,
that
they
go
often
a
hundred
Leagues
without
finding
either
Abode
,
or
Water
.
A
Merchant
formerly
endured
there
so
much
thirst
,
that
he
gave
ten
thousand
Ducats
for
a
Cup
of
Water
;
and
yet
he
di'd
,
as
well
as
the
person
,
who
receiv'd
his
Money
for
the
giving
him
Drink
.
People
are
sometimes
constrain'd
to
bury
themselves
in
the
Sand
,
to
avoid
meeting
with
Lyons
,
and
other
wild
Beasts
,
which
make
a
horrible
noise
every
night
.
The
Inhabitants
are
,
for
the
most
part
,
Shepherds
,
and
the
best
Hunters
in
the
World
,
but
very
miserable
.
Some
amongst
'em
follow
the
Religion
of
Mahomet
,
and
the
greatest
number
lead
a
libertine
kind
of
life
.
Several
small
Sovereigns
receive
the
Tribute
of
the
Caravans
,
which
pass
thro'
their
Dominions
.
Their
other
Revenues
consist
in
Cattel
;
and
when
mention
is
made
of
their
Riches
,
they
ask
how
many
Camels
they
have
?
Five
principal
Desarts
are
reckon'd
,
Zanhaga
,
Zuenziga
,
where
are
Salt-Pits
,
Targa
,
Lempta
,
and
Berdoa
.
The
Ghir
,
which
is
the
greatest
River
of
it
,
forms
some
pretty
considerable
Lakes
,
and
loses
its
self
in
the
Sand
in
several
places
of
its
course
,
and
comes
out
again
presently
after
the
Rio
Ouro
,
which
is
empty'd
into
the
Ocean
,
and
was
so
call'd
by
the
Portuguese
,
by
reason
of
the
Gold
they
found
there
,
when
they
made
their
first
Voyages
along
that
Coast
.
This
River
runs
under
the
Tropick
,
thro'
desart
Countreys
,
with
ten
or
twelve
fathom
water
towards
its
entrance
into
the
Sea
.
The
Coast
,
as
far
as
Cape
Boiador
,
has
high
,
white
,
and
grey
Hills
,
or
Downs
,
with
a
desart
Countrey
,
o'rspred
with
Sand
and
wild
Rushes
.
Nigritia
.
NIgritia
is
so
called
from
its
ancient
People
,
the
Nigritae
,
who
reciprocally
seem
to
have
had
their
Name
from
their
black
Colour
,
or
from
that
of
their
Land
,
which
in
some
places
is
all
burnt
by
the
excessive
heat
,
which
contributes
to
the
blackning
both
the
Sand
and
the
Inhabitants
.
They
who
attribute
this
blackness
to
the
Race
of
Cham
,
say
,
that
people
of
other
Countreys
preserve
their
whiteness
in
Nigritia
,
and
that
the
Asiaticks
,
and
the
Americans
,
who
are
in
the
same
Zone
with
the
Negroes
,
are
not
naturally
black
.
The
Niger
does
somewhat
temper
the
Country
,
by
means
of
its
Waters
,
but
the
Rains
which
fall
there
,
occasion
several
Diseases
.
As
Commerce
is
now
in
high
consideration
amongst
the
European
Nations
,
it
is
not
improper
to
say
somewhat
of
the
Coast
of
Nigritia
.
Cap
Blanc
is
a
tongue
of
Land
as
hard
as
a
Rock
,
ten
or
twelve
fathom
high
,
with
a
very
spacious
Haven
,
where
Ships
are
safe
against
most
Winds
.
Arguin
,
a
Castle
in
a
little
Island
,
belongs
to
the
Hollanders
.
The
Barks
may
enter
into
the
River
of
St.
John
,
and
treat
with
the
Negroes
for
Ostridge-Feathers
,
Gums
,
Amber
,
and
some
small
Gold
.
Senega
,
one
of
the
principal
Branches
of
the
Niger
,
is
not
a
League
in
breadth
,
at
its
disemboguing
it self
into
the
Sea
.
The
Coast
on
the
North
of
Senega
is
very
low
,
and
hardly
to
be
kenn'd
by
those
that
are
twelve
Leagues
distant
at
Sea
.
The
Road
of
Cape-Verd
,
has
twelve
or
thirteen
fathom
water
,
upon
a
bottom
of
grey
Sand.
The
Island
belonging
to
the
Flemmings
,
called
Gorea
,
has
a
Plat-form
,
flank'd
by
four
Bastions
of
Earth
,
with
a
Dungeon
of
Bricks
,
which
did
not
hinder
it
from
being
insulted
in
the
late
Wars
.
The
entrance
into
it
is
on
the
West
of
the
Island
,
where
Ships
of
a
hundred
Tun
may
touch
and
ride
.
The
Road
is
good
,
but
no
fresh
water
to
be
had
.
Rufisca
is
a
retreat
commodious
enough
.
Gambia
is
about
five
Leagues
broad
at
its
influx
into
the
Sea
,
but
it
is
not
Navigable
for
Barks
above
sixty
Leagues
.
'T
is
said
,
that
the
Portugals
have
remounted
the
Niger
sometimes
as
far
as
the
Kingdom
of
Benin
,
in
the
space
of
above
eighteen
hundred
Leagues
;
that
the
Danes
have
formerly
possess'd
Cantozi
,
towards
the
place
where
the
Niger
divides
it self
;
and
that
this
Niger
forms
great
Lakes
,
upon
the
Banks
of
which
there
are
several
good
Cities
,
from
whence
go
Caravans
as
far
as
Tripoli
of
Barbary
.
The
English
,
in
hopes
of
getting
some
of
the
Gold
of
the
Countrey
,
had
a
design
to
go
up
the
Senega
with
several
light
Ships
;
but
the
excessive
heats
,
the
insults
of
the
Negroes
accompanied
with
some
Portugueses
,
made
them
lay
aside
the
thoughts
of
their
Enterprize
.
The
Negroes
are
commonly
simple
and
candid
,
Idolaters
towards
the
Sea
,
Mahometans
in
the
inland
Countrey
.
They
have
three
pretty
considerable
Kingdoms
,
Tombut
,
Borno
,
and
Gaoga
.
Most
of
their
Cities
are
not
to
be
compared
with
our
Towns
,
the
Houses
being
only
built
of
Wood
,
Chalk
,
and
Straw
;
and
often
one
of
these
Cities
makes
a
Kingdom
.
The
last
Kings
of
Tombut
,
whom
they
call
Tombouctou
,
have
had
the
reputation
of
possessing
a
great
quantity
of
Gold
in
Bars
and
Ingots
.
They
are
said
to
have
this
Gold
from
the
Kingdom
of
Gago
;
and
that
from
the
Kingdoms
of
Morocco
and
Sus
,
there
go
often
several
Cafiles
,
or
Caravans
,
for
the
bringing
it
thence
.
The
Kingdom
of
Gualata
produces
Milet.
That
of
Agades
has
a
City
indifferently
well
built
.
Borno
,
formerly
the
abode
of
the
Garamantes
,
is
inhabited
by
a
People
who
live
in
common
;
private
persons
there
,
acknowledge
for
their
Children
,
those
who
resemble
them
,
and
the
flattest
nosed
are
the
handsomest
and
greatest
Beauties
.
Several
Nations
are
between
the
branches
of
the
Niger
,
where
some
Authors
place
the
Gardens
of
the
Hesperides
.
Those
of
Senega
send
abroad
Slaves
,
Gold
in
dust
,
Hides
,
Gums
and
Civit
Cats
.
The
Negroes
are
very
strong
,
and
are
more
sought
after
,
and
bought
up
by
the
Europeans
,
than
those
of
other
Countreys
.
They
of
Guiney
are
docible
,
for
which
reason
they
are
commonly
made
domestick
servants
.
Those
of
Angola
are
employed
in
cultivating
of
Land
,
by
reason
of
their
strength
.
'T
is
a
saying
,
That
he
who
expects
to
have
any
service
from
his
Negro
,
must
give
him
Food
enough
,
a
great
deal
of
Work
,
and
many
Blows
.
On
the
South
of
the
Niger
are
several
other
small
Kingdoms●
that
of
Melli
,
with
a
City
of
six
thousand
Houses
;
Gago
,
rich
in
Gold
,
as
we
have
said
.
Zegzeg
,
considerable
for
its
Commerce
;
Zanfara
,
fertile
in
Corn.
The
enumeration
of
the
other
places
would
be
here
as
tedious
,
as
it
is
unnecessary
,
since
they
are
neither
strong
,
nor
well
peopled
,
and
but
a
very
little
trade
is
driven
by
'em
.
The
Portugals
have
yielded
up
to
the
English
some
Fortresses
,
which
they
had
towards
the
Mouths
of
the
Niger
,
which
has
given
our
Nation
the
means
of
trafficking
here
,
and
making
Enterprizes
,
as
do
also
the
Hollanders
.
Nubia
.
NVbia
,
is
three
hundred
and
fifty
Leagues
in
length
,
and
two
hundred
in
breadth
.
It
retains
some
remnants
of
Christianity
in
its
old
Churches
,
and
in
the
Ceremonies
of
Baptism
,
that
is
there
administred
.
The
Nubians
obey
a
King
,
who
commonly
keeps
Cavalry
upon
the
Frontiers
of
his
Dominions
,
because
he
hath
potent
Enemies
,
for
his
Neighbours
,
the
Abissin
,
and
the
Turk
.
Histories
affirm
,
That
an
Army
of
a
hundred
thousand
Horse
,
was
formerly
Levyed
,
and
led
by
a
King
of
Nubia
,
against
the
Governour
of
Aegypt
.
Gold
,
Civet
,
Sandal-Wood
,
Ivory
,
Arms
,
and
Linnen
,
are
Transported
from
this
Country
.
The
Commerce
of
the
Nubians
is
,
most
especially
,
with
those
of
Cairo
,
and
the
other
Cities
of
Aegypt
,
They
have
a
strong
,
subtle
,
and
penetrating
Poyson
in
this
Countrey
,
the
tenth
part
of
a
Grain
of
which
,
will
kill
a
man
in
a
quarter
of
an
hour
,
and
the
Ounce
,
is
valued
at
a
hundred
Ducats
.
One
of
the
King
's
principal
Revenues
,
consists
in
the
Receipt
of
the
Right
of
Exportation
.
'T
is
sold
to
Strangers
,
but
upon
condition
of
not
making
use
of
it
,
but
out
of
the
Kingdom
.
The
Inhabitants
have
Sugar-Canes
,
but
they
know
not
how
to
improve
them
.
They
have
amongst
them
Bereberes
,
of
the
Mahometan
Religion
,
who
go
in
Troops
to
Cairo
,
and
return
from
thence
,
when
they
have
gotten
ten
,
or
twelve
Piasters
.
The
capital
Cities
are
,
Nubia
,
and
Dancala
,
near
the
Nile
:
the
others
are
but
little
known
to
us
.
A
Relation
of
the
Year
1657
,
affirms
,
That
the
King
of
Dancala
,
pays
a
Tribute
in
Cloths
,
to
the
King
of
the
Abissins
.
Geography
,
in
some
sort
is
,
indebted
to
this
Countrey
,
since
it
presented
the
World
with
the
Author
of
the
famous
Geography
of
Nubia
,
the
Cherif-Alderisi
.
Guiney
.
GViney
is
subject
to
such
great
Heats
,
that
were
it
not
for
the
Rains
,
and
the
coolness
of
the
Night
,
it
would
be
uninhabitable
.
It
sends
abroad
Parrots
,
Apes
,
White-Salt
,
Ivory
,
Skins
,
Wax
,
Amber-Greece
,
Gold
,
and
Slaves
.
Its
Inhabitants
have
the
repute
of
being
presumptuous
,
thievish
,
Idolatrous
,
and
extreamly
superstitious
.
It
s
best
Town
is
St.
George
de
la
Mina
,
now
in
Possession
of
the
Hollanders
.
The
English
have
amongst
others
,
Cabo
Corso
,
and
the
Danes
,
Fredericksbourg
.
Most
of
the
Portugals
,
who
succeeded
the
French
in
that
Colony
,
have
been
compelled
by
reason
of
their
small
numbers
,
to
retire
into
the
Inlands
,
during
the
Wars
with
Spain
.
The
Castle
of
La
Mina
,
having
been
so
called
from
the
Mines
of
Gold
which
are
in
its
Neighbourhood
;
the
name
of
St.
George
,
was
given
it
by
John
the
Second
,
King
of
Portugal
,
who
after
having
made
the
Conquest
of
it
,
conceal'd
the
Commerce
thereof
,
as
long
as
he
could
.
Benin
is
a
particular
Kingdom
,
with
the
best
City
of
all
Nigritia
.
Ardre
,
towards
the
Coast
,
has
its
King
,
from
whom
there
was
an
Ambassadour
to
the
French
King
at
Paris
,
towards
the
latter
end
of
the
Year
1670
,
for
the
establishment
of
Traffick
in
its
Dominions
.
The
Coast
of
Maleguetta
,
is
so
call'd
from
a
kind
of
Pepper
which
it
produces
,
and
which
is
said
to
be
better
than
that
of
the
Indies
.
Apes
do
them
great
service
in
Guinca
.
Those
that
are
called
Barris
,
fetch
Water
,
turn
the
Spit
,
and
serve
too
at
Table
.
Abissinia
,
or
,
Aethiopia
.
THis
Countrey
is
otherwise
call'd
Abech
,
Abassia
,
Abassinia
;
the
Empire
of
the
Negus
,
the
Kingdom
of
Prester
John
,
the
Middle-Indies
,
the
Southern-Indies
,
the
High
,
or
Great
Aethiopia
.
Those
of
the
Countrey
,
give
their
King
the
Name
of
Belulgian
,
by
reason
of
the
Ring
,
which
the
Queen
of
Sheba
received
from
Salomon
,
and
which
,
since
that
time
,
has
been
Hereditary
in
that
Royal
Family
.
Those
who
call
him
Prester-John
,
do
it
upon
this
foundation
,
that
he
sometimes
carries
a
Cross
in
his
hand
.
The
Popish
Missionaries
boast
that
some
of
the
late
Kings
have
been
Catholicks
:
But
since
the
Jesuits
,
who
had
been
powerfully
establisht
in
that
Countrey
,
have
been
Banish'd
thence
;
the
Papists
complain
of
the
Persecution
,
their
followers
have
suffered
in
those
parts
.
The
Abissins
have
a
great
number
of
Churches
,
where
Divine
Service
is
performed
much
after
the
same
manner
it
is
here
.
This
Land
is
temperate
,
unless
in
the
Valleys
,
where
it
is
very
hot
,
and
upon
some
Mountains
,
where
it
is
cold
.
The
Aethiopians
,
are
the
most
ancient
People
in
the
World
,
and
boast
of
having
never
been
driven
from
their
Countrey
.
They
are
dexterous
,
active
,
blith
,
and
perform
better
than
other
people
in
great
Employments
:
The
Mahometans
are
used
to
Spirit
away
the
Abissin
Children
,
and
go
sell
them
to
Indian
Princes
.
They
are
so-so
Souldiers
for
Africans
;
but
they
have
not
the
Art
of
Building
,
nor
of
Grinding
their
Corn
;
and
they
often
eat
Cows
flesh
all
raw
,
with
Salt
and
Pepper
,
which
they
look
upon
as
a
peculiar
Delicacy
.
They
have
Civet-Cats
,
and
make
use
of
Cloth
,
Stones
,
Salt
;
and
little
pieces
of
Iron
,
instead
of
money
;
for
which
purpose
,
they
also
use
Gold
,
which
they
give
by
weight
.
They
do
not
work
in
their
Mines
of
Gold
,
and
Silver
of
Narea
,
which
has
given
occasion
to
say
of
their
Prince
,
That
he
might
,
with
his
Treasures
,
purchase
whole
Worlds
.
The
King
of
Abissinia
,
to
whom
is
also
given
the
title
of
Emperour
,
is
Absolute
in
all
the
Territories
of
his
Dominions
;
And
this
it
is
that
makes
his
principal
Revenue
;
He
commonly
keeps
his
Court
in
the
open
Field
,
sometimes
in
one
place
,
sometimes
an
other
:
He
has
few
Cities
,
but
a
great
number
of
Villages
.
Several
places
upon
the
Frontier
of
the
Galles
,
have
been
fortified
,
for
the
security
of
the
Inhabitants
,
against
the
incursions
of
those
people
,
the
capital
Enemies
of
the
Abissins
.
The
Turks
hold
the
City
of
Suaquem
,
upon
the
Red
Sea
,
whither
the
Vice-Roy
of
Barnagasse
has
commonly
sent
a
Tribute
of
a
thousand
Ounces
of
Gold
.
There
are
several
Relations
of
Aethiopia
,
and
for
the
most
part
fabulous
:
But
the
Jesuits
pretend
,
that
the
late
ones
,
they
have
published
,
to
be
the
most
certain
.
According
to
the
Account
of
an
Abissin
Ambassadour
,
sent
to
the
Grand
Seignior
in
the
Year
1657
,
Gonthar
was
the
abode
of
the
Emperour
.
Four
Kings
were
tributary
to
him
:
The
King
of
Sennar
,
which
is
a
hot
Country
,
paid
him
his
Tribute
in
Horses
;
the
King
of
Narea
,
paid
it
him
in
Gold
;
The
Kings
of
Bugia
,
and
Doncala
,
payed
it
him
in
Linnen
and
Cloth
.
These
Dominions
are
not
of
so
great
an
extent
,
nor
of
the
same
scituation
,
they
have
hitherto
been
shown
us
.
The
Galles
on
one
side
,
have
subdued
several
great
Provinces
in
the
Southern
part
,
and
the
Moores
have
rendred
themselves
Masters
of
several
places
all
along
upon
the
Red
Sea
,
upon
the
Coast
of
Abex
.
According
to
the
late
Relations
,
the
Sources
of
the
Nile
,
are
placed
in
the
Province
of
the
Agaux
,
at
twelve
Degrees
of
Northern
Latitude
,
which
shows
in
the
Cart
,
the
difference
of
above
thirty
of
those
Degrees
.
That
famous
River
goes
first
of
all
towards
the
North
,
and
then
towards
the
East
,
across
the
Lake
of
Bardambea
:
from
thence
towards
the
South
,
and
towards
the
West
,
so
to
return
to
take
its
Course
pretty
near
its
Sources
towards
the
North
,
and
to
continue
it
thro'
Aegypt
.
Twenty
four
small
Kingdoms
have
been
commonly
accounted
in
Abissinia
;
that
of
Amara
,
has
a
Fortress
upon
a
Mountain
,
called
Amba
Guexem
,
where
formerly
were
kept
the
Princes
of
the
Royal
Blood
.
Goyama
,
is
almost
environed
with
the
Nile
:
Which
has
given
some
occasion
to
say
,
that
it
is
the
Island
Meroe
.
There
is
in
that
of
Tigermahon
,
the
City
of
Caxumo
,
or
Aceum
,
which
is
said
to
have
been
the
Residence
of
the
Queen
of
Sheba
;
several
of
the
Abissin
Kings
,
have
held
their
Coronation
in
that
Town
.
Dambea
has
the
famous
Lake
,
Bar-Dambea
,
and
's
not
very
far
off
the
City
of
Gorgora
,
one
of
the
last
Residences
of
the
Kings
.
The
Coast
of
Abex
upon
the
Red
Sea
,
is
full
of
Woods
.
The
tongue
of
the
ancient
Troglodites
,
who
inhabited
it
,
had
this
peculiarity
,
that
it
resembled
whistling
.
Some
have
endeavoured
to
persuade
the
World
,
that
the
King
of
the
Abissins
might
very
much
incommode
the
Grand
Seignior
,
if
he
diverted
the
Waters
of
the
Nile
into
the
Red
Sea
,
and
so
render
Aegypt
dry
:
This
proposition
has
rendred
them
ridiculous
,
because
there
are
Mountains
,
that
must
of
necessity
be
cut
through
,
for
the
bringing
this
about
,
and
that
these
Mountains
,
which
have
the
Sources
of
several
great
Rivers
,
make
Aethiopia
one
of
the
highest
Countreys
of
all
Africa
.
Albuquerque
Vice-Roy
of
the
East-Indies
,
for
the
King
of
Portugal
,
seems
to
have
had
the
same
design
,
but
he
did
not
pursue
the
putting
it
into
execution
.
He
it
was
,
who
would
have
caused
the
Body
of
Mahomet
to
be
stollen
away
,
and
have
pillaged
Mocha
with
three
hundred
Horse
,
which
he
had
sent
from
Ormus
,
upon
Ships
made
on
purpose
for
this
Design
.
Congo
.
COngo
is
a
temperate
Countrey
;
the
Rains
,
and
Winds
,
moderating
the
Heat
,
which
is
insupportable
in
the
adjacent
parts
.
Africa
has
no
Regions
,
that
abound
more
in
Rivers
.
The
Zaire
,
which
is
the
principal
one
of
this
Countrey
,
is
considerable
for
its
rapidity
,
and
for
the
abundance
of
its
Waters
.
The
Congolans
know
not
how
to
make
use
of
the
Commodities
of
their
Land
,
and
though
they
have
Mines
of
Gold
,
they
have
none
but
shells
for
Money
.
Several
amongst
them
,
have
been
converted
to
Christianity
,
after
the
example
of
some
of
their
Kings
.
The
Portugueses
bring
from
thence
Ivory
,
and
Slaves
:
They
have
their
establishment
in
the
Royal
City
,
called
San-Salvador
,
and
in
that
of
St.
Paul
,
in
the
small
Island
of
Loanda
,
where
they
get
fresh
Water
,
out
of
the
holes
they
make
in
the
sand
.
They
keep
a
Garrison
in
the
Forts
of
Massagan
,
and
Cambambo
,
in
the
Kingdom
of
Angola
,
for
the
security
of
their
Silver-Mines
,
in
which
they
work
,
and
here
it
is
,
they
assemble
their
Negroes
,
appointed
for
Brasile
.
The
Males
alone
,
have
Right
of
succeeding
in
this
Kingdom
,
and
all
Lands
belong
to
the
King
,
who
is
called
Mani
.
The
Inhabitants
have
Horses
of
Wood
,
the
use
of
which
is
mighty
pleasant
;
They
lay
a
piece
of
an
Oxes
Hide
,
of
the
bigness
of
a
Saddle
,
upon
a
Post
near
twelve
inches
thick
,
and
he
who
travels
,
is
seated
thereon
,
with
his
leggs
on
each
side
;
all
this
is
carried
by
two
strong
men
,
who
find
others
in
the
way
to
relieve
them
.
Learning
is
amongst
them
in
so
little
estimation
,
that
when
Emanuel
,
King
of
Portugal
,
had
sent
to
their
King
all
the
excellent
Books
of
Law
,
that
he
could
meet
with
,
with
a
considerable
number
of
Civilians
:
This
Prince
sent
the
Doctors
back
,
and
caused
the
Books
to
be
burnt
,
saying
,
They
would
but
puzzle
the
Brains
of
his
Subjects
,
who
stood
in
need
of
nothing
but
honest
,
reasonable
old
fashion'd
Thinking
,
and
common
Sense
.
That
nevertheless
,
he
should
be
no
less
a
friend
of
the
King
of
Portugal
.
They
still
reckon
under
the
notion
of
Congo
,
the
Kingdoms
of
Angola
,
Cacongo
,
and
Malemba
.
The
Ansicain
people
who
have
the
Qualities
of
the
Basques
in
France
;
And
lastly
,
the
Bramas
,
and
Loanghi
.
Those
Kingdoms
and
People
no
longer
acknowledge
the
Soveraignty
of
the
King
of
Congo
,
as
they
did
formerly
.
The
King
of
Angola
,
calls
himself
the
Soba
.
His
Subjects
love
Doggs
flesh
to
that
degree
,
that
they
bring
up
whole
Herds
,
or
Packs
of
them
,
and
one
Dogg
alone
well
sed
,
is
sometimes
sold
amongst
them
for
above
two
hundred
Crowns
.
They
have
nothing
recommendable
but
their
Dexterity
in
shooting
with
the
Bow
:
They
will
let
fly
a
dozen
Arrows
,
before
the
first
be
fallen
upon
the
ground
.
They
say
,
the
Sun
is
a
Man
,
the
Moon
a
Woman
,
and
the
Stars
,
the
Children
of
that
Man
and
that
Woman
.
Cafreria
,
and
Mono-Motapa
.
THe
Land
of
Cafreria
is
the
most
Southern
of
all
Africk
;
nay
,
of
all
our
Continent
,
reaching
along
the
Aethiopick-Sea
,
with
an
extent
of
Coasts
,
for
about
twelve
hundred
Leagues
,
part
in
the
Torrid
,
and
part
in
the
temperate
Southern
Zone
.
'T
is
full
of
Mountains
,
subject
to
great
Colds
,
and
under
several
petty
Kings
,
who
for
the
most
part
pay
tribute
to
the
Emperour
of
Mono-Motapa
.
The
King
of
Sofala
pays
it
to
the
King
of
Portugal
,
who
has
a
Garrison
in
the
Castle
of
Sofala
,
and
who
,
by
the
means
of
this
Garrison
,
draws
abundance
of
Gold
from
the
Mines
,
which
are
in
the
inland
Countrey
.
This
Gold
is
accounted
as
good
as
any
in
the
World
;
they
gather
it
likewise
in
the
Rivers
,
with
Nets
,
after
there
has
been
Rain
.
Solomon
might
possibly
have
had
his
come
from
hence
,
which
he
employed
in
the
building
of
the
Temple
.
The
Coast
of
Cafreria
is
low
,
and
full
of
Woods
:
the
Soyl
produces
Flowers
of
an
grateful
smell
,
and
the
Trees
make
a
curious
prospect
.
Three
great
Rivers
discharge
'emselves
into
the
Indian
Seas
,
through
Cafreria
,
all
three
known
in
the
beginning
,
under
the
name
of
Zambera
,
Cuama
,
Spirito
Santo
,
les
Infantes
.
The
Cafres
live
without
Law
,
so
as
their
Name
speaks
them
.
They
often
furnish
the
Seamen
,
who
come
thither
,
with
their
Cattel
:
But
the
Mariners
now
cause
the
Oxen
they
buy
to
betied
to
great
Posts
,
and
shut
up
the
Sheep
before
they
pay
'em
,
because
the
Cafres
,
after
having
sold
'em
,
were
used
to
make
'em
return
home
with
the
Call
of
a
Whistle
,
which
is
wholly
peculiar
to
'em
.
We
may
say
of
'em
,
in
seeing
their
colour
,
that
they
resemble
our
Chimney-sweepers
;
Besides
,
that
they
have
big
Heads
,
flat
Noses
;
whether
they
take
care
to
break
them
in
their
infancy
;
or
that
this
happens
,
because
when
they
are
little
,
their
Mothers
carry
them
continually
upon
the
Back
:
Be
it
how
it
will
,
they
look
upon
it
as
one
of
the
Beauties
of
the
Countrey
,
to
have
them
in
that
manner
.
They
have
frizl'd
Hair
,
Lips
extraordinary
big
,
the
Chine
of
the
Back
sticking
out
sharp
,
and
very
large
Hips
,
insomuch
,
that
nothing
can
be
seen
more
terrible
:
So
that
we
are
not
to
wonder
if
Pirard
calls
'em
,
those
Devils
of
Cafres
.
The
Cape
of
Good
Hope
,
which
lies
toward
the
most
Southern
part
of
this
Countrey
,
is
by
much
the
longest
;
the
most
famous
and
the
most
dangerous
Cape
in
the
World
.
'T
was
called
so
,
in
hopes
of
arriving
suddenly
at
the
East-Indies
,
when
it
was
veered
in
the
year
1498.
Before
,
it
had
the
Name
of
the
Tempestuous
Cape
,
from
the
storms
that
are
frequent
thereabouts
.
Some
have
call'd
it
the
Lyon
of
the
Sea
,
others
the
Head
of
Africa
:
There
are
Signs
by
which
the
Sailers
know
when
they
are
near
it
;
fifty
or
sixty
Leagues
off
they
find
the
Bodies
of
great
Reeds
,
called
Trombes
,
floating
on
the
Sea
;
and
they
see
flying
a
number
of
white
Birds
,
mark'd
with
black
spots
.
They
who
return
from
the
East-Indies
,
see
Troops
of
Sea
Wolves
,
made
like
Bears
,
and
then
they
are
continually
sounding
.
This
Cape
serves
for
bounds
to
the
East
and
West-India-Companies
:
As
they
go
to
the
East-Indies
,
and
return
from
thence
,
they
must
of
necessity
come
in
ken
of
it
.
The
Land
enjovs
a
temperate
Air
;
several
Valleys
have
Herbs
and
Flowers
in
abundance
.
There
are
Rivers
full
of
Fish
,
and
Woods
full
of
Deer
and
Cattel
.
The
Inhabitants
,
who
make
their
Garments
of
Beasts-skins
,
are
very
good
at
running
,
but
very
villanous
in
their
Diet
,
and
when
they
speak
,
you
'd
think
you
heard
Turkey-Cocks
.
Mono-Motapa
,
which
is
entirely
in
the
Terra
firma
,
is
almost
environ'd
with
Cafreria
.
It
goes
under
the
Name
of
its
King
,
whereas
Kings
commonly
go
under
the
Names
of
the
Countreys
,
that
are
subject
to
'em
.
It
is
fertile
,
abounding
in
Ivory
,
and
so
rich
in
Gold
,
that
the
King
of
it
is
called
the
Golden
Emperour
.
The
Inhabitants
(
who
are
very
superstitious
)
have
Pikes
,
Bows
and
Arrows
,
for
their
Arms
;
several
of
'em
are
so
swift
o'
foot
,
that
they
equal
Horses
in
running
.
The
Common
People
only
wear
Garments
below
their
middle
.
A
Relation
,
that
was
publish'd
in
the
year
1631
,
tells
us
,
That
the
King
then
reigning
,
was
baptiz'd
,
with
all
his
Court
,
by
the
Jesuits
.
This
Prince
is
commonly
adorn'd
with
Chains
and
Jewels
,
like
a
Bride
:
He
is
said
to
have
,
for
his
usual
Guard
,
a
Regiment
of
Women
,
and
another
of
Doggs
;
and
that
in
the
Armies
those
Women
do
not
less
service
than
the
Men.
The
Princes
,
who
pay
him
Tribute
,
receive
every
Year
firing
from
him
,
for
a
Mark
of
the
Fealty
they
owe
him
;
the
City
,
which
is
the
most
considerable
,
has
the
same
Name
with
the
Kingdom
;
Zimbaoe
is
a
square
Fortress
,
and
the
abode
of
the
Court
.
Mono-Emugi
is
a
State
on
the
North
of
Mono-Motapa
.
The
Giaques
,
otherwise
called
Galles
and
Chava
,
border
upon
it
,
and
are
illustrious
for
their
Valour
,
and
for
their
Conquests
which
they
have
made
,
in
our
time
,
over
Abissinia
,
in
the
upper
Aethiopia
.
Zanguebar
.
ZAnguebar
of
Barbary
,
is
a
great
Coast
in
the
Oriental
part
of
Africa
,
along
the
Indian-Sea
,
on
each
side
the
Equinoctial
.
'T
is
a
low
,
fenny
,
woody
Countrey
,
which
by
the
extremity
of
the
moisture
,
causes
the
Air
to
be
unhealthy
and
intemperate
.
The
Inhabitants
are
Idolaters
,
and
are
swayed
by
several
Soveraigns
:
they
addict'
emfelves
to
trade
,
as
well
as
the
Arabians
,
and
Mahometans
,
who
are
among
'em
.
What
is
towards
the
South
,
bears
principally
the
Name
of
Zanguebar
,
wherein
are
the
little
Kingdoms
of
Mozambique
,
Quiloa
,
Mombaze
,
and
Melinde
.
What
is
towards
the
North
,
is
called
Ayen
,
and
sometimes
New
Arabia
:
It
comprehends
the
Territories
of
Brava
,
Magadoxo
,
Adea
,
and
Adel.
There
is
in
Mozambique
the
best
Government
,
and
the
best
Town
,
which
the
Portugals
have
in
those
parts
.
They
have
there
a
strong
Castle
,
in
the
Island
of
the
same
Name
,
which
is
half
a
League
in
length
.
This
is
the
place
where
their
Ships
wait
for
a
fair
Wind
and
Weather
in
their
East-India
Voyages
.
The
Inhabitants
wou'd
be
much
more
numerous
,
if
the
Air
was
not
so
distemperate
.
Quiloa
is
in
a
Peninsula
.
It
s
King
was
the
first
amongst
those
of
Zanguebar
,
who
became
a
tributary
of
the
Portuguese
.
There
are
very
delicate
Hens
in
and
about
Quiloa
,
tho'
their
Feathers
,
their
Flesh
,
their
Blood
and
their
Bones
be
black
.
Mombaze
is
in
an
Island
upon
a
Rock
.
The
Portuguese
go
often
thither
to
winter
in
the
later
season
,
because
that
Victuals
are
cheap
and
in
great
plenty
in
this
Countrey
:
the
entrance
of
the
Haven
is
so
narrow
,
and
so
full
of
Rocks
,
that
in
several
places
there
is
only
passage
for
a
Ship
.
Melinde
does
often
give
its
Name
to
all
the
Coast
;
Where
are
found
several
Parks
of
above
a
League
round
,
enclos'd
with
Elephants
Teeth
.
Brava
is
a
small
Republick
,
with
a
City
,
built
after
the
manner
of
those
of
the
Moors
.
The
King
,
and
Inhabitants
of
Magadoxo
,
are
Mahometans
.
Adea
has
a
good
Harbour
,
called
Barraboa
.
Adel
,
wherein
is
the
City
of
Arat
;
it
obeys
a
King
,
who
is
a
great
Enemy
of
the
Christians
.
Barbora
,
and
Zela
,
drive
a
great
Trade
,
by
reason
of
the
conveniency
of
their
Havens
towards
the
entrance
of
the
Red
Sea
.
The
Tercera
Islands
.
THese
Islands
were
thus
named
from
that
which
is
particularly
called
Tercera
.
The
great
number
of
Autours
,
or
Goss-hawks
,
that
are
seen
there
,
has
made
them
go
under
the
name
of
Azores
.
They
have
that
of
the
Flemming
Islands
,
because
they
were
discovered
by
a
Flemming
.
They
are
called
High
,
as
more
Northerly
,
in
respect
of
the
Canaries
.
The
Portuguese
,
who
are
Masters
of
'em
,
export
from
thence
Corn
,
Wine
,
Garden-Woad
,
Skins
,
and
other
Commodities
.
There
are
seven
that
are
the
principal
,
without
reckoning
those
of
Coreo
and
of
Flores
,
where
several
have
placed
the
First
Meridian
.
Angra
,
the
capital
City
,
and
the
abode
of
a
Bishop
,
is
in
Tercera
.
The
other
Islands
are
Gratiosa
,
St.
George
,
Fayal
,
Pico
,
St.
Michael
,
and
Santa-Maria
.
The
Canary
Islands
.
THe
first
discovery
of
these
Islands
,
was
made
by
one
Bethen-Court
,
a
French
Gentleman
,
who
had
the
title
of
King
of
the
Canaries
,
and
facilitated
the
Conquest
of
'em
to
the
Spaniards
,
whom
they
now
obey
.
The
Name
of
Canary
,
came
from
the
Doggs
,
which
those
Islands
had
formerly
,
and
not
from
the
Canes
of
Sugar
,
which
were
not
planted
there
,
till
after
they
had
this
Name
.
The
common
opinion
is
,
that
they
are
the
Fortunate
Islands
of
the
Ancients
.
They
furnish
excellent
Wines
,
Sugar
abundantly
,
and
small
Birds
,
that
are
called
Canary-Birds
.
They
are
reckon'd
seven
in
number
.
They
are
all
exempt
from
venomous
Animals
,
and
nevertheless
subject
to
excessive
heats
.
The
principal
Canary
has
a
City
and
Bishoprick
of
the
same
Name
.
The
Isle
of
Fierro
is
known
for
its
Tree
,
which
distils
Water
to
its
Inhabitants
,
and
by
the
Position
,
that
in
France
is
made
there
,
of
the
first
Meridian
.
The
Island
of
Teneriffe
is
the
greatest
of
all
these
Islands
;
it
has
the
Mountain
of
Pico
,
always
covered
with
Snows
;
Seamen
esteem
it
the
highest
and
the
streightest
in
the
World
;
and
indeed
it
requires
three
days
time
to
mount
to
the
top
of
it
.
'T
is
seen
fifty
Leagues
off
;
It
's
us'd
as
a
Pharos
,
by
those
who
are
at
Sea
,
and
some
place
there
the
first
Meridian
:
It
is
said
to
yield
,
every
Year
,
above
twenty
thousand
Tuns
of
the
most
excellent
Wines
that
the
Earth
produces
.
The
other
Canary
Islands
are
la
Gomera
,
Palma
,
Fortaventura
,
and
Lancelotta
.
These
Islands
serve
often
for
Rendezouz
to
the
Spanish
Fleets
,
which
come
from
the
West-Indies
,
and
which
there
receive
order
to
what
place
of
the
Kingdom
of
Spain
they
must
go
and
dis-embark
their
Riches
.
At
la
Palma
our
Ships
touch
,
to
refresh
themselves
in
their
Voyage
towards
America
.
The
makers
of
Romances
have
taken
occasion
to
sham
us
with
many
things
,
upon
occasion
of
the
Canaries
.
The
Islands
of
Cap-Verd
.
THe
Islands
,
which
are
in
parallel
with
Cap-Verd
,
are
in
number
ten
,
and
go
under
the
Name
of
that
Cape
,
which
is
in
the
most
Western
part
of
Africk
.
The
Ancients
called
them
Hesperides
and
Gorgades
.
Poetry
has
plac'd
those
fine
Gardens
therein
,
which
it
feigned
to
be
kept
by
a
Dragon
.
Christopher
Columbus
says
,
they
are
ill
named
,
because
that
in
his
third
Voyage
,
he
found
they
were
dry
and
barren
.
They
belong
,
for
the
most
part
,
to
the
Portugueses
,
who
transport
from
thence
Salt
and
Goats-skins
.
Salt
is
made
naturally
there
,
in
Ditches
along
the
Sea
.
There
is
so
great
abundance
of
it
,
principally
in
the
Isle
of
May
,
that
the
Flemmings
call
all
these
Islands
,
the
Isles
of
Salt
.
The
chief
one
is
that
of
St.
James
,
with
a
small
Town
of
the
same
Name
;
the
others
are
St.
Anthony
,
St.
Vincent
,
St.
Lucy's
,
St.
Nicholas
,
Insula
Salis
,
Buen
avista
,
del
Fogo
,
and
de
Brave
;
there
are
some
of
these
who
have
no
Inhabitants
,
unless
some
Goatherds
.
The
Ocean
,
which
is
near
it
,
bears
the
Name
of
the
Green
Sea
,
by
reason
of
the
great
abundance
of
an
Herb
,
that
is
found
there
of
a
Green
and
Yellowish
Colour
,
which
makes
it
resemble
a
Meadow
,
in
the
double
Latin
sense
of
Aequor
.
The
Isle
of
Madagascar
.
THe
Isle
Madagascar
,
in
the
Eastern
,
which
we
call
the
Indian
Sea
,
is
the
greatest
of
the
Islands
that
are
attributed
to
Africa
.
It
is
distant
from
it
a
hundred
or
a
hundred
and
twenty
Leagues
,
and
there
is
hardly
an
Island
in
the
World
of
so
vast
an
extent
.
'T
is
in
length
above
a
thousand
English
Miles
,
and
near
three
hundred
in
breadth
.
The
Natives
of
the
Countrey
call
it
,
Madecase
;
the
Portuguese
,
St.
Lawrence
;
and
the
French
,
the
Isle
Dauphine
:
The
Ancients
call'd
it
Menuthias
,
and
the
Kernel
of
Aethiopia
.
According
to
our
Relations
,
the
Air
is
temperate
,
the
Soil
proper
for
all
manner
of
Grains
and
Trees
,
Rice
,
Skins
,
Wax
,
Gums
,
Cristals
,
Steels
,
Copper
,
Ebony
,
and
Woods
of
several
sorts
,
are
transported
from
thence
.
The
Inhabitants
consist
both
of
Whites
and
Blacks
,
who
are
almost
all
Idolaters
,
there
being
very
few
Mahometans
among
'em
.
The
Portugals
,
English
,
and
Hollanders
,
have
sometimes
touch'd
there
:
the
Portugals
,
in
the
Ance
of
Galion
;
the
English
,
in
the
Bay
of
St.
Augustin
;
and
the
Hollanders
,
in
that
of
Antongil
.
The
French
,
since
they
have
built
the
Fort
Dauphin
,
have
made
pretty
exact
Discoveries
of
all
the
Eastern
and
Southern
Coast
of
the
Island
.
The
Isle
of
Bourbon
,
called
formerly
Mascharenhe
,
five
and
twenty
Leagues
in
length
,
and
fourteen
in
breadth
,
is
in
possession
of
the
French
.
It
has
a
Vulcano
,
that
is
to
say
,
a
Mountain
that
spits
and
casts
forth
fire
;
the
rest
of
its
Land
is
by
much
the
best
and
finest
Countrey
in
the
World
;
the
Waters
are
very
healthful
,
and
it
has
most
of
the
Commodities
,
that
are
in
the
Isle
of
Madagascar
.
The
Isle
of
Maltha
.
MAltha
,
about
the
midst
of
the
Mediterranean-Sea
,
was
formerly
call'd
Melita
,
by
reason
of
its
Honey
.
'T
is
attributed
to
Africk
,
because
nearer
it
than
the
firm
Land
of
Europe
,
and
because
the
Maltheses
have
great
conformity
with
the
Africans
in
point
of
manners
.
It
s
Land
and
its
Stones
have
Vertues
altogether
singular
:
if
there
be
Serpents
,
they
have
no
venome
.
Some
appropriate
to
this
Island
,
the
particulars
of
the
Shipwrack
of
St.
Paul
,
and
those
of
the
little
Dogs
,
which
others
affirm
to
have
been
in
the
Isle
of
Melada
,
in
the
Gulph
of
Venice
.
The
Isle
of
Maltha
has
often
had
the
same
Soveraigns
with
Sicily
:
at
present
it
is
the
abode
of
the
Knights
of
St.
John
of
Jerusalem
,
under
a
Prince
,
whom
they
call
the
Great
Master
.
The
Patron
of
the
Order
is
St.
John
Baptist
,
and
,
nevertheless
,
the
Name
of
St.
John
was
given
it
,
upon
occasion
of
the
place
,
where
that
Order
was
first
of
all
establish'd
,
and
by
reason
of
a
St.
John
,
Bishop
of
Alexandria
,
celebrated
for
his
great
and
bountiful
Alms.
The
Emperour
,
Charles
the
Fifth
,
gave
it
to
the
Knights
,
who
had
no
setled
abode
,
since
the
loss
of
Rhodes
,
and
who
before
had
resided
at
Jerusalem
,
at
Margat
,
Acre
,
and
Limisso
,
in
the
Isle
of
Cyprus
.
The
Order
is
compos'd
of
eight
Tongues
,
which
are
as
many
principal
Nations
;
Provence
,
Auvergne
,
France
,
Italy
,
Aragon
,
England
,
Germany
,
and
Castile
.
To
each
of
'em
belong
some
considerable
Dignities
,
Priories
,
and
Commanderies
.
The
three
Tongues
of
France
have
full
three
hundred
Commanderies
,
and
the
five
others
together
have
not
many
more
.
The
Name
of
Knight
was
not
in
use
in
the
beginning
of
the
institution
of
the
Order
.
The
Religious
were
then
called
Hospitallers
of
St.
John
of
Jerusalem
.
One
of
the
Statutes
of
the
Order
,
bears
,
That
the
Knights
ought
rather
to
lose
their
Lives
,
than
yield
up
the
Places
that
are
confided
to
their
keeping
.
The
Island
produces
several
good
Fruits
;
as
it
has
little
Corn
and
Wine
to
nourish
seventy
five
or
eighty
thousand
persons
:
Sicily
does
commonly
supply
that
want
.
They
make
account
there
of
fifteen
thousand
Men
,
fit
for
service
;
and
they
now
keep
there
eight
good
Galleys
.
It
is
but
ten
Leagues
in
length
,
and
five
in
breadth
,
with
several
Harbours
and
Roads
,
that
are
called
Calles
and
Marsa
.
It
is
the
best
fortified
of
the
World
,
as
being
the
principal
Rampart
and
Bulwark
of
Christendom
,
and
its
Fortresses
have
above
three
hundred
pieces
of
Canon
.
By
reason
of
its
strength
,
and
the
valour
of
its
Knights
,
they
say
,
Maltha
fior
del
Mondo
.
There
are
four
Towns
;
the
City
,
which
is
about
the
midst
of
the
Island
;
Valetta
,
a
new
City
;
the
victorious
Burg
City
,
which
repulsed
the
Turks
in
the
Year
1565
;
and
St.
Michael
,
which
is
now
called
the
Isle
de
la
Sangle
:
the
three
last
are
near
one
another
,
and
seem
to
make
but
one
.
La
Goza
,
a
small
Island
near
that
of
Maltha
,
affords
good
Hawks
;
the
Great
Master
styles
himself
the
Prince
of
it
.
They
call
those
young
Knights
,
whom
they
mean
to
droll
upon
for
their
Bravading
,
by
the
Title
of
Prince
of
Forfola
,
which
is
a
Rock
near
the
Coast
.
Of
some
other
Islands
of
Africa
.
MAdera
,
eighteen
Leagues
in
compass
,
in
the
Atlantick
,
and
on
the
North
of
the
Canaries
,
belongs
to
the
Crown
of
Portugal
.
It
enjoys
a
pleasant
Air
,
is
not
subject
to
excessive
Heats
,
but
never
feels
any
Cold.
Seven
or
eight
small
Rivers
contribute
much
to
its
temperature
.
It
is
call'd
the
Queen
of
Islands
,
by
reason
of
its
Beauty
,
and
the
fertility
of
its
Soil
,
which
produces
excellent
Wine
.
Here
grow
also
delicate
Fruits
,
and
they
make
the
best
Sugar
in
the
World
,
which
furnishes
the
means
of
preparing
Marmalade
,
Codinniack
,
and
other
such
like
Preserves
.
It
has
three
Towns
;
the
principal
is
Funchal
,
the
Residence
of
the
Governour
and
the
Bishop
:
'T
is
at
the
foot
of
a
Mountain
,
which
is
full
five
Quarts
of
a
League
high
,
with
three
Fortresses
,
and
an
Harbour
in
form
of
a
Crescent
,
where
Ships
may
come
and
lye
at
Anchor
within
Pistol-shot
of
the
Town
.
St.
Thomas
,
under
the
Equinoctial
,
is
rich
in
Sugar
;
the
Air
bad
for
those
Foreigners
,
who
go
to
dwell
there
;
they
never
grow
bigger
than
they
were
at
their
first
arrival
there
.
The
Portuguese
were
the
first
who
subdued
it
.
It
s
best
Town
is
Pavoasan
,
of
about
seven
hundred
Families
,
with
a
Fortress
in
the
Eastern
part
of
the
Island
,
at
present
belonging
to
the
Hollanders
.
It
has
several
Trees
like
to
that
of
the
Island
of
Fierro
;
they
have
the
same
circumstance
of
distilling
Water
continually
,
for
the
use
of
the
Inhabitants
.
Their
Swines-flesh
is
more
pleasant
and
more
healthful
than
that
of
Fowl
,
by
reason
that
Creature
is
fed
with
Canes
that
produce
Sugar
.
The
Prince's
Island
has
had
this
Name
,
since
that
its
Revenue
was
set
apart
for
the
maintenance
of
the
Prince
of
Portugal
.
Annabon
was
so
called
,
having
been
first
discovered
on
the
first
day
of
the
Year
.
The
Portuguese
have
an
Habitation
there
in
its
Northern
part
.
St.
Helena
,
of
sixteen
Leagues
in
compass
,
is
in
the
Ethiopick
.
There
is
not
an
Island
,
in
the
World
,
farther
distant
from
the
Terra
firma
.
They
call
it
the
Sea's
Inn
,
because
it
has
fresh
Water
in
abundance
,
and
that
those
who
come
from
the
East-Indies
are
us'd
to
touch
there
,
to
take
it
in
.
It
's
high
and
full
of
Mountains
,
with
a
very
clear
Coast
without
Rocks
,
where
is
,
even
near
the
Rocks
,
above
ten
fathom
Water
.
The
English
have
found
such
great
accommodation
here
,
that
they
have
built
a
Fort
in
the
Island
.
Zocotora
and
Bebelmendel
are
towards
the
Red
Sea
;
this
last
in
the
Streight
which
receives
its
Name
,
where
the
passage
is
most
commodious
on
the
side
of
Africa
.
Zocotora
,
near
the
Cap
Guadarfu
,
five
and
twenty
Leagues
in
length
,
and
ten
in
breadth
,
obeys
a
King
that
is
an
Arabian
.
It
has
a
good
Road
,
and
Bays
very
commodious
,
where
Ships
may
ride
safe
at
Anchor
,
even
near
the
Rocks
.
Ships
may
Winter
there
more
conveniently
than
at
Mozambique
,
or
Mombaze
;
the
Air
being
healthful
,
the
Entrance
of
the
Bar
without
danger
,
and
the
Cattel
in
great
plenty
.
Asía
,
THis
part
of
the
World
,
which
is
called
the
Levant
,
by
reason
of
its
scituation
on
the
East
of
Europe
,
and
of
Africa
,
is
the
greatest
of
the
three
,
which
compose
our
Continent
.
It
s
Length
from
the
West
to
the
East
,
is
full
two
thousand
,
five
hundred
French
Leagues
from
the
Western
parts
of
Natolia
,
to
the
most
Eastern
parts
of
China
.
If
we
include
herein
the
Territories
of
Tartary
,
as
far
as
the
Channel
of
Piecko
,
and
the
Streight
of
Vries
,
which
separate
it
from
the
Land
of
Jesso
,
this
length
would
contain
above
thirty
Degrees
of
Longitude
more
.
The
Breadth
of
Asia
,
without
comprehending
therein
the
Islands
,
is
seventy
two
Degrees
,
which
make
above
eighteen
hundred
of
the
forementioned
Leagues
,
and
all
this
in
the
Northern
Temperate
Zone
,
except
some
Peninsula's
,
which
are
in
the
Torrid
Zone
.
Several
do
believe
that
the
Terrestrial
Paradice
was
in
Asia
,
and
so
that
Adam
was
Created
there
.
Asia
was
the
Lot
of
Sem
,
the
Eldest
of
Noah's
Sons
.
God
has
wrought
herein
the
principal
Mysteries
of
the
ancient
and
new
Law
,
and
therein
Jesus
Christ
was
born
.
'T
was
in
Asia
,
that
Man
did
first
breath
.
From
Asia
came
the
Customs
,
Religions
,
Manners
,
Laws
,
and
Learning
,
which
after
the
Universal
Deluge
,
spread
themselves
into
other
parts
of
the
Earth
.
Asia
is
famous
for
the
Monarchies
of
the
Assyrians
,
Medes
,
Babylonians
,
Persians
,
and
Califfs
;
for
the
Phoenician
People
,
who
first
taught
the
Greeks
,
and
other
Nations
,
a
good
part
of
the
Arts
and
Sciences
.
The
four
principal
Religions
are
followed
there
:
The
Jewish
,
the
Mahometan
,
and
Idolatrous
,
more
than
the
Christian
:
Idolatry
began
there
among
the
Assyrians
;
Judaism
amongst
the
Hebrews
;
Christianity
in
the
Holy
Land
;
and
Mahometism
in
Arabia
.
Several
Missions
have
been
established
there
by
Christian
Princes
,
those
of
Turkey
,
under
the
Protection
of
France
;
those
of
the
Indies
,
under
the
Protection
of
Portugal
;
those
of
the
Philippines
,
under
the
Protection
of
Castile
.
There
are
four
Archbishopricks
,
and
seven
Bishopricks
,
in
the
East-Indies
,
where
likewise
the
Jesuits
have
three
Provinces
,
that
of
Goa
,
that
of
Malabar
,
and
that
of
Japan
.
Since
the
Peace
of
the
Year
1659
,
France
sent
thither
the
Bishops
of
Heliopolis
,
Metellopolis
,
Berite
,
and
Caesarea
,
with
design
of
setling
Christianity
,
and
of
carrying
it
as
far
as
into
China
.
They
have
made
considerable
progresses
,
notwithstanding
the
impositions
of
the
Spaniards
,
who
would
have
impos'd
on
the
Bishop
of
Heliopolis
,
Intreagues
of
affairs
of
State
,
and
made
him
take
a
turn
round
the
World
without
his
desiring
it
.
Mahometism
is
receiv'd
by
the
four
principal
Nations
of
Asia
,
by
the
Turks
,
Arabians
,
Persians
,
and
Tartars
.
The
Turks
in
matters
of
Religion
,
are
the
freest
,
the
Arabians
,
the
most
superstitious
,
the
Persians
,
the
most
rational
,
and
the
Tartars
,
the
most
simple
.
Some
make
up
the
number
of
seventy
two
Sects
of
them
,
which
are
commonly
reduced
to
two
,
to
that
of
the
Turks
,
following
the
Doctrin
of
Homar
,
and
to
that
of
the
Persians
,
according
to
the
Doctrin
of
Hali.
These
last
have
their
Patriarch
at
Ispahan
;
the
Turks
have
theirs
at
Bagdad
.
The
Greeks
have
theirs
,
who
bear
the
names
of
Antioch
,
and
Jerusalem
.
There
be
still
other
Schismaticks
,
Jacobites
,
who
have
their
Patriarch
at
Caramit
;
Nestorians
,
Cophites
,
Georgiens
;
Syrians
,
who
bear
the
name
of
their
Chief
,
and
not
of
Syria
;
And
Armenians
.
These
last
have
two
Patriarcks
,
the
one
at
Nassivan
in
Media
,
the
other
at
Ciz
in
Cilicia
.
The
Maronites
have
theirs
at
Canobin
in
Mount
Libanus
.
The
Papists
boast
of
having
brought
over
several
to
their
Church
,
within
a
few
years
past
.
Asia
towards
the
West
,
is
separated
from
Africa
,
by
the
Red
Sea
,
and
by
the
Isthmus
of
Sues
:
It
is
divided
from
Europe
,
by
several
Seas
,
and
Streights
,
which
I
shall
enumerate
in
the
Article
upon
Europe
.
Towards
the
other
Regions
of
the
World
,
Asia
is
environ'd
with
the
Ocean
,
known
under
the
Name
of
Tartary
,
towards
the
North
;
under
that
of
China
,
towards
the
East
;
and
under
that
of
the
Indies
,
towards
the
South
.
Some
have
endeavoured
to
persuade
us
,
that
the
Hollanders
have
of
late
traded
into
Japan
,
by
the
Sea
of
Tartary
;
if
this
be
true
,
those
people
keep
that
Voyage
very
secret
,
and
are
much
afraid
that
other
Nations
should
have
any
knowledge
thereof
.
The
principal
Seas
within
the
Inland
Country
,
are
the
Caspian
,
which
now
receives
other
Names
from
the
Provinces
,
and
Cities
which
are
near
it
.
It
has
salt
Waters
,
tho'
it
has
the
Fish
of
Fresh
Waters
:
This
made
the
Ancients
believe
,
in
that
it
communicated
with
the
Ocean
,
it
may
well
communicate
with
some
Sea
,
by
the
subterraneous
Meatus
:
It
receives
several
great
Rivers
,
and
nevertheless
does
not
swell
.
The
Sea
El-Catif
,
is
that
of
Persia
.
The
Dead
Sea
is
small
in
respect
of
others
,
yet
it
is
famous
by
reason
of
the
Holy
Land
,
where
it
is
;
It
has
this
name
of
the
Dead
Sea
given
it
,
because
its
Waters
have
no
Motion
.
The
principal
Rivers
of
Asia
are
,
the
Euphrates
,
Tigris
,
Indus
,
Ganges
,
Quiam
,
and
Obi.
Caucasus
,
and
Taurus
,
so
celebrated
by
the
Ancients
,
are
the
highest
Mountains
in
this
part
of
the
World
;
The
Inhabitants
of
the
Country
have
them
under
other
Names
.
The
Air
,
almost
of
all
Asia
,
is
found
to
be
temperate
.
If
we
consider
its
Gold
,
Silver
,
precious
Stones
,
Drugs
,
Spices
,
Silk
,
Stuffs
;
we
must
own
,
that
it
is
the
richest
,
as
well
as
the
most
temperate
,
part
of
the
World
.
The
fishing
for
Pearls
is
in
three
principal
places
,
at
the
Isle
Baharem
in
the
Persian
Sea
,
the
Island
Manar
upon
the
Coast
of
the
Indus
,
and
that
of
Ainan
near
China
.
Amongst
the
Products
of
Asia
,
they
esteem
the
Diamonds
of
Golconda
and
Narsin●a
,
the
Pepper
and
Ginger
of
Malabar
,
the
Stuffs
of
Bengala
,
the
Rubies
and
Lacca
of
Pegu
,
the
Dainties
and
Knacks
of
China
;
the
Cinnamon
of
Ceilan
,
the
Gold
of
Sumatra
,
the
Camphire
of
Borneo
,
the
Cloves
of
the
Molucco's
,
the
Nutmegs
of
Banda
,
the
Sanders
of
Timor
.
Four
of
the
seven
Wonders
of
the
World
,
were
in
Asia
;
the
Temple
of
Diana
at
Ephesus
,
the
Mausoleum
at
Halicarnassus
,
the
Walls
of
Babylon
,
the
Colossus
at
Rhodes
;
the
Statue
of
Jupiter
Olympicus
,
was
in
Europe
,
the
Pharos
,
and
the
Pyramids
,
in
Africa
.
The
Asiaticks
have
ever
been
a
people
addicted
to
pleasures
,
except
some
Tartars
,
who
by
their
incursions
incommode
their
Neighbours
continually
;
they
love
fish
more
than
flesh
,
wherefore
Priests
,
in
their
Fasts
and
Lents
,
eat
only
flesh
.
Asia
is
under
the
Dominion
of
Potent
Monarchs
,
who
can
easily
bring
great
Armies
on
foot
;
of
whom
those
of
the
Turks
are
the
best
Disciplin'd
.
The
most
considerable
of
those
Sovereigns
,
are
the
Grand
Segnior
,
who
resides
in
Europe
;
the
King
of
Persia
;
the
Great
Cham
of
Tartary
,
at
present
,
King
of
China
in
part
;
and
the
great
Mogul
.
Several
other
great
Princes
are
in
Georgia
,
Arabia
,
Tartary
,
in
the
Indies
,
and
in
most
of
the
Islands
.
Divers
people
maintain
their
liberty
in
the
Mountains
.
The
principal
place
of
the
Conquests
of
Portugal
,
is
Goa
,
that
of
the
Hollandens
,
Jacatra
,
otherwise
Batavia
,
in
the
Isle
of
Java
.
The
English
and
the
French
,
have
their
chief
place
of
Traffick
at
Surat
.
The
Spaniards
possess
the
Philippine
Islands
,
the
Moscovites
sway
the
best
part
of
the
Desart
of
Tartary
,
which
commonly
be
attributed
to
Asia
.
In
the
division
of
this
part
of
the
World
,
some
Authors
make
it
to
be
Inferior
,
and
Exterior
,
in
respect
of
Mount
Taurus
.
By
this
same
Mountain
the
Greeks
have
made
it
a
Citerior
,
or
Northorn
,
and
Vlterior
,
or
Southern
in
respect
of
them
;
we
divide
it
into
Terra-firma
and
Islands
.
The
Countrys
of
the
Terra
,
firma
,
are
towards
the
West
,
the
Asian
Turky
,
Georgia
,
and
Arabia
;
towards
the
middle
Persia
;
towards
the
North
Tartary
;
towards
the
East
China
;
towards
the
South
India
,
divided
into
Terra-firma
,
which
is
the
Empire
of
the
Mogul
,
and
into
two
Peninsula's
,
the
one
on
this
,
and
the
other
on
that
,
side
the
Ganges
.
The
Islands
are
in
the
Eastern
Sea
,
that
is
,
that
of
the
Indies
,
where
are
found
to
be
the
greatest
Riches
,
and
perhaps
in
greater
number
,
than
in
all
the
rest
of
the
Universe
.
These
Islands
are
the
Maldives
,
Ceilan
,
those
of
the
Sound
,
and
Japan
,
the
Philippins
,
and
the
Moluccoes
.
There
are
some
Islands
of
Asia
in
the
Mediterranean
Sea
,
Cyprus
,
Rhodes
,
and
others
in
the
Archipelago
.
Turkey
in
Asia
.
WHat
belongs
to
the
Turk
in
Asia
,
comprehends
much
about
the
same
Provinces
,
which
the
ancient
Romans
had
in
that
part
of
the
World
;
and
besides
that
,
those
of
Armenia
,
and
Assyria
.
'T
was
formerly
adorned
with
a
great
number
of
brave
Cities
;
The
conduct
of
the
Turks
,
and
the
laziness
of
the
Inhabitants
,
have
quite
ruined
most
of
them
.
One
wou'd
think
this
Countrey
ought
to
be
very
populous
,
by
reason
of
the
freedom
which
Men
enjoy
there
,
of
having
several
Wives
;
yet
it
's
certain
,
it
has
very
few
people
,
if
we
consider
its
large
extent
.
There
seldom
pass
five
or
six
years
together
,
without
several
thousands
of
persons
being
swept
away
by
the
Plague
.
What
is
considerable
is
,
that
along
the
Coasts
,
where
the
Echelles
,
that
is
to
say
,
places
of
Trade
,
inrich
themselves
by
the
transportation
of
the
Levantine
Merchandizes
,
which
consist
in
Skins
,
Cotton
,
Tapistry
,
Camlets
,
and
other
like
Stuffs
:
These
Echelles
have
this
in
particular
,
that
they
have
Consuls
for
the
Nations
of
Europe
:
And
in
consideration
of
the
Christian
Princes
,
the
Knights
of
Maltha
,
do
not
commonly
form
any
enterprizes
thereabouts
.
The
Merchants
,
who
dwell
there
,
send
and
receive
their
Letters
by
a
sort
of
Pigeons
called
Carriers
,
which
they
keep
,
and
which
they
send
for
that
purpose
to
the
places
,
where
they
have
been
brought
up
.
The
Grand
Seigniour
,
has
his
Bashaws
there
,
who
keep
the
people
under
extream
subjection
.
The
Mahometan
Religion
is
received
in
most
places
.
Where
are
also
to
be
seen
Jews
,
and
Christians
of
the
Greek
Church
.
As
for
manners
,
a
Cadi
,
or
Judge
,
has
judiciously
observ'd
,
That
amongst
the
Nations
,
who
inhabit
this
Region
,
the
Turks
were
blameable
for
their
Whoring
,
the
Jews
for
their
Superstition
,
and
the
Christians
for
their
Litigiousness
.
This
Turkey
is
certainly
in
a
choice
scituation
;
in
the
midst
of
our
Continent
,
and
in
the
Temperate
Zone
;
it
has
the
Course
of
the
Euphrates
,
and
Tigris
,
with
the
conveniency
of
four
Seas
,
the
Mediterranean
,
the
Black
Sea
,
the
Caspian
,
and
that
of
El-Catif
,
which
open
to
it
the
Commerce
of
the
principal
Regions
of
the
World
,
and
particularly
,
that
of
the
East-Indies
.
The
Euphrates
having
pass'd
near
the
ruins
of
the
ancient
Babylon
,
joins
it self
to
the
Tigris
below
Bagdad
.
It
s
Channel
is
inconsiderable
in
those
parts
by
reason
of
the
many
Islets
that
are
made
there
.
It
has
this
advantage
,
that
it
joins
the
Traffick
of
the
Black
Sea
,
which
is
not
far
distant
from
its
Sources
,
with
that
of
the
East-Indies
.
The
Tigris
forms
several
Lakes
,
sometimes
going
under
the
Earth
,
and
after
having
passed
by
Bagdad
,
mixing
with
Euphrates
.
The
Waters
of
these
two
Rivers
,
fall
into
the
Sea
El-Catif
;
formerly
under
the
name
of
Euphrates
,
now
under
that
of
Tigris
,
or
rather
under
that
of
Chat
,
which
is
called
the
Arabick
River
.
The
Countrey
,
which
they
Water
;
is
so
beautiful
,
and
so
fertil
,
that
several
place
therein
the
Terrestrial
Paradice
.
There
are
hardly
any
Stone
Bridges
upon
the
Tigris
;
and
by
reason
of
its
inundations
,
they
commonly
make
their
Bridges
of
Boats
.
Four
great
Provinces
are
in
this
Turkey
Natolia
,
Turcomania
,
Dierbech
,
and
Souria
.
Natolia
,
formerly
Asia
Minor
,
is
a
Peninsula
much
more
long
than
broad
,
between
the
Black
Sea
,
the
Archipelago
,
the
Mediterranean
,
and
the
River
of
Euphrates
.
The
ancient
Greeks
sent
thither
several
Colonies
:
Cyrus
the
Great
thought
his
Empire
would
not
be
considerable
,
unless
he
had
Asia
Minor
.
Mighty
Battails
have
often
been
fought
for
the
preserving
this
Province
,
and
for
the
Conquering
it
.
There
are
reckoned
four
Beglerbeyats
,
or
general
Governments
;
that
of
Natolia
at
Chioutaye
;
Caramania
at
Cogni
,
Amasi
at
Tocat
,
and
Aladuli
at
Maraz
.
The
City
of
Burse
,
has
been
successively
the
Residence
of
the
Kings
of
Bithynia
,
and
of
some
Greek
Emperours
,
and
Turkish
ones
too
,
before
they
passed
into
Europe
.
The
first
Ottomans
have
their
Tombs
there
:
Soliman
the
First
,
would
needs
be
buryed
at
the
neck
of
the
Dardanelles
near
Gallipoli
:
Burse
yields
little
but
to
Conscantinople
,
for
its
Riches
,
and
its
multitudes
of
people
.
Nice
is
known
for
the
holding
the
first
General
Council
,
and
for
the
Residence
of
the
Greek
Emperours
,
after
that
the
French
had
taken
Constantinople
in
the
Year
1201.
Angoure
is
famous
for
the
Victory
of
Tamberlane
over
Bajazet
Emperour
of
the
Turks
,
and
before
,
for
that
of
Pompey
over
Mithridates
.
Tocat
is
the
Appennage
of
the
Sultan-Mothers
.
The
Countrey
round
about
it
produces
Saffron
.
Troy
,
Pergamus
,
Sardis
,
have
been
Royal
Cities
.
Troy
,
famous
by
reason
of
its
being
taken
by
the
Greeks
after
a
Siege
often
Years
,
or
rather
for
Homer's
immortal
Banter
,
has
its
ruins
mingled
with
the
decays
of
some
Modern
works
.
It
was
called
Dardania
,
upon
the
account
of
Dardanus
its
first
King
,
Ilium
,
by
reason
of
its
Castle
of
Priam.
The
City
of
Pergamos
,
is
highly
renowned
for
the
riches
of
King
Attalus
,
and
the
invention
of
Parchment
.
Sardis
,
for
the
Residence
of
the
ancient
Kings
of
Lydia
.
Dinobi
upon
the
Black
Sea
,
has
Copper
Mines
in
its
Neighbourhood
,
which
are
perhaps
the
only
ones
in
Asia
.
It
has
been
the
abode
of
Mithridates
,
the
most
formidable
Enemy
of
the
Romans
;
who
notwithstanding
his
defeat
,
had
the
thought
of
traversing
Lacholcide
,
Soythia
,
and
Illyria
,
to
come
and
attack
Italy
.
Chalcedon
is
the
place
,
where
was
held
the
Fourth
General
Council
.
As
its
ancient
Inhabitants
were
cracking
,
that
their
City
was
built
before
Bizantium
;
a
Persian
told
them
judiciously
,
that
its
Founders
had
been
blind
,
to
choose
so
incommodious
a
scituation
,
in
respect
of
that
of
Bizantium
.
Avido
one
of
the
Castles
,
that
are
called
Dardanelles
upon
the
Hellespont
,
has
seen
the
swimming
Amours
of
Hero
and
Leander
,
as
also
the
passage
of
that
prodigious
Army
of
Xerxes
King
of
Persia
,
upon
a
Bridge
of
six
hundred
and
seventy
four
Galleys
.
Fogia
,
Smyrna
,
Ephesus
,
Milazo
,
and
Halicarnassus
,
are
upon
the
Coast
of
the
Archipelago
.
Fogia
,
formerly
Phocee
,
the
Mother
of
Marscilles
,
is
the
first
City
that
was
taken
in
a
form'd
Siege
,
and
the
taking
of
it
was
Harpagus
his
Act
,
General
under
Cyrus
the
great
.
Smyrna
,
which
is
often
called
the
Smirnes
,
and
which
contains
above
ninety
thousand
Souls
,
is
in
a
fertile
ground
,
and
drives
one
of
the
greatest
Commerces
in
the
Mediteranean-Sea
:
The
English
,
French
and
Venetians
,
have
their
respective
Consuls
there
.
Alexander
the
great
did
in
vain
endeavour
to
ditch
the
Peninsula
that
is
near
it
;
this
is
said
to
be
the
only
Enterprize
which
that
Heroe
was
unable
to
bring
about
.
Ephesus
has
had
the
Temple
of
Diana
.
Melazo
,
formerly
Miletum
,
has
establish'd
several
Colonies
in
diverse
places
,
and
held
out
a
long
while
against
the
Kings
of
Lydia
.
It
was
near
some
neighbouring
Islands
of
the
City
of
Miletum
,
that
Julius
Caesar
was
taken
by
Pyrates
.
Halicarnassus
boasts
of
having
had
the
Mausoleum
built
by
Queen
Artemisa
,
in
memory
of
King
Mausolus
,
her
Husband
.
Santhe
prides
it self
in
the
brave
resistance
of
its
ancient
Citizens
,
who
suffered
all
the
Extremities
imaginable
,
in
the
sieges
they
held
out
,
at
several
times
,
against
Harpagus
,
Alexander
the
Great
,
and
against
Brutus
.
Sattalia
,
otherwise
Antali
,
gives
its
Name
to
a
neighbouring
Gulph
.
Tarsus
was
the
place
of
St.
Paul's
Education
.
Tiagna
is
the
native
Countrey
of
the
learned
Apollonius
;
Amasia
,
that
of
Mithridates
and
Strabo
.
Zela
,
which
is
not
far
off
,
is
renowned
for
the
Victory
of
Julius
Caesar
,
over
Pharnaces
.
Trebizond
has
been
the
capital
City
of
an
Empire
of
short
continuance
:
This
Empire
having
been
established
by
Isaac
Comnone
,
who
having
retir'd
from
Constantinople
,
was
destroyed
by
Mahomet
the
Second
,
Emperour
of
the
Turks
;
the
same
who
rendred
himself
Master
of
the
Empire
of
the
Greeks
.
Laiazza
is
near
the
passage
of
Cilicia
,
where
several
Battels
have
been
fought
.
The
modern
History
sets
down
that
of
the
Sultan
of
Aegypt
against
Bajazet
the
Second
,
Emperour
of
the
Turks
,
wherein
the
latter
was
defeated
:
Alexander
the
Great
,
gained
here
a
memorable
Victory
,
over
Darius
,
in
person
.
Ventidius
Bassus
,
the
Roman
,
vanquished
the
Parthians
here
;
and
the
Emperour
Severus
discomfited
Pescenninus
Niger
,
his
Rival
to
the
Empire
.
Near
this
Place
we
are
shown
the
ancient
City
of
Anchialus
,
which
is
said
to
have
been
built
in
a
day
by
Sardanapalus
:
Perhaps
the
Workmen
of
that
Age
were
as
dexterous
as
the
modern
Muscovites
,
who
in
the
Market
sell
Houses
whole
,
and
ready
made
to
be
set
up
.
Amongst
the
Rivers
of
Asia
Minor
,
Thermodoon
,
now
Pormon
,
has
had
the
Amazons
in
its
neighbourhood
.
Lalli
serv'd
for
bounds
to
the
Dominions
of
Cirus
and
Croesus
;
Granique
towards
the
Hellespont
,
has
been
witness
of
the
first
Victory
of
Alexander
the
Great
over
the
Persians
;
Pactolus
,
near
Sardis
,
has
been
famous
for
its
golden
Sand
,
which
gave
occasion
to
the
great
Riches
of
the
Kings
of
Lydia
:
the
Meander
for
its
fine
Swans
,
and
its
Sinuosities
.
The
Cidne
,
near
Tarsus
,
has
its
Waters
so
cold
,
that
they
killed
the
Emperour
Barbarossa
,
who
bathed
himself
therein
:
Alexander
the
Great
,
having
done
the
like
,
was
abandoned
by
most
of
his
Physicians
,
and
was
only
cured
by
the
Remedy
of
Philip
,
who
ordered
a
Potion
pretty
like
the
modern
Emetic
Wine
.
The
most
renowned
Mountains
of
Asia
Minor
,
are
Taurus
,
Ida
,
and
Micale
.
Taurus
divides
all
Asia
into
two
parts
,
as
we
have
already
said
.
It
is
the
most
famous
in
the
World
for
its
length
,
for
its
heighth
,
and
its
branches
,
Caucasus
and
Imaus
are
parts
of
it
.
Ida
,
near
Troy
,
is
famous
for
the
judgment
of
Paris
;
Micale
,
near
Ephesus
,
for
the
Sea
Engagement
,
which
the
Greeks
won
over
the
Persians
,
the
same
day
that
these
were
vanquish'd
at
Platees
in
Boeotia
.
Turcomania
is
the
Countrey
of
the
Armenians
,
whose
Tongue
and
Religion
are
received
in
most
places
of
the
Levant
.
Those
People
,
who
had
their
peculiar
Kings
before
that
the
Turks
subdued
them
,
pretend
,
that
they
cannot
be
made
Slaves
,
by
reason
of
a
Priviledge
,
which
their
Predecessours
obtain'd
from
Mahomet
,
when
that
they
assisted
him
to
his
establishment
.
This
consideration
has
made
most
of
the
Merchants
of
Turkey
,
go
under
the
name
of
Armenians
.
There
are
still
at
this
day
,
in
Armonia
,
Curdes
,
who
defend
their
Liberty
.
The
King
of
Persia
has
also
some
part
of
it
.
He
is
in
possession
of
Erevan
,
which
has
in
its
neighbourhood
the
three
Churches
,
the
abode
of
the
Patriarch
of
the
Armenians
.
The
Persians
draw
from
thence
a
considerable
Tribute
,
for
the
passage
of
the
Caravans
:
For
the
better
subjecting
to
themselves
,
what
they
stand
possess'd
of
,
they
have
carried
thence
whole
Colonies
,
who
inhabit
the
City
of
Giulfa
,
near
Ispaham
.
Cha
Abas
used
a
very
rigorous
Policy
towards
these
poor
Wretches
;
he
took
away
their
Wives
,
to
give
them
to
Mahometans
of
his
Kingdom
,
and
gave
them
the
Wives
of
those
Mahometans
.
'T
is
held
to
be
upon
the
Mountains
of
Armenia
,
and
chiefly
upon
Ararat
,
that
the
Ark
of
Noah
rested
,
and
there
we
place
the
terrestrial
Paradice
:
Not
improbably
it
is
the
middle
and
the
highest
place
of
the
World
:
Sem
,
Ham
,
and
Japhet
,
set
down
there
the
bounds
of
their
Dividend
;
there
is
to
be
seen
the
Sources
of
four
famous
Rivers
,
the
Euphrates
,
Tigris
,
Faze
,
and
Arais
.
The
three
first
have
Names
conformable
to
those
mentioned
in
Holy
Writ
.
Arais
may
well
be
the
Gehun
,
since
Gehun
in
the
Chaldaick
Tongue
,
signifies
a
River
;
and
Arasses
in
Persian
,
signifies
the
same
thing
;
Besides
,
the
Etopian
people
are
placed
near
its
Bed
.
This
Arais
joyns
to
Kur
,
before
it
falls
into
the
Caspian-Sea
:
it
is
the
only
River
of
the
Countrey
,
that
bears
Boats
,
and
the
Araxes
of
the
Ancients
,
which
has
served
for
bounds
to
the
Kingdoms
of
Media
,
and
Armenia
,
where
Justin
has
set
down
the
Defeat
of
Cyrus
the
Great
,
by
Tomiris
,
Queen
of
the
Scithians
.
Diarbech
is
the
Assyria
,
where
the
Romans
have
often
fought
unhappily
against
the
Parthians
,
and
where
the
Turks
and
Persians
have
their
greatest
Disputes
.
Two
Cities
now
ruin'd
,
have
been
very
considerable
there
,
Niniveh
,
and
Babilon
.
Niniveh
,
opposite
to
and
on
the
East
of
Mosul
and
beyond
the
Euphrates
,
was
the
abode
of
the
Kings
of
Assyria
,
with
twenty
four
of
our
Leagues
in
compass
:
The
voluntary
Death
of
Sardanapalus
,
and
the
repentance
of
its
Inhabitants
,
have
made
it
the
labour
of
History
.
Babilon
,
a
small
days
journey
from
Bagdad
,
which
is
upon
the
Tigris
,
has
nothing
more
than
ruins
in
a
place
called
Felougia
.
In
the
neighbourhood
is
shown
the
place
where
was
the
Tower
of
Babel
,
famous
for
the
confusion
of
Tongues
.
This
Babilon
was
built
by
Nimrod
,
who
is
said
to
be
the
same
with
Belus
;
Queen
Semiramis
,
as
also
Nebuchadnezzar
,
did
much
augment
it
:
This
Princess
having
caused
Walls
to
be
raised
there
,
which
have
made
it
pass
for
one
of
the
Seven
Wonders
of
the
World
,
and
its
fine
Gardens
in
Terrace
have
given
admiration
to
several
persons
.
As
it
hath
been
the
object
of
the
greatest
Conquerours
of
the
East
,
it
has
been
taken
by
Cirus
,
by
Darius
,
by
Alexander
the
Great
,
who
died
there
at
his
return
from
his
Conquests
,
and
by
Seleucus
.
The
Children
of
Israel
were
there
in
captivity
,
for
the
space
of
seventy
years
:
the
Countrey
round
about
produces
two
sorts
of
Pitch
,
the
one
dry
,
which
is
made
use
of
in
Buildings
,
the
other
liquid
and
very
suceptible
of
fire
,
having
this
particular
,
of
not
being
to
be
extinguish'd
,
but
with
Dirt
,
Vinegar
,
Alom
,
and
Glew
.
The
Power
and
Riches
of
Babilon
have
been
so
great
,
that
it
alone
contributed
more
to
King
Cirus
,
than
did
the
third
part
of
his
Dominions
.
After
Babilon
,
Seleucia
has
been
considerable
in
Assiria
,
Ctesiphon
,
Vologe-socerta
,
and
lastly
,
Bagdad
,
which
is
in
the
place
of
Ctesiphon
.
Bagdad
,
which
some
call
Baldac
,
and
which
is
vulgarly
called
Babilon
,
is
not
only
resorted
to
by
Merchants
of
several
Nations
,
but
also
by
Mahometans
,
who
go
thither
from
all
parts
of
Asia
,
to
visit
,
in
its
neighbourhood
,
the
Sepulchres
of
Omar
,
Ali
,
and
other
Disciples
of
Mahomet
.
It
was
for
a
long
while
the
Residence
of
the
Caliphs
:
one
of
whom
,
named
Vlit
,
has
had
the
glory
of
being
Master
of
the
greatest
Monarchy
that
has
ever
been
in
the
World
:
It
extended
from
the
most
Western
parts
of
Barbary
,
to
the
Indus
.
'T
is
observ'd
of
another
Caliph
,
of
this
same
City
,
that
he
left
,
at
his
death
,
eight
Sons
,
eight
Daughters
,
eight
Millions
of
Gold
,
eight
thousand
Slaves
,
and
his
Dominions
augmented
by
eight
Kingdoms
.
In
the
Year
1638
,
when
the
Grand
Seignior
,
Amurath
the
Fourth
recover'd
this
strong
and
important
City
of
Bagdad
from
the
Persians
;
he
caus'd
three
Men
of
each
Company
of
his
Army
to
be
cast
into
the
Ditch
,
and
upon
them
a
number
of
Faggots
,
and
Sacks
of
Wool
,
for
the
making
the
Assault
with
the
more
facility
.
Kufa
is
a
Town
,
which
the
Inhabitants
have
in
peculiar
veneration
,
by
reason
of
the
Sepulcher
of
Ali.
They
keep
there
a
Horse
always
ready
to
mount
him
,
whom
they
say
is
to
come
and
convert
the
whole
World
to
their
Law
.
Bassora
is
a
Town
near
the
mouth
of
the
Tigris
,
called
Chat
by
those
of
the
Countrey
.
'T
is
spacious
and
pleasant
,
by
reason
of
its
Palm-Trees
.
By
the
means
of
its
Harbour
,
it
furnishes
the
Indies
and
Persia
with
Dates
,
which
serve
for
Bread
and
Wine
,
to
those
who
know
how
to
prepare
them
.
It
s
great
Commerce
of
Horses
,
makes
it
often
called
by
the
Name
of
Mer-El-Catif
.
They
were
used
to
Voyage
,
upon
this
Sea
or
Gulph
,
along
the
shoar
,
and
with
the
lead
in
hand
.
The
Barks
that
are
made
use
of
there
,
are
sewed
with
little
Cords
of
Coco
;
insomuch
,
that
not
any
Nails
are
to
be
perceived
in
'em
.
Some
few
years
ago
,
Bassora
belong'd
to
Ali
Bashaw
,
who
called
himself
King
of
it
,
and
who
had
this
state
from
Father
to
Son
,
and
was
the
Dominus
fac-totum
,
paying
only
a
small
tribute
to
the
Grand
Seignior
,
who
did
not
press
him
,
for
fear
he
should
take
the
Persians
side
.
Souria
is
divided
into
Souria
,
Phoenicia
,
and
the
Holy
Land
.
Souria
proper
to
the
City
of
Aleppo
,
which
is
reckoned
for
the
best
of
all
the
Levant
,
and
contains
above
two
hundred
and
fifty
thousand
Persons
.
It
is
really
the
third
of
the
Ottoman
Empire
,
if
we
consider
the
resort
thither
of
the
Caravans
,
the
Rendezvouz
of
the
Turkish
Armies
in
the
Wars
of
Persia
,
and
all
its
other
advantages
.
The
Jewels
,
Spices
,
Silks
,
and
other
precious
Commodities
,
arrive
here
from
the
East
by
Sea
,
and
by
Land
:
They
send
them
afterwards
into
Barbary
,
by
means
of
the
Port
of
Alexandretta
,
upon
the
Mediterranean
Sea
.
They
there
make
use
of
Camels
,
for
the
going
to
Bi
r
,
where
they
might
have
the
conveniency
of
the
Euphrates
,
as
far
as
the
Neighbourhood
of
Bagdad
;
but
several
Mills
there
hinder
the
Navigation
.
It
's
fine
to
see
upon
that
River
,
the
Peasants
going
down
the
stream
upon
Goats-skins
,
which
they
fill
with
Wind
,
and
let
out
again
,
when
they
have
made
use
of
them
.
Antioch
which
,
for
excellency
,
has
the
Denomination
of
Great
,
was
the
abode
of
some
Roman
Emperours
,
and
the
Cradle
of
Christianity
,
St.
Paul
having
established
here
the
first
Patriarchate
of
the
Church
.
It
has
had
formerly
a
Suburb
called
Daphne
,
which
passed
for
one
of
the
most
delicious
places
in
the
World
.
Damas
,
the
Metropolis
of
Phoenicia
,
sends
us
sweet
smelling
Waters
,
Wines
,
pleasurable
Fruits
,
Prunes
,
Raisins
,
Cutlasses
,
Sword
Blades
;
and
other
works
,
which
keep
the
Name
of
it
.
They
say
,
that
after
the
Battel
of
Issus
,
Alexander
the
Great
,
found
in
Damascus
,
two
hundred
thousand
six
hundred
Talents
of
Coined
Money
.
This
City
is
in
so
fertile
,
and
so
agreeable
a
scituation
,
that
some
have
called
it
the
Paradice
of
the
World
.
Sayd
(
otherwise
Sidon
)
has
a
French
Consul
,
for
Trade
.
Sur
,
or
Sour
,
from
whence
came
the
Name
of
Souria
,
is
the
ancient
Tyre
;
renowned
for
its
fine
Scarlet
,
for
its
good
Mariners
;
for
its
Colonies
;
and
for
the
Siege
of
seven
Months
,
which
it
held
out
against
Alexander
the
Great
,
before
he
could
take
it
.
In
its
Neighbourhood
,
is
to
be
seen
the
Castle
of
Tygade
,
the
ancient
obode
of
Old
de
la
Montagne
,
Prince
of
the
Assassins
,
who
executed
blindly
all
the
Orders
of
their
Sovereign
.
Saint
John
de
Aere
,
otherwise
Ptolemaida
,
formerly
the
Residence
of
the
Knights
of
St.
John
of
Jerusalem
,
is
accompanied
with
a
Sea-Haven
.
Mount
Libanus
,
is
remarkable
for
its
height
,
for
its
fertility
,
for
the
ancient
Cedars
,
which
have
been
found
there
,
since
the
Creation
of
the
World
.
It
has
full
sixty
Leagues
in
compass
,
and
forty
Villages
of
the
Maronites
.
Those
people
who
are
Catholicks
,
receive
their
Name
from
the
Monastery
of
Saint-Maron
:
They
are
in
possession
of
four
hundred
Villages
,
and
can
bring
fifteen
thousand
Men
in
Arms.
Canobin
is
the
Residence
of
their
Patriarch
,
who
bears
the
Title
of
that
of
Antioch
.
Besides
the
Maronites
in
this
Mount
Libanus
,
are
Emirs
,
or
Princes
,
and
the
Nations
of
the
Druses
,
Nassarians
,
Kelbins
,
who
maintain
there
their
liberty
.
The
Holy
Land
,
where
the
principal
Mysteries
of
our
Salvation
were
wrought
;
is
(
as
it
were
)
in
the
midst
of
our
Continent
.
It
was
first
of
all
named
the
Land
of
Canaan
,
the
Land
of
the
Promise
,
the
Land
of
the
Hebrews
,
the
Land
of
Israelites
;
and
afterwards
Judea
,
Palestine
;
and
finally
the
Holy
Land
;
by
reason
of
the
Birth
,
and
Death
of
the
Saviour
of
the
World
,
and
in
consideration
of
the
abode
of
the
Prophets
.
It
s
principal
and
first
Divisions
have
been
into
eleven
people
,
who
bore
the
Names
of
the
Children
of
Canaan
;
into
fifty
two
Kingdoms
,
and
five
Satrapies
:
into
twelve
Tribes
,
who
went
under
the
Names
of
the
Children
of
Jacob.
'T
is
however
to
be
observed
,
that
Manasses
,
and
Ephraim
,
are
the
Names
of
the
Children
of
Joseph
,
who
died
before
the
Division
;
and
that
the
Tribes
,
who
had
the
Lands
on
the
East
of
Jordan
,
had
them
upon
condition
of
engaging
first
in
the
most
dangerous
Actions
.
The
other
Divisions
of
the
Holy
Land
,
have
been
into
twelve
Governments
under
Solomon
:
Into
two
Kingdoms
,
Israel
and
Judah
:
Into
six
Provinces
,
after
the
Captivity
of
Babylon
:
Into
three
Roman
Provinces
:
Into
five
Tribunals
or
Audiences
,
by
Gabinius
:
And
lastly
,
Into
three
Ecclesiastical
Provinces
.
The
Holy-Land
has
hardly
,
at
present
,
any
place
of
Remark
;
and
the
Turks
only
preserve
the
Towns
they
have
there
,
by
reason
of
the
Money
which
they
exact
from
the
Pilgrims
.
It
had
formerly
Cities
so
rich
,
so
powerful
,
and
in
such
great
numbers
,
that
no
Countrey
in
the
World
was
there
that
could
be
compared
to
't
,
for
that
reason
:
there
having
been
reckoned
above
five
hundred
and
seventy
.
It
s
extent
from
the
South
to
the
North
,
is
about
seventy
Leagues
;
Its
breadth
thirty
,
somewhere
more
,
somewhere
less
,
according
as
it
is
bounded
,
either
by
the
Mountains
of
Arabia
,
or
by
Jordan
.
What
is
there
call'd
the
Desart
,
is
so
stiled
,
in
that
it
has
not
all
the
fertility
,
that
is
found
in
the
Countreys
which
are
near
it
.
It
s
modern
Division
is
into
three
Principalities
,
Sayd
,
Cossaria
,
and
Gaza
.
Two
Governments
are
under
the
Bashaw
of
Damascus
,
Jerusalem
,
and
Naplouse
.
Jerusalem
,
tho'
fallen
from
its
ancient
Lustre
,
still
preserves
those
places
,
which
Jesus
Christ
was
pleas'd
to
honour
with
his
presence
.
It
has
been
famous
for
the
bigness
,
beauty
,
and
riches
of
its
Temple
;
for
its
Kings
;
for
its
High-Priests
;
and
for
other
particularities
.
It
was
ruined
by
Nebuchadnezzar
,
by
Vespasian
,
and
Titus
;
These
two
last
saw
the
Death
of
Eleven
hundred
thousand
Persons
.
There
are
eight
Nations
of
Christians
,
who
are
rank'd
in
the
Church
of
the
Holy
Sepulchre
.
The
Roman
Catholicks
,
the
Maronites
;
the
Greeks
,
the
Armenians
,
the
Syrians
,
or
Jacobites
,
the
Copties
,
or
Aegyptians
,
and
the
Georgians
.
One
of
the
Gates
of
the
City
,
called
the
Eye
of
a
Needle
,
has
given
occasion
to
the
Proverb
,
that
a
Camel
may
as
soon
pass
through
the
Eye
of
a
Needle
,
as
a
Rich
man
enter
into
the
Kingdom
of
Heaven
.
Nazareth
is
the
place
,
where
the
Saviour
of
the
World
was
conceived
;
Bethlem
that
where
he
was
born
.
There
are
an
infinite
number
of
rare
things
to
be
remark'd
upon
these
Cities
of
the
Holy
Land
:
The
misfortune
is
,
that
they
are
hardly
any
longer
to
be
known
.
Some
Islands
in
the
Mediterranean
Sea
,
belong
to
the
Turks
,
whereof
that
of
Cyprus
is
the
greatest
;
It
has
the
Title
of
a
Kingdom
,
and
formerly
contained
nine
.
Nicosia
is
the
Capital
City
of
the
Island
.
Famagusta
the
Principal
Sea-Port
.
This
Famagusta
was
the
last
place
,
which
the
Venetians
defended
there
against
the
Turks
,
who
took
it
at
last
after
a
Siege
of
seventy
dayes
,
and
above
a
hundred
and
forty
thousand
Shot
made
against
the
Town
.
The
Grotto
of
the
seven
Sleepers
,
is
near
the
City
of
Baffo
.
In
an
Abbey
near
Limisso
,
they
keep
Cats
,
brought
up
to
the
hunting
of
Serpents
,
after
which
they
return
back
thither
at
the
ringing
of
a
Bell.
The
Isle
of
Rhodes
is
famous
for
the
ancient
abode
of
the
Knights
of
the
same
Name
,
who
were
constrained
to
yield
it
to
the
Turk
in
the
Year
1522
:
For
the
Colossus
of
the
Sun
,
which
was
so
prodigious
,
that
few
persons
could
embrace
the
thumb
of
it
:
Great
Ships
passed
easily
with
full
Sails
between
its
Leggs
:
When
the
Sarazens
caused
the
Copper
of
it
to
be
carried
into
Aegypt
,
they
found
it
to
load
above
nine
hundred
Camels
.
The
Isles
of
Chio
,
and
Metilin
,
are
in
the
Archipelago
.
Chio
one
of
the
most
fertile
and
most
delicious
in
the
World
,
produces
excellent
Fruits
,
Malmsy
Wine
,
and
particularly
Mastick
.
It
has
the
High
and
Low
Town
,
and
in
both
are
reckoned
above
twenty
thousand
Mortals
:
They
are
almost
all
Christians
,
Greeks
,
and
Latins
;
and
there
is
not
a
place
under
the
Turk
,
where
the
Christians
have
more
freedom
.
Metelin
affords
excellent
Wines
:
And
the
Nightingales
are
said
to
sing
more
melodiously
there
,
than
elsewhere
.
It
s
ancient
Inhabitants
have
had
the
reputation
of
being
very
expert
Mariners
.
In
the
last
Age
,
the
famous
Barberossa
,
who
is
said
to
have
been
a
Native
of
this
Island
,
rendred
himself
formidable
to
all
Christendom
.
Patmos
,
or
Palmosa
,
is
known
for
the
Exile
,
and
the
Grotto
of
St.
John
the
Evangelist
.
The
Isle
of
Lango
,
under
the
Name
of
Cos
,
has
passed
for
the
native
Countrey
of
Hippocrates
,
and
Appelles
.
The
enviers
of
Hippocrates
,
attribute
all
his
knowledge
to
Medicinal
Receipts
,
which
were
brought
into
the
Temple
of
Aesculapius
.
Apelles
observ'd
proportion
in
his
Pictures
,
whereas
Zeuxis
made
them
greater
than
Nature
for
the
giving
them
Majesty
.
The
Inhabitants
of
Lango
,
are
said
to
have
found
out
the
first
use
of
Silk-Worms
.
Not
far
from
thence
,
there
is
a
little
Island
called
Caloiero
,
which
is
almost
impregnable
:
It
is
only
a
steep
Rock
,
where
the
Monks
,
and
those
who
inhabit
it
,
draw
up
their
Boats
after
them
with
Ropes
.
Georgia
.
UNder
the
Name
of
Georgia
,
we
bring
Mingrelia
,
Gurgistan
,
Zuiria
,
and
Circassia
.
Provinces
where
the
ancient
Romans
were
not
able
to
establish
their
Empire
,
by
reason
of
the
sharpness
of
the
Mountains
,
known
by
the
Ancients
under
the
Name
of
Caucasus
,
celebrated
in
the
fable
of
Prometheus
.
All
these
Provinces
lie
between
the
Black
and
Caspian
Seas
,
which
are
thought
to
communicate
with
one
another
,
because
they
have
Fish
of
the
same
kinds
,
and
that
those
Territories
,
which
lie
between
both
,
seem
to
have
a
superficies
of
but
little
depth
,
principally
,
when
they
go
on
Horse-back
there
.
From
thence
they
transport
Silk
,
Stuffs
,
Wax
,
Honey
:
Little
Money
is
made
use
of
,
most
of
the
Georgians
being
so
poor
,
that
they
often
sell
their
Children
to
have
wherewith
to
subsist
on
.
An
Inhabitant
has
been
known
there
to
exchange
his
Mother
for
a
Turkish
Horse
,
that
was
to
his
mind
.
There
are
in
Georgia
several
Christians
,
and
some
Mahometans
.
The
true
Natives
have
a
peculiar
tongue
.
Several
amongst
them
are
free
,
some
have
their
Kings
,
others
acknowledge
either
the
Turk
,
or
the
Persian
,
according
to
the
necessity
of
their
affairs
.
Those
who
obey
the
Turk
,
have
great
Priviledges
in
his
Dominions
;
they
pay
him
but
a
very
inconsiderable
Tribute
,
may
enter
armed
and
with
displayed
Ensigns
into
Jerusalem
.
Teflis
has
a
particular
King
,
who
owns
Allegigiance
to
him
of
Persia
.
Derbent
often
disputed
by
the
Turks
,
and
the
Persians
,
is
in
the
Passage
that
is
called
the
Port
of
Iron
,
these
are
the
Remnants
of
the
Caspian
Ports
,
that
are
seen
upon
Mount
Barmach
,
with
some
Springs
of
Medicinal
Oyl
.
The
Tartars
of
Dagestan
,
who
are
near
it
,
are
commanded
by
the
Schemkal
,
a
Prince
,
whose
Dignity
depends
on
fate
;
when
he
is
dead
,
those
who
pretend
to
have
his
Place
,
assemble
around
,
and
a
Priest
cafts
a
Golden
Apple
in
the
midst
of
them
,
which
makes
him
Prince
it
touches
;
for
they
don't
scramble
for
Sovereignty
.
Mingrelia
,
otherwise
Imereti
,
and
Basciaciuch
,
lies
near
the
Black
Sea
,
at
the
place
where
that
Sea
receives
the
Faze
,
which
contrary
to
other
Rivers
,
has
fresh
waters
above
,
and
salt
below
.
In
the
Countrey
about
Faze
,
Pheasants
were
first
of
all
had
.
There
are
caught
several
other
sorts
of
Birds
,
especially
Crows
,
and
Jackdaws
.
In
the
Year
1642
,
those
Birds
eat
a
prodigious
quantity
of
Herrings
,
which
the
Sea
had
cast
upon
the
Coast
;
to
the
height
of
a
foot
and
half
.
There
are
White
Bears
,
which
prove
that
those
Creatures
form
a
particular
sort
of
Bears
.
Mingrelia
upon
the
Eastern
part
of
the
Black
Sea
,
is
the
ancient
Colches
,
famous
for
the
Amour
of
Jason
and
Medea
,
and
the
coming
thither
of
the
Argonautes
,
to
sharpe
the
Golden
Fleece
.
This
Fleece
,
when
the
Metaphor
is
shorn
off
,
is
thought
by
the
wise
to
have
consisted
in
the
Mines
of
Gold
,
or
else
in
the
Commerce
of
Furs
or
Skins
,
which
turned
to
great
profit
.
Appian
says
,
they
were
Skins
,
that
remain'd
guilt
,
when
the
Peasants
made
use
of
them
to
stop
the
Golden
Sand
,
which
they
took
in
the
Rivers
,
and
which
they
cast
against
those
Fleeces
.
There
are
still
at
this
day
Mines
of
Gold
and
Silver
;
but
the
Inhabitants
of
the
Countrey
keep
them
very
secret
,
and
moreover
endeavour
to
show
the
Envoys
of
the
Turks
,
that
the
Countrey
is
very
poor
.
Iron
is
there
in
so
great
abundance
,
that
the
most
part
of
Turkey
is
furnished
thence
with
that
Metal
.
Sena
,
Scammony
,
black
Hellebore
,
and
other
Herbs
and
Plants
grow
there
;
but
the
natural
Inhabitants
of
the
Countrey
are
so
ignorant
of
Simples
,
and
the
art
of
Physick
,
that
a
Confection
of
Wormwood
having
been
prescribed
some
time
since
by
an
European
,
for
the
Cure
of
a
Princess
,
a
Mingrelian
caused
the
Powder
of
a
Stone
of
that
Name
,
to
be
dissolved
in
Water
.
These
Natives
call
themselves
Odischi
,
or
Guriel
,
from
the
Name
of
their
Prince
,
and
pay
some
Tribute
to
the
Turk
,
They
have
amongst
them
several
Bishops
,
and
Ecclesiasticks
,
who
make
no
scruple
of
following
their
Prince
to
the
War
,
arm'd
with
a
Head-piece
,
and
a
Cimiter
on
their
sides
,
as
well
as
several
Bishops
of
the
Empire
of
Germany
.
What
is
particularly
Imereti
,
is
free
,
the
Town
of
Cotatis
,
formerly
Cotyaeum
,
was
the
Countrey
of
Aetes
,
farther
of
Medea
.
In
the
Year
1578
,
Amurath
the
Grand
Seignior
,
had
caused
a
Fort
to
be
made
in
the
Island
,
which
is
in
the
Mouth
of
the
Faze
:
Since
that
,
this
Fort
has
been
demolished
by
the
Inhabitants
of
the
Countrey
.
There
was
in
Odischi
,
Savatopoli
,
now
ruined
by
the
Floods
,
and
formerly
,
as
History
says
,
frequented
by
above
three
hundred
Nations
of
several
Tongues
,
upon
the
account
of
its
Commerce
of
Wool
and
Skins
.
There
are
above
fifty
Palaces
seen
in
Mingrelia
,
whereof
the
best
is
Zugdidi
.
Scalingia
is
the
place
of
the
Royal
Sepulture
.
That
which
we
call
properly
Guriel
has
the
Towns
of
Varthiet
,
and
Cultiche
.
Gurgistan
,
known
by
the
Ancients
by
the
Name
of
Iberia
,
is
in
the
midst
of
the
Mountains
,
where
is
great
plenty
of
Mulberry-Trees
:
There
are
three
parts
of
it
;
Kacheti
,
towards
the
lower-end
,
with
the
City
of
Zagan
:
Carduel
,
towards
the
middle
,
with
the
City
of
Teflis
:
And
Baratralu
,
towards
the
upper
part
,
with
the
City
of
Cori
,
or
Gorede
.
Zuiria
was
formerly
called
Albania
,
by
reason
that
its
Children
were
born
into
the
World
with
white
Hair
:
It
is
temperate
,
because
it
has
several
Rivers
,
which
empty
themselves
into
the
Caspian-Sea
.
The
City
of
Tersis
belongs
to
the
great
Duke
of
Moscovy
.
Circassia
makes
part
of
the
Afiatick
Sarinatia
,
in
the
midst
of
the
Dom.
Some
will
have
it
reach
from
Theman
,
near
the
Cimmerian
Bosphorus
,
to
Derbent
,
upon
the
Caspian
Sea
.
It
passes
also
under
the
Name
of
Comania
.
It
has
been
the
dwelling-place
of
the
Amazons
;
and
since
that
of
the
Mamalucks
,
who
have
been
the
Masters
of
Egypt
.
The
Turks
are
said
to
come
from
one
of
its
Countreys
,
called
Tzurkia
,
which
signifies
Shepherd
.
The
Circassians
live
much
after
the
same
manner
as
the
Switzers
;
they
preserve
their
Liberty
in
the
Mountains
,
and
Woods
,
amidst
the
Turks
,
Persians
,
Muscovites
,
and
Tartars
.
They
choose
those
places
of
the
Woods
as
are
the
strongest
,
and
there
they
intrench
themselves
,
for
their
security
,
against
the
incursions
of
the
Tartarian
Horse
;
One
Circassian
alone
in
the
Woods
,
makes
head
against
twenty
Tartars
.
They
turn
now
for
the
most
part
Mahometans
,
tho'
they
were
generally
Christians
.
Robbery
is
not
forbidden
amongst
them
.
They
trade
in
Slaves
,
Skins
,
Furrs
,
and
Wax
;
they
till
their
Land
,
and
are
said
to
receive
strangers
after
a
civil
manner
.
They
are
warlike
,
very
ingenious
,
and
as
there
is
not
in
the
World
a
more
comely
and
handsome
People
,
the
Slaves
of
that
Nation
are
in
very
great
esteem
.
The
Turks
have
there
the
City
of
Azof
,
otherwise
Azac
,
at
the
disemboguing
of
the
Dom
into
the
Palus
Meotis
:
It
is
a
trading
Town
,
and
one
of
the
most
important
of
all
the
Ottoman
Empire
,
by
reason
of
its
scituation
;
It
preserves
the
Alliance
of
the
lesser
Tartary
,
and
puts
a
stop
to
the
Designs
of
the
great
Duke
of
Muscovy
in
those
parts
.
The
Abassan
People
,
or
Abcasses
,
are
formidable
to
their
neighbours
.
They
have
the
best
Falcons
in
the
East
.
Hunting
and
Hawking
are
their
principal
Exercises
.
Arabia
.
THe
Arabians
have
been
first
of
all
called
Ismaelites
,
from
Ismael
,
and
afterwards
Saracens
:
some
derive
this
last
Name
from
Saara
,
which
signifies
Desart
;
others
from
Sarake
,
which
imports
Pilfering
and
Robbing
:
those
,
who
make
the
Etymology
come
from
Sarah
Abraham's
Wife
,
say
,
that
these
Saracens
,
who
were
begun
to
be
called
Hagarens
,
chose
rather
to
go
under
the
Name
of
the
Mistress
,
than
that
of
the
Maid
.
The
Arabians
,
who
inhabit
Towns
and
Cities
,
are
known
under
the
Name
of
Moors
:
those
in
the
Desarts
,
are
divided
into
Tribes
,
and
each
Tribe
into
Families
,
which
have
each
a
peculiar
Cheique
,
under
the
Cheique-General
of
the
Tribe
,
called
Sceikel-Kebir
,
that
is
to
say
,
the
Grand
Cheique
.
These
vagabond
Arabians
boast
themselves
to
be
the
most
noble
People
in
the
World
;
wherefore
they
do
not
ally
themselves
with
any
other
Nations
,
than
their
own
.
They
could
never
be
subdued
,
either
by
the
Egyptians
,
Persians
,
Greeks
,
Romans
,
or
Turks
.
They
have
establish'd
themselves
in
several
parts
of
Africa
,
where
they
possess
great
Dominions
.
They
thus
stray
and
wander
for
the
better
finding
wherewith
to
feed
their
Cattel
,
and
to
exempt
themselves
from
the
oppression
of
the
Turks
.
The
Grand
Seignior's
Bashaws
,
who
are
neighbours
to
'em
,
and
the
Caravans
,
who
pass
through
their
Territories
,
give
some
Money
to
the
Grand
Cheiques
,
that
they
may
not
be
molested
.
Under
Vlit
,
one
of
the
Caliphs
or
Arabian
Princes
,
their
Empire
extended
in
aright
line
from
Messa
,
upon
the
Atlantick-Sea
,
to
the
River
Indus
;
this
length
was
the
bigness
of
all
Persia
,
greater
than
the
Roman
Empire
.
The
Arabick
Tongue
is
receiv'd
in
the
greatest
part
of
Asia
,
because
that
the
Alcoran
,
the
Bible
of
Mahometism
,
was
first
of
all
written
in
that
Language
.
The
continual
abode
which
the
Arabians
make
in
the
open
field
,
has
made
them
the
best
acquainted
with
Astrology
and
Physick
.
The
Beduins
,
and
Bengebres
,
who
are
the
People
the
most
known
,
are
so
inclin'd
to
Robbery
,
that
they
make
their
principal
Revenue
consist
in
stealing
from
Travellers
;
and
say
,
that
they
have
right
to
repeat
the
legitimas
of
their
Predecessour
Ismael
,
upon
the
Descendants
of
Isaac
.
They
say
also
,
that
their
Prophet
Mahomet
,
has
particularly
left
and
recommended
to
'em
,
the
figure
of
the
hand
:
for
which
reason
other
Nations
come
only
among
'em
in
Caravans
;
that
is
to
say
,
in
great
companies
.
Their
dexterity
is
wonderful
in
managing
a
Horse
,
a
Bow
,
and
a
Zagay
,
which
is
a
Half-Pike
:
thirty
Turks
with
Muskets
,
make
a
difficulty
of
attacking
ten
of
these
Arabians
arm'd
after
their
usual
manner
.
Their
Riches
consist
in
Flocks
,
Herds
,
and
Horses
,
which
are
capable
of
going
great
Journeys
.
They
set
so
great
a
value
upon
them
,
that
they
keep
Registers
of
their
Race
,
which
are
from
time
to
time
approv'd
of
by
the
Judges
.
Horses
of
the
most
noble
,
and
commonly
Mares
,
are
sometimes
sold
for
three
or
four
thousand
Piasters
.
The
Arabians
eat
their
Meals
crouching
upon
their
Heels
,
whereas
the
Turks
eat
upon
Cushions
cross-legg'd
:
the
oldest
among
'em
wear
the
finest
Cloaths
,
and
the
gaudiest
Colours
.
Their
Predecessours
prohibited
Buildings
,
and
the
tilling
of
Lands
;
for
that
those
who
stood
possess'd
of
great
stocks
,
if
they
meant
to
enjoy
'em
,
were
easily
constrain'd
to
obey
them
,
who
aim'd
at
subduing
'em
.
They
made
also
that
Member
of
the
Noble
Race
,
Successour
of
the
Kingdom
,
who
came
first
into
the
World
,
after
the
proclaiming
of
the
King
.
In
the
comparison
of
the
Manners
and
Maximes
of
the
Levantine
Nations
,
with
those
of
Europe
,
the
Arabians
are
made
to
resemble
the
Italians
;
the
Persians
,
the
French
;
the
Turks
,
the
Spaniards
.
Arabia
in
general
,
is
subject
to
such
great
heats
,
that
they
are
constrain'd
to
keep
the
Markets
by
night
.
There
is
a
great
number
of
Mountains
,
and
few
Rivers
.
It
is
divided
into
three
parts
,
Petraea
,
Deserta
,
and
Foelix
:
the
two
former
is
almost
wholly
in
the
possession
of
the
Turks
;
Arabia
Foelix
has
several
petty
Sovereigns
.
Arabia
Petraea
was
inhabited
by
the
Madianites
,
Moabites
,
Amalekites
,
and
Idumeans
;
Nations
of
whom
mention
is
often
made
in
the
Holy
Oracles
.
Its
Inhabitants
pay
Tribute
to
the
Bashaw
of
Cairo
.
Crac
,
otherwise
Montreal
,
formerly
call'd
Petra
,
has
communicated
to
it
its
Name
:
Busseret
is
the
Countrey
of
Philip
the
Roman
Emperour
,
who
is
said
to
have
embrac'd
Christianity
.
Tor
,
upon
the
Red-Sea
,
is
a
Port
defended
by
a
four-square
Castle
.
There
are
in
the
places
adjacent
found
petrified
Mushrooms
,
white
Corral
,
Chagrin
,
small
Oysters
,
and
sometimes
Sea-men
,
or
such
people
as
are
bred
and
live
in
the
Sea
.
'T
is
said
,
the
Red-Sea
is
but
three
Leagues
broad
in
that
place
,
and
that
the
Children
of
Israel
pass'd
it
over
there
dry-shod
,
when
they
came
out
of
Aegypt
;
that
it
was
one
of
the
Ports
,
from
whence
Solomon
sent
his
Fleets
into
Ophir
,
to
fetch
Gold
.
Pegs
of
Wood
are
put
into
the
Ships
of
the
Places
,
that
belong
to
this
Sea
,
because
little
Iron
is
to
be
found
there
.
Those
,
who
have
a
mind
to
impose
,
Talk
as
that
,
if
they
made
use
of
Iron
Nails
,
instead
of
Pegs
,
the
Ships
would
be
attacked
and
stopp'd
by
the
Loadstone
,
that
is
found
in
the
neighbouring
Mountains
.
Mount
Oreb
is
famous
in
the
Holy
Writ
,
for
the
burning
Bush
wherein
God
appear'd
to
Moses
.
Sinai
is
illustrious
for
the
Decalogue
,
or
Ten
Commandments
,
which
this
Prophet
receiv'd
:
It
is
extraordinary
high
,
and
nevertheless
the
Mount
St.
Catherine
,
which
is
near
it
,
is
much
higher
.
Arabia
Deserta
is
a
Countrey
,
where
they
often
want
good
Water
;
tho'
there
be
some
Wells
,
the
Water
,
for
the
most
part
,
is
hardly
worth
any
thing
.
Ana
,
upon
the
Euphrates
,
has
an
Arabian
Emir
.
There
is
a
King
in
this
Arabia
,
who
has
a
moving
and
portative
City
,
which
consists
in
Tents
,
and
he
causes
it
to
be
carried
whither
he
pleaseth
.
He
takes
this
course
,
to
avoid
being
surpriz'd
by
the
Turks
.
Sumiscasac
is
esteem'd
the
ancient
Saba
,
from
whence
departed
the
three
Kings
,
(
or
rather
wise
Men
)
to
come
and
adore
the
Saviour
of
the
World
in
Bethlehem
.
Arabia
Faelix
goes
under
that
Name
,
as
being
a
good
Countrey
.
It
has
Horses
very
much
esteem'd
,
Manna
,
Cinnamon
,
Myrrh
,
Balm
,
Benjamin
,
Incense
,
and
other
Perfumes
.
There
is
so
great
a
quantity
of
Incense
,
that
from
the
Port
of
Dolfar
,
the
Inhabitants
furnish
the
principal
parts
of
the
World
.
Aden
is
a
City
of
great
trade
,
in
a
small
Peninsula
,
at
the
foot
of
a
Mountain
,
with
two
Castles
towards
the
North
,
and
a
small
Fortress
at
the
entrance
of
the
Harbour
.
The
Portugals
,
at
the
time
of
their
establishment
in
the
East
Indies
,
had
Orders
to
make
themselves
Masters
of
Aden
,
Ormus
,
and
Malaca
,
by
reason
of
their
important
situations
.
The
Turks
prevented
them
at
Aden
,
whose
King
they
caused
to
be
hang'd
on
the
Mast
of
their
Captain
's
Galley
.
Since
that
time
,
there
have
been
some
Revolutions
,
those
of
the
Countrey
having
dispossess'd
the
Turks
.
Ormus
and
Malaca
have
been
in
the
power
of
the
Portuguese
:
the
Persians
have
taken
from
them
Ormus
,
by
the
help
of
the
English
;
and
the
Hollanders
,
Malaca
,
Mecha
and
Medina
are
famous
for
the
Pilgrimages
of
the
Mahometans
,
who
are
in
great
esteem
after
such
a
Journey
:
they
go
particularly
to
Mecha
,
to
pay
their
devotion
to
Kiaabee
,
the
four-square
House
,
which
they
call
the
House
of
God
,
as
having
been
built
by
Abraham
.
This
City
,
about
as
big
as
York
,
as
containing
about
six
thousand
Houses
,
is
a
days
journey
distant
from
the
Red-Sea
;
the
place
of
the
Birth
of
Mahomet
,
whose
body
was
,
as
some
Authors
say
,
transferred
to
Medina
,
when
Albaquerque
,
the
Portuguese
,
would
have
surpriz'd
the
Port
of
Ziden
,
otherwise
called
Gidde
,
with
design
to
go
with
Cavalry
,
and
fetch
away
that
Mahometan
Relick
.
The
Countrey
about
Mecha
,
produces
in
abundance
that
sort
of
Berry
,
which
serves
to
make
the
Drink
,
called
Coffee
,
so
much
us'd
in
the
Levant
,
by
reason
of
its
virtue
,
to
fortifie
the
Stomach
,
and
facilitate
Digestion
.
Medina
,
three
days
journey
from
the
Red-Sea
,
is
the
place
where
that
pretended
Prophet
lyes
buryed
.
Endeavours
have
been
used
to
make
his
Tomb
pass
for
a
Wonder
,
as
if
it
was
suspended
in
the
Air
,
by
the
means
of
the
Load-stone
;
this
is
not
only
found
to
be
a
fallacy
,
but
Antiquity
shews
us
such
like
things
:
Democritus
,
the
Athenian
,
by
order
of
Ptolomey
,
King
of
Aegypt
,
undertook
to
make
the
Statue
of
Arsinoe
all
of
Iron
,
for
to
dispose
it
after
the
like
manner
;
and
in
the
Temple
of
Serapis
in
Alexandria
;
they
formerly
hung
up
,
the
same
way
,
a
Sun
made
of
a
very
delicate
Iron
.
The
Prince
of
Mecha
,
called
Sultan
Scherif
,
is
one
of
the
most
Potent
of
all
Arabia
:
His
most
usual
Residence
is
in
Almacharana
:
The
Grand
Seignior
makes
him
often
Presents
,
and
causes
part
of
the
Revenue
of
Aegypt
to
be
given
him
,
by
reason
that
he
's
of
the
Race
of
Mahomet
;
and
to
oblige
him
to
defend
the
Turkish
Pilgrims
.
The
Arabians
call
Scherifs
,
the
Relations
of
Mahomet
,
the
Turks
call
them
Emirs
.
Fartach
,
Caxem
,
Gubel-haman
,
Alibinali
,
Amanzirifdin
,
Masfa
,
Mascalat
;
Jemen
,
are
as
many
Sultanies
,
or
small
Kingdoms
in
Arabia-Felix
.
Mascate
formerly
belonging
to
the
Portugals
,
has
for
a
long
while
carried
on
the
trade
from
the
Indies
,
to
the
Mecha
,
by
the
means
of
the
Cities
El-Catif
and
Lehsa
.
Sohar
in
the
Eastern
part
drove
the
Commerce
,
which
has
since
been
to
Ormus
,
and
to
Gombru
.
Mocha
upon
the
Red
Sea
,
is
an
open
Town
with
a
small
Castle
.
By
reason
of
the
goodness
of
its
Haven
,
there
resort
thither
Ships
from
all
parts
of
the
East-Indies
with
Merchandizes
,
to
take
in
those
of
Europe
,
which
are
in
like
manner
brought
thither
.
There
are
Jews
,
Persians
,
Armenians
,
Indians
,
Banians
.
It
is
the
place
,
where
the
Pilgrims
disembark
,
who
go
from
the
Indies
to
Mecha
.
'T
is
much
augmented
,
since
the
Ships
which
were
bound
from
Sues
to
Aden
,
unload
there
,
for
the
avoiding
the
dangerous
Passages
of
the
Streight
of
Bebel-Mandel
.
Persia
.
PErsia
bears
the
Name
of
one
of
its
ancient
Provinces
,
that
is
now
called
Fars
.
It
's
one
of
the
most
considerable
Kingdoms
of
Asia
,
by
reason
of
the
Riches
of
its
principal
Towns
,
and
the
Union
of
its
Forces
;
it
is
more
fertil
and
populous
than
Turkey
;
its
Inhabitants
the
most
civil
,
and
the
best
polished
of
all
the
Mahometans
.
There
is
more
politickness
,
and
more
refined
Wits
than
in
Turkey
.
They
love
good
order
,
and
justice
,
and
favour
Strangers
.
Its
Rivers
,
which
have
this
particular
of
having
neither
Pike
nor
Eel
,
are
not
Navigable
:
They
commonly
go
under
the
Name
either
of
their
Cities
,
or
their
Colours
:
They
furnish
the
conveniency
for
the
making
of
Channels
,
for
the
watering
the
Lands
;
they
become
smaller
the
nearer
they
come
to
the
Sea
,
and
sometimes
are
entirely
dryed
up
by
the
Diversions
,
that
are
made
of
them
.
The
Neighbourhood
of
the
Sea
of
Bassera
,
and
that
of
the
Caspian
,
is
more
fertil
,
and
more
temperate
,
than
the
Inland
Countreys
which
have
Desarts
,
and
Mountains
,
where
it
seldom
rains
,
for
which
cause
the
Fruit-trees
receive
no
Water
but
at
the
Foot
,
and
Root
.
This
Kingdom
is
one
of
the
most
Ancient
Monarchies
of
the
World
;
the
Assyrians
,
Medes
,
Persians
,
and
Parthians
,
have
begun
their
Empires
here
.
The
Policy
of
this
Kingdom
is
in
great
esteem
,
the
Government
easie
,
supportable
to
the
Persians
,
and
to
Strangers
.
There
is
no
talk
of
Robbers
;
the
Rights
of
Hospitality
are
so
regularly
observ'd
,
that
the
King
will
have
all
Foreigners
to
be
reputed
as
his
Guests
.
The
Name
of
Scha
,
is
bestow'd
on
the
Kings
of
Persia
;
the
Vulgar
attribute
to
them
that
of
Sophi
;
which
is
a
proper
Name
.
They
were
formerly
call'd
Great
Kings
,
and
Kings
of
kings
;
principally
when
they
had
Vanquished
the
Grecians
.
The
Name
of
Sultan
,
which
in
Turkey
signifies
King
;
in
Persia
,
only
signifies
the
Governour
of
a
Town
.
The
Persians
have
alwayes
had
their
Sovereign
in
great
estimation
:
Still
at
this
day
they
think
to
confirm
a
thing
much
more
strongly
by
the
name
of
their
King
,
than
by
that
of
God
;
perhaps
after
the
Mode
of
those
of
Achem
in
the
Isle
of
Sumatra
,
who
say
,
that
God
is
afar
off
,
and
the
King
near
at
hand
.
The
Riches
of
the
ancient
Persian
Kings
have
been
immense
,
as
may
be
seen
by
the
Treasures
,
which
Alexander
the
Great
found
in
the
Coffers
of
Darius
.
Scha-Sefi
,
one
of
the
late
Monarchs
,
had
for
common
service
7200
Marks
in
Vessels
of
Gold
.
Herbert
says
,
that
in
his
time
,
there
has
been
seen
in
Asharat
,
for
the
service
of
Scha-Abbas
,
Vessels
of
Gold
and
others
,
to
the
value
of
260
Millions
of
Livers
.
The
Persians
are
well
proportion'd
:
have
little
experience
in
the
Art
of
Navigation
,
tho'
they
be
near
the
Sea
.
When
the
Portugals
would
have
drove
them
from
Ormus
,
they
had
recourse
to
the
Ships
of
the
English
.
Their
Women
are
in
great
esteem
,
through
all
Asia
,
for
their
Beauty
;
their
Horses
for
their
agility
,
their
Camels
for
strength
.
In
the
Countrey
they
have
a
saying
,
Bread
of
Yesde-Kast
,
Wine
of
Schiras
,
Women
of
Yesde
.
Their
Religion
is
Mahometan
,
of
the
Sect
of
Hali
;
the
King
allows
,
that
the
Carmelites
,
the
Augustins
,
the
Capuchins
,
the
Jesuits
,
have
their
Houses
and
Churches
in
this
capital
City
Ispahan
,
where
the
Superiours
of
those
Houses
perform
the
Function
of
Ambassadours
for
Christian
Princes
of
the
Roman
Communion
.
The
Persian
Tongue
is
so
sweet
and
soft
,
that
it
is
in
little
use
,
but
amongst
the
Women
and
Poets
;
the
King
,
and
Persons
of
Condition
,
commonly
make
use
of
the
Turkish
Language
.
Persia
is
as
a
Go-between
to
the
Turks
and
Europeans
,
for
the
Commerce
of
the
Indies
.
It
furnishes
the
finest
Silk-stuffs
,
and
the
best
Tapestries
that
are
seen
,
Cloaths
of
Gold
,
Bezoar
,
Manna
,
Rhubarb
,
Rose-Water
,
Turquoises
,
which
are
taken
at
the
Mountain
of
Phirouskou
,
four
Leagues
from
Meschet
,
a
City
renowned
for
the
Pilgrimages
of
the
Mahometans
of
Persia
.
The
Silk
of
Chorasan
is
very
fine
,
that
of
Kilan
somewhat
courser
.
There
are
Fields
of
Salt
,
some
Mines
of
Copper
,
Iron
,
and
Steel
in
Chorasan
,
of
Lead
in
Kirman
:
Gold
and
Silver
is
imported
from
abroad
,
as
well
as
Wood.
The
greatest
Trade
is
droven
to
Bagdad
,
for
Turkey
;
to
Gombru
,
for
the
Indies
.
The
Kings
of
Persia
do
allow
of
Commerce
upon
their
Coasts
,
but
suffer
not
any
Fortresses
to
be
made
there
:
the
Mogul
,
the
Emperour
of
China
,
and
other
Eastern
Kings
,
take
the
same
course
in
their
Dominions
.
They
have
powerful
Neighbours
of
the
Turk
and
the
Mogul
.
The
strength
of
their
State
consists
principally
in
its
situation
,
there
being
high
Mountains
and
great
Desarts
in
its
neighbourhood
.
Ismael
Sophi
had
three
hundred
thousand
Men
in
Arms
,
against
Selim
,
Emperour
of
the
Turks
;
the
ancient
Kings
had
sometimes
Armies
of
seven
or
eight
hundred
thousand
Men.
The
usual
Armies
now-a-days
are
of
fifty
or
sixty
thousand
Horse
,
besides
thirty
thousand
,
that
are
kept
upon
the
Frontiers
:
this
number
would
be
much
greater
,
if
we
reckon'd
all
those
who
go
to
the
Army
.
The
Persians
wear
the
Red
Turbant
,
wherefore
they
are
called
Keselbas
:
the
Tartars
of
Giagatay
wear
it
green
;
that
of
the
Turks
is
white
,
and
that
of
the
Grecians
blew
.
Their
Soldiers
are
of
four
sorts
,
Fuzeliers
,
Slaves
,
Keselbas
,
Life-guard-men
,
all
Troopers
.
There
is
a
great
antipathy
between
the
Persians
and
Turks
:
Those
who
observe
that
antipathy
amongst
the
Nations
of
the
World
,
say
,
that
it
is
between
the
Chineses
and
Japoneses
,
betwixt
the
Armenians
and
Nestorians
,
between
the
Arabians
and
Abyssins
,
between
the
French
and
Spaniards
,
betwixt
the
Italians
and
Greeks
,
between
the
Germans
and
Polanders
,
between
the
Danes
and
Swedes
,
between
the
Muscovites
and
Tartars
,
between
the
English
and
Scotch
,
between
the
Irish
and
Welch
,
betwixt
the
Hurons
and
Iroquins
Nations
of
Canada
.
Here
follows
the
enumeration
of
the
Provinces
of
Persia
,
according
to
the
most
receiv'd
Relations
,
Arak
,
Fars
,
Chusistan
,
Adherbeitzan
,
Iran
or
Karabach
,
Schirwan
,
Kilan
,
Teberestan
or
Mesanderan
,
Chorasan
,
Sablestan
,
Sirestan
,
Kirman
,
Tzisire
,
and
Diarbeck
.
These
two
last
are
between
the
Euphrates
,
and
Tigris
,
and
belong
to
the
Turk
.
The
Governours
are
called
Chans
or
Cans
,
sometimes
Sultans
.
The
City
of
Ispaham
,
the
abode
of
the
King
of
Persia
,
is
one
of
the
greatest
of
all
Asia
,
compos'd
of
four
Cities
;
it
is
likewise
one
of
the
finest
,
if
we
consider
its
stately
Palaces
,
delicious
Gardens
,
spacious
Market-place
,
rich
Bazars
,
Exchanges
or
publick
places
,
which
make
the
Inhabitants
call
it
the
half
of
the
World
.
The
Arabians
,
who
have
no
P
in
their
Alphabet
,
call
it
Isfaham
.
There
is
a
remarkable
Tower
upon
the
King's
Stables
,
all
built
with
Goats
heads
,
and
other
wild
Animals
,
which
were
taken
in
one
Royal
Match
of
Hunting
.
Caswin
,
or
Casbin
,
is
esteemed
the
ancient
Ecbatana
,
where
the
King
of
Media
dwelt
,
where
Parmenio
was
killed
,
and
Ephestion
died
,
whose
Funerals
cost
above
twelve
thousand
Talents
;
that
is
,
twelve
thousand
times
six
hundred
Crowns
.
Schiras
is
near
the
Ruins
of
the
ancient
Persepolis
,
which
was
burnt
by
order
of
Alexander
the
Great
,
at
the
end
of
a
Feast
;
It
has
still
full
ten
thousand
Houses
:
a
Proverb
of
the
Countrey
goes
thus
,
That
if
Schiras
,
was
Schiras
,
that
is
to
say
,
what
it
was
formerly
,
Grand
Cairo
would
pass
but
for
its
Suburbs
.
The
Ruins
of
this
Persepolis
are
called
Chilminar
,
i.
e.
Forty
Columns
;
which
seem
to
be
the
remains
of
the
Palace
of
Cyrus
the
Great
,
the
most
beautiful
of
all
the
East
.
The
Neighbours
of
those
Ruins
endeavour
to
destroy
'em
entirely
to
free
themselves
from
the
importunities
of
strangers
,
who
go
to
see
them
upon
that
account
.
What
remains
of
'em
,
shews
a
great
antiquity
of
habits
for
Personages
,
and
an
extraordinary
magnificence
in
the
stones
of
the
building
.
Those
who
have
seen
them
say
,
that
they
surpass
the
Antiquities
of
Rome
,
and
the
Wonders
of
Aegypt
.
The
abode
of
Schiras
is
so
agreeable
,
that
Mahomet
,
according
to
what
the
Persians
say
,
would
not
go
thither
,
for
fear
of
being
charm'd
with
the
Beauty
of
the
Ladies
:
and
that
if
he
had
tasted
the
delights
of
that
Town
,
he
would
have
made
it
his
request
to
God
,
never
to
have
died
▪
The
Government
of
Schiras
,
is
the
most
considerable
of
all
Persia
;
it
affords
excellent
Wines
,
and
that
Mummy
,
or
Counter-poyson
,
which
serves
for
Medicament
to
all
manner
of
Wounds
.
Susa
was
the
Court
of
Ahasucrus
,
and
some
other
Kings
.
Alexander
the
Great
married
Statira
there
;
He
gave
ten
thousand
Talents
for
the
acquitting
the
Debts
of
those
,
who
had
a
mind
to
return
into
Greece
,
and
receiv'd
there
thirty
thousand
young
Men
of
Recruits
for
his
Army
.
This
is
also
the
place
where
the
fair
Esther
obtain'd
favour
for
the
Jews
,
and
where
Mordecai
was
put
into
the
place
of
Haman
,
who
was
hanged
after
that
he
would
have
caus'd
Mordecai
to
have
undergone
his
own
Fate
.
The
Palace
of
Susa
,
built
by
Darius
,
is
said
to
have
been
enrich'd
by
Memnon
,
with
the
Spoils
of
the
great
Thebes
in
Aegypt
;
and
't
is
famed
,
that
the
stones
were
cemented
with
Gold
.
After
Persepolis
,
it
is
reckoned
amongst
the
magnificent
Works
of
the
Kings
of
Persia
,
as
well
as
the
delicious
Gardens
of
Cyrus
the
younger
in
Lydia
.
Congue
,
Bender
Congo
,
is
a
City
upon
the
Gulph
of
Bassora
,
much
like
that
of
Thoulon
in
Provence
:
'T
is
much
augmented
,
since
the
ruine
of
Ormus
,
as
well
as
Gombru
;
It
has
a
Demesne
,
which
the
Persians
and
the
Portugals
have
the
Revenue
of
by
halves
.
Lar
communicates
its
Name
to
a
sort
of
silver
Money
that
is
coin'd
there
;
five
of
those
Larins
make
but
one
Piaster
:
the
City
has
full
four
thousand
Houses
,
and
a
small
Cittadel
.
Some
believe
it
the
ancient
Passagarde
,
where
the
grand
Cyrus
,
having
overcome
Astiages
,
transferred
the
Empire
of
the
Medes
to
the
Persians
.
Calanus
,
the
Indian
Philosopher
,
did
voluntarily
suffer
death
there
,
in
the
sight
of
all
the
Macedonian
Army
;
It
has
several
very
learn'd
Inhabitants
;
the
Earthquakes
,
which
are
frequent
in
these
parts
,
render
it
the
less
populous
.
The
Frontiers
of
Persia
,
towards
Turkey
,
have
a
warlike
People
,
called
Curdes
,
whose
Countrey
had
been
the
field
of
several
Battels
:
Alexander
the
great
overcame
Darius
at
Arbela
,
and
they
would
persuade
us
,
that
there
were
four
hundred
thousand
Persians
killed
,
and
only
three
hundred
Macedonians
;
the
Caliphs
won
there
the
Battel
of
Moraga
,
which
made
them
Masters
of
Persia
.
Near
Chuy
,
Selim
defeated
Ismael
Sophi
,
who
before
had
always
been
his
Conquerour
.
Tabris
,
or
Tauris
,
drives
an
extraordinary
Trade
,
and
the
first
of
Persia
;
it
has
Walls
and
Towers
of
cut
stone
of
a
vast
heighth
.
Ardebil
is
the
staple
of
the
Silks
of
the
Countrey
,
and
the
place
of
burial
of
several
Kings
of
Persia
,
amongst
others
of
Cha-Sefi
,
who
has
a
magnificent
Tomb
there
.
Bakuie
gives
sometimes
its
Name
to
the
Caspian-Sea
;
It
has
in
its
neighbourhood
a
source
of
Oyl
,
which
serves
to
burn
throughout
all
Persia
.
Kirman
,
towards
the
Ocean
,
yields
Wools
,
and
very
fine
Steel
,
whereof
Arms
are
made
that
are
in
great
vogue
;
a
Cymeter
of
that
steel
does
easily
cut
a
Helmet
through
,
without
striking
hard
.
Moghostan
is
a
Countrey
which
contains
the
Amadizes
and
the
Gauls
,
very
warlike
Nations
,
who
have
perhaps
furnish'd
Matter
to
make
the
Fables
of
Amadis
de
Gaule
.
Ormus
has
had
the
Title
of
a
Kingdom
:
the
Soyl
of
this
Island
is
subject
to
great
heats
,
and
produces
only
Salt
:
it
has
not
a
drop
of
fresh
Water
,
but
what
it
borrows
.
The
Portuguese
being
Masters
of
it
,
had
caus'd
a
Fort
to
be
made
in
the
Isle
of
Kesem
,
for
the
having
this
conveniency
.
The
excellent
scituation
of
Ormus
,
gave
occasion
formerly
to
this
saying
,
That
if
the
World
was
a
Ring
,
Ormus
was
the
precious
Stone
in
it
.
In
the
year
1622
,
the
King
Scha-Abbas
,
took
it
by
help
of
the
English
,
and
after
having
caused
the
Fortress
of
it
to
be
razed
,
transferred
the
Commerce
to
Gombru
,
which
he
caus'd
to
be
called
by
his
own
Name
,
Bender-Abassi
.
The
Portuguese
lost
,
by
the
taking
of
that
Town
,
to
the
value
of
seven
or
eight
Millions
:
Thus
Gombru
grew
great
,
from
the
ruins
of
Ormus
.
The
Castles
,
which
defend
Gombru
,
are
fortified
after
the
ancient
manner
.
The
Road
is
commodious
,
riding
safe
at
anchor
in
five
or
six
fathom
Water
.
All
Nations
,
who
trade
upon
the
Indian-Seas
,
except
the
Portuguese
,
carry
their
Commodities
thither
,
and
bring
Velvet
,
Taffaties
,
raw
Silks
,
and
other
Commodities
from
Persia
.
The
English
have
half
of
the
Customs
,
and
the
right
of
exporting
some
Horses
,
which
the
Persians
have
granted
them
,
in
acknowledgment
of
the
Men
and
Ships
,
wherewith
they
assisted
them
for
the
taking
of
Ormus
.
Bahrem
,
upon
the
Coast
of
Arabia
,
and
of
the
Dependances
of
Persia
,
is
an
Island
known
for
the
Springs
of
fresh
Water
,
which
it
has
at
the
bottom
of
the
Sea
,
and
for
the
Pearls
,
that
are
fished
there
,
which
are
the
best
,
the
greatest
,
and
the
roundest
of
all
the
East
.
Giask
,
upon
that
Coast
,
is
a
place
where
is
droven
the
greatest
Commerce
for
Silk
.
Candahar
,
upon
the
Confines
of
the
Mogul
,
is
a
Conquest
of
the
late
Kings
of
Persia
.
Tartary
.
THis
is
the
vastest
Region
of
our
Continent
;
Equals
in
bigness
all
Europe
,
and
possesses
all
the
Northern
part
of
Asia
.
The
Name
of
Tartary
,
which
has
succeeded
that
of
Scythia
,
is
come
from
the
River
Tatar
,
which
the
Chineses
name
Tata
,
because
they
do
not
make
use
of
the
Letter
R.
The
Tartars
are
a
warlike
People
,
the
best
Archers
of
the
World
,
but
cruel
and
barbarous
:
they
make
War
almost
ever
to
the
disadvantage
of
those
they
visit
,
and
to
the
confusion
of
those
who
attack
them
.
Cyrus
at
the
passage
of
the
Araxes
;
Darius
Histaspes
in
his
march
against
the
Scythians
of
Europe
;
Alexander
the
great
,
when
he
was
beyond
the
Oxus
,
have
been
constrain'd
to
yield
to
the
Tartars
:
In
our
time
,
the
great
Kingdom
of
China
has
been
forc'd
to
own
them
its
Masters
.
Their
Cavalry
does
most
execution
in
their
Battels
,
on
the
contrary
to
what
is
practised
in
Europe
,
it
is
it
which
first
attacks
places
.
The
most
peaceable
of
the
Tartars
inhabit
Tents
of
Pelts
,
and
do
nothing
else
than
look
to
their
Cattel
.
Their
Countrey
has
in
all
times
been
a
Nursery
of
Men
,
who
under
divers
Names
have
made
Conquests
,
and
establish'd
Colonies
in
several
places
:
That
great
Wall
which
the
Chineses
had
rais'd
for
the
putting
a
stop
to
their
incursions
,
has
not
been
capable
of
effecting
that
purpose
.
They
aaknowledge
several
Princes
,
whom
they
call
Cans
.
They
have
sundry
Hurdes
,
that
may
be
called
Cantons
,
Camps
,
Tribes
,
or
Assemblies
of
Families
.
The
little
knowledge
we
have
of
them
,
is
the
reason
we
call
them
all
under
the
general
Name
of
Tartars
.
They
have
the
Owl
in
great
veneration
,
since
that
Cingis
,
one
of
their
Sovereigns
,
was
saved
by
the
means
of
that
Bird.
They
will
not
suffer
they
should
be
buried
;
some
amongst
'em
make
choice
of
a
Tree
,
and
give
order
for
their
being
hang'd
up
upon
it
after
their
death
.
There
be
still
among
'em
Idolaters
,
but
they
are
for
the
most
part
Mahometans
:
It
has
been
observ'd
,
that
those
who
have
conquered
China
,
have
hardly
any
particular
Religion
,
tho'
they
practice
several
Moral
Vertues
.
Five
great
parts
are
commonly
reckon'd
in
Asian
Tartary
;
Tartaria
Deserta
,
Giagathi
,
Turquestan
,
Northern
Tartary
,
and
the
Tartary
of
Kin.
Desort
Tartary
is
so
called
,
because
that
most
of
the
Lands
there
are
uncultivated
:
It
is
for
the
most
part
subject
to
the
Czars
of
Muscovy
;
who
draw
fine
and
rich
Furrs
from
thence
,
and
who
,
with
ease
,
subdued
the
Inhabitants
of
it
,
they
being
only
Shepherds
.
Its
Gities
of
Casan
and
Astracan
,
are
near
the
Wolga
,
which
empties
it self
into
the
Caspian-Sea
by
seventy
Mouths
;
the
Obi
,
which
in
the
same
Countrey
empties
it self
into
the
Ocean
,
has
six
.
Astracan
drives
a
great
trade
in
Salt
,
which
the
Inhabitants
find
in
a
neighbouring
Mountain
.
The
Calmack
People
are
Idolaters
,
much
like
to
the
ancient
Scythians
,
by
reason
of
their
incursions
,
their
cruelty
,
and
their
other
ways
of
living
.
Giagathai
,
and
Mawaralnahr
,
have
peculiar
Chams
.
The
City
of
Samarchand
,
is
that
where
Tamerlane
the
great
,
a
Native
of
la
Casta
,
a
day's
journey
from
thence
,
establish'd
a
famous
University
:
There
is
also
one
at
Bockora
,
which
passes
for
the
Countrey
of
Avicenna
,
a
famous
Philosopher
and
Physician
;
another
at
Orcange
,
near
the
Caspian-Sea
.
Alexandria
,
of
Sogdiana
,
was
formerly
famous
for
the
death
of
the
Philosopher
Calisthenes
.
The
Tribe
of
the
Mogul
,
is
known
by
the
rise
of
the
Prince
of
the
same
Name
,
whose
Successours
command
a
good
part
of
India
.
The
Inhabitants
of
these
Parts
hunt
wild
Horses
with
Faulcons
;
in
some
of
these
Countries
,
they
have
such
a
disposition
for
Musick
,
that
their
little
Children
sing
,
instead
of
crying
.
Those
of
Giagathai
and
Yousbeg
do
not
call
themselves
Tartars
,
being
of
the
Mahometan
Religion
.
Turquestan
is
the
Country
,
from
whence
some
make
the
Turks
to
come
.
Thibet
which
is
part
of
it
,
has
Musk
,
Cinnamon
,
Coral
which
serve
for
Money
to
it's
Inhabitants
.
The
Tartars
of
Kin
,
which
some
call
Cathai
,
is
the
most
Potent
State
of
all
Tartary
,
very
Populous
,
Rich
,
and
full
of
Great
Cities
,
Cambalu
,
or
rather
Muoncheu
is
the
Capital
thereof
:
Several
Authors
have
told
Wonders
of
this
City
,
making
it
known
under
the
Names
of
Quinzai
,
Xantum
,
Suntien
,
and
Peguim
.
Amongst
other
things
,
they
say
that
in
the
Palace
Royal
there
are
twenty
four
Pillars
of
fine
Gold
,
and
another
much
greater
of
the
same
Metal
,
with
a
Pine
Apple
beset
with
Jewels
,
that
are
worth
four
Great
Cities
.
The
Voyage
of
Cathai
has
been
undertaken
by
several
ways
,
in
hopes
of
finding
Gold
,
Musk
,
Rhubarb
,
and
other
Rich
Commodities
there
;
several
have
gone
thither
by
the
Terra-firma
,
others
by
the
Northern
Sea
,
some
by
going
up
the
Ganges
.
The
Tartars
of
this
Country
invaded
China
in
our
Time
;
the
King
of
Niuche
called
Xunchi
,
is
the
same
,
who
made
the
Conquest
of
it
,
at
the
Age
of
twelve
years
,
assisted
with
the
good
and
faithful
Councels
of
two
of
his
Uncles
.
Besides
a
continual
success
and
happyness
,
a
great
Moderation
has
been
observ'd
in
this
young
Conquerour
,
who
has
treated
a
Nation
newly
subdued
with
all
the
Lenity
imaginable
.
The
old
or
true
Tartary
,
which
the
Arabians
call
after
a
different
manner
,
is
towards
the
North
,
and
but
very
little
known
:
Salmanasar
,
King
of
Assyria
,
is
said
to
have
transported
thither
the
Tribes
,
which
he
carryed
away
Captive
from
the
Holy
Land
,
and
there
are
also
said
to
be
still
at
this
day
Hords
of
them
,
who
keep
up
their
Names
,
and
follow
their
Manners
.
It
has
Imaus
,
one
of
greatest
Mountains
in
the
World
.
China
.
CHina
,
which
receiv'd
almost
as
many
Names
as
it
has
had
Royal
Families
,
has
ever
pass'd
for
one
of
the
most
Considerable
Kingdoms
in
the
World
,
by
reason
of
it's
bigness
,
the
Beauty
of
it's
Cities
,
the
great
number
,
Politeness
,
and
Maximes
of
it's
Inhabitants
,
Printing
,
the
Manufacture
of
Silks
,
Artillery
,
Gunpowder
,
and
Chairs
or
Sedans
,
are
said
to
have
been
in
use
with
them
,
sooner
than
with
us
.
Besides
what
is
necessary
to
the
Life
of
Man
,
China
produces
the
most
precious
commodities
of
the
East
.
It
seems
as
if
Nature
had
bestow'd
upon
each
of
it's
Provinces
some
peculiar
Gift
:
those
who
have
dwelt
in
this
Country
do
aver
,
that
all
that
is
thought
fine
,
dispers'd
in
the
rest
of
the
World
,
is
collected
in
China
.
That
there
is
likewise
a
vast
number
of
things
,
which
would
be
in
vain
sought
for
else-where
.
So
that
it
is
no
wonder
,
if
the
Tartars
found
it
so
easy
a
matter
to
subdue
a
Nation
,
subdued
in
delights
before
,
who
having
forgot
to
wear
the
sabre
,
contented
themselves
with
fighting
at
fisticuffs
,
and
with
their
Nails
,
which
they
expresly
let
grow
for
that
purpose
,
and
for
tearing
away
their
Flabels
and
their
hair
,
which
was
their
Principal
Ornament
.
This
oblig'd
their
Conquerours
to
call
the
Chineses
,
the
soft
and
easy
,
and
to
make
them
enjoy
the
Pleasures
of
the
Campagne
,
which
they
had
never
done
before
that
Conquest
.
China
is
almost
Quadrangular
;
so
Populous
,
that
there
has
been
sometimes
reckoned
above
Sixty
Thousand
Millions
of
Persons
,
of
those
who
might
be
assessed
and
pay
Taxes
.
It
's
Rivers
are
so
covered
with
Boats
,
that
there
are
held
to
be
as
many
as
in
all
the
other
Rivers
of
the
World
.
The
Annual
Revenue
of
it's
King
has
ever
been
esteem'd
,
a
Hundred
and
Fifty
Millions
of
Gold
,
according
to
others
,
Four
Hundred
Millions
of
Ducats
;
The
Chineses
laugh'd
at
our
Maps
,
which
plac'd
their
Kingdom
at
one
of
the
ends
of
the
World
;
they
say
they
are
in
the
mid'st
,
(
the
Jews
have
pretended
the
same
thing
for
Jerusalem
,
the
Greeks
for
Delphos
,
the
Moors
for
Granada
.
)
They
say
also
,
that
they
have
two
Eyes
,
that
the
Europeans
have
but
one
,
and
other
People
none
at
all
.
Learned
Men
are
oblig'd
to
them
,
for
that
they
have
compiled
their
History
,
which
was
brought
into
Europe
by
Martini
the
Jesuit
:
It
is
esteemed
so
much
the
more
faithful
,
in
that
they
made
it
but
of
their
own
Country
,
and
only
for
themselves
.
They
have
always
been
so
Jealous
of
the
secrets
of
their
Policy
,
and
of
their
other
affairs
,
that
they
did
not
willingly
allow
Strangers
entrance
into
their
Country
.
The
great
Wall
,
or
rather
the
Intrenchment
of
above
four
hundred
Leagues
,
which
they
caused
formerly
to
be
made
,
is
a
Work
,
that
has
had
more
Renown
than
Effect
;
the
Tartars
have
often
over-run
China
,
notwithstanding
this
Obstacle
.
Those
who
have
said
that
China
is
but
one
City
,
by
reason
of
the
Numerousness
of
it's
People
,
have
likewise
said
,
that
a
no
less
considerable
Wall
was
requir'd
to
be
proportionable
to
the
Grandeur
of
such
a
Town
.
'T
is
hardly
credible
that
in
this
Fortification
the
Stones
be
seven
Fathom
high
,
and
five
broad
,
as
they
are
said
to
be
by
the
Chineses
.
If
we
may
believe
their
History
,
the
Hostilities
of
the
Tartars
have
been
exercised
for
above
four
thousand
years
;
the
Chinese
Horses
cannot
endure
the
sight
of
those
of
Tartary
.
The
late
years
have
caused
strange
Revolutions
in
this
Kingdome
:
After
that
the
Rebels
had
acted
as
Soveraigns
,
the
Tartars
under
their
Emperour
Xunchi
,
have
conquer'd
all
their
Country
,
in
less
then
seven
years
Time
,
and
that
since
the
year
1643
,
the
Militia
was
not
very
considerable
,
Men
of
Learning
domineer'd
over
Men
of
the
Sword
:
From
whence
it
came
,
that
the
State
only
subsisted
by
Policy
,
by
numerous
Armys
,
and
not
by
the
valour
of
it's
People
.
The
principal
Chiefs
,
were
called
Mandarins
;
at
present
the
Tartar
has
Tartarian
Officers
,
and
Chinese
Officers
below
his
Vice-Roys
,
of
whom
some
are
for
Arms
,
and
others
for
Learning
.
This
change
has
the
Sword
wrought
over
the
Gown
,
and
the
poor
Mandarins
are
no
longer
in
a
state
to
do
Justice
,
with
so
much
Pomp
and
Pride
as
they
formerly
did
.
Paganisme
is
there
generally
received
,
nevertheless
Vertue
amongst
them
is
in
an
high
esteem
.
The
Publick
is
more
Rich
proportionably
,
as
particular
Persons
are
:
Writing
is
managed
from
the
top
to
the
bottom
:
It
has
above
sixty
thousand
Letters
,
and
has
not
three
hundred
thousand
Words
,
which
are
almost
all
Monosyllables
;
whereas
the
Europeans
have
many
Words
&
few
Letters
,
the
Chineses
have
many
Letters
and
few
Words
,
which
they
pronounce
with
divers
Tones
,
according
to
their
signification
:
So
as
we
may
say
,
their
Speech
is
only
singing
.
It
's
Great
Cities
are
called
Fu
,
the
lesser
C●u
.
The
Chineses
love
their
Hair
to
that
Degree
,
that
several
amongst
them
,
choose
rather
to
dye
,
than
to
be
shav'd
conformably
to
the
Tartars
commands
.
Swines
Flesh
is
with
them
a
most
exquisite
Dish
.
Before
the
coming
of
the
Tartars
Yellow
was
the
Kings
,
and
Black
the
Peoples
usual
wear
.
All
China
is
divided
into
sixteen
Provinces
,
each
of
which
are
worth
more
than
large
Kingdoms
.
Ten
of
'em
lye
towards
the
South
;
Yunnan
,
Quansi
,
Canton
,
Fuquiem
,
Chequiam
,
Nanxin
,
Kiamsi
,
Huquam
,
Suscuem
and
Quicheu
.
The
six
towards
the
North
are
Xensi
,
Sciansi
,
Honan
,
Xantung
,
Pekin
and
Leaorung
,
which
several
have
called
Cathai
,
whereas
they
give
the
name
of
Mangi
to
the
Southern
Provinces
.
Canton
has
a
Town
of
the
greatest
Trade
and
Riches
of
all
the
Kingdom
;
from
thence
are
transported
Rice
,
Sugar
,
Varnish
,
which
is
drawn
from
the
Rinds
of
Trees
,
and
Pearls
that
are
fish'd
near
the
Isle
of
Ainaon
.
Macao
,
in
an
Island
of
the
same
Name
,
surrounded
with
several
other
small
Islands
and
Rocks
,
is
peopled
with
Portugals
,
who
have
fortified
it
after
an
extraordinary
manner
,
since
they
were
attack'd
by
the
Hollanders
,
in
the
Year
1622.
This
City
entertains
a
great
Commerce
between
China
and
Europe
;
this
Commerce
is
much
diminish't
;
they
have
no
longer
two
hundred
,
for
a
hundred
profit
,
as
they
had
formerly
;
and
now
the
Hollanders
have
got
footing
in
the
Kingdom
,
whereas
they
were
formerly
excluded
from
thence
,
because
the
Chineses
had
a
Prophesie
,
that
they
should
be
subdued
by
people
who
have
blue
Eyes
:
This
has
been
verified
by
the
coming
of
the
Tartars
.
The
Right
alone
,
for
the
Trade
of
Salt
,
is
worth
every
Year
above
fifteen
hundred
thousand
Livers
to
the
King
of
China
.
The
small
Isle
of
Sanchoan
is
known
for
the
death
of
the
Popish
Saint
Xavier
.
Fuquiem
produces
pure
Gold
,
Pepper
,
Sugar
,
and
Calamint
.
The
Gold
and
Silver
of
China
,
is
not
so
good
as
that
we
have
:
they
esteem
the
Pistols
and
Rials
of
Spain
.
The
Island
Formosa
has
a
Mine
of
Gold
,
which
the
Hollanders
had
in
possession
for
a
long
while
.
In
the
Year
1661
,
they
were
drove
thence
by
a
Chinese
,
called
Coceinga
,
a
Taylor
's
Son
.
The
Isle
of
Tayouan
,
half
a
League
from
Formosa
,
is
an
Island
,
whither
People
resort
in
all
Seasons
of
the
Year
,
without
being
oblig'd
to
wait
for
the
Monzoon
:
In
the
Year
1632
,
the
Hollanders
made
a
Fort
there
of
four
Bastions
,
faced
with
hew'd
stone
;
which
serv'd
them
to
take
the
Isle
of
Formosa
.
Chequiam
has
Temples
,
wherein
are
rich
Idols
.
Nankin
has
a
Town
of
the
same
Name
,
formerly
the
abode
of
the
Court
,
the
most
esteemed
of
China
,
upon
the
account
of
its
Beauty
,
the
fertility
of
its
Soyl
,
its
fine
Edifices
,
its
great
Commerce
,
the
River
Kiang
,
which
we
call
the
River
Blew
,
and
the
Chinese
,
the
Son
of
the
Sea
,
because
that
its
common
breadth
exceeds
two
of
our
Leagues
.
With
the
River
Jaune
,
and
the
Royal
Channel
,
it
affords
the
means
of
going
to
Pekin
by
Boat
,
and
of
trading
to
Pekin
by
Rivers
,
disembarking
only
at
the
Mountain
Muilin
.
There
is
near
Nankin
,
a
Tower
of
Porcelain
nine
Stories
,
or
Vaults
,
above
one
another
,
with
a
hundred
and
fourscore
and
four
steps
.
Schanchay
is
the
most
usual
station
of
the
King's
Fleets
.
Kiamzi
passes
for
the
most
populous
Province
;
It
alone
has
Water
proper
for
the
perfection
of
Porcelain
,
when
they
apply
to
it
the
Tincture
of
Azure
,
Vermilion
,
or
Yellow
.
The
late
Voyages
,
that
have
been
made
into
the
Inlands
of
China
,
have
inform'd
us
,
that
Porcelain-Ware
is
not
made
of
the
shells
of
the
Sea
,
nor
of
Egg-shells
pounded
,
as
several
have
believed
;
it
is
made
by
the
means
of
Sand
or
Earth
,
peculiar
to
certain
Cantons
of
the
Countrey
,
where
it
is
found
in
Rocks
;
for
the
making
it
,
't
is
not
necessary
,
that
this
Earth
remain
buried
an
Age
,
as
some
have
thought
fit
to
affirm
.
The
Chineses
knead
this
Sand
,
and
make
Cups
of
it
,
which
they
set
a
baking
in
Ovens
,
for
the
space
of
fifteen
days
,
and
give
them
several
Figures
.
The
application
of
Colours
is
one
of
the
principal
Secrets
which
the
Chineses
have
thought
fit
to
keep
conceal'd
from
strangers
.
Huquam
yields
so
much
Rice
and
Oyl
,
that
the
Chineses
have
it
in
a
Proverb
,
That
they
draw
but
one
Collation
from
each
of
the
other
Provinces
of
China
,
but
from
Huquam
they
have
wherewith
to
live
on
a
whole
Year
.
Xensi
does
particularly
furnish
Musk
;
Its
City
of
Cancheu
has
a
great
confluence
of
Caravans
.
Siganfu
has
very
ancient
Remnants
of
Christianity
.
Sciansi
hath
Vineyards
,
from
whence
the
Jesuits
had
the
Wine
they
stood
in
need
of
,
for
the
celebrating
the
Mass
,
before
they
were
driven
thence
,
in
the
Year
1665.
Honan
produces
the
best
Fruits
in
the
World
,
and
in
great
quantity
.
Pekin
,
otherwise
Peguin
,
has
a
City
of
the
same
Name
,
the
Capital
of
all
the
State
,
with
a
Castle-Royal
.
It
is
probably
the
City
,
which
several
Authors
call
Cambalu
;
what
those
Authors
call
Cathai
,
is
nothing
else
than
Northern
China
.
In
the
Year
1644.
This
City
was
surpriz'd
,
and
pillag'd
,
by
a
Rebel
,
who
dissipated
,
in
a
few
days
,
all
the
Riches
which
sixteen
Kings
had
heaped
up
,
during
two
hundred
and
fourscore
Years
.
Since
that
,
the
Tartars
of
Niuche
,
whom
they
call
Kin
,
have
rendred
themselves
Masters
of
it
;
and
by
the
taking
of
Nakin
,
and
Canton
,
have
setled
their
Conquests
in
the
great
Kingdom
of
China
.
India
.
THe
Name
of
India
,
and
that
of
Indostan
,
is
given
to
the
Empire
of
the
Mogul
,
and
has
two
great
Peninsula's
on
this
,
and
on
the
other
side
the
Ganges
.
They
call
by
the
Name
of
Indies
,
the
Islands
of
the
Oriental
Sea
,
the
Coasts
of
Persia
,
and
Arabia
,
and
those
of
Africa
towards
the
East
:
The
Coasts
of
Africa
,
upon
the
Ocean
,
on
this
side
the
Cape
of
Good
Hope
,
and
of
America
,
are
known
under
Name
of
the
West-Indies
,
by
those
who
frequent
the
Sea
.
The
principal
Tongues
,
that
have
any
vogue
in
the
East-Indies
,
are
the
Canarine
in
and
about
Goa
;
the
Malabar
,
in
the
Countrey
of
the
same
Name
;
the
Guzerate
in
Cambaia
,
Coromondel
,
Bisnagar
,
and
Bengala
;
the
Malaize
in
Malucca
,
Sumatra
,
the
Java's
,
and
the
Moluccoes
;
that
of
the
Maldive
Isles
is
wholly
peculiar
:
Arabick
is
employed
only
for
Religion
and
the
Sciences
,
just
as
Latin
is
in
Europe
.
Portuguese
is
spoken
in
all
the
places
,
which
were
first
conquered
by
the
Crown
of
Portugal
,
tho'
some
of
those
places
be
at
present
possess'd
by
other
Nations
of
Europe
.
The
Empire
of
the
Mogul
.
THis
Empire
comprehends
the
greatest
part
of
the
firm
land
of
India
between
Persia
,
Tartary
and
China
.
The
Mogul
is
the
Sovereign
thereof
;
He
has
his
Name
and
his
Rise
from
a
Tribe
come
from
Giagathai
,
a
Countrey
of
Great
Tartary
:
He
passes
for
the
richest
Prince
in
the
World
,
as
to
Jewels
;
besides
those
of
his
Crown
,
he
has
those
of
several
Princes
,
his
Neighbours
,
whose
Predecessours
had
for
a
long
while
lived
in
and
entertain'd
the
curiosity
of
having
'em
:
Besides
,
he
inherits
the
Jewels
of
the
Grandees
of
his
Court
.
He
is
Universal
Heir
to
those
he
gives
Pensions
to
:
all
Houses
before
which
he
passes
,
owe
him
a
Present
;
the
Lands
belong
to
him
;
his
Will
serves
for
Law
in
the
decision
of
Matters
.
In
this
State
,
People
go
under
the
Name
of
the
Employment
they
possess
,
and
not
of
the
Lands
they
enjoy
.
Some
Relations
assert
,
that
this
Monarch
is
every
day
shewn
part
of
his
Treasures
;
sometimes
his
Elephants
,
sometimes
his
Jewels
,
another
day
somewhat
else
;
and
that
he
commonly
sees
every
thing
but
once
a
Year
,
all
the
Treasure
being
divided
into
as
many
parts
,
as
there
are
days
in
the
Year
.
The
day
of
his
birth
he
is
weighed
,
and
the
feasting
upon
that
occasion
lasts
five
days
;
then
he
receives
sometimes
the
value
of
above
thirty
Millions
,
and
always
something
very
rare
.
The
Civil
War
,
which
arose
between
the
four
Sons
of
Scha-Jehan
,
did
not
allow
Aureng-zebe
,
who
rendred
himself
Master
of
'em
all
,
to
observe
punctually
these
Diversions
.
One
of
the
Temples
of
this
State
is
pav'd
and
imbowed
with
Plates
of
pure
Gold
.
In
the
Palace
of
Agra
,
there
are
two
Towers
cover'd
with
sheets
of
massy
Gold
,
and
a
Throne
enrich'd
with
Jewels
,
with
four
Lyons
of
silver
Vermilion
guilt
,
supporting
a
Canopy
of
massy
Gold
.
People
talk
at
a
much
higher
rate
:
He
is
said
to
have
two
Bushels
of
Carbuncles
,
five
Bushels
of
Emeralds
,
twelve
Bushels
of
diverse
sorts
of
Precious
Stones
,
twelve
hundred
Cutlasses
,
whose
Scabbards
are
of
Gold
,
and
covered
with
Jewels
.
They
say
,
moreover
,
that
the
Treasure
of
Scha-Choram
,
one
of
the
late
Moguls
,
was
of
fifteen
hundred
Millions
of
Crowns
.
What
is
certain
,
is
,
that
Scha-Jehan
,
who
reign'd
near
forty
Years
,
left
above
five
Millions
of
Crowns
;
that
the
Throne
,
which
he
caus'd
to
be
made
in
his
City
of
Jehan-Abad
,
which
is
that
of
Delli
,
came
to
above
sixty
Millions
of
Livers
.
There
are
seven
magnificent
Thrones
,
whereof
the
greatest
was
begun
by
Tamerlain
.
The
Money
of
this
State
is
of
good
alloy
;
great
Justice
is
done
;
the
Europeans
are
in
great
consideration
,
being
by
them
call'd
Francs
.
They
reckon
the
ways
by
Cosses
,
each
of
which
is
a
Mile
and
a
half
.
No
Oats
are
allowed
their
Horses
;
they
give
'em
Pease
,
and
a
sort
of
Paste
made
of
Sugar
,
Flour
,
and
Butter
.
They
bathe
themselves
in
Cysterns
,
which
they
call
Tanques
;
in
the
Rivers
there
are
Tuberons
,
which
eat
Men.
The
Mogul
;
upon
occasion
,
can
arm
two
hundred
thousand
Horse
;
He
has
but
little
Infantry
,
and
that
too
but
bad
.
He
has
a
considerable
number
of
Elephants
;
of
which
Creatures
he
commonly
keeps
five
or
six
hundred
.
He
draws
great
Services
from
these
Creatures
;
they
are
sure-footed
,
rise
and
lye
down
easily
,
tho'
there
be
of
'em
thirteen
and
fifteen
foot
high
.
This
Prince
is
of
the
Mahometan
Religion
,
of
the
Turkish
Sect
:
Most
of
his
Vassals
are
Pagans
.
The
Gymnosophists
,
and
the
Brachmans
,
have
formerly
been
esteem'd
for
Wisdom
in
India
,
just
as
are
the
Bramins
at
this
day
:
The
former
were
very
cruel
,
they
caused
old
people
,
and
the
diseased
,
to
be
killed
,
out
of
an
opinion
,
that
they
did
them
good
service
.
The
Bramins
exercise
surprising
Abstinences
,
and
Mortifications
;
some
amongst
'em
will
remain
standing
with
their
Arms
up
for
ten
or
twelve
Years
.
They
are
as
the
Priests
of
the
Countrey
.
The
Troopers
and
Soldiers
are
called
Rezbutes
.
There
are
several
Mahometans
in
the
Empire
of
the
Mogul
;
Above
two
thirds
there
are
Gentiles
,
or
Banians
,
or
Persces
.
The
Banians
are
almost
all
Merchants
,
sharp
,
cunning
,
and
as
sagacious
as
possible
,
Hucksters
,
by
reason
of
their
acquaintance
in
the
Country
,
where
they
live
amongst
the
Mahometans
,
as
the
Jews
do
among
the
Christians
;
they
make
profession
of
doing
no
hurt
to
any
Creature
living
;
of
pardoning
the
injuries
that
are
done
them
;
they
believe
the
transmigration
of
Souls
;
have
Hospitals
for
Brutes
more
than
for
Men.
One
amongst
'em
,
spent
in
one
day
above
twelve
thousand
Ducats
,
for
the
making
the
Nuptials
of
his
Friend's
Bull
:
They
have
a
Cow
in
great
veneration
.
They
dare
not
eat
of
any
thing
that
has
had
life
,
not
so
much
as
Radishes
,
for
fear
of
eating
the
Soul
of
some
of
their
Friends
.
They
do
not
willingly
light
Candles
,
for
the
preventing
the
Gnats
from
burning
themselves
in
'em
:
When
the
Portugueses
,
who
dwell
there
,
have
no
Money
,
they
endeavour
to
catch
some
Bird
,
which
they
shew
in
the
Streets
,
saying
,
they
are
going
to
have
it
roasted
for
their
Supper
:
and
immediately
the
Banians
do
not
fail
to
give
them
Money
,
to
redeem
it
out
of
their
hands
.
Marriage
is
with
them
in
such
consideration
,
that
when
a
young
man
is
dead
,
without
having
been
married
,
they
cause
some
Maiden
or
other
to
lye
with
the
Body
,
to
whom
they
give
for
that
purpose
a
Dowry
,
or
Portion
.
The
Persees
are
descended
from
the
ancient
Persians
,
who
retired
into
those
parts
:
Never
any
of
'em
are
Farriers
,
or
Locksmiths
,
for
fear
of
being
sometimes
obliged
to
put
out
the
Fire
,
which
they
esteem
their
God
;
They
have
such
a
reverence
for
Wood
,
as
the
Fewel
and
Nourishment
of
that
God
,
that
,
not
to
prophane
it
by
touching
of
the
dead
,
they
make
their
Coffins
of
Iron
.
The
Indians
in
general
are
tawny
,
Olive-colour'd
,
with
lank
,
black
Hair
;
If
there
be
any
Whites
,
their
whiteness
is
a
mark
of
Leprosie
.
They
drink
from
on
high
,
or
pour
it
in
without
touching
the
Cup
with
their
lips
:
they
affect
white
in
their
Buildings
;
they
ride
on
Oxen
,
instead
of
Horses
:
Persons
of
quality
,
who
travel
in
these
Countreys
,
cause
a
kind
of
Cornet
,
or
Ensign
,
to
be
carried
before
them
.
Their
way
of
salutation
,
is
to
take
one
another
by
the
Beard
.
If
they
be
distant
from
Court
,
they
suffer
their
hair
to
grow
,
as
a
token
of
their
discontent
,
in
that
they
are
deprived
of
the
happiness
of
seeing
their
Prince
.
India
is
very
fertile
and
populous
in
those
parts
,
that
confine
upon
its
great
Rivers
;
It
has
some
Countreys
,
where
you
must
go
in
good
company
,
if
you
mean
to
save
your self
from
Robbers
,
whom
they
call
Koulis
.
It
is
fine
to
see
the
High-ways
of
two
hundred
Leagues
in
length
,
which
resemble
Walks
or
Alleys
;
they
are
planted
with
Cocoes
,
Dates
,
and
Palm-trees
.
This
Countrey
ministers
excellent
Bread
,
there
being
Corn
and
Rice
in
abundance
.
Victuals
in
general
are
mighty
cheap
in
these
parts
,
and
nevertheless
the
Inhabitants
are
naturally
very
sober
.
The
neighbourhood
of
Tartary
is
full
of
Mountains
and
Forests
,
where
the
Moguldoes
often
take
the
divertisement
of
Hunting
:
there
is
a
great
number
of
wild
Beasts
,
and
Rats
too
,
who
attack
Men
in
their
Beds
.
Here
it
was
,
that
Alexander
made
Timber
to
be
cut
for
the
building
of
Ships
,
which
he
caused
to
descend
down
the
Indus
,
and
upon
the
Ocean
,
whose
ebbing
and
flowing
did
extraordinarily
surprise
his
Pilots
.
As
for
the
remains
of
Antiquity
in
this
State
,
there
are
very
few
,
the
Moguls
having
made
it
their
bus'ness
to
ruin
the
ancient
Towns
.
The
Indus
is
navigable
from
the
Lahor
,
as
far
as
Sind
.
The
People
of
the
Countrey
call
it
Pang-ab
,
by
reason
of
the
five
Rivers
,
which
assemble
in
the
highest
part
of
its
course
.
The
Ganges
,
which
is
small
and
low
,
when
there
is
no
Rain
,
was
formerly
famous
for
its
Gold
;
it
is
so
at
present
for
its
Water
,
which
is
very
light
.
The
Natives
of
the
Countrey
say
,
that
this
Water
sanctifies
them
,
whether
they
drink
of
it
,
or
wash
in
't
;
they
go
in
Pilgrimage
to
the
places
where
it
passes
:
the
Moguls
always
cause
some
of
it
to
be
carried
with
them
.
It
is
fine
to
see
sometimes
four
or
five
hundred
thousand
Indians
in
one
and
the
same
season
round
this
Ganges
,
wherein
several
go
to
cast
Gold
and
Silver
.
The
Custom
of
some
is
to
hide
it
under
ground
,
in
the
opinion
they
have
,
it
may
serve
them
after
their
death
.
There
are
full
forty
Kingdoms
in
this
Empire
,
whereof
all
the
Names
are
almost
the
same
with
those
of
the
capital
Cities
.
Likewise
some
small
Territories
there
are
,
whose
Lords
,
who
call
themselves
Rajas
,
are
of
a
very
ancient
Race
,
and
maintain
themselves
in
Fortresses
and
Mountains
inaccessible
.
The
greatest
mischief
they
do
,
is
to
rob
and
make
incursions
upon
the
Mogul's
Subjects
:
The
Names
of
some
Cities
,
terminating
in
Pore
,
seem
to
shew
,
that
they
still
preserve
the
Memory
of
Porus
;
as
well
as
others
in
Scander
,
that
of
Alexander
.
The
Dominions
of
the
Mogul
are
much
larger
than
those
of
the
Persian
,
and
equal
those
of
the
Turk
.
The
Mogul
prevails
by
the
number
of
his
Subjects
,
by
the
vastness
of
his
Riches
,
by
the
extent
of
his
Empire
:
His
Revenue
exceeds
those
both
of
the
Grand
Seignior
and
Sophi
together
.
The
Sophi
surpasses
him
in
Arms
,
in
Horses
,
and
Soldiers
.
The
Mogul
keeps
good
correspondence
with
the
Turk
,
in
consideration
both
of
State
and
Religion
.
Guzaratta
yields
every
year
about
eight
Millions
of
Gold
,
and
its
Merchants
pass
for
the
ablest
and
most
sagacious
of
all
India
.
This
Province
has
three
stately
Cities
,
Amad-abad
,
Cambaya
,
and
Surat
,
with
thirty
other
considerable
Towns
.
Amad-abad
,
the
Capital
,
is
esteemed
by
the
English
,
as
much
as
London
.
Cambaia
was
called
the
Cairo
of
the
Indies
,
by
reason
of
its
bigness
,
which
is
two
Leagues
in
circuit
;
by
reason
of
its
Commerce
,
and
the
fertility
of
its
Soyl
,
which
furnishes
,
amongst
other
things
,
Cotton
,
Anir
,
Opium
,
Agates
,
whereof
there
is
a
Mine
at
Baroche
:
Since
the
losses
of
the
Portugals
,
Cambaya
is
much
decayed
;
besides
,
that
its
Haven
is
very
bad
.
Surat
,
forty
six
days
journey
from
the
Royal
City
of
Agra
,
is
one
of
the
Asiatic
Cities
,
which
drives
the
greatest
Trade
,
tho'
the
coming
to
it
be
dangerous
,
the
Houses
low
,
and
cover'd
with
Palm-trees
.
It
s
River
abates
much
,
which
is
four
Leagues
below
the
Town
,
can
hardly
carry
Vessels
of
seventy
or
eighty
Ton
;
they
being
oblig'd
to
unlade
the
Merchandizes
at
Sohali
:
This
is
the
principal
Scene
of
the
English
Commerce
in
the
East-Indies
:
the
French
have
setled
a
Consul
there
for
the
same
purpose
.
It
is
now
about
thirteen
years
ago
,
that
this
City
was
plunder'd
by
a
Raja
of
the
Countrey
,
a
Rebel
of
the
Mogul
,
called
Siva-Gi
,
the
loss
arising
to
above
thirty-Millions
.
This
Siva-Gi
has
,
since
that
,
taken
several
Towns
to
the
South
of
Surat
.
Diu
is
a
Fortress
in
an
Island
,
which
the
Portugals
have
been
forced
to
abandon
,
after
having
gloriously
defended
it
in
the
years
1539
,
and
1546.
One
of
their
Soldiers
is
said
to
have
shewn
such
bravery
there
,
that
wanting
Lead
,
he
pull'd
out
his
great
Teeth
for
the
charging
his
Musket
:
on
the
other
side
,
an
Indian
being
struck
with
the
Pike
of
a
Portuguese
,
advanc'd
and
thrust
it
on
so
far
into
his
own
body
,
until
that
he
came
up
to
his
enemy
,
and
slash'd
his
hamms
for
him
with
his
short
Sword
.
There
is
mention
made
,
in
the
War
of
Flanders
,
of
somewhat
the
like
bravery
:
A
Soldier
,
hidden
in
a
Boats
of
Turffs
,
for
the
surprising
of
Breda
,
having
receiv'd
a
Wound
from
the
Pike
of
those
who
search'd
it
,
had
the
resolution
and
cunning
,
to
wipe
the
Iron
and
end
of
the
Pike
,
for
fear
his
blood
should
discover
the
Enterprize
.
Cabul
,
with
a
Town
of
the
same
Name
,
is
fruitful
in
Myrobalan
Plums
.
Candahar
was
conquer'd
and
taken
from
the
Persian
,
but
restored
to
him
in
the
year
1650
,
and
the
Moguls
have
not
been
able
to
retake
it
.
Agra
has
the
capital
City
of
all
the
Dominions
,
where
might
be
raised
,
upon
occasion
,
two
hundred
thousand
Men
,
capable
of
bearing
Arms
:
it
is
likewise
the
greatest
City
of
the
Indies
.
The
Prince
draws
a
great
Revenue
,
from
eight
hundred
Stoves
that
are
there
.
'T
is
twice
as
large
as
Ispahan
,
but
ill
built
,
and
without
Walls
;
It
's
much
augmented
since
the
year
1566
:
That
Ecbar
made
it
his
Residence
,
after
having
caus'd
there
a
stately
Castle
to
be
raised
.
Delli
was
the
abode
of
the
Mogul
,
before
Agra
,
and
is
so
still
,
since
that
Cha-Jean
has
built
the
City
of
Jean-Abad
in
its
neighbourhood
.
Gualeor
is
a
Fortress
,
where
the
Mogul
confines
such
of
the
Princes
of
his
Blood
,
as
give
him
any
umbrage
.
Lahor
,
resorted
to
by
the
Caravans
,
is
the
ancient
Bucephalea
,
and
is
said
to
be
twenty
four
Leagues
in
compass
.
Naugracut
has
a
famous
Idol
;
those
who
go
thither
,
out
of
devotion
,
cut
a
piece
of
their
Tongue
off
.
Kachmire
,
otherwise
Cassimere
,
is
esteemed
the
little
Paradise
of
India
,
upon
the
account
of
its
beauty
.
Chitor
,
a
ruin'd
City
,
was
the
Capital
of
Ruana
,
the
Successour
of
Porus.
Bengala
is
renowned
for
the
temprature
of
its
Air
,
its
fruitful
Soyl
,
the
abundance
of
its
Rice
,
which
most
parts
of
the
Indies
furnish
themselves
with
,
for
its
fine
Canes
or
Reeds
,
its
Silks
,
&
its
excellent
Wood
of
Calamba
,
the
rarest
and
of
the
most
agreeable
scent
in
the
World
.
It
likewise
gives
name
to
the
greatest
and
most
famous
Gulph
of
Asia
.
One
of
the
late
Histories
of
the
Indies
,
does
affirm
,
that
a
Man
of
Bengala
has
lived
three
hundred
and
five
years
.
The
capital
City
is
Bengala
,
otherwise
Satigan
.
The
Peninsula
of
India
,
intra
Gangem
.
THis
Peninsula
is
the
Countrey
which
is
particularly
call'd
India
.
It
has
two
Parts
,
separated
by
the
Mountains
of
Guate
,
which
advance
from
the
North
to
the
South
,
with
several
delicate
Plains
on
their
top
,
and
which
cause
divers
Seasons
at
the
same
time
towards
the
East
and
West
;
Summer
being
on
the
one
side
,
and
Winter
on
the
other
.
It
has
above
fifty
Kings
,
the
most
powerful
of
whom
,
do
,
by
little
and
little
,
encroach
upon
the
Dominions
of
the
others
.
The
Portugals
,
English
,
and
particularly
the
Hollanders
,
have
Towns
near
the
Sea
,
with
Fortresses
,
for
the
security
of
Trade
,
which
is
commonly
of
Spices
,
Jewels
,
Pearls
,
and
Cotton-Cloth
.
It
has
the
conveniency
of
several
Woods
for
the
building
of
Ships
:
the
Portugals
,
making
use
of
this
advantage
,
cause
several
Carracks
to
be
made
at
Bazaim
.
The
Towns
of
the
Europeans
are
upon
the
Sea
;
farther
in
the
Land
there
are
others
of
the
same
Name
,
which
belong
to
the
Natives
of
the
Countrey
,
and
are
only
distinguish'd
from
one
another
by
their
high
scituation
.
The
Fig-tree
Leaves
are
in
those
parts
so
great
,
that
they
serve
those
of
the
Countrey
for
Coverlets
and
Table-Cloths
.
Amongst
the
several
Religions
,
there
is
that
of
certain
Christians
,
whose
Predecessours
were
instructed
by
St.
Thomas
.
Decan
has
Visapor
for
its
Capital
,
five
Leagues
in
circuit
,
the
abode
of
Idalcan
,
or
Idal-Schach
,
a
Mahometan
King
.
He
still
defends
himself
against
the
Mogul
,
who
had
taken
from
him
several
places
,
and
no
longer
pays
him
any
Tribute
.
Goa
is
the
Residence
of
the
Portugal
Vice-Roy
,
and
the
Arsenal
of
that
Crown
for
the
East-Indies
.
Some
esteem
the
Hospital
of
Goa
,
finer
,
richer
,
and
better
served
,
than
that
of
the
Holy
Ghost
at
Rome
,
or
the
Infirmery
of
Maltha
.
It
is
a
spacious
City
,
but
the
excessive
heats
are
mortal
to
many
persons
:
those
who
are
bound
hither
,
touch
at
two
small
Islands
,
five
Leagues
from
the
Town
,
and
there
they
take
in
Pilots
,
who
commonly
bring
them
into
the
Port
of
Mormogan
,
one
of
the
best
of
Asia
.
Malabar
is
a
very
level
Countrey
,
with
a
good
pleasant
Coast
,
and
inhabited
by
people
,
who
know
no
other
Trade
,
than
that
of
Piracy
.
There
blows
,
in
Winter
,
a
Wind
which
so
moves
the
neighbouring
Sea
,
that
it
rouls
a
vast
quantity
of
the
Sand
into
the
Entrance
of
the
Harbours
,
so
as
then
small
Barks
cannot
come
in
:
In
Summer
,
another
Wind
,
quite
contrary
,
is
so
violent
,
that
it
carries
away
the
Sand
clearly
,
and
lays
open
the
Navigation
.
The
great
number
of
Rivers
there
,
renders
Horses
of
little
use
,
principally
for
War
.
Those
Rivers
fatten
the
Land
,
nourish
Crocodiles
,
whose
flesh
is
good
to
eat
,
and
serve
for
the
transportation
of
Victuals
and
Spiceries
.
The
Malabarians
pass
a
whole
day
without
eating
,
by
taking
two
Grains
of
a
Paste
,
called
Anfian
,
which
they
have
come
from
Cambaia
:
they
are
oblig'd
to
continue
this
nourishment
,
and
if
they
once
left
it
off
,
they
could
not
live
four
days
to
an
end
.
The
Children
in
this
Countrey
do
not
succeed
their
Fathers
;
those
of
their
Sisters
inherit
,
as
being
certainly
the
next
of
Blood
.
The
Wives
burn
themselves
after
the
death
of
their
Husbands
,
to
shew
,
that
they
will
not
survive
them
.
A
few
years
ago
,
two
hundred
of
these
Women
took
this
course
,
after
the
death
of
the
Naique
of
Madura
,
a
small
Territory
bordering
upon
Malabar
;
since
which
,
that
Law
has
been
moderated
,
in
favour
of
the
Widows
.
The
greatest
Ears
are
the
most
beautiful
,
because
they
have
room
to
fasten
more
Jewels
than
the
small
.
Calecut
is
a
trading
Town
,
whither
the
Portuguese
resorted
with
a
less
favourable
success
than
at
Cochim
,
where
they
obtained
leave
for
the
making
a
Cittadel
,
the
first
Fortress
they
had
in
the
East-Indies
.
The
Hollanders
took
it
from
them
in
the
Year
1662.
The
Prince
of
Calecut
calls
himself
Zamorin
:
He
pretends
a
Tribute
from
the
Kings
of
Malabar
.
Besides
this
Prince
,
there
are
in
this
Countrey
the
Kings
of
Cananor
,
of
Tanor
,
of
Cranganor
,
of
Cochim
,
of
Coulan
,
of
Travancor
,
and
ten
or
twelve
others
of
small
consideration
.
Tamul
gives
its
name
to
a
particular
Language
;
besides
the
Malaize
Tongue
,
there
are
others
,
which
they
call
the
Bagadan
and
the
Grandonique
.
Cochim
,
which
comes
near
the
bigness
of
Goa
,
pays
a
Tribute
to
the
Hollanders
,
who
stand
possess'd
of
its
Fortress
,
as
we
have
already
said
:
The
Haven
of
it
is
not
good
by
reason
of
the
Rocks
and
Shelves
which
are
at
its
entrance
.
Coulan
is
now
neither
so
rich
nor
so
populous
,
as
it
was
when
it
had
above
a
hundred
thousand
Inhabitants
.
Zamorin
consider'd
it
for
its
Situation
,
its
Harbour
,
and
Loyalty
.
The
Sand
of
the
Sea
having
stopped
up
its
Haven
,
Goa
and
Calecut
have
taken
from
it
all
its
Commerce
.
Onor
has
Pepper
very
heavy
,
and
black
Rice
,
which
is
better
than
the
White
.
After
Malabar
,
and
towards
the
East
,
is
the
Coast
of
Fishing
,
otherwise
called
Manar
,
where
they
Fish
for
Pearls
,
where
the
Market
is
held
at
Tuticorin
.
This
Country
,
wherein
are
about
thirty
small
Cities
,
is
dry
and
burnt
.
It
obeys
,
for
the
most
part
,
a
Naique
of
Madura
;
the
Hollanders
stand
possess'd
of
the
small
Island
of
the
Kings
with
some
Fortresses
,
which
render
them
Masters
of
the
Passages
of
the
Banks
of
Manar
.
They
gather
Amber-grease
on
this
Coast
;
near
Cape
Comorrin
was
formerly
found
a
piece
of
Amber-grease
,
which
is
said
to
have
weighed
thirty
Quintals
.
Coromandel
,
or
Corobander
,
is
so
called
from
the
Rice
,
which
it
produces
in
abundance
:
It
has
the
Havens
of
Meliapour
and
St.
Thomas
,
where
that
Apostle
fore-told
,
that
White
People
would
arrive
in
their
Country
,
which
was
verified
by
the
coming
of
the
Portugals
.
By
some
it
is
observed
,
in
the
Descendents
of
those
who
put
that
Holy
Apostle
to
death
,
that
they
have
one
Leg
much
greater
than
the
other
.
The
Sea
being
here
high
and
rough
at
all
times
,
the
small
Vessels
chuse
rather
to
retire
to
Pallecate
,
and
the
great
to
Negapatan
.
Narsinga
and
Bisnagar
,
otherwise
Karnatek
,
have
Amethists
,
Saphirs
,
and
other
precious
Stones
.
The
King
of
Narsinga
,
who
is
the
Raja
of
Velou
,
whose
Territories
advance
towards
Cape
Comorin
,
stiles
himself
the
King
of
Kings
,
and
the
Husband
of
a
thousand
Wives
.
The
City
of
Bisnagar
is
upon
a
Mountain
with
a
Cittadel
.
There
are
on
this
Coast
the
Naiques
or
Princes
of
Madura
,
Tanaior
,
and
Gingi
;
and
,
in
their
Dominions
,
Inhabitants
,
who
have
pleasant
Imaginations
:
they
make
the
number
of
their
Gods
mount
to
thirty
three
Millions
.
They
say
,
that
the
Globe
of
the
Earth
is
supported
with
a
Serpent
,
arm'd
with
a
thousand
Heads
,
on
which
all
the
World
is
pois'd
;
that
this
Serpent
is
born
by
eight
Elephants
,
who
stand
upon
the
Back-bone
of
a
Tortoise
,
which
of
its
self
remains
firm
and
motionless
even
with
the
Water
.
They
also
multiply
the
Seas
,
and
make
seven
different
ones
of
them
;
the
one
of
Water
,
the
other
of
Milk
,
the
third
of
Cream
,
the
fourth
of
Butter
,
the
fifth
of
Salt
,
the
sixth
of
Sugar
,
and
the
seventh
of
Wine
.
These
small
States
have
rose
out
of
the
ruins
of
that
of
Narsinga
.
The
late
Relations
make
mention
of
the
Kingdom
of
Messur
,
bordering
upon
that
of
Madura
,
of
the
Moravan
People
being
very
Warlike
,
and
of
the
Land
of
Thieves
.
There
are
several
Apes
in
the
Woods
of
this
Country
,
where
People
take
the
Diversion
of
making
them
fight
to
get
Rice
.
Golconda
belongs
to
a
Mahometan
King
,
of
the
Sect
of
the
Persiaens
;
there
is
a
Mine
of
Diamonds
,
so
abounding
,
that
in
the
Year
1622.
the
King
caused
it
to
be
stopped
up
for
some
time
,
for
fear
that
the
too
great
quantity
would
render
them
common
,
or
that
the
Mogul
might
have
a
desire
to
possess
it
.
This
Mine
is
at
the
foot
of
a
Mountain
,
where
are
sometimes
a
hundred
thousand
Workmen
.
There
are
also
Mines
of
Iron
and
Steel
,
the
Steel
that
is
drawn
from
thence
passes
for
the
best
of
all
the
Levant
.
The
Inhabitants
of
this
Countrey
are
very
much
addicted
to
Traffick
;
though
the
Countrey
be
Mountainous
and
Sandy
,
yet
it
produces
great
plenty
of
Rice
.
The
King
has
so
many
Customs
and
Imposts
,
that
there
accrue
to
him
from
thence
above
twenty
Millions
.
They
speak
Talenga
in
this
Kingdom
,
and
reckon
by
Gauts
,
each
of
which
comes
to
six
thousand
paces
.
The
City
of
Golconda
is
one
of
the
most
beautiful
and
strongest
of
all
India
;
it
is
also
one
of
the
greatest
,
being
divided
into
three
Citites
.
Badnaguar
,
otherwise
Hidraband
,
where
is
the
King's
Palace
,
though
it
be
without
Walls
;
Golconda
,
where
is
the
Cittadel
;
Emanjour
,
upon
a
River
which
separates
it
from
the
former
.
The
King's
Palace
is
the
most
magnificent
of
all
those
of
India
,
it
is
twelve
Miles
compass
:
Gold
is
there
employed
to
such
uses
as
we
employ
Iron
for
.
Mazalpatan
,
an
unwalled
Town
,
has
narrow
Streets
and
low
Houses
;
it
is
strong
by
Situation
,
in
a
marshy
place
,
where
it
has
a
Bridg
of
fifteen
thousand
paces
in
length
.
It
s
Harbour
or
Road
is
half
a
League
from
the
City
,
commodious
for
all
sorts
of
Ships
:
most
Europeans
have
their
Factors
here
.
The
Inhabitants
of
the
Town
drive
a
great
Trade
in
Stained
or
Painted
Cloaths
,
and
other
Works
of
Cotton
,
so
delicately
wrought
,
and
with
such
lively
Colours
,
that
they
are
more
esteemed
than
those
of
Silk
.
The
Fortress
of
Condapoli
has
six
Fortifications
one
upon
another
,
each
with
its
conveniency
,
and
Lands
capable
of
nourishing
its
Garrison
.
There
are
sixty
other
places
of
defence
in
the
Kingdom
of
Golconda
.
The
Peninsula
of
India
,
extra
Gangem
.
IN
this
part
of
India
is
a
great
number
of
good
and
great
Rivers
,
which
render
it
fertile
by
their
Inundations
,
and
which
afford
the
means
of
Transporting
thence
the
same
Merchandizes
as
from
the
Neighbouring
Countries
.
The
Elephants
do
great
service
,
principally
when
Fire
has
seized
on
any
place
,
for
then
they
pull
down
,
with
a
wonderful
dispatch
and
dexterity
,
the
Houses
neighbouring
on
those
which
are
burning
;
upon
a
certain
signal
from
him
who
governs
them
,
they
take
away
with
their
Trunk
the
Roof
of
the
House
that
is
shew'd
them
,
and
Butt
down
the
Walls
that
remain
,
without
going
beyond
the
Order
that
is
given
them
.
The
Inhabitants
of
these
Countries
are
for
the
most
part
Pagans
,
and
live
in
a
state
of
War
under
divers
Kings
,
in
whose
Dominions
are
daily
wrought
some
Changes
or
other
,
the
most
powerful
still
becoming
Masters
of
the
weakest
.
Aracan
is
fertile
in
Grains
and
Silver-Mines
.
Pegu
was
very
considerable
,
when
it
comprehended
two
Emperors
and
twenty
six
Kingdoms
:
It
is
much
decayed
and
fallen
from
its
grandeur
,
through
the
Wars
it
sustain'd
against
the
King
of
Siam
,
for
the
maintaining
itself
in
the
possession
of
a
White
Elephant
.
This
Elephant
was
in
so
much
the
greater
esteem
amongst
the
Indians
,
in
that
they
firmly
believed
,
that
their
Xaca
,
or
Prophet
,
was
Metamorphosed
into
such
an
Animal
.
In
the
Year
1661.
the
Tartar
,
Victorious
over
China
,
push'd
on
his
Conquests
thither
,
in
pursuing
Constantin
the
last
King
of
the
Chineses
.
The
Glasses
of
the
Pagods
,
which
are
the
Churches
of
the
City
of
Pegu
,
are
of
Tortoise-shells
,
so
as
those
of
Goa
are
of
Mother
of
Pearl
.
The
City
of
Siam
(
which
is
otherwise
called
Odia
,
or
India
)
is
twenty
Leagues
from
the
Sea
,
upon
the
Menan
River
,
which
overflows
every
six
Months
;
the
Indians
call
it
in
this
manner
,
as
if
it
was
the
Mother
of
Waters
.
This
River
has
three
Mouths
,
whereof
the
most
Eastern
is
the
most
commodious
.
Several
Ships
come
to
the
City
of
Bankok
,
six
Leagues
from
the
Sea
;
from
thence
their
Boats
and
Pinnaces
go
twenty
Leagues
,
as
far
as
the
City
of
Siam
.
The
King
of
Siam
has
been
very
absolute
;
has
had
several
small
Tributary
Princes
;
but
has
since
own'd
Homage
to
the
Tartar
,
Master
of
China
.
He
is
an
Idolater
,
and
nevertheless
allows
of
the
Building
of
some
Christian
Churches
in
his
Capital
Cities
;
nay
,
he
himself
has
caused
some
to
be
Built
at
his
own
cost
.
He
himself
Trades
;
out
of
his
Dominons
are
Transported
Buck-skins
,
Benjamin
,
and
all
other
precious
Merchandises
of
India
.
The
Siamois
,
contrary
to
other
Orientals
,
dispose
their
Writing
after
the
same
manner
as
do
the
other
Orientals
.
Tanacerin
near
an
Isthmus
,
Ligor
and
Patane
drive
a
great
Trade
.
This
Country
is
fertile
,
temperate
,
and
brings
forth
Fruits
every
Month
of
the
Year
.
Hens
,
Geese
and
Ducks
,
lay
often
their
Eggs
twice
a
day
;
insomuch
,
that
Victuals
are
in
abundance
,
and
at
easie
rates
.
Malaca
,
with
a
strong
Castle
,
is
as
the
Centre
of
the
East-Indies
,
where
you
may
wait
for
Winds
,
fair
for
the
Navigation
you
intend
to
make
.
Barks
may
enter
into
it
by
the
River
,
but
great
Ships
cast
anchor
between
the
two
Islands
that
are
in
the
mouth
of
the
River
.
The
City
ows
its
rise
to
Fishermen
of
Pegu
,
Siam
,
and
Bengala
,
who
frequented
it
,
establishing
there
,
at
the
same
time
,
a
new
Tongue
,
which
is
at
present
receiv'd
in
several
parts
of
India
.
The
Portugals
gave
out
,
that
the
Air
hereof
was
unwholsome
;
which
was
to
prevent
all
desire
in
other
Nations
of
setling
themselves
here
.
In
the
Year
1641
,
the
Hollanders
made
themselves
Masters
of
it
.
People
observe
there
,
for
a
rarity
,
the
doleful
Tree
,
whose
Flowers
only
come
by
Night
,
and
fall
at
the
sight
of
the
Sun
.
Ihor
in
the
most
Southern
part
of
India
,
is
built
upon
Posts
,
near
a
River
,
which
divides
it
into
two
Ports
.
Cambodia
,
whose
King
is
a
Vassal
of
that
of
China
,
drives
a
great
Trade
:
The
City
of
the
same
Name
,
is
sixty
Leagues
from
the
Sea
,
built
in
length
,
upon
a
rising
ground
,
to
exempt
it self
from
the
Inundation
of
its
River
.
The
Mecon
,
which
passes
by
it
,
has
two
principal
Mouths
,
which
separate
themselves
afterwards
into
two
others
.
It
is
Navigable
;
In
the
Year
1644
,
four
Holland
Ships
entred
it
,
and
got
out
again
,
notwithstanding
the
endeavours
and
oppositions
of
the
King
of
that
Countrey
,
who
would
have
hindred
them
from
so
doing
.
Cochinchina
is
one
of
the
best
Kingdoms
of
all
India
:
A
great
number
of
Galleys
are
kept
there
,
where
the
Office
of
Rower
is
more
sought
after
than
in
Europe
;
the
French
Bishops
have
been
busie
there
to
promote
the
Catholick
Religion
.
Tunquim
,
or
Tonkin
,
has
its
peculiar
King
,
as
well
as
Cochinchina
and
Cambodia
.
Upon
the
Confines
of
China
and
India
there
are
People
called
Maug
,
Timocoves
,
Gueyes
,
and
others
.
The
Tunquiners
are
the
best
Fire
arms-men
of
all
Asia
;
instead
of
Purses
,
they
have
little
Strings
,
whereon
they
file
their
Copper
Money
,
which
are
round
pieces
,
pierced
thro'
the
middle
,
distinguish'd
from
sixty
to
sixty
,
by
certain
marks
;
they
carry
them
upon
their
shoulders
,
or
else
around
their
arms
.
The
Country
of
Tunquim
is
boggish
,
watry
,
and
interlaced
with
above
thirty
Rivers
,
which
fall
into
the
Sea
:
the
Air
is
nevertheless
very
pure
.
They
recko●
they
have
aobut
twenty
thousand
Villages
,
and
six
great
Provinces
,
wherein
are
said
to
be
two
hundred
thousand
Christians
.
The
capital
City
is
esteemed
twenty
Miles
in
circuit
,
wherein
it
contains
above
a
Million
of
Persons
.
There
are
upon
the
Frontiers
,
Forests
full
of
Apes
,
who
go
sometimes
to
the
number
of
three
or
four
hundred
,
and
ravage
the
fields
;
from
whence
they
carry
a
prodigious
quantity
of
Rice
,
which
they
fasten
between
their
skin
,
and
a
girdle
of
straw
,
which
they
make
for
that
purpose
.
This
Country
has
no
wall'd
Towns
or
Fortresses
.
The
King
of
Tunquim
has
above
fifty
thousand
Soldiers
for
this
guard
;
and
keeps
above
sixty
thousand
upon
the
Frontiers
of
Cachinchina
,
with
whose
Prince
he
is
often
at
Dagger's
drawing
.
He
is
said
to
have
above
five
hundred
Elephants
,
about
as
many
Galleys
,
most
of
em
well
fitted
,
and
finely
guilt
.
It
is
by
the
means
of
the
Elephants
,
that
the
Tunquiners
have
maintain'd
themselves
against
the
Chineses
,
who
did
domineer
over
'em
,
for
somewhile
.
The
most
modern
Relations
make
seven
Kingdoms
pass
under
the
Name
of
Tunquim
,
Tunquim
,
Cochinchina
,
Ciucanghe
,
or
Caubang
,
the
small
Bao
,
the
little
Lao
,
and
the
Mountains
of
Rumoy
,
or
Kemois
,
where
there
is
a
little
King
of
Fire
,
and
another
of
Water
.
They
likewise
make
mention
of
the
great
Kingdom
of
Lao
,
which
extends
from
fourteen
Degrees
,
to
two
and
twenty
and
a
half
of
Northern
Latitude
,
upon
a
breadth
of
fifty
Miles
,
along
a
River
of
same
Name
;
where
Langione
,
at
eighteen
Degrees
of
Latitude
,
is
the
capital
City
.
They
likewise
mention
,
that
its
King
has
for
Tributaries
,
those
of
Bao
,
Ciocangue
,
Ava
;
and
that
there
are
full
five
hundred
thousand
Men
capable
of
Service
in
his
Dominions
.
The
Maldive
Islands
.
THe
Maldive's
Islands
,
situate
on
the
South
of
India
,
both
on
this
and
the
other
side
the
Equinoctial
,
have
this
Name
from
their
City
,
called
Male
,
and
from
Dive
,
which
signifies
Island
,
in
the
Language
of
the
Country
.
They
are
said
to
be
twelve
thousand
in
all
;
which
is
spoke
at
hazard
,
and
an
uncertain
number
is
taken
for
a
certain
.
These
Islands
are
dispers'd
from
the
North-East
,
to
the
South-East
,
into
thirteen
Provinces
,
which
the
Inhabitants
call
Atollons
,
whereof
each
has
a
Bank
for
its
Ramparts
.
Some
of
'em
are
only
Rocks
,
or
heaps
of
Sand
,
and
all
are
very
small
.
That
of
Male
,
which
is
the
Principal
,
is
not
a
League
in
compass
.
They
are
interlaced
with
several
Arms
of
the
Sea
,
environed
with
Rocks
,
which
render
'em
of
very
difficult
access
.
It
has
been
the
good
pleasure
of
Divine
Providence
,
that
there
are
four
Ports
,
or
four
Openings
to
the
Issues
of
each
Atollon
,
that
,
those
Ports
corresponding
to
one
another
,
the
Inhabitants
might
communicate
together
:
Without
this
help
,
the
Ships
would
be
hurried
away
,
by
the
great
Currents
of
the
Sea
,
for
above
seven
or
eight
hundred
Leagues
from
the
Maldives
:
These
Currents
go
six
Months
towards
the
East
,
six
Months
towards
the
West
,
sometimes
more
,
sometimes
less
.
The
Chanels
,
through
which
the
Ships
may
pass
most
easily
,
are
,
those
of
Malos-Madou
,
of
Adou
,
and
Sovadou
,
this
is
twenty
Leagues
broad
.
As
the
Sea
is
but
shallow
in
these
parts
,
and
there
are
commonly
high
Winds
,
and
few
Commodities
,
few
Europeans
resort
to
these
Islands
.
The
King
of
Maldives
is
called
Rascan
;
His
Revenue
consists
in
the
Misfortunes
of
others
;
that
is
to
say
,
it
accrews
from
the
Shipwracks
of
Vessels
,
that
are
cast
away
in
those
parts
:
Certain
it
is
,
there
is
no
trust
to
be
put
in
the
Pilots
of
those
Islands
:
they
often
cause
the
Ships
to
be
cast
away
,
that
are
left
to
their
conduct
,
that
so
the
profit
thereof
may
redound
to
their
King
.
This
Prince
has
a
Custom
to
Caress
strangers
,
and
invite
them
into
his
Island
,
that
so
by
their
dwelling
there
for
some
while
,
they
may
die
of
the
Disease
,
that
reigns
in
those
parts
.
The
Insularies
are
of
a
low
Stature
,
of
a
tawny
Complexion
,
of
the
Mahometan
Religion
,
subject
to
several
Evils
,
by
reason
of
the
excessive
heats
,
which
reign
there
,
and
Feavers
,
which
seldom
abandon
their
Islands
.
They
shave
themselves
with
cold
water
;
catch
Fish
by
swimming
;
go
easily
to
the
bottom
of
the
Sea
;
choose
a
convenient
place
for
the
Anchors
of
their
Ships
;
will
,
with
an
incredible
facility
,
weigh
up
from
thence
burdens
of
a
hundred
thousand
pounds
weight
,
by
the
means
of
a
Cable
,
and
some
pieces
of
their
Woods
of
Condou
.
Their
Cocoes
furnish
them
with
great
Conveniencies
;
they
make
of
'em
Wine
,
Honey
,
Sugar
,
Milk
,
and
Butter
:
they
eat
Almonds
,
instead
of
Bread
,
with
all
sorts
of
Meats
:
they
place
each
Trade
in
a
particular
Island
;
Now
,
to
exempt
'emselves
from
the
Vermin
,
which
might
spoil
and
destroy
their
Commodities
,
they
have
their
Ware
houses
and
Magazines
set
up
in
the
Sea
,
upon
Posts
and
Pillars
,
at
two
or
three
hundred
Paces
from
their
Islands
.
The
Isle
of
Ceylan
.
CEylan
is
said
,
by
the
Insularies
,
to
have
been
much
greater
formerly
than
it
is
at
this
day
;
of
four
hundred
Miles
,
which
it
was
then
in
compass
,
it
is
not
now
above
three
hundred
.
'T
is
made
to
resemble
a
Pearl
,
and
several
do
believe
that
it
is
the
Taprobana
of
the
Ancients
.
It
s
Air
is
the
purest
and
most
healthful
that
is
in
all
India
:
Some
call
it
the
Land
of
Delights
;
and
say
,
that
it
is
the
place
where
was
the
Terrestrial
Paradise
;
that
the
Pico
of
Adam
,
whither
the
Pagan
Priests
go
in
Devotion
,
is
a
Testimony
thereof
,
as
well
as
the
Crystal
Mountains
,
the
Forests
of
Cinnamon
,
and
the
Rivers
of
precious
Stones
,
which
are
all
to
be
found
there
,
except
the
Diamond
.
Doubtless
,
the
Cinnamon
which
is
gather'd
in
this
Island
,
is
by
much
the
best
in
the
World
.
It
affords
excellent
Ivory
:
The
fishing
for
Pearls
is
perform'd
in
its
neighbourhood
,
upon
the
Coast
of
the
Isle
of
Manar
.
This
Island
abounds
so
with
Rice
,
that
they
give
it
their
Horses
,
instead
of
Oats
.
The
Pike
of
Adam
,
afore-mention'd
,
is
a
high
,
sharp
Mountain
:
The
Fables
of
the
Countrey
say
,
that
Adam
was
there
bred
and
buried
;
that
the
Lake
of
Salt
Water
,
which
is
at
the
top
of
it
,
is
a
Flood
of
the
Tears
Eve
shed
during
a
hundred
years
,
for
the
death
of
her
Son
Abel
.
The
Inhabitants
of
Ceylan
,
are
of
divers
Religions
;
active
,
well
shap'd
,
black
and
very
ugly
.
Their
Forces
consist
in
Elephants
,
which
are
reckon'd
the
most
couragious
and
docible
of
all
India
,
from
whence
it
comes
they
are
called
Noble
.
They
say
,
moreover
,
that
the
Elephants
of
other
Countreys
,
seeing
them
,
do
them
Reverence
,
and
that
the
Ivory
of
their
Teeth
does
never
turn
yellow
.
There
was
formerly
a
white
Ape
in
Ceylan
,
in
such
veneration
amongst
the
Inhabitants
,
that
this
Ape
falling
into
the
hands
of
the
Portugals
,
they
offer'd
to
the
King
of
Portugal
,
tho'
in
vain
,
three
hundred
thousand
Crowns
,
to
purchase
him
again
.
The
Bannians
,
who
reckon
,
amongst
their
false
Divinities
,
Ramo
one
of
their
Heroes
,
say
,
amongst
other
follies
,
that
he
desiring
to
pass
,
from
the
Western
Peninsula
of
India
,
into
this
Island
,
all
the
Scale-fish
join'd
together
,
upon
the
surface
of
the
Sea
,
to
make
him
a
Bridge
.
The
Streight
of
Manar
is
but
a
Musket-shot
broad
,
by
reason
of
the
small
Islands
which
are
daily
made
,
by
the
stones
that
are
cast
in
there
,
that
they
may
approach
the
nearer
to
a
Pagod
,
or
Temple
of
Idolaters
,
which
is
in
the
Terra
firma
of
India
,
upon
the
Coast
of
the
Fishery
.
There
are
none
but
small
Vessels
,
which
can
pass
through
this
Streight
:
So
narrow
a
space
of
Sea
,
makes
it
believ'd
,
that
the
Island
was
formerly
joined
to
the
firm
Continent
.
The
Portugals
have
nothing
more
in
Ceylan
;
the
Hollanders
stand
now
possess'd
of
most
of
the
Places
upon
the
Sea
.
There
are
in
this
Island
several
Cities
,
with
the
Title
of
Kingdom
,
Candea
,
Das
sette-Corolas
,
Ceitavaca
,
Galle
,
Colombo
,
Chialo
,
Jaffanatapan
,
Trinquilemale
,
Baticala
,
Jala
.
The
King
of
Candea
is
the
most
powerful
of
the
Countrey
,
and
a
sworn
Enemy
of
the
Hollanders
.
He
commonly
causes
his
Blacks
to
burn
the
Cinnamon
,
that
he
may
render
it
useless
to
his
Enemies
.
The
best
Town
of
Ceylan
is
Candea
,
towards
the
midst
of
the
Island
.
The
Islands
of
Sunda
.
THe
Streight
of
Sunda
gives
it
Name
to
the
Isles
of
Sumatra
,
and
Borneo
:
It
is
the
common
passage
of
the
Ships
which
go
to
China
,
and
in
the
most
Oriental
Seas
.
The
Air
of
these
three
Islands
is
unwholsome
,
and
they
do
not
furnish
those
Provisions
for
the
Mouth
,
that
are
to
be
got
in
the
Terra
firma
of
India
.
Their
Inhabitants
are
Pagans
in
the
Inland-Countrey
,
Mahometans
upon
the
Sea-Coasts
.
They
have
several
Kings
,
who
,
besides
their
Armies
by
Land
,
have
considerable
Forces
by
Sea
.
They
furnish
rich
Merchandizes
,
and
chiefly
Spiceries
,
which
the
English
,
Portugals
,
Hollanders
,
and
most
other
Nations
fetch
from
thence
.
Sumatra
is
the
most
renown'd
Island
of
the
East
,
by
reason
of
its
spaciousness
and
riches
;
It
is
seven
hundred
Miles
in
length
,
and
two
hundred
in
breadth
,
with
several
Mines
of
Gold
.
It
is
ten
Leagues
distant
from
the
Terra
firma
;
the
Ancients
thought
it
a
Peninsula
,
by
reason
of
the
great
number
of
small
Islands
,
which
seem'd
to
join
it
to
the
Continent
.
It
has
five
or
six
Kings
,
of
whom
that
of
Achem
is
best
known
to
us
:
the
others
remain
at
Camper
,
Jambi
,
Menancabo
,
and
Palimban
.
They
have
maintain'd
themselves
so
well
in
their
Islands
,
that
the
Europeans
have
not
yet
been
able
to
hold
there
any
Fortresses
.
There
is
a
Mountain
which
casts
forth
fire
and
flames
,
in
like
manner
with
Mount
Gibel
in
Sicily
.
The
Pepper
,
which
grows
in
this
Island
,
is
better
than
that
of
the
Coast
of
Malabar
,
because
the
Soyl
is
here
more
humid
.
The
Gold
is
gathered
in
grain
and
small
pieces
,
in
little
Ditches
,
by
the
means
of
floods
of
Water
.
In
the
Inlands
of
this
Isle
there
are
still
barbarous
Inhabitants
,
who
make
no
difficulty
of
eating
the
raw
flesh
of
their
Enemies
with
Salt
and
Pepper
,
which
they
always
carry
about
them
for
that
purpose
.
The
City
of
Achem
,
the
most
considerable
of
all
the
Island
,
was
much
better
than
it
is
at
this
day
.
It
is
half
a
League
from
the
Sea
,
in
a
Plain
,
with
a
Fortress
upon
the
Banks
of
a
River
,
which
is
as
broad
as
the
Thames
,
but
so
shallow
,
that
it
cannot
bear
ordinary
Vessels
.
Java
has
several
small
Kings
,
each
City
having
often
its
own
;
the
knowledge
of
whom
is
of
no
great
use
to
us
.
There
are
,
amongst
others
,
those
of
Japara
,
Tuban
,
Jortan
,
Panarvan
,
Panarucan
,
and
Palambuam
.
Several
are
Pagans
,
some
Mahometans
;
Most
own
homage
to
the
Grand
Materau
,
who
resides
either
at
Materau
,
or
Japara
,
and
who
formerly
pretended
to
the
Sovereignty
of
the
whole
Island
.
There
are
Oysters
taken
upon
this
Coast
,
some
of
which
are
said
to
weigh
full
three
hundred
pounds
.
The
Island
produces
such
large
Reeds
,
that
one
of
these
Reeds
alone
is
sufficient
to
make
a
small
Boat
.
It
likewise
furnishes
excellent
Calamba
,
which
is
the
Wood
of
the
Aigle
,
or
Aloes
,
Salt
,
which
is
taken
near
Jortan
;
Gold
and
Silver
in
abundance
.
It
s
Southern
Coast
is
not
yet
known
.
Java
is
one
of
the
greatest
Islands
of
Asia
,
and
,
by
reason
of
its
abundance
,
some
call
it
the
Compendium
of
the
whole
World
.
Its
City
of
Bantam
is
at
the
foot
of
a
Hill
,
environ'd
with
two
Hills
,
and
cut
through
by
a
third
.
The
Walls
of
the
City
are
of
Brick
,
flanck'd
with
several
Cannons
,
without
full
Earth
,
only
three
foot
thick
:
Its
Haven
is
the
most
spacious
,
and
most
frequented
,
that
is
in
all
the
Islands
of
Sonde
:
There
is
all
manner
of
Spices
,
Gums
,
and
other
Commodities
of
the
East-Indies
.
It
is
the
Staple
of
the
English
,
tho'
our
last
advice
from
thence
tell
us
of
great
changes
,
and
that
the
King
of
Bantam's
Son
,
assisted
by
the
Hollanders
,
had
drove
both
the
Right
King
and
English
from
thence
.
The
French
have
,
of
late
years
,
drove
some
small
Trade
in
this
Town
.
Some
Spaniards
call
Bantam
,
the
Geneva
of
the
East
.
Jacatra
,
or
Batavia
,
has
,
since
the
Year
1669.
been
the
Residence
of
the
Councel
of
the
Hollander's
East-India
Company
,
and
the
Magazine
General
of
all
the
rich
Merchandises
,
which
they
draw
from
the
Countries
of
the
East
,
to
send
into
Europe
.
It
has
a
good
Cittadel
,
with
four
regular
Bastions
,
Half-Moons
,
and
other
Works
.
It
is
in
a
Bay
,
which
being
covered
by
some
Islands
toward
the
Sea
,
forms
the
best
Road
in
all
the
Indies
.
After
this
,
Jortam
is
one
of
the
best
and
most
frequented
Havens
of
the
Isle
of
Java
.
Borneo
is
the
greatest
Island
of
all
Asia
,
fertile
in
Merabolans
and
Camphire
.
It
has
several
good
Roads
,
but
few
good
Towns
.
Some
say
,
it
is
the
Java
Major
of
Marc-Pol
of
Venice
,
and
Java
Minor
is
that
we
have
just
before
made
mention
of
.
The
City
of
Borneo
is
built
upon
Posts
in
the
Sea
,
at
the
Mouth
of
a
River
,
where
is
a
Great
and
Commodious
Haven
.
It
has
its
particular
King
as
well
as
Bender-Massin
.
Sabas
is
the
Capital
of
a
Kingdom
which
affords
Diamonds
.
The
Isles
of
Japan
.
THere
be
several
Islands
known
under
this
name
.
The
three
most
considerable
,
are
Niphon
,
Ximo
and
Xicoco
.
Niphon
,
much
larger
than
the
rest
,
is
separated
from
the
firm
Land
,
by
an
Arm
of
the
Sea
,
about
ten
Leagues
in
breadth
;
some
say
,
that
it
is
joyn'd
to
it
,
but
that
,
by
the
difficulties
of
the
ways
,
the
Japans
chuse
rather
to
go
thither
by
Sea
.
All
these
Islands
have
a
temperate
Air
;
abound
in
Rice
,
Pearls
,
and
Mines
of
Silver
,
very
much
esteemed
.
Their
Pearls
are
large
,
but
are
found
to
have
too
much
of
Red
in
them
.
In
this
Country
is
a
very
extraordinary
Tree
;
it
becomes
dry
when
they
wet
it
,
and
to
nourish
it
,
they
must
put
into
a
hole
they
make
in
it
,
filings
of
Iron
,
with
Sand
very
dry
:
and
to
make
its
Branches
green
,
and
gain
and
exert
its
Leaves
,
they
are
to
be
fastened
with
a
Nail
.
The
Japaneses
are
Idolaters
,
good
Soldiers
,
and
very
patient
:
Notwithstanding
the
dangers
of
the
neighbouring
Sea
,
they
have
sometimes
taken
the
Peninsula
of
Corca
from
the
Chineses
.
They
have
the
most
happy
memories
in
the
World
,
and
a
very
abounding
Tongue
;
for
each
thing
they
have
several
names
,
some
for
Contempt
,
others
of
Honour
:
some
for
the
Princes
,
others
for
the
People
.
Their
Customs
and
Manners
are
wholly
contrary
to
ours
:
They
drink
Warm
water
,
and
they
give
this
reason
for
their
so
doing
,
that
the
Cold
is
binding
,
provokes
Coughing
,
and
the
Distempers
of
the
Stomach
;
but
that
the
Warm
nourishes
the
Natural
heat
of
the
Body
,
that
the
passages
are
opened
by
it
,
and
that
the
thirst
is
the
more
easily
quenched
.
They
give
such
Potions
to
the
Sick
,
as
are
very
sweet
and
odoriferous
:
They
never
let
Blood
,
because
they
would
spare
their
Blood
as
the
Vehicle
of
Life
:
They
esteem
black
Teeth
the
finest
:
They
mount
on
Horseback
on
the
right
side
:
Salute
by
a
shaking
of
the
Feet
.
To
treat
the
King
of
Japan
,
who
calls
himself
Cube
or
Caesar
,
three
Years
are
said
to
be
required
for
Preparations
,
and
that
the
Feasts
last
full
three
Months
.
The
Jesuites
,
Cordeliers
,
Jacobites
and
Augustines
,
have
been
very
busie
here
,
and
are
said
to
have
considerably
promoted
their
Religion
;
In
the
Year
1596.
there
were
reckoned
to
be
six
hundred
thousand
Christians
:
since
the
Year
1614.
they
have
been
extraordinarily
persecuted
,
and
none
dare
make
Profession
of
Christianity
,
now
there
,
but
in
private
.
In
the
Year
1636.
the
Jesuites
,
the
Spaniards
and
Portugals
,
were
entirely
driven
thence
;
where
the
Hollanders
alone
have
had
the
Liberty
of
Commerce
,
because
,
when
they
came
into
those
Parts
,
they
forbid
their
Men
,
above
all
things
,
speaking
of
Religion
.
They
have
several
particular
Tones
,
or
Princes
,
the
most
part
of
whom
,
confine
their
Power
within
the
Circle
of
a
Town
.
This
Custom
is
generally
receiv'd
,
that
when
one
of
those
Tones
loses
his
Dominions
,
his
Subjects
lose
likewise
their
Estates
.
The
Capital
City
is
Meaco
,
which
is
said
to
contain
sixty
thousand
Housholds
.
Yendo
is
a
Royal
Castle
,
Sazay
a
famous
Sea-Port
.
In
the
Year
1658.
a
Fire
happened
at
Yendo
,
which
occasioned
the
loss
of
above
forty
eight
Millions
of
Gold
.
The
Spaniards
Sail
along
these
Islands
,
when
they
return
from
the
Philippines
to
Mexico
and
Peru.
The
Hollanders
are
said
to
go
now
to
Japan
by
the
North
,
passing
West
of
the
Land
of
Jeso
.
The
Philippine
Islands
.
THe
King
of
Spain
,
Philip
the
Second
,
has
given
his
Name
to
these
Islands
,
which
are
to
the
number
of
forty
or
fifty
:
this
is
to
be
understood
of
the
greatest
,
for
if
we
reckon'd
all
the
small
ones
,
they
would
be
found
to
be
above
eleven
thousand
.
Most
of
these
Isles
are
fruitful
;
furnish
Gold
,
wherewith
the
Inhabitants
pay
their
Tribute
.
The
Council
of
Spain
,
for
the
Indies
,
has
often
propos'd
to
abandon
them
,
by
reason
of
the
too
great
expence
of
the
Garrisons
,
that
are
necessary
to
be
kept
there
:
because
they
contribute
to
the
Commerce
that
is
driven
with
China
and
the
Molucco's
,
his
Catholick
Majesty
has
thought
fit
to
keep
them
.
The
Islanders
are
valiant
,
and
defend
their
Freedoms
in
several
places
.
Lusson
(
otherwise
New
Castile
)
is
the
greatest
of
all
the
Philippine
Islands
.
The
City
of
Manilhe
,
which
gives
its
Name
to
the
whole
body
of
these
Islands
,
is
the
abode
of
a
Governour
and
an
Archbishop
.
'T
is
small
,
but
beautiful
,
and
well
fortified
;
the
two
thirds
of
its
compass
are
along
a
River
,
which
carries
Barks
,
and
the
third
part
towards
the
Sea
.
Besides
the
Spaniards
and
Indians
,
it
has
many
Chineses
,
who
have
taken
refuge
there
,
as
in
a
Town
where
is
the
Magazine
of
one
of
the
richest
Commerces
in
the
World
.
Cavite
,
two
Leagues
from
the
Town
,
is
the
principal
Haven
,
secure
from
great
winds
,
and
defended
by
two
Forts
:
The
Bay
is
forty
Leagues
in
compass
;
where
they
have
the
conveniency
of
building
great
Galeons
,
but
it
is
beaten
by
the
Northern
Winds
;
the
bottom
is
bad
,
and
the
entrance
difficult
.
Here
did
the
Spaniards
detain
a
French
Bishop
,
Titular
of
Heliopolis
,
to
make
him
afterwards
take
a
turn
round
the
World
,
before
that
he
return'd
into
Europe
:
from
whence
that
Prelate
is
departed
for
the
third
time
with
the
Apostolical
Missions
of
the
See
of
Rome
.
The
Isle
of
Mindanao
,
was
not
subdued
by
the
Spaniards
,
till
a
long
while
after
that
of
Lusson
:
that
of
Paragoya
obeys
still
their
own
Kings
;
that
of
Tendaye
,
bears
the
Name
of
Philippine
,
as
having
been
first
discover'd
;
Cebu
and
Matan
are
known
,
the
first
for
Magellan's
arrival
there
,
in
the
Year
1520
;
the
last
,
for
the
death
of
the
said
Magellan
.
This
was
the
first
time
,
that
the
Voyage
had
been
perform'd
round
the
World
;
which
was
done
in
the
Ship
of
this
Captain
,
who
had
put
himself
into
the
Service
of
the
King
of
Castile
;
for
that
the
King
of
Portugal
,
whose
Subject
he
was
,
had
refus'd
half
a
Ducate
a
Month
,
above
his
constant
Pay
.
The
Spaniards
,
who
sail
to
the
Philippines
,
do
not
go
through
our
Hemisphere
:
They
go
thither
by
Mexico
,
and
the
South-Sea
:
For
which
reason
they
would
fain
comprehend
these
Islands
,
as
well
as
the
Moluccoes
,
in
the
bounds
of
their
West-Indies
,
which
they
extend
for
that
reason
as
far
as
Malacca
.
The
Moluccoe
Islands
.
THere
are
five
of
these
Isles
,
with
the
particular
Name
of
the
Moluccoes
,
in
the
head
of
several
others
,
much
greater
,
which
receive
from
them
their
Name
.
These
five
Isles
are
very
small
,
and
in
a
situation
near
the
Equinoctial
Line
,
where
it
is
unwholsom
living
,
for
those
who
go
to
settle
themselves
there
.
They
have
several
peculiar
Kings
;
the
Hollanders
have
some
Fortresses
.
In
the
last
Age
,
Charles
the
Fifth
,
Emperour
,
sent
Magellan
to
discover
'em
;
who
,
to
arrive
there
,
steer'd
the
Western
Course
,
quite
contrary
to
that
which
the
Kings
of
Portugal
had
caus'd
to
be
taken
.
since
they
were
engaged
to
the
Portugals
,
who
laid
claim
to
'em
,
as
having
been
there
by
the
common
way
,
which
was
that
of
the
East
.
The
Government
of
these
Islands
,
after
that
,
was
join'd
to
the
Manilhes
,
and
the
Commerce
of
'em
was
left
to
the
Portugals
.
From
hence
are
transported
Nutmegs
,
Cloves
,
and
Ginger
.
Ternate
,
the
greatest
of
the
five
small
Islands
,
is
eight
Leagues
in
circuit
,
and
has
a
Mountain
which
casts
forth
fire
:
the
others
are
Tider
,
very
considerable
,
Motir
,
Machian
,
and
Bachian
.
The
Moluccoes
are
good
Soldiers
,
commonly
of
the
Mahometan
Religion
.
Besides
the
Kings
of
Ternate
,
Tidor
,
and
Bachian
,
there
are
several
others
in
the
Celebes
Islands
,
and
in
Gilolo
.
The
King
of
Macassar
,
in
the
Celebes
,
has
lately
caused
his
City
to
be
fortified
.
He
has
always
given
free
entrance
in
his
Ports
to
the
Ships
of
strangers
.
In
the
Year
1661
,
he
treated
with
the
Hollanders
East-India
Company
,
and
abandoned
the
Portugals
.
In
the
Year
1668
,
the
Hollanders
oblig'd
him
to
trade
with
none
but
them
,
with
exclusion
to
other
Nations
.
The
state
of
this
Prince
would
be
pretty
temperate
,
if
the
heats
were
not
insupportable
in
the
day
time
.
Formerly
the
Inhabitants
of
Macassar
are
humane
flesh
;
for
which
reason
the
Kings
of
the
Moluccoes
,
and
others
of
their
neighbourhood
,
sent
their
Criminals
thither
.
Celebes
fertil
in
Rice
,
and
the
Land
of
Papous
affords
Gold
,
Ambergreese
,
and
the
Birds
of
Paradise
.
Banda
,
the
only
Island
in
the
World
,
which
produces
Nutmegs
and
Mace
,
is
an
Island
towards
the
South
of
the
Moluccoes
,
on
the
East
of
that
of
Amboyna
,
with
five
or
six
other
smaller
Islands
.
It
has
a
Volcan
,
or
Mountain
,
which
casts
forth
flames
;
which
,
in
the
Year
1615
,
spoil'd
all
the
Artillery
in
the
Island
.
Amboyna
,
fruitful
in
Cloves
,
likewise
on
the
South
of
the
Moluccoes
,
gives
it
Name
to
some
other
small
neighbouring
Islands
.
It
was
taken
in
the
Year
1603
,
from
the
Portugals
,
by
the
Hollanders
,
who
have
at
this
day
several
Fortresses
there
.
It
's
their
best
Establishment
,
next
that
of
Batavia
:
They
have
treated
with
the
Inhabitants
of
the
Island
,
so
as
these
last
are
oblig'd
to
receive
no
Commerce
,
but
with
the
Hollanders
.
Europe
,
EVROPE
,
one
of
the
four
great
Parts
of
the
World
,
is
also
one
of
the
most
considerable
,
if
we
respect
either
the
Potency
of
its
States
,
the
great
Number
,
Beauty
,
and
excellent
Polity
of
its
Cities
;
its
great
Commerce
,
the
goodness
of
its
Air
,
and
its
prodigious
Fertility
.
'T
was
Europe
,
that
gave
Alexanders
and
Caesars
to
the
Universe
;
that
has
had
within
its
Boundaries
,
the
principal
part
of
the
Roman
and
Grecian
Monarchies
,
and
which
at
this
day
does
send
Colonies
into
other
parts
of
the
World
.
For
this
reason
,
it
seems
to
be
represented
with
a
Crown
on
its
Head
,
when
it
is
shewn
under
the
form
of
a
Woman
.
It
lies
in
the
North-West
of
our
Continent
,
all
in
the
Northern
temperate
Zone
:
This
exempts
it
from
the
insupportable
heats
,
which
reign
in
Africk
,
and
which
the
most
Southern
parts
of
Asia
undergo
.
It
s
Air
is
equally
mild
,
unless
it
be
in
its
most
Northern
Countreys
.
The
Ground
affords
all
manner
of
Grains
and
Fruits
.
It
s
length
,
to
take
it
from
the
Cape
St.
Vincent
,
towards
the
West
of
Spain
,
unto
the
Parts
of
Muscovy
,
bordering
upon
the
Mouths
of
the
River
Obi
,
exceeds
twelve
hundred
Leagues
,
or
is
about
3800
Miles
.
It
s
Breadth
,
that
is
to
say
,
its
Extent
from
the
South
to
the
North
,
from
Cape
Mapatan
,
in
Morea
,
to
the
most
Northern
Promontory
of
Norway
,
is
full
eight
hundred
.
Toward
the
North
,
Europe
has
the
Northern
Ocean
,
call'd
Frozen
,
by
reason
of
its
Ice
;
the
Western
,
or
Atlantick
Ocean
,
towards
the
West
;
the
Mediterranean
Sea
,
towards
the
South
;
and
beyond
that
Sea
,
Africa
.
Now
the
Bounds
,
which
towards
the
Levant
separate
it
from
Asia
,
in
remounting
the
Mediterranean-Sea
,
towards
the
North
,
are
as
follows
:
1.
The
Archipelago
,
or
the
White
,
otherwise
Aegean
Sea
.
2.
The
Streight
of
Gallipoli
,
call'd
the
Dardanelloes
,
and
an
Arm
of
St.
George
,
otherwise
nam'd
the
Hellespont
,
two
Miles
broad
.
3.
The
Sea
of
Marmora
,
otherwise
Propontis
.
4.
The
Streight
of
Constantinople
,
or
the
Chanel
of
the
greater
Sea
,
otherwise
the
Thracian-Bosphorus
.
5.
The
Black
or
Major
Sea
,
otherwise
Euxinus
.
6.
The
Streight
of
Caffa
,
or
Vospero
,
otherwise
the
Mouth
of
St.
John
,
formerly
the
Cimmerian
Bosphorus
.
7.
The
Limen
,
or
the
Sea
of
Zabaca
and
Tana
,
formerly
Palus
Mcotides
.
8.
The
River
of
Dom
,
or
Tana
,
formerly
Tanais
.
9.
A
Line
drawn
from
the
most
Eastern
winding
of
the
Dom
,
unto
the
Northern
Ocean
,
near
Obi.
Some
draw
this
Line
more
towards
the
West
,
from
the
Sources
of
the
Dom
,
unto
the
White
Sea
,
which
is
in
Muscovy
,
and
make
Europe
very
small
:
Others
contain
the
Conquests
of
the
Great
Duke
of
Muscovy
,
which
he
made
in
the
Asiatick
Tartary
.
Not
to
confound
the
true
Limits
of
Asia
and
Europe
together
,
we
may
say
,
that
both
the
Czar
,
and
the
Grand
Seignior
,
have
Territories
in
each
of
those
Great
Parts
of
the
World
.
Europe
is
to
be
considered
both
in
Terra
firma
,
and
in
Islands
,
if
we
make
the
Numeration
of
its
Parts
according
to
their
situation
,
1.
We
find
,
towards
the
West
,
France
,
Spain
,
Portugal
,
three
Hereditary
Kingdoms
.
2.
Towards
the
South
,
three
Regions
belonging
to
divers
Sovereigns
;
the
first
comprehends
the
Countreys
bordering
upon
France
,
which
were
almost
all
formerly
part
of
Gaule
,
and
whereof
the
greatest
part
has
been
reunited
in
our
time
in
France
,
the
Low-Countreys
,
that
is
to
say
,
Holland
and
Flanders
,
La
Franche
Compte
,
Suisserland
,
and
Savoy
:
The
second
of
these
Regions
is
Italy
,
and
the
third
Germany
.
3.
Towards
the
North
of
Europe
,
there
is
Denmark
and
Sueden
,
Hereditary
Kingdoms
:
Norway
is
added
to
the
Crown
of
Denmark
,
as
belonging
to
the
same
King
.
4.
Towards
the
East
,
are
Poland
,
Muscovy
,
Turkey
,
three
the
Greatest
States
of
Europe
.
Under
the
Name
of
European
Turkey
,
is
comprehended
Turkey
,
properly
so
taken
,
Greece
,
Hungary
,
Transylvania
,
Walachia
,
Moldavia
,
lesser
Tartary
,
the
Republick
of
Ragusa
.
The
Isles
of
Europe
are
in
the
Ocean
,
in
the
Mediterranean
,
in
the
Baltick-Sea
.
The
Isles
of
the
Ocean
are
Great
Britain
,
which
comprehends
England
and
Scotland
,
Ireland
and
other
that
are
smaller
,
all
under
the
Name
Britanick
,
Sicily
,
Sardaigna
,
Corsica
,
and
Candia
,
are
the
greatest
of
the
Mediterranean-Sea
.
The
Isles
of
the
Baltick
are
not
considerable
,
in
respect
of
us
.
The
most
renowned
Mountains
of
Europe
,
are
the
Pyrenees
and
the
Alpes
towards
the
Confines
,
the
Cevennes
about
the
midst
of
France
;
Sierra-Morena
in
Spain
,
the
Apennine
in
Italy
,
Parnassus
in
Greece
,
Crapax
between
Poland
and
Hungary
,
the
Riphees
in
Moscovy
,
Mount-Gibel
,
otherwise
call'd
Aetna
,
in
Sicily
.
Amongst
the
most
considerable
Rivers
,
there
are
the
Tage
,
the
Guadiana
,
the
Guadalquivir
,
the
Eber
in
Spain
:
The
Po
,
the
Tyber
in
Italy
:
The
Seine
,
Loire
,
Garone
,
Rhosne
in
France
:
The
Danube
,
Rhine
,
Elbe
,
Oder
in
Germany
:
The
Vistule
and
Nieper
in
Poland
:
The
Volga
and
Dom
in
Moscovy
.
The
Thames
,
Trent
,
Severn
in
England
:
The
Tay
in
Scotland
:
The
Shennon
in
Ireland
.
We
may
consider
the
State
of
Europe
according
to
their
Titles
,
without
having
regard
to
their
Rank
;
and
say
,
that
there
is
the
Patrimony
of
the
Church
:
Two
Empires
,
Germany
and
Turkey
:
Seven
Kingdoms
,
each
with
its
King
,
who
acknowledged
yet
no
Superiors
,
England
,
France
,
Spain
,
Portugal
,
Suedeland
,
Denmark
,
Poland
,
this
Elective
:
Eight
Electorates
,
Mayence
,
Treves
,
Cologne
,
Bohemia
,
Bavaria
,
Saxony
,
Brandenbourg
,
the
Palatinate
:
One
Arch-Dutchy
,
which
is
Austria
:
Two
Great
Dutchies
,
Moscovy
,
Tuscany
:
Six
Dutchies
,
besides
those
in
the
Empire
,
Lorrain
,
Savoy
,
Mantua
,
Modena
,
Parma
,
Courland
:
Four
Principalities
,
which
pay
Homage
to
the
Turks
,
Transylvania
,
Walachia
,
Moldavia
,
lesser
Tartary
:
Seven
Republicks
,
Holland
,
Suisserland
,
Venice
,
Genoa
,
Lucca
,
St.
Marin
,
Ragusa
.
A
great
number
of
Principalities
,
and
Imperial
Cities
in
Germany
,
enjoy
Sovereignty
in
their
States
,
but
owe
Fealty
to
the
Emperor
.
The
Christian
Religion
is
the
most
received
in
Europe
;
for
which
reason
,
some
give
it
the
Name
of
Christendom
.
By
the
Cares
of
the
Europeans
,
the
Faith
has
been
Preached
and
Established
in
America
,
Africa
and
Asia
.
Besides
the
Roman
Catholicks
,
the
Protestants
,
and
the
Reformed
,
there
are
in
Europe
several
Sectaries
,
Mahometans
,
and
Idolaters
in
some
Countries
of
the
North.
The
Roman
Catholick
Religion
is
,
for
the
most
part
,
where
is
us'd
the
Latin
Tongue
.
The
Schisms
,
where
they
speak
the
Sclavonian
.
Protestanism
,
where
the
Teutonick
is
in
use
.
Judaism
,
wandring
in
most
parts
of
the
World
,
is
tolerated
in
some
Cities
:
It
has
been
particularly
banish'd
out
of
France
,
Spain
and
Portugal
.
Some
who
have
undertaken
to
make
the
supputation
of
the
Parts
of
the
Earth
Discover'd
,
according
to
the
Religions
that
are
receiv'd
up
and
down
,
have
said
,
that
if
those
Parts
were
divided
into
thirty
,
Christianity
would
have
five
of
them
,
Mahometism
six
,
and
Paganism
nineteen
.
In
Europe
are
reckon'd
four
Principal
Tongues
,
the
Teutonick
,
the
Latin
,
the
Greek
,
and
the
Sclavonian
.
The
Teutonick
is
of
three
sorts
,
German
,
in
Germany
;
Saxon
,
in
England
and
Scotland
;
Danish
,
in
Denmark
,
in
Sueden
,
Norway
and
Ireland
.
The
Latin
Tongue
is
receiv'd
in
Italy
,
France
and
Spain
.
The
Greek
was
formerly
of
four
sorts
,
Attick
,
Ionick
,
Dorick
,
Aeolick
.
The
Sclavonian
is
currant
amongst
the
Sclavonians
,
Bohemians
,
Polanders
,
Moscovites
.
There
are
seven
other
less
considerable
Tongues
,
the
Albanese
,
Cossack
,
Hungarian
,
Finlandish
,
Irish
,
British
and
Bask.
The
Cossack
has
affinity
with
that
of
the
lesser
Tartary
;
the
Finlandish
is
receiv'd
in
Finland
and
Lapland
;
the
Brittish
in
the
Principality
of
Wales
,
and
in
Brittany
of
France
.
Amongst
the
Ancient
People
of
Europe
,
the
Greeks
have
won
the
Prize
for
Sciences
,
and
the
Roman
for
Arms
:
In
the
last
Ages
,
its
Western
Nations
have
excell'd
in
Navigation
.
The
Present
State
of
the
Countries
,
Fortresses
and
other
Places
,
which
the
Europeans
West-Indies
.
EVrope
at
first
had
but
two
Nations
,
who
in
the
last
Age
,
and
towards
the
end
of
the
Age
before
,
undertook
,
with
success
,
Voyages
of
a
long
course
,
and
who
afterwards
sent
Colonies
into
those
Lands
they
had
Discover'd
,
the
Spaniards
towards
the
West
,
the
Portugals
towards
the
East
.
They
obtained
from
Pope
Alexander
VI.
a
Donative
of
all
the
undiscover'd
Lands
.
The
other
Europeans
were
not
satisfied
with
the
over-Prodigal
Liberality
of
this
Sovereign
Pontiff
;
the
English
share
therein
;
the
French
and
Hollanders
were
willing
to
have
their
share
therein
:
Since
which
,
there
have
been
divers
changes
in
several
places
of
those
Countries
;
the
rigour
,
which
the
Spaniards
and
Portugals
have
used
to
exclude
other
Nations
,
having
only
promoted
their
own
Destruction
.
The
French
have
in
Canada
,
1.
Mont-real
,
the
three
Rivers
,
Quebec
,
Tadousac
,
upon
the
Great
River
of
St.
Laurence
:
Accadia
,
Port-Royal
,
St.
John
,
Pemtagoet
,
near
the
Sea
;
the
Isle
of
Cap-Breton
in
the
Isle
of
Terra-Nova
,
Plaisance
,
the
Bay
of
little
Niort
.
2.
In
the
Antilles
Islands
,
St.
Christopher's
in
part
,
(
the
other
part
belonging
to
the
English
,
St.
Bartholomew
,
St.
Croix
,
St.
Martin
,
Guadaloupe
,
la
Desirce
,
Mary-Galant
,
the
Saints
;
Martinick
,
St.
Alousie
,
Grenade
,
the
Grenadins
:
The
Tortuse
and
several
Colonies
in
the
Western
Part
of
the
Islands
of
Hispaniola
,
called
San-Domingo
.
3.
In
the
Terra-firma
of
Southern
America
upon
the
Coast
of
Guayana
,
the
Isle
of
Cayene
:
The
Colony
of
Corou
,
Coonama
,
Comaribo
.
4.
The
Commerce
of
the
Coast
of
Africa
upon
the
Rivers
of
Senega
,
of
Gambia
,
at
Rufisque
near
Cap-Verd
,
at
Grand-Sestre
,
at
Ardre
,
in
several
places
of
Guinea
.
5.
The
Fort
Dauphin
in
the
Isle
of
Madagascar
.
The
Isles
of
St.
Mary
;
of
Bourbon
,
of
Diege-Rois
.
Countoirs
or
Staples
at
Suratte
,
at
Souali
,
and
other
Places
of
the
Mogul
;
Near
Nazul-Patan
,
at
Rezapour
,
at
Siam
,
in
the
Kingdom
of
Tunquim
;
at
Bantam
in
the
Isle
of
Java
and
other
Places
.
The
Spaniards
possess
the
greatest
and
best
part
of
America
,
where
they
have
a
great
number
of
Towns
.
1.
In
the
Northern
America
,
New-Spain
,
the
Isles
of
Cuba
,
Hispaniola
,
(
the
French
have
setled
themselves
in
the
Western
part
of
Hispaniola
)
Porto-rico
:
St.
Augustin
,
St.
Matthew
in
Florida
,
a
part
of
new
Mexico
.
2.
In
Southern
America
,
la
Castille
d'or
,
otherwise
called
Terra-firma
,
Peru
,
Chili
,
Paraguay
,
which
comprehends
the
Countries
of
Tucuman
and
la
Plata
:
The
Isles
of
.
Salomon
in
the
South
Sea
.
3.
In
the
Coast
of
Africa
upon
the
Ocean
,
Larache
,
the
Canary
Islands
.
4.
Towards
the
East
,
most
of
the
Philippine
Island
,
called
Manilhes
.
They
have
a
part
of
the
Molucco
Islands
;
which
they
have
abandoned
,
and
the
Hollanders
have
not
failed
to
make
advantage
of
their
so
doing
.
The
Portuguese
have
,
1.
All
the
Coasts
of
Brasile
,
in
Southern
America
,
where
are
the
Capitanias
of
Peru
,
Maranhaon
,
Ciara
,
Riogrande
,
Paraibe
,
Tamaraca
,
Pernambuco
,
Seregippe
,
Baia
de
Todos-os-Santos
,
los-Isleos
,
Porto-Seguro
,
Spiritu-Santo
,
Rio-Janeiro
,
and
San-Vincente
:
Towards
the
Mouth
of
the
Amazon
,
the
Places
of
Estero
,
Corduba
,
Cogemine
.
2.
In
Africa
,
Mazagan
upon
the
Coast
of
the
Kingdom
of
Morocca
:
Some
Forts
upon
the
River
St.
Dominick
,
a
Branch
of
the
Niger
,
upon
the
Coasts
of
Guinea
,
of
Congo
,
of
Angola
;
Habitations
in
the
Isle
of
St.
Thomas
:
The
Isles
Terceres
,
Madera
,
Porto-Santo
,
Cap-Verd
,
of
the
Prince
,
of
Fernando
Pao
,
of
Annabon
.
3.
Several
Places
in
the
East-Indies
;
in
Cafreria
,
the
Castle
of
Cofala
,
the
Village
of
Sena
,
a
Factory
with
a
small
Fort
at
the
Cape
of
Corientes
,
strong
Houses
of
Cuama
,
and
on
the
Rivers
of
the
Coast
.
In
Zanguchar
,
the
City
and
Castle
of
Mozambick
,
with
the
Fort
of
St.
Mark
:
Factories
and
small
Forts
of
Angoxa
and
Quilimane
.
The
Castle
of
Quiloa
,
a
Factory
in
the
Isle
Monfia
.
The
Town
and
Castle
of
Mombaze
,
the
Castle
of
Melinde
,
with
the
Villages
and
Factories
of
Pata
and
Ampaze
.
The
Traffick
in
all
the
Coast
of
Africk
,
from
the
Cape
of
Good-Hope
to
the
Red-Sea
;
in
the
Isle
Zoeotora
:
at
Aden
,
at
Fartach
,
at
Bassora
.
In
Persia
,
half
of
the
Revenue
of
the
Isle
of
Baharem
,
of
Congue
,
the
Traffick
to
Bender-Rich
,
to
the
Cape
de
Jasques
.
In
the
India
of
the
Mogul
,
Damaon
with
the
Forts
of
St.
Jeronimo
,
St.
John
,
Kielme
,
Mahi
,
Tarampor
:
Bazaim
with
the
Isle
Salsete
,
the
Fort
Bandera
,
called
Manora
,
the
Village
of
Tana
Fortified
with
three
Bastions
,
the
Rock
of
Asserim
.
Ougeli-bourg
,
upon
the
Ganges
:
the
Traffick
to
Agra
,
Amedabat
,
Cambaya
,
Suratte
,
Baroche
,
in
Bengala
.
They
have
in
Decan
Chaul
,
the
Forts
of
Morro
,
of
Caranga
,
the
Village
of
Massagan
.
Goa
with
its
Fortresses
and
Dependencies
in
the
Land
of
the
Bardes
,
and
in
the
Isle
Salsete
.
Upon
the
Coast
of
China
,
Macao
.
In
the
Isle
of
Solor
,
the
Village
and
Fort
of
Larentock
.
The
Traffick
into
Persia
,
Golconda
,
Aracan
,
Pegu
;
at
Tanazerin
,
Ligor
,
Odia
,
Cambodia
;
in
the
Isle
of
Timor
.
The
English
have
extraordinarily
augmented
their
Dominions
in
America
;
they
have
in
Northern
America
,
New-England
,
Trinity-Bay
,
Chinchet
,
little
Plaisance
,
in
the
Isle
of
Terra-Nova
:
Virginia
,
the
Bermudoes
Island
;
New-York
;
the
Fort
of
Orange
.
Some
Colonies
in
Florida
,
at
Cap-faire
;
la
Ciguatee
,
and
other
Lucca-Islands
.
At
the
Antilles
Isles
,
the
Barbadoes
,
which
are
Barbada
,
Barboudu
,
Anguille
,
St.
Christophers
in
part
,
(
the
other
part
belonging
to
the
French
)
Montserrat
,
Nieves
,
otherwise
Meuvis
,
Antego
,
la
Dominique
,
St.
Vincent
in
part
;
the
Isle
of
St.
Catharine
,
called
Providence
:
the
Isle
of
Jamaica
,
that
of
Trinity
;
St.
Pointe
,
and
other
Colonies
at
Surinam
,
at
Maroni
,
at
Sinamari
,
with
some
Forts
upon
the
Coast
of
Guayana
.
In
Africa
,
Tangier
,
near
the
Streights
;
the
Fort
of
S.
Andre
,
in
the
River
of
Gambia
;
San-Felippe
,
towards
the
River
St.
Dominique
;
Tagrin
,
Madrebomba
,
Takorari
,
Cabo-Corso
,
Eniacham
,
or
Naschange
,
and
other
Places
of
Guinea
.
A
Fort
in
the
Isle
of
St.
Helena
;
Maderaspatan
,
upon
the
Coast
of
Coromondel
;
the
Isles
Bambain
,
Angedive
,
Pouleron
:
A
Hall
,
or
Lodge
,
wherein
they
have
a
President
at
Suratte
,
at
Bantam
.
Factories
at
Ispaham
,
at
Gombru
,
where
they
have
half
the
Revenue
;
At
Agra
,
at
Amedabat
,
at
Cambaya
,
at
Brodra
,
at
Baroche
,
at
Surat
,
at
Dabul
,
at
Pettapoli
,
at
Masulipatan
,
at
Balazor
in
Bengala
,
at
Ougeli
:
In
Siam
,
at
Camboia
;
at
Tunkin
,
in
the
Island
Formosa
.
The
Hollanders
have
been
dispossess'd
of
their
New-Holland
in
America
,
where
they
have
still
the
Isles
of
St.
Eustache
,
of
Saba
,
of
Curasao
,
of
Tobago
;
the
City
of
Coro
,
in
Terra
firma
;
the
Colonies
of
Boron
,
Esquib
,
Brebice
,
Aperwaqul
,
and
others
upon
the
Coast
of
Guayana
.
In
Africa
,
Arquin
,
Gorea
towards
Cap-Verde
,
where
they
have
a
Fort
,
with
Factories
at
Rufifque
,
at
Porto-d'Ale
,
at
Joal
:
St.
George
de
la
Mine
,
the
Fort
of
Nassau
,
or
Moure
,
Cormentin
,
Axime
,
Botrou
,
in
Guinea
,
upon
the
Golden
Coast
:
several
Forts
in
Congo
.
Near
the
Cape
of
Good
Hope
,
at
Tafel-bay
,
or
Table-bay
,
two
Forts
.
On
the
East
of
the
Isle
of
Madagascar
,
the
Island
Mauritius
.
In
the
Coast
of
Malabar
,
Onor
,
Barcelor
,
Mangalor
,
Cananor
,
Cranganor
,
Cochin
,
Coulan
.
In
the
Coast
of
Coromandel
,
Tuticorin
,
Negapatan
,
Karkalle
,
Guelderland
,
near
Pallecate
.
In
the
Peninsula
of
India
Extra
Gangem
,
Malacca
,
with
the
Ports
,
the
Isles
,
and
Fortresses
,
which
depend
on
it
.
In
the
Isle
of
Ceylan
,
Negombo
,
Colombo
,
Galle
,
Baticale
,
Trinquilemale
,
Jaffanatapan
;
a
Fortress
in
the
Isle
of
Manar
.
In
the
Isle
Java
,
Jacatra
,
call'd
Batavia
,
with
its
Dependences
:
the
Island
Bima
;
part
of
the
Moluccoe
Islands
;
namely
,
in
Ternate
,
Tacomma
,
Talucco
,
Malaya
:
In
Motir
,
the
Fort
of
Nassau
:
In
Mach●an
,
Taffaso
,
Tabillola
,
Naffaquia
,
otherwise
Nahaca
,
Maurice
;
In
Bachian
,
Grammadoure
,
Loboua
:
In
Gilolo
,
Sabou
,
Coma
:
In
the
Isle
of
Amboina
,
Coubella
,
Lovio
:
In
the
Isles
of
Banda
,
Nassau
;
Belgique
,
in
that
of
Nera
:
Revenge
,
in
that
of
Powleway
.
In
the
Isle
of
Solor
,
the
Fort
Henry
,
the
Fort
Joupandam
,
otherwise
called
Rotterdam
,
in
the
City
of
Macassar
:
The
Isles
Savo
and
Boton
,
near
Macassar
:
A
Fort
in
that
of
Timor
.
Part
of
the
Terra
Australis
,
which
they
have
called
New
Holland
,
where
are
the
Carpentaria
,
the
Lands
of
Arnems
,
of
Witz
,
of
Endracht
,
otherwise
called
Concord
,
of
Edels
,
Leuvin
,
of
Nuitz
.
Several
Factories
in
Persia
,
at
Gombru
,
at
Congue
,
at
Ispaham
;
in
the
Dominions
of
the
Mogul
,
at
Agra
,
Amedabat
,
Cambaia
,
Ba●che
,
Surate
,
Ougeli
,
Cayumbasar
,
Deca
,
Patena
,
Pipilipatan
.
In
Decan
,
at
Fingerla
.
In
Coromondel
,
at
Tenegapatan
.
In
Golconda
,
at
Golconda
,
Mazulipatan
,
Palicot
,
Datscheron
,
and
Bincola-patan
.
In
Pegu
,
at
Ava
,
and
Siriam
.
In
Siam
,
at
Odia
.
In
the
Isle
of
Sumatra
,
at
Ticou
,
Piaman
,
Indapour
,
Cellebar
,
Jambi
,
and
Palimbam
.
In
the
Isle
of
Java
,
at
Bantam
,
and
Japara
;
In
the
Isle
of
Celebes
,
at
Manado
:
At
Macasar
.
The
Traffick
in
the
Isle
Zocotora
.
On
the
Coast
of
Arabia
,
at
Mocha
,
Aden
,
and
Fortach
.
In
the
Isles
of
Larck
,
of
Kesem
near
Ormus
.
At
Porca
,
and
in
most
of
the
places
of
Malabar
.
In
Bisnagar
,
at
Ornixa
;
in
Aracan
;
in
Pegu
:
at
Tanasserim
,
Pera
,
Ihor
,
Paham
,
Patane
,
Singora
,
Bordelong
,
and
Ligor
;
in
Tunquim
,
at
Chincheo
,
and
other
places
of
China
;
at
Rima
,
in
the
Isle
of
Borneo
.
To
the
exclusion
of
other
Nations
,
they
pretend
to
the
Traffick
on
the
Eastern
Coast
of
Sumatra
,
of
Japan
,
in
the
Isles
of
Amboina
,
and
Balli
,
and
Bima
in
the
Isle
Camboua
.
They
stand
no
longer
possess'd
of
the
Island
of
Formosa
,
which
favour'd
them
in
their
Commerce
of
Japan
;
the
Chineses
having
expell'd
them
thence
.
The
Suedes
have
establish'd
in
Northern
America
,
Colonies
under
the
Name
of
New-Sueden
,
Christiana
,
Gothembourg
,
Ensimbourg
.
The
Danes
have
some
Territories
in
each
of
the
Indies
.
They
have
New-Denmark
,
towards
the
North
of
America
;
the
Fortress
of
Fredericksbourg
,
of
three
Bastions
,
which
Commands
at
Cabo-Corso
,
and
the
Castle
of
Christiansbourg
,
in
Guinea
.
Krankebar
,
called
Trango-bay
,
and
Dansbourg
,
on
the
Coast
of
Coromondel
.
The
Courses
the
Europeans
steer
towards
the
West-Indies
.
MAriners
,
that
sail
upon
the
Ocean
,
teach
us
,
that
the
Winds
,
which
commonly
blow
in
the
Torrid
Zone
,
are
called
Brizes
,
and
General
Winds
;
that
those
Winds
are
from
the
East
to
the
West
,
according
to
the
Motion
of
the
Primum
Mobile
,
which
(
as
some
are
pleas'd
to
say
)
makes
the
Sea
to
move
after
the
same
manner
.
The
Winds
they
have
commonly
,
from
thirty
Degrees
of
Northern
Latitude
,
are
Winds
from
West
South-West
to
East
.
Upon
the
Seas
,
towards
the
Poles
,
the
Winds
are
not
regular
.
It
is
the
bus'ness
of
Pilots
,
to
choose
Seasons
fit
for
Navigation
;
to
know
,
by
Experience
,
the
Flats
,
the
Currents
,
or
Ledges
,
of
the
Places
where
they
are
to
go
;
to
know
the
Quality
and
the
Condition
of
their
Ships
;
to
observe
the
Wind
well
,
that
they
may
shorten
their
Course
,
when
they
point
their
Chart
;
finally
,
to
have
regard
to
the
Variation
of
the
Compass
,
which
is
not
always
the
same
in
one
and
the
same
place
.
We
call
America
the
West-Indies
;
the
Spaniards
have
made
the
most
Voyages
thither
.
Their
ancient
Course
was
to
go
first
of
all
into
Great
Canary
,
or
into
Gomera
;
to
sail
towards
the
South
or
the
South-East
,
there
to
take
advantage
of
Monzoons
,
or
General
Winds
of
the
Torrid
Zone
,
which
carried
them
to
Guadaloupe
,
where
they
met
with
good
Water
.
Now
adays
,
because
they
have
two
Fleets
,
the
one
for
New
Spain
,
the
other
,
which
is
call'd
the
Gallions
,
for
the
Terra
firma
,
after
having
steered
much
the
same
Course
,
these
Fleets
divide
themselves
at
their
departure
from
the
most
Eastern
of
the
Antille's
Islands
:
that
of
New-Spain
makes
for
the
Cape
St.
Anthony
,
in
the
Western
part
of
the
Isle
of
Cuba
,
and
then
gets
to
the
Port
of
Vera
Cruz
,
by
a
Northernly
Course
in
Winter
,
by
a
Southern
Course
in
Summer
.
From
thence
the
Merchants
go
by
Land
to
the
City
de
los
Angelos
,
and
to
Mexico
.
The
Port
of
Vera
Cruz
is
defended
by
a
Fortress
,
it
is
much
more
so
by
the
Flats
and
Rocks
which
are
at
its
entrance
.
About
three
Months
time
is
spent
in
the
way
from
Spain
to
Vera
Cruz.
The
Ships
,
which
are
bound
for
the
Honduras
and
Guatimala
,
after
having
sail'd
South
of
the
Isle
of
Hispaniola
,
steer
to
the
North
of
Jamaica
,
and
disembark
at
Truxillo
,
or
at
the
Golfo
Dulce
,
which
are
places
of
the
Province
of
Honduras
.
Those
who
go
to
the
Manilhes
,
after
being
arriv'd
in
the
City
of
Mexico
,
go
and
embark
at
the
Port
of
Acapulco
,
or
in
that
of
Natividad
,
both
upon
the
South-Sea
.
They
bring
from
the
Manilhes
much
Riches
,
and
far
more
precious
Merchandizes
,
than
those
which
are
carried
from
Europe
to
Mexico
.
The
Port
of
Acapulco
is
spacious
,
sheltered
from
Winds
,
defended
with
a
Castle
,
and
about
fourscore
Leagues
distant
from
the
City
of
Mexico
,
which
sends
its
Merchandizes
upon
Mules
.
The
Fleet
of
Cartagena
,
after
having
pass'd
in
fight
of
the
Islands
,
steers
it
Course
towards
Cartagena
,
where
it
disembarks
for
the
new
Kingdom
of
Granada
.
The
Ships
destin'd
for
Peru
,
go
to
Porto
Belo
,
where
they
discharge
the
Merchandizes
of
Europe
,
that
are
carried
by
land
to
Panama
;
or
else
,
for
a
good
space
of
the
way
,
by
the
River
of
Charge
,
which
lies
in
the
Isthmus
of
the
two
America's
.
At
Panama
those
Merchandizes
are
embark'd
for
Lima
,
or
Arica
,
the
nearest
Sea
Port
to
Potosi
.
This
rich
Commerce
has
been
much
endammaged
for
these
late
years
by
the
Free-booters
and
Boucaniers
,
Corsairs
of
the
American
Islands
.
To
return
into
Europe
,
these
Fleets
assemble
all
at
the
Havana
,
in
the
Isle
of
Cuba
,
the
best
Harbour
of
the
West-Indies
:
'T
is
very
Commodious
,
and
defended
with
three
Castles
.
From
thence
they
steer
along
the
Chanel
of
Bahama
,
and
after
,
having
ranged
the
Coasts
,
they
pass
by
the
South
of
the
Tercera's
in
Winter
,
by
the
North
of
the
same
Islands
in
Summer
,
for
the
kenning
either
the
Cape
of
Finisterre
,
or
that
of
St.
Vincent
,
and
after
that
,
make
for
the
Port
of
Cadiz
,
or
that
of
St.
Mary
,
as
they
did
formerly
to
that
of
St.
Lucar
.
The
ancient
way
they
took
in
their
return
was
,
at
the
departure
from
Cartagena
,
and
from
St.
Martha
,
to
pass
to
the
West
of
the
Isle
Hispaniola
,
to
the
East
of
Jamaica
and
Cuba
,
to
get
loose
from
all
the
Antilles
,
by
the
Chanel
between
Mayaguana
and
the
Caiques
,
for
the
getting
into
the
main
Ocean
,
and
have
there
the
conveniency
of
the
East
Winds
.
The
Spaniards
can
no
longer
,
with
safety
,
steer
this
Course
;
the
English
remaining
Masters
of
Jamaica
,
the
French
of
Tortue
,
and
several
Colonies
in
the
Western
part
of
Hispaniola
.
The
French
,
who
are
bound
for
the
West-Indies
,
steer
their
Course
either
towards
Canada
,
or
towards
the
Antilles
,
or
towards
Cayene
and
the
Terra
firma
,
which
is
near
it
.
When
they
go
to
Canada
,
they
make
a
Traverse
of
about
seven
hundred
Leagues
through
the
Ocean
,
pass
to
the
North
,
or
to
the
South
,
of
New-found-land
,
and
so
to
the
great
River
.
If
they
go
to
the
Antilles
,
or
to
Cayene
,
they
go
and
ken
the
Canaries
,
and
then
steer
their
way
Southwards
,
until
that
in
the
Torrid
Zone
they
have
the
conveniency
of
the
Eastern
Winds
,
which
they
fail
not
to
meet
with
there
.
The
Courses
which
the
Europeans
Steer
in
their
Way
to
the
East-Indies
.
UNder
the
Name
of
the
East-Indies
,
we
understand
the
Coasts
of
Africa
and
Asia
,
with
all
the
Islands
and
Peninsula's
of
our
Hemisphere
,
which
are
in
the
Indian-Sea
,
beyond
the
Cape
of
Good
Hope
.
The
several
Companies
of
Europe
,
establish'd
for
Commerce
,
have
extended
or
drawn
back
,
suitably
to
their
interest
,
the
Lines
of
the
Meridians
,
which
include
the
Lands
contain'd
in
that
space
,
and
have
,
for
that
purpose
,
Charts
to
their
advantage
,
enlarging
thereby
the
Countrys
which
fell
to
their
share
.
Most
of
the
Countreys
of
the
East-Indies
are
the
finest
,
the
most
delicious
,
and
,
without
contradiction
,
the
richest
of
the
whole
World
.
The
Europeans
,
who
go
by
Sea
,
have
sought
out
all
imaginable
ways
to
get
thither
with
ease
,
which
the
Portugals
happily
effected
in
the
foregoing
Age
:
the
Hollanders
have
rendred
themselves
so
powerful
in
those
Parts
,
in
our
time
,
that
they
would
fain
play
there
the
Masters
of
Commerce
:
But
the
English
thought
fitting
to
share
with
'em
in
it
:
And
the
French
have
shewn
,
what
a
willing
mind
they
have
that
way
,
if
they
had
but
all
the
Qualities
necessary
for
such
like
Enterprizes
.
The
Portugal
Tongue
is
in
use
upon
the
Coasts
of
the
East-Indies
:
When
that
People
return
into
the
East-Indies
,
through
the
Dominions
of
the
Turk
,
they
lay
aside
that
Tongue
at
Bagdad
,
to
make
use
of
Lingua
Franca
,
which
is
Turkish
,
and
a
corrupted
Italian
.
The
French
,
at
their
going
out
of
the
Ports
of
France
,
steer
towards
the
South-East
,
unto
the
heighth
of
Cape
Finisterre
in
Spain
.
Thence
they
go
Southerly
,
passing
into
the
East
,
and
in
sight
of
the
Isle
of
Madera
,
or
much
rather
to
the
East
of
that
of
Porto-Santo
.
They
come
in
ken
of
the
Isle
of
Palma
,
one
of
the
Canaries
,
when
they
are
about
ten
Leagues
Westward
.
They
pass
also
sometimes
between
Teneriff
,
and
the
great
Canary
;
then
they
must
carefully
avoid
the
Flat
of
the
Savages
,
to
the
South
of
Porto-Santo
:
there
are
several
small
Islands
considered
as
a
Bank
,
because
they
are
environ'd
with
Rocks
.
Afterwards
they
still
steer
their
Course
towards
the
South
,
and
pass
between
the
Isles
of
Cap-Verd
,
and
the
Terra
firma
of
Africk
,
about
thirty
or
forty
Leagues
East
of
those
Islands
.
They
do
not
approach
nearer
than
a
hundred
Leagues
to
the
Coast
of
Guinea
,
by
reason
the
Currents
of
the
Sea
bear
thither
,
and
that
there
are
troublesom
Calms
;
nor
do
they
come
nearer
the
Coast
of
Brasil
,
than
they
do
that
of
Guinea
,
for
the
avoiding
the
Abrolhes
,
which
begin
towards
the
Isle
St.
Catherina
;
if
they
did
otherwise
,
they
would
find
themselves
obliged
to
return
into
Europe
.
They
steer
a
middle
Course
between
the
Isle
of
Ascension
,
and
that
of
Trinity
,
which
are
at
twenty
Degrees
of
Southern
Latitude
.
After
which
,
they
go
towards
the
South-East
,
until
that
in
thirty
two
Degrees
of
the
same
Southern
Latitude
,
they
be
on
the
North
of
the
Isles
of
Tristan
de
Cunha
,
which
they
dare
not
come
near
,
because
the
Sea
is
commonly
very
high
there
:
these
Islands
are
seven
in
number
,
and
one
of
'em
is
much
greater
than
the
rest
.
By
steering
after
that
,
East
South-East
,
they
meet
with
the
signs
of
the
Cape
of
Good
Hope
,
which
are
of
a
green
Herb
,
called
Sargass
,
and
of
Trombes
,
which
are
pieces
of
Reeds
,
of
three
or
four
Foot
in
length
,
as
thick
as
a
Man's
arm
,
lying
upon
the
Water
with
their
Roots
.
They
are
used
to
pass
to
such
a
distance
to
the
Cape
des
Aiguilles
,
that
they
can
sound
the
Bank
,
which
is
in
the
South
of
it
.
From
thence
they
go
Eastward
,
and
then
North-East
,
to
arrive
at
Madagascar
.
In
the
above-mentioned
Course
,
they
stay
some
time
at
the
Canary
Islands
,
or
in
those
of
Cape
Verd
;
formerly
at
Cape
Blanck
,
Rufisque
,
in
the
Isles
of
the
Idols
,
at
Tagrin
,
or
in
the
Bay
of
Saldaign●●
,
upon
the
Coast
of
Africk
,
according
to
their
Occasions
and
Occurrences
.
The
Bay
of
Saldaigna
,
which
is
seven
or
eight
Leagues
in
length
,
and
two
or
three
in
breadth
,
has
good
anchorage
;
it
looks
like
a
Lake
,
and
it
has
good
shelter
about
,
from
five
or
six
small
Islands
which
are
there
.
The
return
into
France
,
is
performed
after
another
manner
than
the
way
they
go
from
thence
,
by
reason
of
the
General
Winds
which
reign
from
the
East
West-wardly
in
the
Torrid
Zone
,
as
we
have
said
.
After
having
doubled
the
Cape
of
Good-Hope
,
and
been
some
hundred
Leagues
to
the
East
,
they
pursue
the
Course
North
North-East
,
unto
the
sixteenth
Degree
of
Southern
Latitude
;
from
whence
,
they
go
directly
West
to
ken
the
Island
of
St.
Helena
,
where
they
are
used
to
refresh
themselves
:
the
English
have
made
there
a
Fort
some
few
years
since
.
From
the
Isle
of
St.
Helena
,
they
go
to
the
Isle
of
Ascension
,
where
they
have
the
conveniency
of
Fishing
for
Tortoise
;
and
then
still
towards
the
North-East
,
until
they
come
to
the
height
of
France
.
In
their
return
,
when
they
are
somewhat
on
this
side
the
Line
,
they
leave
the
Panedo
of
St.
Peter
on
the
left
:
After
that
,
they
leave
the
Isles
of
Cape-Verd
on
the
right
,
as
well
as
the
Tercera's
,
and
are
very
cautious
of
approaching
the
Abrolhes
,
which
lye
on
the
West
of
those
Islands
.
The
Portugals
go
to
the
East-Indies
,
by
the
South
of
the
Cape
of
Good-Hope
;
their
Navigation
into
the
Indian
Sea
is
regulated
by
certain
Seasons
,
and
the
Winds
they
call
Muessons
.
After
having
doubled
that
famous
Cape
,
they
bend
their
Course
for
Goa
,
between
the
firm
Land
of
Africa
,
and
the
Island
Madagascar
,
to
the
East
or
to
the
West
of
the
Shores
of
India
.
They
go
to
refresh
themselves
at
Mozambick
,
and
pass
between
the
Isles
Comorro
,
and
Juan-Miz
;
then
,
still
to
the
North-East
,
unto
the
sixteenth
Degree
of
Northern
Latitude
,
in
the
distance
of
about
a
hundred
Leagues
from
the
Desart
Coast
.
At
length
they
steer
directly
East
for
Goa
.
When
they
go
from
Goa
to
Macao
,
they
they
make
Sail
along
Malabar
towards
the
Cape
of
Comorin
;
South
of
Ceilan
,
and
of
all
the
Southern
Islands
:
They
pass
through
the
Streights
which
are
near
the
Island
Galli
,
and
Sail
along
Macasar
and
the
Manilhes
,
unto
Macao
.
This
they
do
not
without
great
inconveniencies
;
and
they
take
that
great
Circuit
,
because
the
Hollanders
hinder
them
from
passing
between
the
Streights
of
Malacca
and
Sunda
,
nay
,
and
often
scout
'em
towards
Cochim
,
and
at
the
Point
of
Galle
upon
the
Coast
of
the
Isle
of
Ceilan
.
The
Navigation
from
Macao
to
Japan
is
about
twenty
days
.
In
their
return
,
at
their
departure
from
Goa
,
they
pass
by
the
Cape
to
the
West
,
about
a
hundred
and
fifty
Leagues
,
and
come
in
ken
of
the
Desart
Coast
of
Africa
,
and
in
sight
of
Land
,
and
get
to
Mozambick
,
making
Sail
between
the
Isle
of
Madagascar
and
the
Shores
of
India
:
they
Coast
along
the
Land
of
Natal
,
where
the
Currents
are
commonly
from
the
North-East
to
the
South-West
,
and
where
the
Navigation
is
very
dangerous
.
After
which
,
they
return
into
Portugal
by
the
Cape
of
Good-Hope
,
following
the
above-mention'd
Course
.
The
Course
the
Hollanders
often
take
to
the
East-Indies
is
by
the
South
of
the
Cape
of
Good-Hope
.
They
go
thither
sometimes
through
the
Streights
of
le
Maire
and
Brovers
.
They
take
that
way
by
reason
of
the
Winds
motion
of
the
Water
,
which
they
have
then
favourable
in
Sayling
towards
the
West
,
and
because
commonly
they
spend
less
time
,
and
lose
fewer
Men
in
this
than
in
the
other
way
.
When
by
the
South
of
Africa
,
they
go
and
double
the
Cape
of
Good-Hope
,
they
after
touch
at
the
Bay
they
call
Tafel-Bay
.
This
Bay
is
a
commodious
Retreat
for
Ships
,
they
can
Anchor
there
,
with
all
safety
,
at
six
or
eight
Fathom
Water
,
and
shelter
themselves
from
the
Storms
,
which
are
very
frequent
in
those
parts
.
The
Air
is
healthful
;
they
find
all
sorts
of
refreshments
,
excellent
Water
;
the
access
to
it
is
so
easie
,
that
they
can
take
in
fresh
Water
without
any
trouble
.
For
these
considerations
,
the
Hollanders
made
an
Establishment
there
some
years
since
,
and
no
longer
content
themselves
,
as
they
formerly
did
,
with
leaving
Letters
there
for
their
Country-men
,
that
might
come
to
pass
that
way
.
The
Mountain
of
Tafel-Bay
is
esteemed
thirteen
hundred
and
fifty
Foot
high
.
Those
Hollanders
,
who
do
not
stop
at
Tafel-Bay
,
make
for
Mauritius-Island
,
otherwise
Swan-Island
.
This
Island
has
,
in
its
Southern
part
,
a
Port
between
the
Flats
,
wherein
above
fifty
great
Ships
may
ride
safe
under
the
shelter
of
a
Fort
built
in
the
Year
1640.
From
thence
,
between
divers
Flats
,
they
make
for
the
Chanel
of
Mamale
,
or
that
of
Malique
;
and
in
this
last
Course
,
they
have
favourable
Currents
.
For
their
way
towards
Malacca
;
whether
that
they
go
from
Mauritius
Island
,
or
from
Cochim
,
they
pass
by
the
Islands
of
Nicubar
,
North
of
the
Isle
of
Sumatra
,
and
leave
the
Isle
of
Pulo-Lada
on
the
left
,
otherwise
called
the
Isle
of
Pepper
,
of
about
twenty
Leagues
in
compass
.
They
return
into
Holland
after
the
same
manner
as
do
other
Europeans
.
Other
Tracts
and
Ways
to
the
East-Indies
.
THE
People
,
who
inhabit
along
the
Mediterranean
Sea
,
designing
for
the
East-Indies
,
go
to
Alexandretta
,
to
Aleppo
and
Bi
r
,
which
is
four
small
days
Journey
from
thence
.
There
are
Caravans
from
Aleppo
to
Erzerum
,
to
Erivan
,
to
Tauris
.
At
Bi
r
,
they
Embark
upon
the
Euphrates
to
go
in
ten
days
to
Rousvania
,
from
thence
,
by
Camels
,
to
Bagdad
,
and
then
by
the
Tigris
to
Bassora
.
They
may
go
by
Water
from
Rousvania
to
Bassora
in
small
Barks
,
from
Bassora
to
El-Catif
in
eight
days
:
the
Navigation
is
not
very
commodious
upon
the
Euphrates
and
the
Tigris
,
by
reason
of
the
numbers
of
Mills
they
meet
with
upon
those
Rivers
.
Sometimes
they
go
through
the
Desart
to
go
to
those
two
Cities
,
from
whence
they
go
to
Ispaham
and
to
Agra
by
Caravans
;
or
else
,
after
being
Embark'd
upon
the
Tigris
,
they
go
to
Congue
and
Gombru
near
Ormus
,
by
the
Sea
El-Catif
;
and
into
the
East-Indies
by
the
Ocean
.
The
Customs
of
the
Turk
and
Persian
gain
very
much
by
the
Merchandizes
,
which
take
this
way
.
The
Carriage
from
Bagdad
to
Bassora
is
very
easie
and
pleasant
;
in
the
Barks
,
which
go
that
way
,
they
sometimes
make
use
of
Sails
,
and
sometimes
Oars
;
often
do
they
let
themselves
be
carried
along
by
the
Current
and
Stream
of
the
Water
,
so
as
they
only
Steer
.
The
River
,
which
the
Arabians
of
the
Neighbourhood
call
Chat
or
Xat
,
as
they
do
the
other
Great
Rivers
,
is
two
Miles
in
breadth
,
and
about
six
Fathom
deep
.
It
is
something
like
the
Rhosne
in
France
,
less
rapid
,
and
more
abounding
in
Fish
;
its
Water
,
tho'
somewhat
brackish
,
is
nevertheless
mighty
good
to
drink
:
It
forms
several
Branches
,
because
that
the
Land
is
low
there
,
and
sandy
.
In
the
Way
they
take
to
China
,
through
the
Territories
of
the
Levant
,
they
are
to
be
at
Aleppo
towards
the
end
of
the
Month
August
,
for
to
take
there
,
in
September
,
the
conveniency
of
the
Caravans
,
which
bring
them
,
in
November
,
to
Bagdad
.
From
Bagdad
they
are
ten
days
in
going
to
Bassora
:
twelve
in
going
from
Bassora
to
Gombru
,
where
they
almost
daily
meet
with
conveniencies
in
Barks
called
Tranquins
.
In
January
and
February
the
Muesson
stands
right
for
Surat
,
where
they
commonly
Embark
upon
English
Ships
or
Moorish
Vessels
,
which
go
that
Voyage
in
five
and
twenty
days
.
This
way
is
look'd
upon
as
much
the
same
with
that
from
Marseilles
to
Alexandretta
.
At
Surat
they
take
their
Way
by
Land
,
spend
therein
forty
small
days
Journies
,
as
far
as
Mazulpatan
,
a
City
upon
the
Gulph
of
Bengala
,
and
this
about
the
Month
of
March
.
From
Mazulpatan
they
go
to
Tanazarin
by
Sea
:
from
thence
to
Sian
,
from
Sian
to
China
in
all
Seasons
.
This
way
did
the
three
French
Bishops
go
,
who
were
Missionaries
into
China
.
They
make
mention
of
another
way
to
China
,
thro'
Candahar
,
Agra
,
Pathna
,
Niepal
,
Pitan
,
&c.
this
way
is
gone
by
Land
;
no
Inn
to
be
found
,
few
Villages
,
great
Desarts
,
hideous
Mountains
,
where
they
make
use
of
great
Goats
to
carry
their
things
.
There
are
also
some
of
those
Mountains
so
steep
,
that
to
pass
them
,
they
are
forc'd
to
wrap
themselves
up
in
Carpets
,
and
put
themselves
into
the
hands
of
certain
People
,
who
lay
you
upon
their
Shoulders
to
carry
you
through
those
difficult
places
.
Those
,
who
dwell
upon
the
Shore
of
the
Black-Sea
,
remount
the
Faze
,
get
to
Arais
,
the
Caspian-Sea
,
Albiamu
;
from
whence
they
go
by
Land
to
the
Indus
,
or
the
Ganges
:
those
Rivers
carry
them
to
the
Ocean
.
Nicanor
,
King
of
Syria
,
had
projected
to
joyn
Pontus
Euxinus
and
the
Caspian-Sea
.
The
Genoueses
have
,
a
long
while
,
held
the
City
of
Caffa
for
the
maintaining
this
Commerce
.
There
is
,
for
those
of
those
parts
,
another
way
by
Trebrizond
,
Erzerum
and
the
Euphrates
,
which
lead
to
Bi
r
;
from
thence
,
as
we
have
said
,
into
the
Sea
of
the
Indies
.
The
Moscovites
have
the
conveniency
of
the
Volga
,
the
Caspian-Sea
,
Albiamu
,
and
the
Indies
:
For
to
return
into
the
City
of
Mosco
,
they
go
up
the
Volga
,
Ocea
,
and
the
Mosca
.
These
are
the
common
ways
,
that
are
taken
for
the
going
to
the
East-Indies
,
and
which
now
render
that
Country
as
famous
,
as
did
formerly
the
Military
Expeditions
of
Bacchus
and
Alexander
the
Great
.
Now
follow
those
which
have
since
,
with
great
care
,
been
sought
out
for
the
same
design
.
The
Romans
went
to
Alexandria
of
Egypt
,
ascended
the
Nile
as
far
as
Coptos
,
now
Cana
;
and
by
Land
went
to
Berenice
,
which
is
Cossir
,
where
they
had
the
conveniency
of
the
Red-Sea
and
the
Ocean
.
Under
the
Soldans
of
Egypt
,
Sues
and
Arden
,
were
the
Magazines
of
the
Indian
Merchandizes
,
which
were
Transported
to
Cairo
by
means
of
the
Nile
;
then
they
had
in
Europe
fresher
Spices
than
they
have
now
,
the
Venetians
and
Genoueses
brought
them
thither
by
the
Mediterranean-Sea
.
France
.
TThe
Kingdom
of
France
is
,
at
this
day
,
one
of
the
most
flourishing
States
of
Christendom
,
in
the
midst
of
the
Northern
temperate
Zone
,
where
its
People
breath
a
very
favourable
Air.
The
French
call
it
the
Eye
and
Pearl
of
the
World
;
and
say
,
that
it
is
to
Europe
what
Europe
is
to
other
parts
of
the
Earth
:
it
is
Rich
,
Fertile
,
very
Populous
,
there
being
reckoned
above
four
thousand
good
Towns
in
it
.
It
's
above
two
hundred
and
twenty
Leagues
in
length
,
and
full
as
many
in
breadth
.
The
French-men
value
most
of
their
Towns
to
be
worth
Provinces
,
their
Provinces
to
be
worth
Kingdoms
.
Their
Corn
,
Wine
,
Salt
and
Linnen
,
do
very
much
enrich
the
Inhabitants
.
France
was
formerly
known
under
the
name
of
Gaul
,
which
was
carried
into
several
places
of
Europe
,
nay
,
into
Asia
,
when
the
Gauls
made
War
in
that
part
of
the
World
.
The
extent
of
Gaul
hath
been
divers
.
The
French
may
well
boast
,
that
this
King's
Conquests
have
not
been
bounded
neither
by
the
Rhine
,
nor
the
Ocean
,
nor
the
Pyrenees
,
nor
the
Alps.
The
Crown
is
Hereditary
;
and
,
according
to
the
Salick
Law
,
the
Female
never
succeeds
upon
the
Throne
.
The
French
King's
eldest
Son
is
called
Dauphin
.
This
Monarchy
is
said
to
have
subsisted
since
the
Year
420.
The
three
Royal
Races
of
Merovers
,
Charlemaigne
,
Hugh
Capet
,
have
furnished
it
with
sixty
five
Kings
.
Amongst
other
Titles
,
its
Princes
take
upon
them
that
of
Most
Christian
,
and
Eldest
Son
of
the
Church
.
They
pretend
to
Precedence
before
all
other
Kings
,
upon
a
pretext
of
being
the
most
Noble
and
the
Most
Ancient
of
Europe
.
Their
Arms
are
Azure
,
with
three
Flower-de-luces
d'
Or
,
since
Charles
the
Ninth
.
The
Kingdom
is
composed
of
three
Orders
or
States
,
the
Clergy
,
the
Nobility
,
and
the
third
Estate
.
There
are
reckoned
seventeen
Arch-Bishopricks
,
a
hundred
and
six
Bishopricks
,
besides
the
Arch-Bishopricks
of
Cambray
,
Besanzon
,
the
Bishopricks
of
Arras
,
St.
Omar
,
Tournay
,
Ipres
,
Perpignan
;
sixteen
Abbayes
,
Heads
of
the
Order
,
or
of
the
Congregation
:
about
fifty
thousand
Curates
,
besides
other
Ecclesiastical
Dignities
:
several
General
and
Particular
Governments
:
Thirty
two
great
Provinces
:
Twelve
ancient
Peerages
,
several
of
new
Creation
.
A
great
number
of
Principalities
,
Dutchies
,
Marquisates
,
Counties
,
Baronies
,
and
other
Lordships
;
Eleven
Parliaments
,
besides
those
of
the
Conquer'd
Countrys
,
eight
Chambers
of
Accounts
,
twenty
two
Generalities
.
There
are
four
Principal
Rivers
,
the
Seine
,
whose
Water
is
esteem'd
the
strongest
in
the
World
,
and
more
healthful
to
drink
than
that
of
Fountains
;
the
Loire
,
the
King
of
the
French
Rivers
;
la
Garonne
,
the
most
Navigable
;
the
Rhosne
,
the
most
Rapid
.
Several
Divisions
are
made
of
France
,
which
regard
the
Church
,
the
Nobility
,
the
Justice
,
and
the
Finances
.
It
is
sufficient
to
say
here
,
that
the
States-General
of
the
Kingdom
were
held
in
the
Year
1614.
that
then
all
the
Provinces
appear'd
under
twelve
Great
Governments
;
four
of
those
Governments
are
towards
the
North
,
the
Seine
,
and
the
Rivers
which
fall
into
it
,
Picardy
,
Normandy
,
the
Isle
of
France
and
Champaign
.
Four
towards
the
midst
,
near
the
Loire
,
Brittany
,
Orleanois
,
Burgundy
,
and
Lyonnois
.
The
four
others
,
towards
the
South
,
and
near
the
Garonne
or
the
Rosne
,
Guyenne
,
Languedoc
,
Dauphine
,
Provence
.
With
Orleanois
they
then
conjoyned
le
Mains
,
le
Perche
,
la
Beauce
,
on
this
side
the
River
of
Loire
;
Nivernois
,
Tourain
,
Anjoy
,
above
the
said
River
;
beyond
it
,
Poictou
,
Angoumois
,
Berri
.
Burgundy
had
la
Bresse
,
as
it
has
still
at
present
.
Under
Lyonnois
,
were
Lyonnois
,
Avergne
,
Bourbonnois
,
la
Marche
.
In
Guyenne
was
Bearne
,
Gascogne
,
true
Guyenne
beyond
the
Garonne
;
and
on
this
side
Saintogne
,
Perigort
,
Limosin
,
Querci
,
Rouergue
.
Then
,
as
well
as
now
,
Languedoc
comprehended
Cevenes
.
The
other
great
Governments
are
not
subdivided
into
great
Provinces
.
Now
follow
the
capital
Cities
,
according
to
that
distribution
,
Amiens
,
Rouen
,
Paris
,
Troyes
,
Rennes
,
Mans
,
No-gent-le-Retrou
,
Orleans
,
Nevers
,
Tours
,
Angers
,
Poictiers
,
Angoulesme
,
Bourges
,
Dijon
,
Bourg-en-Bresse
,
Lyon
,
Clermont
,
Moulins
,
Gueret
,
Pau
,
Auch
,
Bourdeaux
,
Saintes
,
Perigueux
,
Limoges
,
Cahors
,
Rodes
,
Toulouse
,
Viviers
,
Grenoble
,
and
Aix
.
Spain
.
SPain
is
a
Great
Peninsula
,
two
hundred
Leagues
in
length
,
and
the
same
in
breadth
,
in
the
most
Western
part
of
Europe
,
betwixt
the
ninth
and
twenty
fourth
Degree
of
Longitude
,
and
between
thirty
five
Degrees
and
a
half
,
and
forty
Degrees
and
a
half
of
Northern
Latitude
.
This
Peninsula
is
upon
the
Ocean
,
and
upon
the
Mediterranean-Sea
;
towards
the
North-East
,
it
borders
upon
France
,
for
the
space
of
above
a
hundred
Leagues
,
the
Pyrenean
Mountains
between
both
.
Several
things
concur
to
the
making
Spain
thinly
inhabited
;
its
Fertility
,
Mountains
,
the
barrenness
of
its
Women
,
the
banishment
of
the
Moors
,
of
whom
above
eight
hundred
thousand
were
constrain'd
to
depart
thence
,
in
the
Year
1610
,
the
great
number
of
persons
that
are
sent
to
Colonies
,
and
the
Wars
abroad
.
From
whence
it
proceeds
,
that
never
above
seven
thousand
natural
Spaniards
were
ever
seen
together
in
any
Army
.
The
Heat
reigns
there
more
than
the
Cold
;
those
Provinces
which
lye
South-East
,
are
more
fertile
than
the
rest
.
The
Mountains
without
Trees
,
and
the
mighty
Rocks
are
there
called
Sierra
.
This
Country
has
but
scarcity
of
Corn
,
but
abounds
with
the
strongest
Wines
,
the
most
delicious
Fruits
,
and
the
sweetest
Oyls
of
Europe
.
The
Gold
and
Silver
,
which
is
brought
into
Spain
from
America
,
is
very
capable
of
purchasing
it
all
the
other
Conveniencies
of
Life
.
In
the
Year
1618.
it
was
verified
,
that
since
the
first
discovery
of
this
New
World
by
Columbus
,
the
Spaniards
had
drawn
from
thence
above
fifteen
hundred
thirty
six
Millions
of
Gold
.
These
are
immense
Sums
,
but
,
as
the
Traders
of
Europe
have
the
best
share
in
them
,
they
have
not
enrich'd
Spain
,
proportionably
to
what
it
has
been
weakned
by
the
Colonies
,
that
have
been
sent
thither
.
Moreover
,
the
necessity
of
having
foreign
Commodities
drains
and
exhausts
the
better
part
of
those
Riches
.
This
made
Henry
the
Fourth
of
France
say
,
That
the
Spanish
Pistolls
spoke
their
Riches
in
their
own
Dominions
,
but
,
carried
elsewhere
,
did
but
shew
their
Poverty
.
Mines
there
are
of
Copper
,
Quick-silver
,
Lead
,
Iron
,
and
Salt
,
in
Spain
:
those
of
Gold
and
Silver
have
been
spared
,
since
they
have
had
the
conveniency
of
those
of
America
.
The
Horses
of
this
Region
are
generally
in
esteem
,
those
of
Andalousia
above
all
others
;
yet
they
travel
commonly
in
this
Countrey
upon
Mules
and
Asses
,
by
reason
of
the
Mountains
.
No
Prince
whatsoever
has
so
much
Land
,
as
the
King
of
Spain
:
He
may
,
with
justice
,
style
himself
the
greatest
Territorian
of
the
Universe
,
if
I
may
use
that
Term.
True
it
is
,
that
his
Dominions
lye
separated
from
one
another
,
and
dispers'd
in
the
four
parts
of
the
World
.
Some
of
his
Predecessours
have
boasted
,
that
the
Sun
never
set
in
their
Dominions
,
and
that
the
extent
of
their
Territories
was
only
to
be
measured
by
the
Course
of
that
Planet
.
In
some
Letters
,
which
the
Kings
of
Persia
have
address'd
to
them
in
the
foregoing
Age
,
there
is
,
To
the
King
,
who
has
the
Sun
for
a
Hat
.
Among
other
Titles
,
they
wear
that
of
Catholick
,
particularly
since
Ferdinand
the
Fifth
,
and
that
of
the
King
of
Spains
;
they
have
taken
up
this
last
but
of
late
years
.
These
following
are
those
which
Philip
the
Fourth
took
in
the
Pleinpouvoir
,
which
he
gave
in
the
Year
1659
,
to
Don
Lewis
de
Haro
,
for
the
treating
of
a
Peace
between
France
and
Spain
.
Dom
Philip
,
by
the
Grace
of
God
,
King
of
Castile
,
Leon
,
Arragon
,
the
two
Sicilies
,
Jerusalem
,
Portugal
,
(
this
Title
was
left
out
in
the
Plein-pouvoirs
,
of
the
Peace
of
Nimmeghen
)
Navarre
,
Grenada
,
Toledo
,
Valencia
,
Galicia
,
Maillorca
,
Seville
,
Sardaigna
,
Cordova
,
Corsica
,
Murcia
,
Jaen
,
the
Algarbes
,
Algezire
,
Gibraltar
,
the
Canary
Islands
,
the
East
and
West-Indies
,
the
Islands
and
Terra
firma
of
the
Ocean-Sea
,
Arch-Duke
of
Austria
,
Duke
of
Burgundy
,
(
which
is
no
longer
allow'd
him
by
the
French
King
,
since
the
Cession
of
the
Franche
Compte
)
Brabant
,
Milan
,
Count
of
Hapsbourg
,
Flanders
,
Tirol
,
Barcellonna
,
Lord
of
Biscay
,
and
Malines
.
The
principal
Order
of
Knighthood
,
in
Spain
,
is
that
of
the
Golden
Fleece
,
the
others
are
those
of
St.
James
,
of
Calatrava
,
of
Alcantara
,
and
Montese
:
the
Kings
of
Spain
have
attributed
to
themselves
great
Masterships
and
Jurisdictions
of
'em
,
under
the
Name
of
Perpetual
Administrators
.
There
are
,
moreover
,
above
fourscore
Grandees
,
who
are
much
the
same
with
the
Dukes
and
Peers
of
England
;
this
Dignity
of
Grandee
is
setled
upon
Lands
,
and
falls
to
Females
.
The
Spaniards
esteem
Arts
as
disnonourable
;
upon
which
account
most
of
their
Artificers
are
strangers
.
They
have
always
maintain'd
the
reputation
,
of
being
Faithful
and
Loyal
to
their
Prince
;
they
are
slow
in
their
Resolutions
,
and
their
Tediousness
and
Procrastination
makes
them
often
lose
good
Occasions
.
Some
of
'em
have
the
vanity
to
say
,
That
their
Country
furnishes
the
World
with
Generals
of
Armies
;
That
God
spoke
to
Moses
,
upon
Mount
Sinai
,
in
the
Castillian
Tongue
;
That
the
Lord
of
the
Universe
must
be
a
Spaniard
born
,
and
other
such
great
Words
.
Spain
,
sometimes
called
Iberia
,
Hesperia
,
Mus-Arabia
,
was
subject
to
strangers
during
a
long
while
:
the
Celtae
,
Rhodiots
,
Phenicians
,
Carthaginians
,
Romans
,
Vandals
,
Swabians
,
Goths
,
and
the
Moors
,
have
commanded
and
domineer'd
there
,
over
all
,
or
in
some
parts
.
Its
first
Division
was
into
two
parts
;
the
one
on
this
side
,
the
other
on
that
side
the
Ebre
,
which
then
bounded
the
Empires
of
Rome
and
Carthage
;
since
,
what
has
been
called
Vlterior
Hispania
has
only
comprehended
Betica
and
Lusitania
.
In
each
part
the
Romans
establish'd
fourteen
Convents
or
Benches
of
Justice
.
During
the
decay
and
fall
of
the
Domination
of
the
Moors
,
there
arose
five
Kingdoms
,
Leon
with
Castile
,
Aragon
,
Navarre
,
Portugal
,
and
Grenada
.
After
which
,
the
whole
Country
fell
under
the
sway
of
the
King
of
Castile
,
the
King
of
Portugal
,
and
the
King
of
Arragon
.
It
is
principally
by
these
three
Titles
,
that
the
King
of
Spain
has
possess'd
all
his
States
,
wherein
are
eight
Vice-Roy-ships
.
In
our
time
the
King
of
Castile
has
been
a
peaceable
Possessour
of
all
these
Kingdoms
,
tho'
,
that
since
Pelagius
,
the
Succession
of
these
Kingdoms
has
fallen
ten
times
upon
Females
:
In
the
Year
1640
,
Portugal
proclaim'd
the
Duke
of
Braganza
King
.
The
principal
Rivers
of
Spain
,
are
the
Douere
,
abounding
in
Fish
;
the
Tagus
,
renowned
for
its
golden
Sands
;
Guadiana
,
which
is
said
to
run
under
Ground
;
Guadalquiber
is
the
deepest
;
Iberus
,
famous
for
its
Name
:
All
of
them
have
their
Source
in
Castile
,
and
are
not
Navigable
,
like
many
Rivers
in
other
Countreys
.
Guadiana
has
given
the
Spaniards
occasion
to
say
,
That
their
Land
affords
the
richest
Bridge
upon
Earth
;
that
it
daily
feeds
above
ten
thousand
Cattel
,
and
that
a
great
Army
may
march
over
it
in
Battalia
:
the
Ancients
seem
to
have
admirably
well
called
this
River
Anas
,
by
reason
that
it
enters
and
rises
out
of
the
Earth
,
as
a
Duck
does
in
the
water
.
Some
Moderns
say
,
this
River
is
hidden
by
the
Mountains
;
others
do
assure
us
,
that
these
are
Breakin
gs
up
of
the
Ground
,
which
are
made
for
the
watering
the
neighbouring
Lands
,
that
are
very
lean
and
hungry
:
Certain
it
is
,
that
this
happens
towards
the
Sources
of
Guadiana
,
and
not
towards
Merida
,
as
the
old
Carts
represent
it
.
This
is
one
of
the
Wonders
of
Spain
;
the
two
others
are
,
a
City
incircled
with
Fire
by
Walls
of
Flint
,
which
is
Madrid
;
a
Bridge
,
over
which
Water
is
seen
to
run
;
which
is
the
Aqueduct
of
Segovia
.
One
may
say
of
the
Cities
of
this
State
,
that
they
have
some
appellation
for
Excellence
;
Sevil
the
trading
,
Grenada
the
great
,
Valencia
the
fair
,
Barcellonna
the
rich
,
Saragossa
the
satisfied
,
Valle
dolid
the
Genteel
,
Toledo
the
ancient
,
Madrid
the
Royal
City
.
There
are
eight
Arch-Bishopricks
,
forty
five
Bishopricks
:
the
Arch-Bishopricks
are
Toledo
,
Burgos
,
Compostella
,
Sevil
,
Grenada
,
Valencia
,
Saragossa
,
and
Taragonna
.
King
Richard
the
First
establish'd
there
the
Roman
Catholick
Religion
,
which
is
the
only
one
allowed
of
in
the
Kingdoms
,
the
Inquisition
having
been
introduced
against
all
other
Beliefs
.
Some
Churches
are
at
Toledo
,
where
they
still
perform
the
Mus-Arabick
Office
,
which
is
that
which
the
Christians
,
who
liv'd
amongst
the
Arabians
,
used
.
Several
of
their
Sea-Ports
are
very
considerable
,
the
Passage
,
Saint
Andre
,
la
Corune
,
Cadiz
,
Cartagena
,
Alicant
,
&c.
There
are
reckoned
in
Spain
fifteen
great
Parts
,
most
of
which
had
the
Title
of
Kingdoms
in
the
times
of
the
Moors
:
Five
upon
the
Ocean
,
Biscaya
,
Asturia
,
Galicia
,
Portugal
,
that
hath
its
King
,
Andalousia
:
Five
upon
the
Mediterranean-Sea
,
Granada
,
Murcia
,
Valencia
,
Catalonia
,
the
Isles
of
Majorca
and
Minorca
;
Five
within
the
Inland
of
the
Country
,
Aragon
,
Navarre
,
the
two
Castiles
,
Leon.
Biscay
has
Woods
which
furnish
it
with
the
conveniency
of
building
Ships
.
It
has
so
great
a
quantity
of
Mines
,
and
Iron-Forges
,
that
the
Spaniards
call
it
the
Defence
of
Castile
.
It
is
separated
from
France
by
the
small
River
of
Bidassoa
,
which
forms
a
little
Island
,
Celebrated
for
the
conclusion
of
the
Peace
in
the
Year
1659.
between
the
Crown
of
Spain
and
France
.
The
Biscayans
,
who
are
the
ancient
Cantabrians
,
have
great
Priviledges
,
and
boast
of
never
having
been
subdued
.
The
Land
(
as
well
as
in
the
Kingdom
of
Navarre
)
is
well
Cultivated
,
because
there
is
neither
Tax
,
nor
Tythes
,
nor
Right
of
Importation
.
It
s
Capital
Cities
are
Bilbao
,
St.
Sebastian
,
both
driving
a
great
Trade
,
especially
in
Wooll
:
Great
Ships
cannot
come
up
to
Bilbao
but
at
High-Water
.
The
Port
of
Saint
Sebastian
is
of
easie
access
,
its
entrance
is
defended
with
two
Castles
,
that
of
the
East
upon
a
Height
,
that
of
the
West
on
a
Level
upon
a
Rock
.
Saint
Andero
,
and
le
Passage
,
are
two
excellent
Sea-Ports
in
this
Country
,
Fonterabia
the
strongest
place
,
Guatari
the
Country
of
Sebastian
Can
,
he
who
first
went
round
the
World
in
the
Ship
called
the
Victory
.
Asturia
breeds
Horses
much
esteemed
for
their
strength
;
it
is
the
Title
of
the
Prince
of
Spain
,
whose
younger
Brothers
are
called
Infants
since
the
Reign
of
King
John
the
First
.
It
has
serv'd
for
a
retreat
to
the
Gothick
Kings
,
and
to
several
Bishops
,
during
the
irruption
of
the
Moors
,
wherefore
Oviedo
,
its
Capital
City
,
is
called
the
City
of
Kings
and
Bishops
.
Galicia
is
more
Populous
than
Fertile
;
Compostella
is
known
for
the
Pilgrimages
of
those
who
go
thither
to
visit
the
Relick
of
Saint
James
,
the
Patron
of
the
Spaniards
;
la
Corune
for
the
goodness
and
spaciousness
of
its
Harbour
.
The
Silver
Fleet
,
rich
above
thirty
Millions
,
arrived
there
in
the
Year
1661.
to
avoid
meeting
with
the
English
,
who
,
for
the
surprizing
it
,
lay
at
watch
upon
all
the
Avenues
of
Cadiz
.
They
reckon
in
this
Country
above
forty
other
Havens
,
whereof
that
of
Vigo
is
the
most
considerable
.
Andalousia
is
so
beautiful
,
so
abounding
in
Wines
,
Corn
,
Olives
,
that
it
passes
for
the
Granary
and
Store-house-of
the
Kingdom
.
Sevil
is
the
Magazine
of
the
Riches
of
the
New-World
:
'T
is
a
Town
so
well
Built
,
that
there
is
a
Spanish
Proverb
which
runs
,
Qui
en
no
ha
visto
Sevilla
,
no
ha
visto
maravilla
.
It
still
keeps
the
remains
of
the
City
Italica
,
the
Native
Town
of
Adrian
.
Corduba
,
which
gave
Lucan
and
the
two
Seneca's
to
Antiquity
,
was
much
more
considerable
under
the
Moors
than
it
is
at
present
.
It
s
principal
Church
was
formerly
the
greatest
Mosque
of
the
Mahometans
after
that
of
Mecca
.
San-Lucar
,
at
the
Mouth
of
Guadalquivir
,
is
a
Town
of
great
Trade
.
The
Ships
,
which
bring
Gold
and
Silver
from
the
West-Indies
,
have
sometimes
cast
Anchor
near
the
Tower
of
the
Port
,
which
is
sometimes
call'd
the
Tower
of
Gold
:
This
casting
Anchor
is
more
commonly
performed
at
Cadiz
,
and
the
Port
Saint
Mary
,
which
is
near
it
.
Xeres
de
la
Fontera
is
in
the
Neighbourhood
of
the
Place
where
the
Moors
entirely
defeated
the
Goths
,
in
the
Year
712.
After
which
,
they
had
the
means
of
Ravaging
all
Spain
as
they
did
.
The
Spaniards
have
been
observ'd
to
have
made
no
scruple
of
having
Alliance
with
those
Infidels
,
because
some
of
their
Divines
have
maintain'd
,
that
they
might
be
made
use
of
as
of
Horses
and
Elephants
.
Gibraltar
gives
its
Name
to
the
famous
Streight
,
which
communicates
the
Ocean
and
Mediterranean-Seas
,
and
which
separates
Europe
from
Africa
.
Palos
is
the
Haven
,
where
Columbus
embarked
for
the
first
Discovery
of
the
New-World
;
Cadiz
,
as
we
have
said
,
is
the
most
usual
place
of
Resort
for
the
Fleets
,
which
come
from
the
West-Indies
,
by
reason
of
the
conveniency
of
its
Harbour
.
It
is
of
such
importance
,
that
the
Emperor
,
Charles
the
Fifth
,
recommended
the
preservation
of
it
above
all
things
to
his
Son
,
Philip
the
Second
,
with
that
of
Flushing
and
la
Goulete
.
Antiquity
shews
here
a
Temple
,
dedicated
to
Hercules
,
with
two
Pillars
,
either
of
Brass
or
Silver
,
which
are
said
to
be
the
Pillars
of
that
Hero
,
as
well
as
the
two
Mountains
of
the
Streights
of
Gibraltar
.
Julius
Caesar
is
said
to
have
wept
in
this
Temple
,
at
the
remembrance
of
the
Prodigious
Conquests
,
which
Alexander
the
Great
had
made
at
the
Age
of
thirty
three
Years
,
and
whereof
the
consideration
carried
him
to
such
high
Enterprises
,
as
that
of
Xenophon's
Cyrus
had
done
Scipio
.
The
Name
of
Andalusians
was
given
to
the
Moriscoes
,
who
were
driven
out
of
Andalousia
and
Granada
;
that
of
Tagarins
to
those
of
Aragon
and
Catalonia
.
The
Kingdom
of
Granada
under
its
last
Moorish
Kings
,
who
lost
it
in
the
Year
1421.
was
much
Richer
,
and
more
Populous
,
than
it
is
at
present
;
it
was
also
much
more
fertile
:
The
Moors
had
a
thousand
Inventions
to
Water
their
Lands
with
Rivulets
and
Trenches
,
by
causing
Water
to
be
brought
thither
from
great
Ponds
,
which
they
made
in
the
Mountain●
which
are
at
the
foot
of
la
Sierra-Navada
.
The
Situation
of
this
Kingdom
,
and
the
Disposition
of
its
Towns
,
are
conformable
to
the
Description
Julius
Caesar
gives
thereof
.
The
City
of
the
same
Name
is
the
greatest
of
Spain
:
The
abode
in
it
is
so
pleasant
,
by
reason
of
the
pureness
of
its
Air
,
and
its
admirable
Fountains
,
that
the
Moors
placed
Paradise
in
that
part
part
of
Heaven
which
is
upon
its
Zenith
.
Malgus
is
known
for
the
excellent
Wines
which
it
furnishes
the
World
withal
.
Almeria
for
its
Commerce
and
its
Harbour
.
Monde
for
the
Victory
of
Julius
Caesar
over
Pompey's
Sons
:
He
killed
upon
the
place
thirty
thousand
of
his
Enemies
,
and
afterwards
made
the
Circumvallation
of
the
Town
,
with
the
Arms
and
Bodies
of
the
Dead
.
Murcia
is
called
the
Garden
of
Spain
,
by
reason
of
its
excellent
Fruits
.
It
s
Town
of
the
same
Name
drives
a
great
Trade
in
Silk
.
Carthagena
is
a
good
Sea-Port
.
Valentia
is
the
most
agreeable
Country
of
all
Spain
.
The
City
of
the
same
Name
has
also
those
of
Beautiful
,
Great
,
of
Valencia
del-Cid
,
since
its
being
taken
by
Rodrigo
from
the
Moors
.
Alicant
is
known
for
the
Transportation
of
its
good
Wines
.
Upon
the
Coast
are
seen
,
in
a
place
called
Morvedre
,
the
Ruins
of
the
ancient
Sagonte
,
the
destruction
whereof
,
by
Hannibal
,
gave
occasion
to
the
second
Punick
War
.
The
Principality
of
Catalonia
,
the
most
important
Province
of
Spain
,
produces
Wine
,
Oyl
,
Corn
,
and
Fruits
in
abundance
.
The
Neighbourhood
of
the
Pyrenees
furnish
it
with
very
fine
Marble
,
Jaspar
and
Azure
.
Those
who
make
Spain
the
Head
of
the
Catholick
King
's
Dominions
,
say
,
Catalonia
is
one
of
its
Ears
,
and
Portugal
the
other
.
Ten
Cities
are
reckoned
in
this
Province
,
seventeen
Vigueries
,
or
great
Baily-wicks
,
with
above
a
hundred
Walled
Towns
,
whereof
the
most
part
were
taken
and
re-taken
in
the
late
Wars
.
Barcelona
,
the
Capital
City
,
has
good
Edifices
,
by
reason
of
the
conveniency
it
has
of
being
furnished
with
Stone
from
Mount-Juy
.
Tarragona
,
whereof
the
greatest
part
of
Spain
has
born
formerly
the
Name
,
is
more
Ancient
and
Strong
than
it
is
Beautiful
.
Tortosa
upon
the
end
of
the
Ebre
.
The
French
gained
,
near
this
Town
,
a
famous
Victory
over
the
Sarazens
in
the
time
of
Charlemain
.
Larida
has
susteined
several
Sieges
,
and
seen
several
Battels
fought
in
our
time
;
Caesar
formerly
defeated
,
near
this
place
,
Aframius
and
Petreius
of
Pompey's
Party
.
Gironne
is
a
Principality
,
whereof
the
Eldest
Sons
of
the
Kings
of
Aragon
bore
the
Title
.
Cordene
,
a
famous
Dutchy
,
has
a
Mountain
of
Salt
,
which
seems
of
all
sorts
of
Colours
,
but
becomes
white
when
it
is
pounded
.
Problet
,
a
rich
Monastery
,
was
the
Sepulchre
of
the
King
's
of
Aragon
:
That
of
our
Lady
,
at
Montferrat
,
is
known
for
its
great
Solitude
,
for
its
Pilgrimages
,
and
the
Presents
that
are
made
there
.
Roses
,
the
strongest
and
most
important
of
the
Sea-Towns
.
The
Isles
of
Majorca
and
Minorca
,
are
the
ancient
Baleares
,
where
the
Inhabitants
were
heretofore
as
good
Slingers
,
and
great
Pyrats
,
as
it
this
day
.
They
obliged
their
Children
to
fight
for
their
Break-fast
with
their
Slings
;
notwithstanding
their
activity
,
they
were
constrain'd
to
demand
help
of
Augustus
against
the
Rabbets
,
which
harassed
their
Country
.
The
Books
of
Raymundus
Lullius
are
read
and
studied
in
the
University
of
Majorca
,
as
Aristotle's
,
Des-Cartes's
are
in
other
places
.
The
Isle
of
Minorca
has
good
Havens
,
whereof
the
most
considerable
is
that
of
Mahon
,
with
Avenues
,
well
Fortified
.
The
Territory
of
Yvica
has
this
particularity
of
killing
Serpents
,
which
are
in
great
numbers
in
the
Isle
Formentera
.
Aragon
has
no
good
Towns
but
Saragossa
.
Ainsa
and
Benavari
have
been
the
Capita●s
of
two
small
Kingdoms
,
Sobrarbe
and
Ribagorce
:
Monzon
is
a
place
where
the
States
of
Aragon
did
formerly
assemble
.
Navarre
consists
in
six
Merindades
or
Governments
,
whereof
the
Capital
is
Pamplune
.
There
is
,
on
this
side
the
Pyrenees
,
one
of
those
Governments
,
which
is
call'd
of
Low-Navarre
,
in
the
hands
of
the
French
King
.
The
French
say
,
That
the
Genealogy-Table
shews
the
Rights
,
which
his
most
Christian
Majesty
has
over
the
Kingdom
of
Navarre
,
which
was
Usurp'd
from
his
Predecessors
about
the
Year
1512.
without
any
other
ground
than
that
of
Vis
&
Arma.
Old-Castile
has
receiv'd
its
Name
from
a
Castle
,
whose
Figure
is
seen
in
the
first
Quarter
of
the
Arms
of
the
King
of
Spain
.
Burgos
is
the
Metropolitan
City
thereof
,
with
a
strong
Castle
and
a
fine
Church
.
Valladolid
has
been
the
abode
of
the
Kings
:
the
Ruins
of
the
ancient
Numantia
are
still
seen
towards
the
Sources
of
the
Donere
near
Soria
,
where
is
kept
the
Great
Standard
of
the
Kingdom
.
The
Inhabitants
of
Calahorre
were
formerly
in
such
esteem
for
their
Fidelity
and
Loyalty
,
that
the
Emperor
Augustus
Caesar
chose
his
Life-Guard
out
of
those
People
.
Both
Castiles
,
as
well
as
all
the
other
Inland
Provinces
,
are
extraordinary
full
of
Mountains
.
New-Castile
has
the
Capital
Cities
of
the
Kingdom
,
Madrid
and
Toledo
.
Madrid
is
adorn'd
with
beautiful
Fabricks
,
as
being
the
most
usual
Seat
of
the
King
.
Toledo
is
very
ancient
,
in
the
midst
of
Spain
,
where
some
Gothick
Kings
had
then
their
abode
.
It
s
Clergy
is
reckoned
the
richest
of
Christendom
;
the
Sword-blades
which
are
made
in
this
Town
are
in
very
great
esteem
.
The
Escurial
,
standing
seven
or
eight
Leagues
from
Madrid
,
passes
,
amongst
the
Spaniards
,
for
an
eighth
Wonder
of
the
World
;
it
costing
,
King
Philip
the
Second
,
above
twenty
Millions
of
Gold
;
but
't
is
true
,
that
this
expence
was
not
extraordinay
for
a
Prince
,
who
is
said
to
have
spent
above
seven
hundred
Millions
of
Gold
during
his
Reign
.
In
the
Year
1671.
this
admirable
House
was
very
much
endamaged
by
a
Fire
.
Badajox
is
upon
the
Frontier
of
Portugal
in
Estramadura
.
The
small
Territory
of
la
Manche
is
made
the
Native
Country
of
Don
Quixot
.
The
Kingdom
of
Leon
was
the
first
,
which
the
Christians
did
establish
after
the
Invasion
of
the
Moors
.
It
s
Town
,
of
the
same
Name
,
has
a
Cathedral
Church
renowned
for
its
Beauty
:
That
of
Toledo
is
esteemed
for
its
Riches
,
of
Sevil
for
its
Bigness
,
of
Salamanca
for
its
Strength
.
The
City
of
Salamanca
has
a
Celebrated
University
,
which
has
the
Priviledg
of
Teaching
the
Hebrew
,
Greek
,
Arabick
and
Chaldean
Tongues
.
Mention
is
made
of
the
Vallies
of
Vatuegas
,
Inhabited
by
a
kind
of
Patoacas
,
or
Savage
People
,
never
heard
of
in
Spain
before
the
late
discovery
of
'em
in
the
Mountains
of
the
Kingdom
of
Leon.
The
occasion
this
:
An
Hawk
of
the
Duke
of
Alva's
,
which
he
very
much
valued
,
flew
over
those
Mountains
,
and
his
Man
not
being
able
to
find
her
at
first
,
they
were
sent
back
by
the
Duke
to
seek
her
.
Clambring
from
one
Hill
to
another
,
they
hapned
,
at
last
,
upon
a
large
and
pleasant
Valley
,
where
they
spied
a
Company
of
Naked
,
Savage
People
,
hemm'd
about
amongst
many
Craggy
Rocks
;
the
Savages
,
gazing
a
while
upon
them
,
ran
into
their
Caves
,
made
in
the
hollows
of
the
Rocks
,
the
best
Houses
they
had
;
which
being
observed
by
the
Falconers
,
they
return
again
to
their
Lord
,
telling
him
,
that
instead
of
a
Falcon
,
they
had
brought
him
news
of
a
new
World
in
the
midst
of
Spain
,
and
of
a
Race
of
People
which
came
in
with
Tubal
,
so
strongly
affirming
what
they
said
,
that
they
obtained
belief
.
And
the
Duke
,
shortly
after
,
went
with
a
parcel
of
Musketeers
,
and
subdued
them
easily
,
they
having
no
offensive
Weapons
but
only
Slings
.
They
Worshiped
the
Son
and
Moon
,
fed
upon
nothing
that
had
life
,
but
had
good
store
of
excellent
Fruits
,
Roots
,
and
Springs
of
Water
,
wherewith
Nature
was
well
contented
.
And
though
their
Language
was
not
altogether
understood
,
yet
many
of
their
Words
were
purely
Basquish
.
Reduced
in
this
Discovery
to
Christianity
,
but
easily
discernable
from
all
other
Spaniards
,
by
their
tawny
Complexions
,
occasioned
by
the
reverberation
of
the
Sun-beams
from
the
Rocky
Mountains
,
wherewith
on
all
sides
they
are
encompassed
.
The
People
must
necessarily
have
been
some
remnant
of
the
ancient
Spaniards
,
who
hid
themselves
amongst
the
Mountains
for
fear
of
the
Romans
:
Their
Language
and
Idolatry
speak
them
to
be
such
.
For
had
they
either
fled
from
the
Goths
or
Moors
,
there
had
been
found
some
Cross
,
or
other
Monument
of
Christianity
,
as
in
other
places
;
or
some
such
mixture
in
their
Speech
,
as
would
have
savoured
somewhat
of
the
ancient
Romans
.
The
Duke
of
Alva
,
by
whose
means
this
Valley
was
discover'd
,
was
the
same
,
who
,
out
of
Vanity
,
had
himself
call'd
an
whole
Army
,
composed
of
one
sole
Person
.
The
other
States
of
the
King
of
Spain
are
near
France
,
part
of
Flanders
.
In
Italy
,
the
Dutchy
of
Milan
,
Final
,
Orbitelle
,
the
protection
of
Piombin
,
of
Portolongon
:
The
Kingdoms
of
Naples
,
of
Sicily
,
of
Sardinia
:
Oran
,
Marsalquivir
,
Melille
,
Pennon
de
Velez
,
Ceuta
,
along
the
Coasts
of
Barbary
upon
the
Mediterranean
,
the
Isle
of
Pantaralee
.
The
greatest
part
of
America
:
Several
Islands
and
Places
in
the
East
and
West-Indies
.
Portugal
.
POrtugal
is
a
Kingdom
,
ancient
for
above
five
hundred
years
in
the
Western
part
of
Spain
,
where
was
formerly
Lusitania
.
In
all
probability
,
this
Name
of
Portugal
came
from
that
of
Porto
,
a
Town
considerable
for
its
Commerce
,
and
from
that
of
Cale
a
small
Place
near
it
.
It
is
,
from
the
South
to
the
North
,
about
a
hundred
and
twenty
Leagues
in
length
;
in
breadth
five
and
twenty
,
thirty
,
and
sometimes
fifty
.
It
s
Situation
upon
the
Ocean
,
and
the
experience
of
its
Inhabitants
in
point
of
Navigation
,
has
given
occasion
to
them
to
make
Conquests
in
the
four
parts
of
the
World
,
and
principally
in
the
East-Indies
.
Their
Conquests
have
been
in
above
five
thousand
Leagues
of
Coast
,
in
Brasil
,
in
Africa
and
Asia
:
All
their
Places
were
near
the
Sea
,
for
they
had
no
other
design
than
that
of
rendring
themselves
Masters
of
Commerce
.
True
it
is
,
that
,
during
the
War
,
they
were
oblig'd
to
sustain
against
Spain
for
eight
and
twenty
years
together
,
and
by
reason
of
the
great
Garrisons
they
were
oblig'd
to
keep
,
in
those
parts
against
the
Hollanders
,
whom
they
have
nevertheless
drove
entirely
out
of
Brasil
,
they
made
but
small
profit
,
and
this
moved
them
to
give
some
places
to
the
English
,
by
the
Marriage
of
the
Infanta
of
Portugal
with
Charles
the
Second
,
King
of
England
.
The
Portugal
Provinces
have
all
their
peculiar
Commodities
:
they
afford
,
among
other
things
,
Lemons
,
and
excellent
Oranges
.
They
have
Mines
;
the
Greeks
and
Romans
went
to
seek
in
Portugal
,
the
Gold
which
the
Portuguese
go
to
seek
in
the
Indies
.
They
are
so
populous
,
principally
towards
the
Sea
,
as
that
there
are
reckoned
above
six
hundred
Cities
,
or
priviledged
Burroughs
,
and
above
four
thousand
Parishes
.
The
Roman
Catholick
Religion
is
only
receiv'd
in
this
Kingdom
;
those
,
who
are
of
the
Jewish
Race
,
have
been
constrained
to
be
baptized
,
and
are
now
known
under
the
Name
of
New
Christians
.
There
are
three
Arch-bishopricks
,
Lisbon
,
Braga
,
and
Evora
;
ten
Bishopricks
.
The
Arch-bishopricks
of
Lisbon
,
and
Evora
,
have
each
of
'em
full
two
hundred
thousand
Livers
yearly
Income
.
Inquisitions
are
at
Lisbon
,
at
Coimbre
,
at
Evora
;
the
Assembly
of
the
Cortes
,
or
Parliaments
,
at
Lisbon
,
at
Porto
.
Twenty
seven
Places
have
Generalities
,
which
they
call
Comarques
,
and
Almoxarifats
.
The
Order
of
Christ
,
which
resides
at
Tomar
,
is
the
most
considerable
of
the
Kingdom
:
the
Kings
are
the
Masters
and
Heads
of
it
;
for
on
this
Order
depend
all
the
Foreign
Conquests
:
Its
Knights
wear
the
Red
and
White
Cross
in
the
Middle
,
whereas
those
of
Avis
wear
it
green
,
those
of
St.
James
red
.
These
have
their
Residence
at
Palmella
,
near
Setuval
.
The
Revenue
of
the
Kingdom
,
without
reckoning
that
of
the
Indies
,
is
said
to
exceed
ten
Millions
of
Livers
:
I
can
hardly
believe
what
the
Portugals
say
,
that
their
King
,
Don
Sebastian
,
was
at
the
Charge
of
a
Million
of
Gold
upon
the
Harness
of
a
Horse
;
that
the
Trappings
of
the
European
Ladies
,
were
only
the
remains
of
those
of
Portugal
.
In
the
Year
1640.
this
Kingdom
withdrew
it self
from
its
Obedience
to
the
King
of
Spain
:
Then
was
admired
the
Great
Secresie
that
was
kept
in
that
Affair
,
among
above
two
hundred
persons
,
for
above
a
Year
together
.
The
principal
Motives
of
this
Resolution
,
were
,
the
Permission
which
his
Catholick
Majesty
gave
to
others
,
than
to
the
Portugals
,
of
trading
to
the
East-Indies
;
the
Tribute
of
the
fifth
,
that
was
proclaim'd
in
the
Year
1636.
by
which
the
Government
exacted
five
in
the
hundred
,
of
all
the
Revenues
and
Merchandizes
in
the
Kingdom
.
The
Duke
of
Braganza
was
proclaimed
King
,
under
the
Name
of
John
the
Fourth
.
This
Prince
reigned
sixteen
Years
,
and
had
for
his
Successour
,
Alphonso
the
Sixth
;
who
was
deposed
in
1667.
His
Marriage
having
been
declared
null
,
Pedro
,
his
Brother
,
married
the
Queen
,
was
made
Regent
of
the
Kingdom
,
and
made
Peace
with
Spain
.
The
Conspiracy
,
in
the
Year
1673.
against
this
Prince
,
obliged
him
to
have
the
King
fetch'd
back
from
the
Terzera
,
and
put
into
the
Fortress
of
Sintra
,
near
Lisbon
:
About
two
Years
since
,
a
Marriage
was
concerted
betwixt
the
Infanta
,
and
Victor
Ame
,
Duke
of
Savoy
;
but
that
Match
is
now
wholly
broke
off
,
and
a
new
Treaty
now
on
foot
,
for
the
same
purpose
,
with
the
Prince
of
Tuscany
.
This
Kingdom
contains
six
Provinces
,
which
are
as
many
general
Governments
.
Entre
Doaro
and
Minho
,
Tralos-Montes
,
Beyra
,
Estremadura
,
Alen-Teyo
and
Algarve
.
Entre
Douro
and
Minho
,
is
the
most
delicious
,
and
so
populous
,
that
in
the
space
of
eighteen
Leagues
in
length
,
and
twelve
in
breadth
,
it
has
above
a
hundred
and
thirty
Monasteries
,
well
rented
;
fourteen
hundred
and
sixteen
Parishes
;
five
thousand
Fountains
of
Spring-Water
;
two
hundred
Bridges
of
Stone
,
and
six
Sea-Ports
.
Some
call
it
the
Marrow
and
the
Delight
of
Spain
.
Porto
,
a
City
of
four
thousand
Housholds
,
drives
a
great
Trade
;
Bragra
is
renowned
for
the
holding
of
several
Councils
,
by
the
Pretension
of
its
Archbishop
,
who
styles
himself
Primate
of
the
Spains
.
Tralos-Montes
has
Minerals
,
with
the
City
of
Braganza
,
the
Capital
of
a
Dutchy
of
forty
thousand
Ducates
Revenue
,
wherein
there
are
full
fifty
small
Cities
,
and
other
Lands
,
which
make
the
Duke
of
Braganza
thrice
Marquis
,
seven
times
a
Count
,
and
several
times
a
Lord
.
The
Princes
of
that
Name
,
now
in
possession
of
the
Crown
,
remain'd
commonly
at
Villa
Viciosa
,
and
had
the
Prerogative
,
to
the
Exclusion
of
the
Grandees
of
Spain
,
to
sit
in
publick
,
under
the
Royal
Canopy
of
the
King
of
Spain
.
Beira
is
fertile
in
Rye
,
Millet
,
Apples
,
and
Chestnuts
.
It
s
City
of
Coimbra
,
formerly
the
abode
of
Alphonso
,
the
first
King
of
Portugal
,
is
famous
for
its
University
,
for
its
Bishoprick
,
which
is
said
to
be
worth
above
a
hundred
and
fifty
thousand
Livres
yearly
Rent
.
Estremadura
,
another
than
that
of
Castile
,
produces
Wine
,
Oyl
,
Salt
,
Honey
,
which
the
Bees
make
there
of
the
Flowers
of
Lemmons
and
of
Roses
.
It
s
City
of
Lisbon
is
the
Capital
of
all
the
Kingdom
,
one
of
the
richest
,
greatest
,
most
beautiful
,
and
most
populous
Towns
of
all
Europe
:
It
has
above
thirty
thousand
Houses
,
and
an
admirable
Port
,
with
the
conveniency
of
the
ebbing
and
flowing
of
the
Sea
:
It
particularly
drives
the
trade
of
Brasile
,
and
of
the
East-Indies
.
The
small
City
of
Belem
,
which
is
near
it
,
is
the
Mausoleum
,
or
the
place
of
burial
of
several
Kings
of
Portugal
.
Santaren
has
so
great
a
number
of
Olive-Trees
in
its
Dependencies
,
that
the
Inhabitants
boast
of
being
able
to
make
of
their
Oyl
,
a
River
as
great
as
the
Tagus
.
Setuval
,
which
the
Flemmings
call
St.
Hubes
,
is
well
situated
,
well
built
,
and
of
great
trade
:
It
has
the
best
Harbour
in
all
the
Kingdom
,
thirty
Miles
in
length
,
three
in
breadth
.
Its
Salt-Pits
and
Fishery
,
according
to
what
the
Portuguese
say
,
raise
a
greater
Revenue
to
their
King
,
than
all
Arragon
does
to
the
King
of
Spain
.
Alen-Teyo
,
by
reason
of
its
Corn
,
is
reckon'd
for
the
Granary
of
Portugal
:
Its
City
of
Evora
pretends
to
the
first
rank
after
Lisbon
.
In
the
Year
1663.
the
Portuguese
gain'd
a
famous
Battel
over
the
Spaniards
in
its
neighbourhood
.
Elvas
is
known
for
its
excellent
Oyls
;
for
the
Sieges
which
it
has
happily
sustain'd
against
the
Castillians
.
Ourques
,
in
the
Year
1139.
saw
that
famous
Battel
fought
,
which
gave
occasion
to
the
proclaiming
the
first
King
of
Portugal
.
Algarve
,
tho'
of
small
extent
,
has
the
Title
of
a
Kingdom
;
It
was
reunited
to
the
Crown
,
by
the
Marriage
of
Alphonso
the
Third
,
with
Beatrix
of
Castile
.
it
affords
Figs
,
Olives
,
Almonds
,
and
Wines
very
much
esteemed
:
the
Name
of
Algerbia
,
in
the
Moorish
Tongue
,
signifies
a
fertile
field
.
The
Seventeen
Provinces
of
the
Low-Countries
.
THese
Provinces
are
made
to
pass
under
the
number
of
Seventeen
,
because
that
formerly
,
tho'
at
divers
times
,
they
have
each
had
their
peculiar
Lord
.
The
Name
of
the
Low-Countries
is
given
them
,
as
a
Country
situated
in
the
lower
part
of
the
Rhine
.
The
situation
of
the
Low
Countries
is
so
much
the
more
considerable
,
as
that
it
lies
between
England
,
France
and
Germany
.
These
Seventeen
Provinces
touch
France
and
Germany
,
and
are
separated
from
England
by
the
Sea
.
There
are
four
Dutchies
,
Brabant
,
Limbourg
,
Luxembourg
,
Guelderland
:
Seven
Counties
,
Holland
,
Zealand
,
Zutphen
,
Flanders
,
Artois
,
Hainault
,
Namur
;
a
Marquisate
of
the
Holy
Empire
,
which
has
only
the
City
of
Antwerp
;
five
Lordships
,
Malines
,
Vtrecht
,
Over-Issel
or
Trans-Isalane
,
Friesland
,
Groninghen
.
This
Region
is
small
,
but
one
of
the
richest
and
most
populous
in
the
World
.
Its
Air
is
temperate
;
its
Winter
is
more
long
than
cold
;
its
Summer
resembles
the
Spring
of
the
Southern
Provinces
of
France
.
It
s
Soyl
is
generally
fertile
,
full
of
good
Pasturages
,
which
furnish
Cattel
,
Milk
,
Butter
,
Cheese
,
and
other
Commodities
abundantly
.
It
s
principal
Rivers
are
the
Rhine
,
Maes
,
Scheld
.
The
Rhine
has
its
Sources
in
Suisserland
,
most
of
its
Course
in
Germany
:
after
having
divided
it self
upon
its
entrance
into
the
low
Countrys
at
Skinckensckons
,
it
communicates
most
of
its
Waters
to
other
Rivers
;
those
it
keeps
,
lose
their
Name
in
the
Sand
,
a
little
below
Leyden
in
Holland
.
The
Maes
,
which
comes
from
France
and
from
Lorrain
,
has
this
advantage
over
the
Rhine
,
that
it
carries
its
Name
and
Waters
to
the
very
Ocean
,
wherein
it
forms
several
good
Harbours
.
The
Scheld
serv'd
for
bounds
to
France
,
and
to
the
Empire
,
in
the
time
of
the
Emperour
Charles
the
Bold
.
It
receives
,
at
Gaunt
,
the
Lis
,
or
Ley
,
a
navigable
River
:
and
before
it
entirely
loses
its
Name
,
it
makes
two
principal
Branches
,
the
left
,
called
Hont
;
the
right
,
whose
Chanel
passes
by
Tolen
,
falls
into
the
Meuse
.
Besides
these
Rivers
,
and
those
which
fall
into
them
,
there
are
Canals
;
great
store
of
Lakes
,
Pools
,
and
Marshes
,
which
fortifie
the
Country
,
provide
it
with
Fish
,
and
afford
the
convenience
of
passage
and
the
more
easie
transport
of
their
Commodities
.
The
Emperour
,
Charles
the
Fifth
,
saw
himself
Master
of
all
these
Provinces
:
In
the
Year
1581.
they
re●us'd
,
for
the
most
part
,
Obedience
to
King
Philip
his
Son
,
taking
for
a
Pretext
of
their
Revolt
,
the
cruel
Treatments
of
their
Governours
,
the
Infraction
of
their
Priviledges
,
the
Introduction
of
the
Council
of
Trent
,
and
the
Imposition
of
the
Tenth
Penny
upon
all
the
Commodities
that
were
sold
in
that
Country
.
We
may
say
,
that
the
two
Real
Causes
of
this
Revolution
,
were
,
the
Change
of
Religion
,
and
the
Ambition
of
some
Lords
,
joyn'd
to
the
Aversion
of
the
People
,
to
a
foreign
Government
.
Two
Years
before
,
these
Revolted
Provinces
had
made
the
Union
at
Vtrecht
,
for
which
reason
the
Duke
of
Alva
,
who
made
War
in
those
Provinces
for
the
King
of
Spain
,
did
maintain
,
that
he
ought
not
to
treat
them
as
the
Patrimony
of
his
Master
,
but
as
his
own
Conquest
.
There
are
in
the
Low-Countries
two
States
,
very
different
from
one
another
;
the
one
is
a
Republick
,
or
rather
several
Republicks
,
and
is
called
for
that
reason
the
Vnited
Provinces
,
otherwise
Holland
;
the
other
belongs
,
in
part
,
to
the
King
of
Spain
,
and
goes
under
the
Name
of
the
Catbolick
Provinces
,
or
that
of
Flanders
.
The
Christian
King
has
Conquered
the
best
of
these
Provinces
,
and
the
strongest
Towns
,
which
have
been
confirm'd
to
him
by
the
Treaties
of
the
Pyrenees
,
of
Aix
la
Chapelle
,
and
of
Ni●●meghen
,
or
else
possess'd
by
him
,
under
colour
of
Dependencies
.
The
Hague
is
the
Residence
of
the
Council
of
the
States-General
of
the
Vnited
Provinces
;
Bruxels
,
that
of
the
Princes
,
or
of
the
Governours
established
by
the
King
of
Spain
:
Lisle
,
Tournay
,
Doway
,
Ypres
,
Dunkirk
,
Arras
,
St.
Omar
,
Cambray
,
Valenciennes
,
Luxembourg
,
are
Cities
the
most
considerable
of
the
Acquisition
of
France
.
The
Roman
Catholick
Religion
is
only
receiv'd
in
Flanders
.
All
sorts
of
Sects
are
tolerated
in
Holland
.
Each
person
is
allowed
to
follow
his
own
Opinion
,
tho'
not
Preach
it
in
Publick
:
The
Sect
of
Calvin
is
there
principally
exercised
.
The
National
Synod
,
held
at
Dort
,
in
the
Year
1619.
has
regulated
the
principal
Points
of
that
Religion
.
The
Humours
of
the
People
of
Flanders
,
and
Holland
,
are
as
different
from
one
another
,
as
are
their
Governments
and
Religions
:
The
Flemmings
do
much
affect
those
fine
Titles
of
Honour
,
which
the
Kings
of
Spain
have
not
been
sparing
of
to
them
.
The
Emperour
,
Charles
the
Fifth
,
had
a
design
of
making
a
Kingdom
of
this
State
,
so
as
would
have
done
before
him
Charles
the
Bold
,
Duke
of
Burgundy
,
who
meant
to
have
it
called
,
the
Kingdom
of
the
Lyon
.
The
Hollanders
are
more
popular
than
the
Flemmings
;
wedded
to
Commerce
,
to
Manufacture
,
and
Navigation
:
Both
People
are
industrious
in
making
Handy-craft-Works
.
They
have
two
sorts
of
Tongues
;
the
Walloon
,
which
is
a
corrupted
French
,
and
which
becomes
purer
,
since
the
French
King's
Conquests
;
and
the
Flemming
,
or
Low
Dutch
:
The
first
is
particularly
in
Artois
,
in
French-Flanders
,
and
in
Haynault
.
The
Vnited
Provinces
,
and
the
Provinces
of
the
King
of
Spain
,
were
in
War
until
the
Year
1609.
when
they
made
a
Truce
of
Twelve
Years
.
His
Catholick
Majesty
did
then
treat
with
the
States
General
of
the
Vnited
Provinces
,
in
quality
,
and
as
holding
them
for
Free-Countrys
,
Provinces
,
and
States
,
to
whom
he
had
no
Pretension
.
In
the
Year
1648.
the
Peace
was
made
there
,
before
that
of
the
Empire
,
which
was
concluded
at
Munster
,
in
the
same
Year
.
And
since
,
the
Spaniards
of
Flanders
,
and
the
Hollanders
,
have
thought
fit
to
live
neighbourly
and
in
good
intelligence
,
nay
,
to
confederate
together
for
their
mutual
defence
.
The
War
having
been
declared
by
the
French
King
,
upon
the
Hollanders
,
in
the
Year
1672.
the
Spaniards
fail'd
not
to
take
part
in
it
,
for
the
traversing
the
Conquests
of
his
Christian
Majesty
,
which
cost
them
very
considerable
Cities
and
Provinces
,
whereas
the
Hollanders
recover'd
what
they
had
lost
.
The
Princes
of
Orange
,
of
the
House
of
Nassau
,
have
almost
ever
had
the
Military
and
Civil
Government
in
the
Vnited
Provinces
.
The
Vnited
Provinces
of
the
Low-Countries
.
THe
Vnited
Provinces
are
so
call'd
,
from
their
Union
at
Vtrecht
,
in
the
Year
1579.
They
are
commonly
called
Holland
,
that
being
the
richest
&
most
populous
Province
of
'em
all
.
Their
situation
is
towards
the
end
of
the
Rivers
Rhine
and
Meuse
,
in
the
Northern
part
of
the
Low
Countries
,
between
the
Dominions
of
the
King
of
Spain
in
Flanders
,
England
,
which
is
separated
from
'em
by
the
Sea
,
and
several
Principalities
of
the
Empire
.
The
Princes
of
the
Empire
,
who
are
their
Neighbours
,
are
the
Duke
of
Newbourg
,
in
his
Dutchy
of
Juliers
,
and
his
Barony
of
Ravestein
;
the
Elector
of
Brandenbourg
,
in
his
Dutchy
of
Cleves
;
the
Elector
of
Cologn
,
the
Bishop
of
Munster
,
the
Count
de
Bentheim
,
the
Prince
of
East-Friesland
,
in
the
Territories
of
the
same
Name
.
The
Vnited
Provinces
,
which
before
owed
subjection
to
the
King
of
Spain
,
have
since
been
independent
of
one
another
,
or
to
say
rather
,
as
many
Republicks
;
which
,
altogether
,
make
now
but
one
,
under
the
Name
of
the
States
General
of
the
Vnited
Provinces
of
the
Low
Countries
.
The
Dignity
of
this
State
residing
in
the
States
General
,
the
Absolute
authority
over
things
reserved
by
reason
of
the
alliance
,
has
remained
in
the
States
of
each
Province
.
The
Seal
of
the
Republick
,
is
a
Lion
,
holding
a
Bundle
of
Seven
bound
Arrows
,
with
allusion
to
as
many
confederated
Provinces
;
these
Provinces
,
as
the
Politicians
say
,
have
not
always
been
so
well
united
,
but
that
they
resembled
a
Body
,
which
has
several
Heads
,
some
of
which
would
draw
it
on
one
side
,
while
the
others
endeavour
to
tug
it
on
the
other
.
There
is
no
State
in
the
World
of
so
small
an
Extent
,
which
has
so
great
a
number
of
Fortresses
,
and
which
seems
better
defended
by
the
Nature
of
the
Places
than
this
:
It
has
the
See
,
and
several
Rivers
,
which
defend
it
;
the
Rhine
,
the
Meuse
,
the
Waal
,
the
Issel
.
Notwithstanding
all
these
Defences
,
the
French
King
made
surprising
Conquests
in
the
Year
1672.
by
the
reduction
of
three
Provinces
,
and
sixty
considerable
Towns
,
which
proceeded
from
raw
,
unexpert
,
meer
Citizens
sons
,
being
imploid
in
the
Soldiery
.
Besides
the
Vnited
Previnces
,
and
the
Places
that
are
in
them
,
the
States
General
have
in
Flanders
,
the
Cities
of
Sluyce
,
Middlebourg
,
Ardembourg
,
Sasvan
Gaunt
,
Axel
,
Hulst
:
in
Brabant
,
Lisle
,
Bergen-ap-Zoom
,
Breda
,
Boisleduc
,
Grave
:
and
they
have
Maestricht
in
the
Bishoprick
of
Liege
;
Dalem
,
Fauquemont
,
Bolduc
,
in
the
Land
of
Outre
Meuse
.
These
Places
were
taken
by
the
French
King
,
but
restor'd
to
them
by
his
Majesty
,
in
consideration
of
the
Peace
of
1678.
In
Germany
,
they
had
upon
the
Rhine
,
Orsoy
,
Wesel
,
Reez
,
Emerik
,
Genep
,
in
the
Dutchy
of
Cleves
;
Rhineberg
in
the
Electorate
of
Cologn
;
these
are
return'd
into
the
hands
of
its
true
Masters
,
in
consideration
of
the
aforesaid
Peace
.
Towards
Westphalia
,
the
States
General
have
Garrisons
in
the
City
of
Embden
,
in
the
Forts
of
Eideler
and
Leer-ort
,
which
belong
to
the
Prince
of
East-Friesland
.
There
are
in
Holland
two
Companies
of
Merchants
,
the
one
for
the
East-Indies
,
the
other
for
the
West
.
The
first
of
these
Companies
seems
it self
to
be
a
Potent
Republick
:
It
boasts
of
having
subdued
more
Leagues
of
Country
,
than
there
are
Acres
of
Land
in
all
Holland
:
Of
having
fourteen
or
fifteen
thousand
Soldiers
,
and
a
Number
of
Ships
in
its
Service
:
Of
employing
commonly
above
fourscore
thousand
Men.
It
had
long
since
above
twenty
very
considerable
Fortresses
,
as
many
Magazines
upon
the
Coasts
of
the
Indian-Sea
,
where
it
has
endeavour'd
to
constrain
several
Petty
Kings
,
not
to
receive
,
into
their
States
,
any
other
Nations
of
Europe
than
their
own
.
The
West-India
Company
is
weak
and
feeble
in
respect
of
the
other
,
whether
that
the
Portugals
have
had
more
right
and
more
strength
than
the
Hollanders
in
Brazil
:
Or
the
term
of
the
Concession
of
Priviledg
,
obtained
by
these
from
their
Sovereign
,
be
expired
:
Or
,
in
short
,
that
the
Company
of
the
East-Indies
has
us'd
all
its
efforts
to
ruin
the
other
.
The
Hollanders
have
hitherto
been
Powerful
at
Sea
,
have
often
beaten
the
French
,
the
Spanish
Fleets
;
nay
,
made
Head
against
the
English
,
who
are
Sovereigns
of
the
Sea
:
The
Number
of
their
Ships
is
so
great
,
that
,
if
we
may
believe
their
Partizans
,
it
equals
that
of
the
rest
of
Europe
.
They
have
always
,
in
their
own
Country
,
wherewith
to
Equip
a
great
Number
,
tho'
their
Land
neither
produces
Wood
nor
other
things
necessary
for
that
purpose
:
They
are
able
to
Arm
out
above
a
hundred
to
Sea
,
if
they
had
but
the
Mariners
and
Soldiers
they
had
formerly
.
At
their
first
Establishment
,
they
only
pretended
to
Fishing
,
and
Trading
from
Port
to
Port
;
since
they
have
drove
the
richest
Commerce
that
is
carried
on
at
Sea
.
Amongst
the
Vnited-Provinces
,
there
are
four
towards
the
West
;
Holland
,
Zealand
,
Vtrecht
,
Guelderland
:
Four
towards
the
East
,
Zutphen
,
Over-Yssel
,
or
Trans-Isalane
,
Friesland
,
Groninghen
.
Those
who
reckon
but
seven
,
make
but
one
of
that
of
Guelderland
and
Zutphen
.
In
the
Assemblies
,
these
Provinces
have
ever
given
their
Votes
in
the
following
Order
,
Guelderland
with
Zutphen
first
of
all
;
then
Holland
,
Zealand
,
Vtrecht
,
Friesland
,
Over-Yssel
;
finally
,
Groninghen
with
the
Ommelands
.
Each
of
'em
sends
its
Deputies
to
the
Hague
,
where
are
form'd
three
Colledges
or
Assemblies
of
them
,
the
States-General
,
the
Council
of
State
,
and
the
Chamber
of
Accounts
.
In
the
Assembly
of
the
States-General
,
all
the
Provinces
above-mention'd
must
consent
,
in
General
and
in
Particular
,
to
the
Resolutions
that
are
taken
therein
,
and
do
not
follow
the
plurality
of
Voices
.
Each
Province
may
send
thither
one
,
two
,
three
,
four
or
five
Deputies
;
but
all
these
Deputies
have
,
together
,
but
one
Voice
,
and
have
right
to
Preside
therein
but
one
Week
:
That
of
Guelderland
begins
,
because
it
is
the
most
Ancient
,
and
its
Plenipotentiaries
were
the
first
who
propos'd
the
Union
.
It
is
the
same
Province
,
which
,
in
the
Year
1674.
had
offer'd
the
Sovereignty
to
the
Prince
of
Orange
.
The
Admiralty
has
five
Sessions
,
and
as
many
Magazines
,
which
are
those
of
Rotterdam
,
Amsterdam
,
Horn
or
Enkuysan
,
Middlebourg
,
Harlingen
;
the
three
former
in
Holland
,
the
fourth
in
Zealand
,
the
fifth
in
Friesland
.
As
touching
Religion
,
all
sorts
of
Sects
are
tolerated
in
this
State
,
as
we
have
said
,
but
Calvinism
is
principally
followed
.
The
Province
of
Holland
,
taken
by
it self
,
is
a
great
Peninsula
,
which
maintains
it self
against
the
Assaults
of
the
Sea
by
the
means
of
its
Dikes
,
where
a
careful
Watch
is
kept
both
Day
and
Night
.
It
alone
has
always
Contributed
more
than
all
the
other
Provinces
have
done
together
:
Of
a
hundred
Livres
,
it
furnishes
fifty
nine
and
a
half
.
It
has
still
some
Nobility
,
the
Brederodes
,
the
Wassenaers
,
the
Egmonts
;
this
Nobility
has
ever
Voted
there
the
first
,
tho'
it
has
but
one
Voice
together
,
whereas
,
that
eighteen
Cities
of
the
same
Provinces
had
there
each
their
own
,
with
the
Sovereignty
bound
by
Alliance
.
Most
of
the
Towns
,
in
this
Province
,
are
beautiful
and
pleasant
,
as
having
been
built
in
the
last
Age.
Six
of
them
are
reckoned
Principal
,
that
are
called
Great
,
Dort
,
Haerlem
,
Delf
,
Leyden
,
Amsterdam
,
Goude
.
Dort
,
whose
Situation
is
upon
four
Rivers
,
has
the
first
Voice
,
as
that
where
the
Counts
of
Holland
,
and
their
Subjects
,
gave
reciprocally
the
Oath
to
one
another
:
It
is
the
Place
where
Mony
is
Coined
,
its
Inhabitants
have
the
Priviledg
of
Marching
with
Guards
.
In
the
Year
1421.
of
a
Town
upon
the
Continent
,
it
became
an
Island
by
a
terrible
Inundation
,
which
drown'd
above
ten
thousand
Persons
and
twelve
Villages
.
Haerlem
is
the
Place
where
the
finest
and
whitest
Linnen
is
made
of
the
Province
.
Delf
is
the
Place
of
the
Sepulchre
of
the
Princes
of
Orange
,
and
where
Porcelain
Ware
is
made
.
Leyden
is
the
Eye
,
or
,
according
to
others
,
the
Garden
of
Holland
,
by
reason
of
the
Cleanness
of
its
Streets
,
and
the
Beauty
of
its
Houses
:
'T
is
Celebrated
for
its
Antiquity
,
for
its
University
and
its
excellent
Impressions
,
for
the
Rhine's
losing
it self
in
the
Sand
,
where
endeavours
have
been
,
to
no
purpose
,
used
to
make
a
Sea-Port
,
in
a
word
,
for
an
entire
Defeat
of
the
Spanish
Army
in
the
last
Age
,
after
that
the
Hollanders
had
broken
all
the
Neighbouring
Dikes
.
A
Native
of
this
Town
was
the
Taylor
,
who
,
to
his
own
bane
,
made
himself
King
of
the
Anabaptists
in
Munster
.
Amsterdam
Vyes
with
the
best
Cities
of
the
World
,
in
the
great
Number
of
its
Ships
,
and
the
conveniency
it
has
of
sitting
them
out
;
it
now
drives
the
greatest
part
of
the
Commerce
that
was
formerly
carried
on
by
Antwerp
,
Sevil
and
Lisbon
:
It
alone
Contributes
as
much
,
or
more
,
than
all
the
other
Cities
of
the
Province
.
The
Inhabitants
of
the
Country
call
it
the
Market
and
the
Shop
of
the
Rarities
of
the
Universe
,
by
reason
of
the
various
Merchandizes
wherewith
it
is
filled
,
and
say
,
it
has
so
much
Gold
and
Silver
,
that
there
are
sometimes
found
several
Millions
of
Tuns
of
Gold
in
its
Banck
,
each
of
those
Tuns
being
esteemed
at
near
ten
thousand
Pounds
,
the
Expence
for
its
Stadt-House
,
or
Town-House
,
was
Prodigious
;
finally
,
Amsterdam
contains
so
many
Riches
,
that
they
have
been
constrained
to
enlarge
the
Circuit
of
it
.
Gouda
has
this
advantage
,
as
being
in
a
Place
where
the
Waters
are
running
,
and
where
Inhabitants
enjoy
the
purest
Ait
that
is
in
all
Holland
.
Rotterdam
,
the
Birth-place
of
Erasmus
,
is
the
best
of
the
twelve
Cities
they
call
petty
,
by
reason
of
its
great
Traffick
with
England
,
and
upon
the
Meuse
.
The
Hague
is
the
Residence
of
the
Council
of
the
States-General
,
but
a
Town
the
best
Built
,
and
the
most
Delicious
in
all
Europe
,
where
the
Embassadors
of
the
Neighbouring
Princes
make
their
usual
Residence
.
The
Texel
is
a
Harbour
towards
the
North
,
famous
for
a
Retreat
of
Ships
.
The
Brill
has
the
same
advantage
towards
the
South
;
the
rest
of
the
Coast
is
full
of
Downs
or
Hills
of
Sands
,
with
some
Retreats
for
Fisher
Boats
and
Busses
.
Zealand
is
the
Province
,
which
first
of
all
set
it self
at
Liberty
,
and
consented
last
to
the
Peace
with
Spain
;
the
Prince
of
Orange
possesses
most
of
its
particular
Lordships
and
Baronies
:
those
who
compare
the
States-General
to
a
Ship
,
say
,
that
Zealand
is
the
Pinnace
.
It
consists
of
eight
Principal
Islands
,
whereof
there
are
four
great
ones
:
that
of
Walcheren
is
the
most
beautiful
of
all
those
of
the
Low-Countries
,
with
the
Cities
of
Middlebourg
and
Flushing
,
both
well
fortified
.
Middlebourg
,
the
chief
of
the
Province
,
is
the
general
Staple
of
the
Country
for
Wines
,
Flushing
a
commodious
Harbour
for
many
Ships
;
the
Duke
of
Alva
had
a
design
of
causing
a
Cittadel
to
be
built
there
,
as
well
as
at
Antwerp
.
The
small
Isle
of
Duveland
is
known
in
the
History
of
1575.
for
the
bold
and
hardy
passage
of
the
Spaniards
,
across
the
Sea
under
Mondragon
.
The
Barony
of
Vtrecht
has
a
Capital
City
of
the
same
Name
,
where
dwell
most
of
the
Nobility
of
the
Country
:
They
reckon
above
fifty
six
Cities
,
to
which
one
may
go
by
Boat
from
Vtrecht
in
less
than
a
day
.
Guelderland
has
four
Quarters
;
that
of
the
same
Name
,
which
is
toward
the
South
,
called
the
High-Quarter
of
Guelderland
,
belongs
to
the
Spaniards
,
who
,
in
the
Year
1627.
did
[
to
no
purpose
at
all
]
endeavour
to
bring
the
Rhine
to
the
City
of
Gueldres
,
and
into
the
Meuse
,
for
the
depriving
the
Vnited-Provinces
of
its
Commerce
with
Germany
.
Nimmeghen
,
famous
for
the
Conclusions
of
the
Treaties
of
Peace
,
in
the
the
Years
1678
,
and
1679.
is
the
Capital
of
Holland's
Guelderland
,
in
the
Quarter
of
the
Betuve
,
the
abode
of
the
ancient
Batavians
.
Arnheim
is
in
that
of
the
Veluve
.
The
Province
of
Zutphen
bears
the
same
Name
with
its
Capital
City
,
and
passes
sometimes
for
a
fourth
Quarter
of
the
Dutchy
of
Guelderland
,
having
no
Vote
in
the
Assemblies
of
the
States-General
,
but
conjoyntly
with
this
Dutchy
;
besides
this
Capital
,
at
the
Siege
thereof
,
●ell
that
Ornament
of
our
Nation
,
Sir
Philip
Sidney
,
as
great
a
Wit
,
Courtier
,
Soldier
and
Statesman
,
perhaps
,
as
ever
was
:
There
is
in
this
Province
Groll
,
and
eight
or
nine
small
Cities
.
Over-Yssel
,
otherwise
Trans-Isaline
,
is
so
called
from
its
Situation
beyond
the
Yssel
,
where
the
Rhine
communicates
part
of
its
Waters
,
by
the
means
of
a
Trench
or
Chanel
,
which
Drusus
caused
formerly
to
be
made
:
There
are
three
Countries
,
Salande
,
Tuvente
,
Drente
,
where
,
they
would
persuade
us
,
were
formerly
the
Salians
,
Tubantes
and
Tencterians
.
Saland
has
Deventer
the
Capital
of
the
Province
,
a
famous
passage
over
the
Yssel
,
Drente
has
Coeworden
,
one
of
the
most
regular
Pentagones
of
Europe
.
Friesland
affords
special
strong
Horses
,
and
Beeves
of
an
excessive
bigness
.
It
has
had
,
at
divers
times
,
Princes
,
Dukes
,
and
[
according
to
some
]
Kings
,
who
have
resided
at
Staveren
.
Leuvarden
has
the
States
or
Parliament
:
Dokum
the
Admiralty
of
the
Province
.
Schelling
is
an
Island
upon
the
Coast
,
where
are
some
Towns
which
serve
to
give
signal
to
the
Ships
They
Hunt
the
Sea-Dogs
there
after
a
pleasing
manner
:
The
Men
,
who
mean
to
take
them
,
disguise
themselves
like
Drummers
,
and
,
with
a
thousand
Apish
Tricks
,
do
insensibly
attract
,
towards
the
midst
of
the
Island
,
those
poor
Creatures
who
are
over-joy'd
to
see
them
;
but
,
in
the
mean
while
,
Nets
are
laid
,
which
hinder
their
returning
to
the
Sea
.
The
Passage
between
this
Island
and
that
of
the
Vlie
is
much
frequented
;
out
there
go
thence
Ships
,
which
are
bound
for
the
North
and
the
Baltick-Sea
.
Groninghen
,
which
has
the
last
Voice
in
the
Assemblies
of
the
States-General
,
has
but
two
Cities
,
Groninghen
and
Dam.
Groninghen
is
in
so
important
a
Situation
,
by
reason
of
the
Frontier
,
that
the
Duke
of
Alva
projected
the.
making
a
Cittadel
there
.
In
the
Year
1672
after
the
taking
of
several
Places
,
the
Bishop
of
Munster
had
the
displeasure
of
not
being
able
to
compass
his
Design
upon
this
.
The
Province
has
Pasturages
,
wherein
Turfs
are
made
,
which
serve
for
Fewel
.
It
has
several
Navigable
Chanels
,
the
Key
whereof
seems
to
be
contain'd
in
the
Fortress
of
Delfzil
at
the
Mouth
of
the
Ems.
The
Ommelands
,
which
make
a
part
of
it
towards
the
East
,
have
frequent
Disputes
with
this
Province
,
and
would
willingly
pretend
to
make
the
eighth
of
the
Vnited-Provinces
.
The
Provinces
of
the
Spanish-Netherlands
.
THese
Provinces
are
called
Catholick
,
because
the
Roman-Catholick
Religion
only
is
exercised
therein
.
They
have
often
the
Name
of
Flanders
given
them
,
which
is
the
most
Beautiful
,
the
Richest
,
and
most
Populous
part
of
'em
:
Those
People
have
been
called
Walloons
,
who
border
upon
France
.
The
Provinces
which
these
People
Inhabit
,
being
,
at
present
,
possess'd
by
the
most
Christian
King
,
the
French
call
'em
the
New-Conquests
.
Amongst
the
Catholick
Provinces
,
there
are
four
Frontiers
of
France
;
the
Counties
of
Flanders
,
Artois
,
Hainault
,
the
Dutchy
of
Luxembourg
:
Five
within
the
Lands
,
the
Dutchy
of
Brabant
,
the
Marquisate
of
the
Holy-Empire
round
about
Antwerp
,
the
Barony
of
Mechelen
,
the
County
of
Namur
,
the
Dutchy
of
Limbourg
:
There
is
also
the
Bishoprick
of
Liege
,
which
is
of
the
Empire
,
and
Cambresis
.
The
French
King
,
and
the
King
of
Spain
,
are
,
at
present
,
Masters
of
these
Provinces
,
for
the
preservation
of
which
,
the
Spaniards
have
employ'd
a
good
part
of
the
Gold
and
Silver
of
their
Indies
:
The
Hollanders
possess
also
some
Towns
in
'em
.
The
County
of
Flanders
is
so
full
of
People
,
that
we
may
say
,
it
is
but
one
City
,
and
the
finest
County
of
Christendom
.
It
s
Coast
has
Downs
of
Sand
,
which
cover
the
rich
Plains
.
Formerly
Flanders
was
divided
into
Gallican
,
Flemming
,
and
Imperial
;
now
into
three
parts
,
one
French
,
one
Spanish
,
and
the
other
Holland
,
which
is
of
small
extent
.
The
principal
Towns
of
all
the
Country
,
are
Gaunt
,
Bruges
,
Ypres
,
Lille
;
the
two
former
belonging
to
Spain
,
and
the
two
others
possess'd
by
France
,
as
well
as
Tournay
,
Doway
,
and
Dunkirk
Gaunt
is
one
of
the
greatest
Cities
of
Europe
;
tho'
it
has
several
Rivers
,
which
still
maintain
its
Commerce
,
it
has
not
now
the
thirty
five
thousand
Houses
,
which
it
had
when
it
was
able
to
have
put
fourscore
thousand
Men
in
Arms.
The
French
King
,
who
had
possess'd
himself
of
it
,
was
oblig'd
to
restore
it
,
in
consideration
of
the
Peace
.
The
Spaniards
,
who
saw
the
Chanel
of
this
Town
stopp'd
up
,
by
the
taking
of
Sluce
,
have
made
there
a
new
one
,
which
can
receive
stopp'd
Ships
,
after
they
are
come
to
Ostend
,
a
Town
whose
Port
could
not
be
stopt
up
,
when
when
it
was
the
stage
of
War
,
and
that
it
sustain'd
a
Siege
of
above
three
Years
together
.
Ypres
has
several
Chanels
and
Conduits
of
Water
under
Earth
.
Lille
is
one
of
the
best
of
the
Low
Countries
,
both
for
its
Commerce
and
its
Riches
.
In
the
Year
1667.
the
French
King
made
it
his
Principal
Conquest
;
since
which
,
he
has
caus'd
a
strong
Cittadel
to
be
made
in
it
.
All
the
other
Places
of
Flanders
are
generally
considerable
,
either
for
their
Beauty
,
or
their
Fortresses
,
or
the
Sieges
and
Battels
.
Tournay
is
very
ancient
,
beautiful
,
spacious
,
strong
,
rich
,
and
populous
.
It
is
the
first
City
of
the
Low
Countries
,
which
in
the
Year
1667.
submitted
to
the
French
Monarch
.
His
Majesty
establish'd
a
Parliament
there
,
and
caused
a
Cittadel
to
be
made
.
It
is
observ'd
of
Tournay
,
that
it
was
taken
four
several
times
,
on
the
very
day
of
St.
Andrew
:
1.
By
Henry
the
Seventh
,
King
of
England
.
2.
By
the
Emperour
Maximilian
.
3.
By
the
Emperour
Charles
the
Fifth
:
And
4.
By
the
Duke
of
Parma
.
Doway
,
upon
the
Scharp
on
the
Confines
of
Artois
and
Haynault
,
is
meanly
fortified
.
The
Church
of
Our
Lady
is
there
twelve
hundred
Years
old
.
There
is
a
Staple
of
Corn
,
an
University
,
and
lately
Navigation
,
by
sailing
up
the
Scharp
as
far
as
Arras
.
Dunkrk
,
a
very
trading
Town
by
reason
of
its
Haven
,
is
one
of
the
most
considerable
Possessions
of
France
.
Graveling
is
an
extraordinary
strong
place
.
Furnes
was
the
abode
of
the
French
King
,
Lewis
the
Eleventh
,
during
his
retreat
to
the
Duke
of
Burgundy
.
Artois
,
now
reunited
to
the
Crown
of
France
,
from
which
,
the
French
say
,
it
was
dismembred
,
is
a
Province
extraordinary
fertile
in
Corn.
Arras
,
its
Metropolis
,
is
compos'd
of
a
high
and
low
Town
,
both
well
fortified
.
Hesdin
is
a
regular
Hexagone
,
and
its
River
has
been
lately
rendred
Navigable
,
as
far
as
Montreuil
.
Bapaume
is
an
advantagious
situation
.
Lens
is
known
for
the
Victory
of
the
French
,
in
the
Year
1648.
Bethune
for
its
good
Cheeses
;
Terouenne
for
its
Ruins
.
St.
Omar
is
environ'd
with
Marshes
,
where
are
floating
Islands
.
Aire
is
important
for
the
Navigation
of
the
Lys.
Hainault
,
according
to
the
Archives
of
the
Province
,
owns
none
but
God
and
the
Sun
for
ruling
Lords
.
Nevertheless
it
has
two
other
Masters
,
the
Kings
of
France
and
Spain
.
Mons
,
the
capital
City
,
defended
by
three
good
Ditches
,
has
a
Soveraign
Council
independent
of
that
of
the
Parliament
of
Mechelin
;
It
has
also
Chanoinesses
,
who
make
proof
of
Nobility
of
Eight
Races
,
and
who
have
the
liberty
to
Marry
.
Valenciennes
is
large
,
sumptuous
,
well
fortified
upon
the
Scheld
:
It
was
taken
by
force
,
in
the
Year
1677.
by
the
French
King's
Army
,
commanded
in
person
by
that
Prince
.
Quesnoy
,
Landrecy
,
Avesne
,
Philippeville
,
Mariembourg
,
Conde
,
Bouchain
,
are
strong
places
,
in
the
hands
of
the
French
King
.
Luxembourg
has
its
capital
City
of
the
same
Name
.
Thionville
,
Montmedi
,
Damvilliers
,
are
possess'd
by
the
French
.
Some
Lands
there
are
,
in
the
Forest
of
Ardennes
,
belonging
to
the
Bishoprick
of
Liege
;
Bouillon
,
with
the
Title
of
a
Dutchy
,
and
a
strong
Castle
upon
the
Rock
St.
Hubert
,
where
the
Hunters
have
a
peculiar
Devotion
;
Rochefort
,
which
saw
the
Battel
of
Avein
,
in
the
Year
1675.
between
the
Spaniards
and
French
.
By
the
Peace
of
Nimmeghen
,
the
Dutchy
of
Bouillon
was
restor'd
to
France
,
who
has
put
the
Prince
of
that
Name
into
possesion
of
it
.
Brabant
,
which
is
about
the
midst
of
the
Low
Countries
,
has
four
Cities
,
the
Capitals
of
as
many
Quarters
;
Bruxels
,
Louvain
,
Breda
,
Boisleduc
.
Bruxels
is
very
populous
,
the
abode
of
a
Prince
or
Governour
,
whose
Palace
is
very
spacious
:
Its
Chanel
,
which
leads
to
Antwerp
,
is
one
of
the
finest
Works
of
the
Country
,
with
prodigious
Sluces
which
have
cost
immens
Sums
.
As
well
as
at
Avignon
,
some
of
its
Publick
Edifices
are
to
the
number
of
seven
.
The
Church
of
St.
Gudule
,
is
one
of
the
finest
of
the
Country
.
The
Neighbourhood
of
the
Forest
of
Soignes
furnishes
its
Inhabitants
with
Game
for
hunting
.
Louvain
,
which
some
make
to
pass
for
the
Capital
of
Brabant
,
is
one
of
the
greatest
Cities
of
Europe
,
with
a
famous
University
,
which
gives
occasion
to
the
By-word
,
That
it
is
a
City
of
Scholars
,
as
Bruxels
is
a
City
of
Courtiers
,
Antwerp
a
City
of
Merchants
,
Mechelin
a
City
of
Advocates
and
Lawyers
,
by
reason
of
its
Parliament
.
Tillemont
was
taken
by
force
,
in
the
Year
1655.
by
the
French
and
Hollanders
.
Breda
belongs
to
the
Prince
of
Orange
,
and
Hertoghen-Bosch
,
or
Bois-le-Duc
,
to
the
States
General
of
the
Vnited
Provinces
,
as
do
also
Berghen-op-Zoom
,
and
the
Grave
.
All
these
Places
are
well
fortified
;
Bois-le-Duc
is
so
extraordinary
strong
,
by
reason
of
its
Marshes
,
that
it
pass'd
for
Impregnable
,
before
it
was
taken
;
upon
which
account
,
they
were
us'd
to
say
in
Holland
out
of
Raillery
;
I
will
pay
you
,
when
Bois-le-Duc
is
became
a
Beggar
;
that
is
to
say
,
never
.
The
Brabanzon
pretends
the
Priviledge
of
deliberating
nothing
out
of
the
Limits
of
their
Country
.
The
Marquisate
of
the
Holy
Empire
has
this
Name
from
its
Site
,
upon
the
ancient
bounds
of
France
and
the
Empire
;
whither
the
Emperour
sent
Governours
,
who
were
call'd
Marquesses
.
There
is
only
the
City
of
Antwerp
,
one
of
the
best
and
most
pleasant
of
the
Netherlands
;
the
Emperour
,
Charles
the
Fifth
,
call'd
it
his
Sunday
,
or
Holy-day
Town
:
the
importance
of
its
Situation
has
occasioned
the
making
sumptuous
Fortifications
,
which
consist
of
ten
great
Bastions
,
and
one
of
the
strongest
Cittadels
of
Europe
,
flank'd
with
five
regular
Bastions
,
fac'd
with
Brick
and
hewed
Stones
.
This
Cittadel
was
built
towards
the
higher
part
of
the
River
,
rather
than
towards
the
lower
,
that
it
might
command
the
Town
,
and
receive
Succours
from
the
Country
subject
to
its
Prince
:
the
Duke
of
Alva
,
who
had
made
it
,
plac'd
his
Statue
therein
,
which
has
since
been
taken
away
.
The
Jesuits
in
Antwerp
have
a
Church
all
of
Marble
,
look'd
upon
as
one
of
the
finest
in
the
World
.
Formerly
above
two
hundred
thousand
persons
were
reckoned
in
this
Town
,
and
about
two
thousand
five
hundred
Ships
upon
the
Scheld
:
But
the
Inhabitants
of
this
place
do
not
now
drive
that
great
Trade
they
did
,
since
the
Hollanders
have
seiz'd
upon
the
Avenues
of
their
River
.
The
City
of
Mechelin
is
the
Residence
of
the
States
,
or
Parliament
of
the
Catholick
Provinces
of
the
King
of
Spain
.
It
s
Barony
is
very
small
;
the
Women
of
Mechlin
,
being
ready
to
lye
in
,
are
said
to
cause
themselves
to
be
carried
upon
the
Lands
of
Brabant
,
that
so
their
Children
may
enjoy
the
Priviledge
of
the
Brabantins
.
Namur
is
a
Town
of
importance
,
by
reason
of
its
passage
over
the
Meuse
,
at
the
place
where
it
receives
the
Sambre
:
from
hence
they
transport
Marble
,
Ardoise
,
Pit-Coal
.
Charle-Roy
,
upon
the
Sambre
,
is
one
of
the
best
Fortresses
in
the
Netherlands
.
Limbourg
has
only
the
Town
of
the
same
Name
which
is
in
any
consideration
,
with
a
strong
Castle
upon
a
Rock
.
The
French
King
made
the
Conquest
of
it
in
the
Year
1675.
but
was
bound
to
restore
it
to
the
King
of
Spain
,
by
the
Peace
of
Nimmeghen
.
The
Bishoprick
of
Liege
owes
subjection
to
its
Bishop
,
as
well
in
Spirituals
as
Temporals
:
the
Inhabitants
gave
it
formerly
the
Name
of
Grace
.
He
is
Elected
by
the
Chapter
;
his
Residence
was
formerly
at
Tongres
and
Mastricht
.
This
Country
is
of
a
great
Extent
,
with
several
places
lying
within
the
Marches
of
the
neighbouring
Provinces
.
Liege
is
a
trading
Town
,
and
,
as
they
say
,
the
Paradise
of
the
Ecclesiasticks
.
It
was
observ'd
,
in
the
Year
1131.
that
there
were
,
amongst
the
Canons
of
its
Cathedral
Church
,
nine
Sons
of
Kings
,
fourteen
Sons
of
Dukes
,
nine
and
twenty
Sons
of
Counts
,
and
seven
Sons
of
Barons
.
'T
is
very
populous
,
notwithstanding
it
was
ruin'd
by
the
last
Duke
of
Burgundy
.
When
the
ancient
Priviledges
subsisted
there
,
it
had
thirty
two
Trades
,
and
a
Body
of
two
and
twenty
Burgesses
,
composed
of
Ecclesiasticks
,
of
Nobles
,
and
of
the
third
Estate
,
or
Commonalty
;
these
twenty
two
were
call'd
most
Honoured
Lords
,
and
had
the
principal
direction
of
Affairs
.
The
Elector
of
Cologn
,
its
Prince
,
caus'd
a
Cittadel
to
be
built
here
,
which
was
demolish'd
by
the
French
,
in
the
time
of
the
late
Wars
.
The
Town
of
Spa
is
known
to
us
for
its
Medicinal
Water
;
Mastricht
for
its
Fortifications
,
and
for
the
famous
Sieges
it
has
sustain'd
.
It
is
made
up
of
two
Towns
;
Mastricht
,
reckoned
to
belong
to
the
Duke
of
Brabant
;
Wick
,
of
the
Appurtenances
to
the
Bishoprick
of
Liege
.
The
Peace
of
Nimmeghen
has
resetled
the
Hollanders
in
possession
of
Mastricht
.
Cambresis
is
near
France
.
The
City
of
Cambray
has
a
good
Cittadel
,
the
guard
whereof
was
only
confided
to
natural
Spaniards
,
when
their
King
was
Master
thereof
.
It
has
a
Clock
singularly
wrought
by
the
hand
of
a
Shepherd
,
and
furnishes
extraordinary
fine
Linnen
,
or
Cambrick
.
Since
the
Year
1595.
the
Kings
of
Spain
have
attributed
to
themselves
the
Tempoporal
Jurisdiction
of
Cambray
;
the
Emperours
did
not
contradict
them
in
this
matter
,
because
they
are
of
the
same
Family
,
and
the
Arch-bishops
had
,
to
no
purpose
,
solicited
the
re-establishment
of
their
Right
:
those
Prelates
style
themselves
Arch
bishops
and
Dukes
of
Cambray
,
Counts
of
Cambresis
,
Princes
of
the
Holy
Empire
,
tho'
commonly
they
have
neither
Session
nor
Voice
in
the
Diets
.
In
the
Year
1677.
the
French
King
,
commanding
his
Army
in
person
,
made
himself
Master
of
the
Town
and
Cittadel
of
Cambray
,
which
were
confirm'd
to
him
by
the
Peace
of
Nimmeghen
.
Lorrain
.
LOrrain
is
a
Country
,
with
the
Title
of
Dutchy
,
considerable
for
several
advantages
,
particularly
for
its
situation
between
Champagne
,
French-Luxembourg
,
the
Palatinate
of
the
Rhine
,
Franche-Comte
:
all
these
Provinces
are
possess'd
by
the
French
,
except
the
Palatinate
.
It
brings
forth
plentifully
all
the
Conveniencies
of
Life
,
unless
it
be
Oyl
:
It
has
Jasper
,
and
stuff
for
the
making
of
Drinking
and
Looking-glasses
.
The
Lorrainers
are
bigotted
Catholicks
.
There
are
reckoned
three
Bailiwicks
,
that
of
Nancy
,
Vaudrevange
,
and
Vauge
,
where
is
Mirecourt
.
Under
the
general
Name
of
Lorrain
,
may
be
comprehended
the
Dutchy
of
Bar
,
which
is
of
a
double
kind
;
there
is
Barrois
Royal
,
on
this
side
the
Meuse
;
and
Barrois
Ducal
,
beyond
the
same
River
:
several
Territories
adjacent
:
the
Bishopricks
of
Metz
,
Toul
,
Verdun
,
formerly
Principalities
of
the
Empire
;
Imperial
Towns
of
the
same
Name
,
which
,
since
the
Reign
of
French
Henry
the
Second
,
have
own'd
Subjection
to
the
Crown
of
France
.
It
is
to
be
noted
,
that
these
Bishops
are
only
Temporal
Princes
,
and
that
the
Diocesses
of
the
same
Name
,
which
acknowledge
their
Bishop
for
Spirituals
,
have
very
different
bounds
.
In
the
Year
1680.
several
places
depending
on
these
Bishopricks
,
and
which
had
been
dismembred
from
'em
at
diverse
times
,
have
been
adjoyned
to
the
Crown
of
France
.
The
Rivers
of
Meuse
,
Moselle
,
Saone
,
and
Sare
,
have
their
beginning
in
Lorrain
.
Under
the
Emperour
Nero
,
they
had
a
design
of
communicating
the
Ocean
and
the
Mediterranean-Sea
,
by
a
Chanel
drawn
from
the
Moselle
into
the
Soan
,
which
is
but
very
little
distant
from
it
,
and
which
falls
into
the
Rhosne
.
The
Sare
is
navigable
,
and
gives
its
Name
to
several
places
by
and
through
which
it
passes
.
The
French
King
has
caused
Sar-Louis
,
and
other
Fortresses
,
to
be
built
there
,
for
the
securing
the
Frontiers
of
his
Dominions
.
Nancy
,
the
Capital
of
the
whole
Dutchy
,
has
had
the
best
Fortifications
and
Works
that
were
ever
seen
in
Europe
.
Without
all
these
Defences
,
it
did
gloriously
resist
Charles
,
Duke
of
Burgundy
,
who
lost
the
Battel
and
his
Life
near
the
Walls
,
in
the
Year
1477.
In
the
Battel
of
Morat
,
in
the
Year
1476.
which
followed
that
of
Granson
,
and
preceded
that
of
Nancy
,
the
Diamond
of
this
warlike
and
unfortunate
Prince
,
fell
into
the
hands
of
a
Suiss
,
who
thought
himself
well
payed
,
in
having
for
it
a
Florin
of
Gold
,
tho'
this
Diamond
was
one
of
the
finest
things
of
the
kind
in
Europe
.
Another
Suiss
was
so
lucky
in
the
same
Battel
,
as
to
find
the
Collar
of
the
Golden
Fleece
,
of
an
inestimable
value
,
which
the
Duke
of
Burgundy
was
wont
to
wear
,
and
contented
himself
with
two
Crowns
,
that
were
given
him
for
it
in
Milan
,
whither
he
went
to
sell
it
at
the
dearest
rate
he
could
.
Now
Nancy
is
in
possession
of
the
French
King
,
who
offers
to
yield
up
Toul
to
the
Duke
of
Lorrain
,
in
case
he
will
sign
the
Treaty
of
Nimmeghen
.
The
Burrough
of
St.
Nicholas
keeps
the
Relick
of
its
Patron
,
which
occasions
a
great
concourse
of
people
to
that
Town
,
as
well
as
its
Fair.
Rozieres
and
Dieuse
have
Salt-Pits
of
a
great
Revenue
,
as
have
also
Marsal
,
Chasteau-Salins
,
and
Moyenvik
.
The
Annual
Revenue
of
the
Salt-Pits
of
Marsal
has
commonly
been
three
hundred
thousand
Livres
.
Luneville
has
a
fine
House
,
Remiremont
a
famous
Abby
of
Ladies
,
Plombieres
,
which
is
not
wall'd
,
is
known
for
its
Baths
.
The
Dutchy
of
Barr
has
the
Cities
of
Barleduc
,
St.
Mihel
,
and
Pont-a-Mousson
.
Vaucouleurs
,
one
of
the
adjacent
Territories
,
is
noted
for
the
Birth
of
the
Maid
of
Orleans
,
in
a
neighbouring
Burrough
,
called
Arques
.
Mets
,
Toul
,
and
Verdun
,
have
been
more
strictly
united
to
the
Crown
of
France
,
by
the
Treaty
of
Munster
,
by
that
of
the
Pyrences
,
and
by
good
Cittadels
.
Metz
had
formerly
the
Title
of
a
Kingdom
,
which
was
that
of
Austrasia
,
with
the
right
of
coining
Money
:
it
is
now
the
Residence
of
a
Parliament
.
'T
is
of
a
large
circuit
,
and
nevertheless
in
the
Year
1552.
it
gloriously
repuls'd
the
Emperour
Charles
the
Fifth
,
who
besieg'd
it
with
an
Army
of
a
hundred
thousand
men
:
from
thence
came
the
Proverb
amongst
those
of
the
Country
,
when
any
one
undertakes
any
difficult
matter
,
they
say
,
He
will
do
e'en
as
much
as
the
Emperour
before
Metz.
This
Disgrace
stuck
so
sensibly
close
to
that
glorious
Prince's
heart
,
that
there
happening
presently
after
the
insult
he
receiv'd
from
Duke
Maurice
of
Saxony
;
it
's
said
to
have
obliged
him
to
resign
his
Dominions
to
his
Son
and
his
Brother
,
and
make
the
retreat
he
did
in
the
Monastery
of
St.
Just
,
in
Castille
,
to
the
amazement
of
the
whole
World
.
The
Dukes
of
Lorrain
have
hitherto
styled
themselves
Princes
of
the
Empire
,
and
the
Empire
has
pretended
Right
of
Sovereignty
over
their
Dutchy
of
Lorrain
.
Nevertheless
,
they
pretend
to
be
exempted
from
the
Jurisdiction
of
the
Imperial
Chamber
of
Spire
,
and
from
all
the
Contributions
by
the
Empire
.
They
have
neglected
to
assist
at
the
Dyets
of
the
Empire
,
that
so
they
might
not
be
bound
to
give
place
to
such
Princes
,
as
they
esteemed
less
than
themselves
.
The
Dutchy
of
Barr
is
a
Fief
depending
on
the
Crown
of
France
,
and
chiefly
what
is
on
this
side
the
Meuse
;
as
for
what
is
beyond
it
,
he
pretends
its
dependence
on
him
,
under
the
Title
of
Marquisate
of
Pont
,
or
Ponta-Mousson
.
From
whence
it
comes
,
that
the
Inhabitants
Barrois
are
esteemed
Natural
Frenchmen
.
Anthony
,
Francis
,
Charles
the
Third
,
Dukes
of
Lorrain
,
did
Homage
for
it
to
the
French
Kings
.
The
War
of
Lorrain
,
which
followed
that
of
Italy
,
was
made
upon
the
account
of
this
Homage
not
being
paid
:
The
Dutchy
of
Barr
was
afterwards
united
to
the
Crown
of
France
.
Since
which
,
there
have
been
several
Treaties
between
the
French
Kings
and
the
Dukes
of
Lorrain
.
The
Franche-County
.
THis
Country
,
which
made
part
of
Great-Burgundy
,
is
known
under
the
Name
of
High-Burgundy
,
by
reason
of
the
Course
of
its
Rivers
;
and
under
that
of
Franche-Comte
,
by
reason
its
Inhabitants
have
pretended
several
exemptions
,
and
that
in
possessing
those
Lands
,
they
might
dispose
of
them
,
without
having
any
regard
to
Wife
,
Children
,
or
any
other
Relatiions
.
It
is
a
Province
very
Populous
,
and
wholly
Roman-Catholick
,
whereof
most
of
the
Inhabitants
are
very
rich
by
reason
of
Corn
,
Wine
,
and
particularly
by
Salt
,
which
made
them
formely
be
called
,
The
Salted
or
Pickled
Burgundians
.
The
Woods
raise
'em
also
a
good
Revenue
,
and
we
may
say
,
That
their
Land
is
no
less
good
now
,
than
in
the
time
of
Julius
Caesar
.
In
the
Year
1668.
the
French
King
,
pretending
the
Right
of
the
Queen
his
Wife
,
made
the
Conquest
with
a
surprizing
Success
,
it
being
then
under
the
Protection
of
the
Crown
of
Spain
,
but
was
bound
to
restore
this
Province
,
in
consideration
of
the
Peace
of
Aix
la
Chapelle
.
The
Spaniards
kept
it
until
the
Year
1674.
when
having
declar'd
War
upon
France
,
the
French
rendred
themselves
Masters
of
it
again
,
and
were
confirm'd
in
their
possession
of
it
by
the
Peace
of
Nimmeghen
.
This
Province
is
divided
into
three
parts
,
the
High-County
of
Amont
,
the
Middle
one
of
Dole
,
and
the
Lower
one
of
Aval
;
Grey
is
in
the
Upper
part
,
Dole
or
Besanzon
is
in
the
Middle
,
Salins
in
the
Nether
.
Grey
is
very
strong
upon
the
River
Saon
.
Dole
was
the
Capital
of
all
the
County
,
the
Seat
of
a
Parliament
,
wherefore
the
Emperor
,
Charles
the
Fifth
,
made
it
be
Fortified
with
seven
Bastions
.
Besanzon
is
both
ancient
and
strong
,
now
with
a
Cittadel
:
The
Fertility
of
the
Lands
about
it
have
given
occasion
to
the
calling
it
the
Granary
of
the
Country
.
It
s
Archbishop
styles
himself
a
Prince
of
the
Holy-Empire
,
but
the
Germans
do
not
grant
him
Session
in
the
Imperial
Diets
.
The
City
was
Imperial
unto
the
Year
1652.
when
it
became
Spanish
,
in
exchange
for
the
City
of
Frankendael
,
which
the
Spaniards
restored
in
executing
the
Treaty
of
Munster
:
the
French
King
has
caused
the
Parliament
of
the
Province
to
be
transferred
thither
.
Salins
,
so
called
from
its
Salt-Pits
,
is
defended
by
two
Castles
:
Its
Salt-Garner
is
a
very
remarkable
Building
.
Amongst
other
Towns
of
the
Province
,
Chastel-Challon
has
the
Title
of
Principality
;
Arley
has
sometimes
serv'd
for
an
abode
to
the
Duke
of
Burgundy
:
Luxeul
has
Medicinal
Waters
,
and
Alabaster
:
Bleterans
,
the
Castle
of
Joux
,
and
and
of
Saint
Anne
,
have
been
considerable
for
their
Situation
.
Arbois
affords
delicious
Wines
,
and
which
keep
a
long
time
.
Saint
Claud
is
visited
by
those
who
bear
a
Devotion
to
that
Saint
.
Noseret
has
fine
Fairs
,
and
a
Castle
whose
Terrasses
are
Leaded
.
Near
this
Province
,
and
upon
the
German
Confines
,
are
two
Seigniories
,
the
County
of
Monbelliard
and
the
Abbey
of
Lure
,
with
Towns
of
the
same
Name
.
Monbelliard
,
which
is
defended
by
a
strong
Cittadel
,
belongs
to
a
Prince
of
the
House
of
Wirtembourg
,
which
depend
thereupon
.
The
French
King
is
now
the
Chief
Sovereign
of
it
.
Suisserland
.
SVisserland
had
its
Name
from
Switz
,
one
of
its
most
ancient
Cantons
,
whether
this
Canton
was
the
most
considerable
of
the
three
,
who
began
the
Alliance
in
the
Year
1308.
or
that
in
the
Year
1315.
they
first
of
all
fought
then
for
the
Liberty
of
the
Country
,
in
the
Battel
of
Morgarten
,
wherein
fifty
of
the
Switzers
defeated
an
Army
of
twenty
thousand
Austrians
.
When
Suisserland
made
a
part
of
Gaul
,
it
was
divided
into
four
Quarters
,
which
seem
to
correspond
with
the
modern
Countries
of
Zurichgow
,
Argow
,
Turgow
,
Wiflispurgergow
.
Since
it
has
had
two
parts
separated
by
the
River
of
Russ
,
the
one
belonging
to
the
Germans
,
the
other
to
the
Burgundians
,
who
called
it
their
Lesser-Burgundy
,
or
Burgundia
Trans-Jurana
,
as
being
beyond
Mount-Jura
.
The
Rhine
,
Rhosne
,
Aar
,
Russ
,
Inn
,
Tesin
,
and
other
Rivers
,
have
their
Sources
in
Suisserland
,
for
which
reason
this
Country
is
esteemed
the
highest
of
Europe
.
The
Tesin
and
Russ
furnish
them
with
the
conveniency
of
Trading
into
Germany
and
Italy
.
Several
Lakes
there
are
,
the
most
considerable
of
which
,
are
those
of
Geneva
and
Constance
.
All
these
Waters
produce
Fish
in
abundance
,
and
the
Mountains
in
this
Tract
afford
the
means
of
Hunting
Bucks
,
Shamoies
,
or
Wild-Goats
and
Boors
.
The
Switzers
are
well
shap'd
and
proportioned
,
and
very
strong
and
robust
for
the
most
part
.
Their
best
Revenue
comes
from
the
Pensions
they
receive
from
the
French
King
,
and
the
King
of
Spain
:
Their
Cattel
afford
them
Butter
,
Cheese
and
Milk
:
Their
Interest
is
to
maintain
Peace
,
and
to
remain
united
among
themselves
.
They
speak
both
French
and
German
in
this
Country
,
but
have
corrupted
several
terms
of
both
Tongues
.
'T
is
held
,
that
,
upon
occasion
,
they
are
able
to
bring
into
the
Field
sixty
thousand
fighting
Men
;
the
Canton
of
Bearn
alone
being
capable
of
raising
eighteen
thousand
.
It
is
an
Infantry
which
renders
good
service
to
the
Prince
who
imploys
it
,
as
numerous
as
it
was
in
the
time
of
Julius
Caesar
.
It
seems
to
pawn
its
own
Liberty
by
engaging
it self
under
the
pay
of
others
;
but
by
so
doing
,
it
preserves
the
freedom
of
its
Country
.
The
Valour
and
Fidelity
of
the
Switzers
have
invited
the
French
Kings
,
the
Popes
of
Rome
,
and
the
Dukes
of
Genoa
,
to
conside
in
them
for
the
Guard
of
their
proper
Persons
,
and
the
greatest
Families
of
Europe
do
not
disdain
their
Alliance
.
True
it
is
,
they
have
not
so
many
Nobles
as
formerly
;
but
those
they
have
are
very
considerable
,
and
a
mistake
it
is
to
believe
that
they
were
wholly
exterminated
.
Several
Castles
were
there
razed
,
when
they
cast
off
the
Yoke
of
the
House
of
Austria
,
by
reason
of
the
ill
treatments
of
its
Lieutenants
.
Under
the
Name
of
Suisserland
are
known
thirteen
Cantons
of
the
Country
,
which
are
subject
to
them
,
and
of
their
Allies
.
The
Cantons
,
as
well
as
the
Allies
,
are
as
many
Republicks
govern'd
by
their
Magistrates
,
whom
they
call
Burgher-Masters
,
or
Avoyers
,
or
Landames
.
This
Name
is
given
to
the
chief
of
the
Cantons
,
where
are
no
Cities
.
The
Cantons
and
the
Allies
have
Ordinances
independent
on
one
another
;
nevertheless
they
Govern
sometimes
several
Provinces
together
,
and
they
have
Laws
almost
a-like
with
a
strict
Union
,
they
have
often
given
them
the
Name
of
the
Republick
of
the
Switzers
,
or
of
the
Lords
of
the
Leagues
.
In
this
Commonwealth
are
two
sorts
of
Religion
the
Protestant
and
Roman-Catholick
.
When
mention
is
made
of
the
Catholick
Cantons
,
they
reckon
either
five
or
seven
of
them
:
The
five
are
Vri
,
Switz
,
Vndervald
,
Lucerne
,
Zug
:
The
two
others
,
Fribourg
and
Soleurre
.
Zurich
,
Bern
,
Basle
,
Schafouse
are
Protestants
:
Glaris
and
Appenzel
have
both
Papists
and
Protestants
.
This
diversity
of
Religion
does
often
cause
their
affairs
to
be
embroil'd
,
and
sometimes
occasions
their
Assembling
separately
.
Commonly
the
five
Popish
Cantons
hold
their
Assembly
at
Lucerne
,
the
four
Protestant
Cities
at
Aran.
The
General
Assemblies
are
held
every
Year
at
Baden
,
so
called
from
its
Baths
.
Each
Canton
is
free
to
engage
it self
with
whom
it
thinks
convenient
,
so
that
the
Switzers
are
found
in
different
Parties
;
nevertheless
the
Switzers
sharing
in
almost
all
the
Wars
that
are
made
in
Europe
,
have
none
themselves
,
and
live
in
Peace
in
their
own
Country
.
As
concerning
succours
,
the
Cantons
have
certain
Treaties
,
they
can
call
and
summon
one
another
:
Some
have
no
right
but
of
calling
three
or
five
,
but
those
who
summon
succours
,
may
also
cause
others
to
come
,
who
are
allied
to
them
;
thus
most
commonly
they
all
joyn
therein
,
each
according
to
its
Forces
.
They
have
not
all
an
equal
Authority
over
their
subject
Countries
,
they
have
it
only
according
to
the
Associations
which
they
have
made
in
divers
times
:
And
those
who
entred
last
into
the
Leagues
have
not
any
Right
over
the
Countries
,
which
have
been
subjected
before
the
times
of
their
Leagues
.
Amongst
all
these
Cantons
,
Zurich
has
the
Presidence
:
Bern
is
the
most
powerful
;
Basle
has
the
finest
City
,
the
abode
and
the
Rendezvous
of
several
Learned
Men
:
The
Canton
of
Schafouse
,
has
its
City
of
great
Trade
:
Soleurre
has
one
too
of
the
same
Name
,
where
Resides
the
French
Embassador
.
Vri
,
Swits
,
Vnderwald
,
Glaris
,
Appenzel
have
only
Burroughs
.
Hence
follows
the
order
of
the
thirteen
Cantons
,
according
to
their
Ranks
.
Zurich
,
Bern
,
Vri
,
Switz
,
Vnderwald
,
Zug
,
Glaris
,
Fribourg
,
Soleurre
,
Schafouse
,
Appenzel
.
The
Countries
,
subjected
to
the
Cantons
,
have
either
been
Conquered
by
Arms
,
or
submitted
voluntarily
.
There
is
about
a
score
of
them
,
which
,
for
the
most
part
,
have
the
Title
of
Bailywicks
,
as
Baden
and
those
which
lie
in
Italy
.
Among
the
Allies
of
the
Cantons
,
the
Grisons
are
the
most
powerful
.
They
are
so
called
from
one
of
their
Ligues
,
whose
Inhabitants
were
used
to
wear
Grey
Scarfes
.
Their
City
of
Coire
is
the
Place
whither
are
brought
the
Merchandizes
of
Italy
and
Germany
,
by
reason
of
the
conveniency
of
the
Rhine
,
which
begins
to
bear
Boats
thereabouts
.
One
of
their
Countries
is
the
Valtoline
,
the
most
Beautiful
and
Important
Valley
of
Europe
.
Wallais
lies
along
the
Rhosne
.
There
are
moreover
,
in
the
number
of
the
Allies
,
four
Bishops
,
that
of
Sion
at
Saint
Maurice
,
Basle
at
Porentru
,
Constance
at
Mersbourg
,
and
Coire
at
Marsoila
.
There
is
likewise
the
Abbot
of
Saint
Gall
,
who
dwells
at
Weil
;
seven
Cities
,
Saint
Gall
,
Neuchatel
,
Wallangery
,
Biel
,
Geneva
,
Mulhausen
,
Rotweil
.
The
six
first
Protestants
,
and
Rotweil
Catholick
.
Geneva
is
the
best
Fortified
of
all
,
the
Burghers
,
or
Citizens
,
keep
a
very
exact
Guard
for
the
preservation
of
their
Liberty
,
and
that
of
Religion
,
which
is
Reformed
.
In
the
Year
1663.
the
French
King
obtain'd
freedom
for
the
Catholicks
to
say
Mass
in
that
Town
,
where
it
had
not
been
Celebrated
in
this
Age.
The
Lake
of
Geneva
is
crossed
by
the
Rhosne
,
which
mixeth
not
with
its
Waters
;
there
sometimes
arise
Tempests
even
in
clear
fair
Weather
,
because
it
abutts
at
the
foot
of
the
Mountains
.
In
the
Country
it
s
said
,
that
Julius
Caesar
caused
his
Treasures
to
be
cast
into
this
Lake
,
when
he
was
pursued
by
the
Switzers
;
hitherto
they
have
been
sought
for
to
no
purpose
.
Savoy
.
THis
Country
,
formerly
the
abode
of
the
Allobroges
,
is
said
to
have
been
called
Savoy
,
after
one
of
its
Princes
had
drove
away
the
Robbers
.
It
is
full
of
Mountains
,
which
we
generally
call
the
Alpes
,
tho'
several
Branches
there
have
their
peculiar
Names
.
Mount
Cenis
,
and
the
lesser
St.
Bernard
,
make
the
two
principal
Passages
for
Italy
.
'T
is
very
cold
in
these
parts
;
the
Inhabitants
,
by
reason
of
their
drinking
the
Snow-water
,
are
subject
to
the
Goitre
,
which
is
a
swelling
of
the
Throat
,
proceeding
from
the
crudity
of
that
Water
.
Nevertheless
there
are
several
Places
in
this
Country
both
very
pleasant
and
very
fertile
.
The
Mountains
have
Marmotes
,
which
are
seldom
seen
elsewhere
:
they
are
great
Rats
,
who
have
short
Legs
,
rugged
Hair
,
the
Mouth
and
Ears
of
a
Squirrel
,
four
Teeth
long
and
cutting
;
they
sleep
full
six
Months
of
the
Year
,
without
taking
in
any
Food
or
Nourishment
.
Savoy
is
reckon'd
for
the
Principal
and
most
Noble
Dutchy
of
Christendom
;
It
's
certain
,
that
its
Dukes
have
had
Alliances
with
all
that
's
Royal
in
Europe
.
After
the
Houses
of
England
and
France
,
that
of
Savoy
is
one
of
the
most
ancient
:
Ame
the
eighth
had
reason
to
say
,
that
he
had
Princes
to
his
Vassals
:
Most
of
the
Gentlemen
of
his
Dominions
come
from
the
Emperours
of
the
East
and
West
,
from
the
Kings
of
Italy
,
from
the
Princes
of
Morea
,
from
the
Counts
of
Geneva
.
The
Power
of
the
Dukes
of
Savoy
is
so
much
the
more
considerable
,
in
that
they
are
Masters
of
several
Passages
from
France
into
Italy
,
by
the
possession
of
Piedmont
,
of
the
County
of
Niece
,
and
other
Seigneuries
.
Under
Savoy
is
comprehended
Genevois
,
Choblais
,
Faussigni
,
Tarentaise
,
Maurienne
,
part
of
Bugey
.
Chambri
is
the
Capital
of
the
Dutchy
and
the
Seat
of
a
Parliament
.
Montmelion
is
the
strongest
in
it
,
with
a
Cittadel
,
which
covers
the
head
of
almost
an
inaccessible
Mountain
,
where
the
Keys
of
Savoy
are
said
to
be
kept
.
Anneci
is
the
Residence
of
the
Bishop
of
Geneva
.
Ripaille
was
the
retreat
of
Felix
the
Fourth
,
before
and
after
his
Pontificate
.
This
Prince
liv'd
there
with
his
Friends
in
such
a
disapplication
from
Affairs
,
that
since
People
say
Faire
Ripaille
,
when
they
are
merry
,
and
without
disquiet
.
Italy
.
AMong
the
Authors
,
who
have
written
concerning
Italy
,
few
there
are
but
represent
it
as
the
most
beautiful
,
best
and
most
delicious
Country
in
the
World
.
Its
situation
,
towards
the
midst
of
the
temperate
Zone
,
affords
it
all
these
advantages
.
It
is
commonly
compared
to
a
Boot
,
the
figure
whereof
it
does
really
resemble
,
lying
between
the
Mediterranean-Sea
and
the
Gulph
of
Venice
.
The
Alpes
,
which
Livy
calls
the
Walls
of
Italy
and
Rome
,
are
at
those
places
where
it
touches
France
,
Savoy
,
Suisserland
,
Germany
;
the
Appennine
Mountain
runs
quite
through
it
.
The
Po
,
Adige
,
Tiber
,
and
Arne
,
are
the
greatest
Rivers
of
this
Country
.
There
is
not
one
in
the
World
observ'd
,
in
so
short
a
course
,
to
have
so
much
encrease
as
the
Po
,
and
which
is
so
inconvenient
by
its
over-flowings
,
notwithstanding
the
Dikes
that
have
been
raised
for
prevention
.
The
People
of
Italy
are
polite
,
dextrous
,
subtile
,
and
prudent
;
extream
in
their
Manners
:
they
were
formerly
Masters
of
the
most
considerable
Empire
,
that
has
been
seen
since
the
Creation
of
the
World
;
And
now
stand
possess'd
of
the
chiefest
Dignity
of
the
Roman-Catholick
Church
.
They
obey
divers
Princes
,
who
are
all
Papists
,
but
very
different
in
Power
and
Interests
.
We
are
oblig'd
to
the
Italians
for
the
Discovery
of
the
New
World
;
Columbus
was
a
Genouese
,
Americus
Vespucius
a
Florentine
.
The
Cities
of
Italy
are
so
much
the
more
beautiful
and
better
built
,
in
that
the
Nobility
have
commonly
their
abode
in
'em
.
Their
Churches
and
other
Edifices
are
adorned
with
excellent
Pictures
;
for
which
reason
the
Men
and
Houses
are
said
to
be
all
painted
.
The
Italian
Tongue
is
deriv'd
from
the
Latin
:
Tuscan
is
received
in
the
Court
of
Rome
,
and
amongst
the
well-bred
people
.
Their
way
,
of
reckoning
the
Hours
,
is
very
different
from
ours
;
they
regulating
it
according
to
the
Sun
's
setting
;
then
they
count
four
and
twenty
Hours
;
and
at
the
entrance
of
the
Night
,
they
begin
to
reckon
the
Hours
of
a
New
Day
:
Insomuch
that
the
number
of
the
Hours
at
Noon
rises
and
falls
,
according
to
the
Seasons
,
tho'
there
are
always
four
and
twenty
Hours
for
the
Civil
Day
,
that
is
,
for
the
Day
and
Night
together
.
For
Example
:
On
the
twelfth
day
of
August
at
Noon
,
which
we
reckon
twelve
a
Clock
,
the
Italians
reckon
seventeen
;
and
so
what
remains
,
to
finish
the
Civil
Day
of
four
and
twenty
Hours
,
comprehends
seven
Hours
,
which
make
up
just
the
time
which
the
Sun
employs
that
day
,
the
twelfth
of
August
,
since
the
Hour
of
Noon
unto
its
setting
.
The
Sovereign
Princes
of
Italy
are
the
Pope
,
the
King
of
Spain
,
who
possess
almost
half
of
it
,
the
Duke
of
Savoy
,
the
great
Duke
of
Florence
,
the
Republick
of
Genoa
,
the
Duke
of
Mantua
,
the
Duke
of
Modena
,
the
Duke
of
Parma
,
the
Bishop
of
Trent
,
the
Republick
of
Lucca
.
The
other
Princes
are
call'd
Petty
,
by
reason
of
the
small
extent
of
their
Dominions
.
The
Republick
of
Venice
is
independent
;
most
of
the
other
States
depend
either
on
the
Church
,
or
the
Empire
,
for
some
Fiefs
.
The
Quality
of
Duke
is
in
Italy
more
considerable
than
of
Prince
,
bating
in
the
Territories
of
the
King
of
Spain
.
There
are
so
many
Archbishopricks
and
Bishopricks
,
that
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
alone
has
more
than
all
France
hath
;
the
truth
is
,
most
of
'em
have
not
so
good
a
Revenue
,
as
our
Country
Curates
.
Italy
is
divided
into
three
great
parts
;
the
High
,
which
may
be
called
Lombardy
;
the
Middle
,
and
the
Low
:
According
to
this
division
,
there
is
found
in
the
High
,
Piemont
,
Montferrat
,
Milantz
,
the
Coast
of
Genoa
,
Parmezan
,
Modenois
,
Mantouan
,
the
Domain
of
Venice
,
Trentin
:
The
State
of
the
Church
,
Tuscany
,
Lucquois
,
are
in
the
Middle
;
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
possesses
the
rest
.
There
is
a
fourth
part
,
if
we
may
add
the
Isles
thereto
.
Piemont
,
according
to
the
saying
of
a
Piemontin
,
is
a
City
of
three
hundred
Miles
in
compass
:
One
and
the
same
Land
produces
Corn
,
Wine
,
and
Fruits
.
Turin
,
the
abode
of
the
Dukes
of
Savoy
,
is
a
lovely
Town
,
accompanied
with
a
strong
Cittadel
.
It
keeps
in
its
Metropolitan
Church
,
call'd
the
Dome
,
the
Relick
of
St.
Suaire
,
wherein
the
Face
of
our
Lord
is
imprinted
,
with
most
of
his
Body
;
It
boasts
of
having
,
of
all
the
Cities
of
Italy
,
brought
the
Press
into
use
.
Nice
,
near
the
Sea
,
has
several
Roman
Antiquities
,
and
a
Cittadel
,
which
seems
inaccessible
by
reason
of
its
situation
upon
a
Rock
.
Montferrat
has
most
of
its
Towns
upon
Hills
,
very
fertile
in
Corn
and
Wine
.
By
the
Peace
of
Quieras
,
a
part
of
that
Country
was
yielded
to
the
Duke
of
Savoy
,
the
other
remaining
the
Duke
of
Mantua's
,
who
possesses
Casal
,
near
the
Po.
This
Town
is
fortified
with
several
Bulwarks
and
Half-moons
,
with
a
Castle
and
a
strong
Cittadel
,
composed
of
six
great
Bastions
.
The
Land
of
Milan
is
the
most
beautiful
Country
of
all
Lombardy
,
and
the
finest
Dutchy
of
Christendom
,
now
possess'd
by
the
King
of
Spain
.
The
Ways
are
pleasant
,
almost
all
in
a
direct
line
,
with
Chanels
of
Spring-Water
on
both
sides
,
and
rows
and
plantations
of
Trees
,
which
make
them
resemble
Alleys
and
Walks
.
The
Champain
of
Milan
is
so
fertile
,
that
there
is
not
an
Inch
of
Land
,
but
brings
forth
twice
a
Year
.
The
Nobility
,
as
well
as
in
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
,
does
not
meddle
with
Commerce
,
as
does
that
of
the
other
neighbouring
States
.
The
City
of
Milan
is
called
Great
,
because
it
is
full
ten
Miles
in
compass
,
wherein
it
contains
above
two
hundred
and
thirty
Churches
,
ninety
six
Parishes
,
as
many
Convents
,
and
above
a
hundred
Fraternities
.
It
is
a
general
Mart
of
the
Merchandizes
of
France
,
of
Spain
,
of
Italy
,
of
Germany
;
so
great
a
number
of
Artizans
it
has
of
all
sorts
,
that
the
Italians
have
it
for
a
Proverb
,
That
Milan
must
be
ruin'd
,
if
they
would
accommodate
Italy
with
them
.
It
has
ever
passed
for
a
second
Rome
,
tho'
it
has
been
besieged
forty
times
,
and
taken
two
and
twenty
:
Its
strength
consists
rather
in
its
Men
,
than
in
its
Walls
,
it
being
reckoned
to
contain
above
three
hundred
thousand
persons
.
It
s
Castle
is
one
of
the
finest
Fortresses
of
Europe
,
of
six
great
Bastions
Royal
,
invested
with
Brick
,
with
Grafts
and
Ditches
full
of
running
Water
.
The
Coast
of
Genoa
,
formerly
called
Liguria
,
produces
Muscate-Wines
,
Olives
in
abundance
,
all
manner
of
good
Fruits
;
the
Western
part
particularly
is
full
of
Lemmon
,
Orange
,
Fig
,
Palm
,
and
Cedar-trees
:
the
Inland
of
the
Country
is
mountainous
,
full
of
Woods
,
which
furnish
Materials
for
the
making
of
Ships
and
Galleys
.
The
Situation
of
Genoa
is
upon
the
Sea-shore
,
part
in
Plains
,
part
in
Hills
.
The
City
is
full
five
Miles
round
,
and
has
Fortifications
,
which
are
yet
much
greater
in
circuit
;
for
which
reason
,
it
is
the
greatest
,
the
most
trading
,
and
the
most
important
of
all
Italy
,
towards
the
West
.
The
Buildings
and
Structures
of
this
Town
are
so
magnificent
and
so
beautiful
,
that
it
is
called
the
Stately
,
tho'
very
much
endamag'd
by
the
late
Batteries
of
the
French
.
One
of
the
principal
Revenues
of
its
Inhabitants
consists
in
the
transportation
of
Silk-stuffs
.
Parma
,
the
Capital
of
Parmezan
,
is
the
common
abode
of
the
Duke
of
that
Name
,
of
the
House
of
the
Farnezes
,
a
Feudatory
of
the
Church
.
It
has
a
Cittadel
,
whereon
Money
has
not
been
sparing
,
for
the
rendring
it
good
and
a
fair
Palace
for
its
Princes
dwelling
.
Modena
is
the
Capital
of
the
Dutchy
of
the
same
Name
,
fortified
with
Bulwarks
,
after
the
ancient
manner
,
inhabited
by
above
thirty
five
thousand
Souls
.
In
Modena
it
was
,
that
Brutus
was
in
vain
besieged
by
Mark
Anthony
,
after
the
Murder
of
Julius
Caesar
,
Octavius
having
happily
defeated
the
Army
of
him
,
who
would
by
this
Siege
have
renewed
the
Civil
Wars
.
Mantua
is
seated
in
the
Waters
of
a
Lake
of
twenty
Miles
in
circuit
,
which
only
affords
entrance
by
Causeys
into
the
Town
.
Its
Mills
do
raise
a
good
Revenue
to
this
Duke
;
the
Jews
,
who
are
there
very
numerous
,
pay
him
a
great
Tribute
.
The
Ducal
Palace
is
one
of
the
finest
and
best
furnish'd
in
all
Italy
.
The
Demesn
of
Venice
has
so
many
Rivers
,
Canals
,
and
Navigable
Lakes
,
that
Merchandizes
are
easily
conveyed
into
all
its
places
.
The
Republick
is
independent
,
above
twelve
hundred
Years
standing
,
the
Bulwark
of
Christendom
against
the
Turks
.
The
City
of
Venice
is
one
of
the
greatest
of
Europe
;
so
populous
,
that
there
are
reckoned
above
three
hundred
thousand
persons
.
Those
who
have
seen
it
,
may
boast
of
having
seen
one
of
the
Wonders
of
the
World
.
It
s
Arcenal
is
the
finest
,
the
greatest
,
and
the
best
furnished
upon
Earth
.
The
Isles
,
whereof
the
City
is
composed
,
are
separated
from
one
another
by
Chanels
,
wherein
there
be
above
fifteen
thousand
Boats
,
which
they
call
Gondoles
.
The
Church
and
Palace
of
St.
Mark
are
very
fine
Structures
;
the
Treasury
of
St.
Mark
contains
immense
Riches
.
The
Bishoprick
of
Trent
,
which
belongs
to
its
Bishop
,
is
under
the
Protection
of
the
House
of
Austria
.
The
City
of
Trent
is
ancient
,
inhabited
both
by
Italians
and
Germans
,
renowned
for-holding
the
last
General
Council
.
The
state
of
the
Church
is
look'd
upon
as
so
much
the
more
considerable
,
in
that
the
Pope
,
who
is
the
Temporal
and
Spiritual
Prince
of
it
,
pretends
to
be
the
Chief
and
Soveraign
Pontife
of
all
Christendom
,
the
Patriarch
of
Rome
,
and
of
the
West
;
Primate
and
Exarch
of
Italy
,
Metropolitan
of
the
Suffragan
Bishops
of
Rome
,
Bishop
of
St.
John
de
Lateran
.
Rome
,
formerly
the
Capital
of
the
finest
,
greatest
,
and
most
considerable
Empire
of
the
Universe
,
was
once
the
Mistress
of
the
better
part
of
the
World
,
famous
for
excellent
Men
,
who
have
surpassed
others
in
Valour
,
in
Piety
,
in
Justice
and
Temperance
.
It
has
had
in
its
beginning
Kings
,
Consuls
and
Emperours
:
the
Papists
call
it
Rome
the
Holy
,
by
reason
of
the
Residence
of
the
Popes
.
We
may
say
,
it
has
few
Equals
,
if
we
consider
its
Antiquities
,
Churches
,
Palaces
,
and
Curiosities
.
Tuscany
has
three
principal
Cities
,
Florence
;
Siena
,
Pisa
,
formerly
as
many
Republicks
.
Florence
,
the
Capital
of
this
State
,
renowned
upon
the
account
of
its
Beauty
,
is
large
and
very
populous
.
The
Palace
of
the
Great
Duke
has
fine
Pictures
,
Jewels
of
great
value
,
several
Rarities
.
Lucca
,
fortified
with
eleven
regular
Bastions
,
is
famous
for
its
Silks
and
Olives
.
The
Head
of
this
Republick
is
a
Gonfalonier
,
or
Chief-Standard-Bearer
,
whose
Charge
lasts
but
two
Months
.
The
Kingdom
of
Naples
is
the
greatest
State
of
Italy
,
it
belongs
to
the
King
of
Spain
,
who
pays
for
it
,
every
Year
,
a
white
Hobbey
to
the
Pope
,
with
seven
thousand
Ducats
.
The
Spring
is
there
so
long
,
and
so
full
of
Flowers
,
the
Autumn
so
loaded
with
Fruits
,
that
it
is
esteemed
a
Paradise
.
The
City
of
Naples
is
the
abode
of
several
Gentlemen
,
which
makes
it
be
called
the
Gentile
.
It
is
situated
so
advantagiously
,
that
it
seems
an
abridgment
of
all
the
Beauties
of
Italy
.
There
are
few
Cities
in
Europe
,
who
have
so
many
Churches
,
and
so
many
Cittadels
,
as
has
Naples
.
Germany
.
GErmany
has
very
fertile
Provinces
,
and
a
great
number
of
fine
Cities
.
The
Corn
,
Fruits
,
Salt
,
and
other
Commodities
,
afford
a
very
considerable
Revenue
.
It
is
now
an
Elective
Empire
,
wherein
is
a
vast
number
of
Sovereign
States
,
of
which
the
Emperour
is
the
chief
.
The
Laws
of
this
Empire
do
allow
of
three
Religions
,
the
Roman
Catholick
,
the
Lutheran
and
Evangelical
,
and
the
Calvinist
or
Reformed
.
Nevertheless
,
there
be
several
other
Sects
,
tho'
the
Germans
do
almost
all
follow
the
belief
of
their
Princes
.
Germany
has
this
advantage
,
that
it
is
in
the
midst
of
Europe
,
and
serves
for
the
Seat
of
the
Empire
:
the
Emperor
governs
it
by
the
means
of
Diets
,
which
are
much
like
Parliaments
.
The
principal
Articles
of
the
Government
are
contained
in
the
Golden
Bull
,
which
treats
of
the
Election
of
the
King
of
the
Romans
,
of
the
Duty
of
Electors
,
of
their
Priviledges
,
of
the
Authority
of
the
Emperor
,
of
the
means
of
preserving
the
Repose
and
Peace
in
the
Empire
.
This
Bull
is
a
small
Book
,
whose
Original
,
written
in
Parchment
,
contains
four
and
twenty
Leaves
,
and
thirty
Chapters
.
It
has
a
great
round
Seal
of
pure
Gold
,
fasten'd
to
strings
of
yellow
and
red
Silk
.
It
has
on
the
one
side
the
Portrait
of
Charles
the
Fourth
,
on
the
other
a
Castle
with
two
Towers
,
with
these
Words
,
Aurea
Roma
.
The
Election
of
the
Emperor
ought
to
be
made
at
Francfort
upon
the
Mein
,
but
this
was
not
observed
in
the
late
Elections
.
Besides
the
Assemblies
which
concern
the
Affairs
of
the
Empire
in
general
,
there
be
three
sorts
of
'em
,
those
of
the
Electors
for
the
chusing
of
the
Emperor
;
those
of
the
Deputies
,
whereto
the
Emperor
sends
his
Commissioner
;
those
of
the
Circles
,
like
to
the
Assemblies
of
the
States
of
our
great
Provinces
.
There
be
ten
Circles
in
the
Empire
,
those
of
Austria
,
of
Bavaria
,
of
Suabia
,
of
Alsatia
,
or
of
the
High
Rhine
,
the
Electoral
,
or
of
the
Low
Rhine
,
of
Westphalia
,
of
High
Saxony
,
of
Low
Saxony
,
of
Franconia
,
of
Burgundy
;
this
last
is
no
longer
Convened
.
Each
Circle
has
an
Ecclesiastick
and
a
Secular
Director
,
who
preside
together
in
the
Assemblies
:
two
or
three
Circles
may
assemble
,
when
one
of
'em
is
attacked
from
abroad
,
or
disturbed
with
intestine
troubles
.
The
Empire
is
much
the
same
with
that
of
the
Romans
,
tho'
it
does
not
comprehend
so
great
an
extent
of
Land
:
the
Princes
or
States
,
whereof
it
is
composed
,
are
of
five
forts
,
the
Emperor
,
now
of
the
House
of
Austria
,
the
Electors
,
the
Ecclesiastick
Princes
,
the
Secular
Princes
,
and
the
Free
Towns
.
In
the
General
Dyets
,
there
be
three
Bodies
,
that
of
the
Electors
,
that
of
the
Princes
,
that
of
the
Imperial
Cities
.
There
are
reckoned
to
be
above
three
hundred
Sovereignties
in
Germany
,
who
acknowledge
the
Emperor
no
farther
than
homage
,
and
in
Resort
.
The
Dominions
of
the
House
of
Austria
be
of
three
sorts
,
those
of
Austria
which
are
Hereditary
to
it
;
those
of
Bohemia
,
where
it
has
the
same
Right
;
those
of
Hungary
,
which
it
has
by
Election
.
The
Emperor
does
commonly
obtain
either
his
Son
,
or
his
Brother
,
or
his
nearest
Relation
,
to
be
chosen
King
of
Hungary
in
his
Life-time
;
afterwards
has
him
Crowned
King
of
Bohemia
;
and
,
if
he
finds
any
disposition
,
has
him
Elected
King
of
the
Romans
,
that
is
to
say
,
his
perpetual
Vicar
and
presumptive
Successor
to
the
Empire
.
Without
the
Revenue
of
his
Hereditary
Countries
,
the
Emperor
would
not
have
wherewith
to
maintain
a
very
considerable
Train
;
he
does
not
possess
any
Land
under
the
Title
of
Imperial
Majesty
.
His
Principal
Rights
are
the
Erection
and
Investiture
of
Fiefs
,
the
granting
of
Priviledges
,
the
Right
of
Legitimation
:
He
may
make
Laws
,
give
Safe-Guards
,
establish
Posts
,
make
Parliaments
,
compose
Universities
,
erect
Burroughs
into
Cities
,
create
Offices
,
puts
Towns
into
the
Ban
of
the
Empire
:
In
short
,
he
may
make
Kings
,
Dukes
,
Marquesses
,
and
has
the
Superiority
over
all
the
Princes
of
the
Empire
,
who
,
upon
this
account
,
pay
him
a
great
respect
.
The
Electors
are
to
the
number
of
eight
,
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Mayence
,
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Treves
,
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Cologne
,
the
King
of
Bohemia
,
the
Duke
of
Bavaria
,
the
Duke
of
Saxony
,
the
Marquess
of
Brandenbourg
,
the
Prince
Palatine
.
These
Electors
Chuse
and
Crown
the
Emperor
;
the
Pope
confirms
this
Election
and
Coronation
.
Four
Voices
are
sufficient
to
raise
any
one
to
the
Imperial
Dignity
,
and
at
present
the
King
of
Bohemia
has
only
his
Session
in
the
Election
.
The
Secular
Electors
may
nominate
themselves
:
The
Lands
or
their
Electorates
cannot
be
dismembred
:
In
the
House
of
Saxony
,
the
Electorate
is
for
the
eldest
alone
,
who
shares
the
other
Seigniories
with
his
Brothers
.
The
Elector
of
Brandenboug
is
the
most
Potent
,
and
possesses
the
most
Land
of
all
those
Princes
;
his
States
are
above
two
hundred
German
Leagues
in
length
,
for
the
most
part
separated
from
one
another
,
yet
a
Courier
may
go
from
one
end
to
another
,
and
always
lye
upon
this
Electors
Land
.
The
Ecclesiastick
Princes
are
of
several
sorts
,
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Salzbourg
,
the
Grand
Master
of
the
Teutonick
Order
,
several
Bishops
and
other
great
Prelates
;
Abbots
,
Abbesses
,
who
have
no
Voice
but
in
Body
.
These
Princes
are
almost
all
absolute
over
the
Temporality
of
their
Benefices
,
and
Christendom
has
no
Prelates
so
Potent
as
they
are
.
The
Election
of
most
of
their
Dignities
belongs
to
the
Chapters
,
without
the
Popes
or
Emperors
being
to
concern
themselves
therein
.
As
Germany
is
divided
for
Religion
,
there
remain
some
Lutheran
Bishops
,
who
have
the
Title
of
Bishops
,
until
that
they
have
Contracted
Marriage
;
and
when
they
are
Married
,
they
are
called
Administrators
.
Among
the
secular
Princes
,
are
the
Arch-Duke
of
Austria
,
the
Princes
of
the
Electoral
Houses
,
some
Dukes
,
Marquesses
and
Land-Graves
.
There
be
also
Counts
and
Barons
,
who
differ
little
but
in
Name
,
and
who
have
immediate
Dependency
on
the
Empire
.
They
have
Session
in
Body
,
which
has
four
Voices
in
the
States
of
the
Empire
;
they
have
each
their
own
in
their
particular
Assemblies
;
several
amongst
them
Coin
Monies
.
Nobles
there
be
in
Suevia
or
Schwaben
in
Franconia
,
in
the
Land
of
the
Rhine
,
who
are
absolute
over
their
Lands
,
as
the
greatest
Lords
of
the
Empire
are
over
theirs
.
Several
Principalities
of
Germany
are
often
possess'd
by
one
sole
Prince
;
and
sometimes
one
Principality
alone
belongs
there
to
several
.
The
youngest
Brothers
have
almost
the
same
Titles
with
the
eldest
.
The
Free
Towns
,
which
are
as
many
small
Republicks
,
be
principally
of
two
sorts
,
Imperial
and
Anseatick
.
The
Imperial
have
the
Eagle
of
the
Empire
in
their
Arms
,
either
whole
or
divided
;
have
Right
to
send
to
the
Diet
,
where
their
Body
has
two
Voices
,
they
are
considered
upon
the
Bank
of
Suevia
and
upon
the
Bank
of
the
Rhine
:
Thus
are
they
divided
,
by
reason
of
the
Benches
where
the
Deputies
of
those
Cities
have
their
Seats
:
The
Deputy
of
the
City
of
Cologne
holds
the
first
Rank
of
the
Bench
of
the
Rhine
,
that
of
Ratisbon
has
the
first
place
of
that
of
Suevia
.
Some
have
Noble
Families
,
by
which
they
are
Governed
,
others
have
a
Popular
Government
.
The
Hans-Towns
are
Confederated
together
for
the
mutually
succouring
one
another
,
upon
occasion
,
against
their
Enemies
,
for
maintaining
the
Liberty
of
the
Commerce
,
for
the
not
being
burthened
with
any
Impositions
by
Foreign
Princes
;
the
consideration
of
this
League
is
now
of
little
use
to
several
of
those
Towns
,
each
of
them
endeavouring
to
do
its
own
business
by
it self
.
They
were
reckoned
to
be
sixty
six
.
Lubeck
,
Cologne
,
Brunswick
,
Dantzick
are
the
Capitals
of
them
,
with
as
many
Colledges
.
Lubeck
may
Convene
all
the
rest
,
with
the
advice
of
five
of
those
Towns
,
which
are
nearest
it
.
The
most
renowned
Rivers
of
Germany
,
are
the
Rhine
,
the
Danube
,
the
Elbe
,
the
Oder
,
the
Weser
:
The
Rhine
,
the
greatest
of
Rivers
which
goes
towards
the
Ocean
,
has
its
Source
in
Suisserland
,
and
its
end
in
Holland
,
where
it
loses
its
Name
in
the
Sand
:
It
is
so
broad
below
Strasbourg
,
that
Bridges
cannot
be
made
over
it
.
There
is
not
one
in
the
World
,
that
Waters
so
many
Sovereign
States
.
The
finest
Cities
,
by
which
it
passes
,
are
on
this
side
its
Bed
or
Chanel
,
most
of
'em
built
by
the
Romans
,
who
made
it
the
bound
of
their
Empire
.
It
formerly
separated
Gaul
from
Germany
;
during
the
first
Race
of
the
French
Kings
,
it
passed
through
some
part
of
their
Territories
.
The
Danube
,
which
begins
in
Suevia
,
has
a
Course
of
above
seven
hundred
Leagues
.
The
most
easie
Division
of
Germany
is
,
that
which
has
made
it
into
two
parts
,
the
one
High
,
and
the
other
Low
,
according
to
the
Course
of
the
Rhine
,
of
the
Elbe
,
and
of
the
Oder
.
Each
of
those
parts
has
several
Provinces
:
The
High
has
four
towards
the
West
,
Alsatia
,
the
Palatinate
of
the
Rhine
,
Franconia
,
Suevia
:
And
four
great
States
towards
the
East
,
Tirol
,
Bavaria
,
which
is
of
two
sorts
,
Dutchy
and
Palatinate
;
Bohemia
,
which
also
comprehends
Silesia
with
Moravia
;
and
Austria
,
which
has
other
Herereditary
Lands
,
namely
,
Carinthia
,
Carniola
and
Stiria
.
Low-Germany
has
as
many
parts
as
the
High
,
four
towards
the
West
,
the
Electoral
Arch-Bishopricks
,
the
Succession
of
Cleves
and
of
Juliers
,
Westphalia
and
Hesse
:
Four
towards
the
East
,
known
under
the
Name
of
Saxony
,
Saxony
Electoral
,
which
comprehends
Turingia
,
Misnia
,
Lusacia
,
High-Saxony
upon
the
Elbe
;
Saxony
has
other
Princes
,
wherein
we
reckon
Brunswick
,
Low-Saxony
upon
the
Elbe
,
Meckelbourg
;
Brandenbourg
and
Pomerania
,
which
for
the
most
part
belongs
to
the
Crown
of
Sueden
,
with
some
other
Seigniories
.
Alsatia
is
indeed
small
,
but
the
most
fertile
of
all
Germany
in
Corn
and
in
Wines
;
Strasbourg
there
is
rich
,
strong
,
and
very
populous
by
reason
of
its
Commerce
:
It
s
Arcenal
,
the
Tower
,
and
the
Clock
of
the
Church
,
deserves
to
be
seen
by
those
who
Travel
.
Heidelberg
is
the
Capital
of
the
Palatinate
of
the
Rhine
:
It
s
fine
Library
was
Transported
to
Rome
,
after
that
the
Town
had
been
taken
in
the
Year
1622.
by
Tilly
the
Emperors
General
.
Franconia
was
the
abode
of
the
ancient
French
,
who
called
it
Eastern
France
,
after
that
they
had
carried
their
Name
and
setled
their
abode
in
Gaul
.
Francfort
,
upon
the
Mein
,
is
known
for
its
Fairs
,
and
for
the
Elections
of
Emperors
which
have
been
made
in
that
Town
.
Nuremberg
has
fine
Manufactures
,
and
furnishes
Europe
with
abundance
of
Gew-gaws
.
Suevia
has
so
many
Sovereignties
,
that
there
's
not
a
Country
that
has
so
great
a
number
;
it
s
two
best
Cities
are
Augsbourg
and
Vlm
:
The
first
Celebrated
by
the
Confession
of
the
Faith
of
the
Protestants
in
the
Year
1530.
by
the
Enemies
it
has
raised
against
the
King
of
Spain
,
and
by
its
Goldsmiths
Work
:
Its
Town-House
is
one
of
the
finest
Fabricks
of
Germany
:
The
Catholicks
and
Lutherans
are
received
Magistrates
indifferently
in
this
Place
.
Vlm
is
one
of
the
best
fortified
,
and
the
richest
of
the
Empire
in
Land
;
the
Danube
begins
to
carry
Boats
there
.
The
Dutchy
of
Bavaria
is
not
to
be
dismembred
as
are
some
other
States
;
the
youngest
Brothers
there
do
ever
reverence
the
eldest
:
Munich
,
the
Residence
of
the
Elector
,
is
a
fine
Town
,
accompanied
with
a
stately
Castle
,
wherein
there
is
a
Library
full
of
curious
Manuscripts
.
Ratisbon
,
renowned
for
its
Diets
,
has
five
Principalities
of
the
Empire
,
the
Bishoprick
,
the
City
,
three
Abbies
,
with
the
finest
Bridges
in
Germany
.
Bohemia
is
esteemed
one
of
the
Highest
Countries
in
Europe
,
by
reason
there
enters
no
Rivers
therein
,
and
several
go
out
from
thence
.
It
has
its
particular
States
,
its
Customs
and
its
Tongue
,
different
from
those
of
the
Neighbourhood
,
tho'
its
King
be
one
of
the
Electors
of
the
Empire
.
The
Inheritance
of
this
Custom
has
been
confirmed
to
the
House
of
Austria
by
the
Peace
of
Munster
.
Prague
,
the
Capital
,
is
composed
of
three
Cities
,
and
so
populous
,
that
under
the
Emperor
Charles
the
Fourth
,
there
are
said
to
have
gone
from
thence
above
forty
thousand
Foreign
Scholars
,
for
that
their
Priviledges
were
retrenched
:
The
great
Battel
in
the
Year
1620.
which
was
fought
near
its
Walls
,
decided
,
in
less
than
an
Hours
time
,
the
Quarrels
of
the
Kingdom
,
in
favour
of
the
Emperor
Ferdinand
the
Second
,
against
Frederick
Elector
Palatine
.
Austria
,
the
only
Arch-Dutchy
in
the
World
,
is
not
subject
to
the
Justice
of
the
Empire
,
and
does
not
Contribute
to
its
necessity
.
The
Piety
of
that
Family
,
and
the
Situation
of
its
great
Dominions
near
those
of
the
Infidels
,
have
made
the
Germans
continue
the
Empire
in
that
Family
for
some
time
past
.
Vienna
,
the
Residence
of
the
Empire
,
is
the
best
Fortified
of
Germany
:
In
the
Year
1529.
it
sustained
generously
twenty
Assaults
,
against
the
Great
Turk
Soliman
the
Second
,
who
Besieged
it
in
vain
with
three
hundred
Thousand
Men.
Cologne
,
an
Imperial
City
,
one
of
the
four
Hans-Towns
,
is
called
the
Rome
of
Germany
,
by
reason
of
its
bigness
,
and
the
beauty
of
its
Benefices
:
The
Papists
call
it
Holy
,
because
it
has
in
keeping
several
Bodies
of
their
Saints
,
has
three
hundred
sixty
five
Churches
,
and
that
amongst
the
free
Cities
,
it
alone
is
exemped
from
Heresie
.
Westphalia
furnishes
Gammons
and
Hams
.
Munster
is
the
place
where
the
General-Peace
of
the
Empire
was
concluded
,
in
the
Year
1648.
It
was
known
in
the
Year
1535.
for
the
Rebellion
of
the
Anabaptists
,
whose
pretended
King
John
of
Leyden
was
there
punished
according
to
his
merit
.
In
the
Year
1661.
its
Bishop
caused
a
Cittadel
to
be
there
made
,
for
the
maintaining
his
Authority
against
the
pretensions
of
the
Citizens
.
Hosse
is
the
Province
where
hitherto
most
care
has
been
taken
to
instruct
the
Inhabitants
in
the
Trade
of
War
.
The
Name
of
Saxony
was
more
famous
when
its
People
Conquered
the
better
part
of
England
.
The
House
of
Saxony
is
one
of
the
most
ancient
of
Europe
.
Erfort
,
in
Turingia
,
is
esteemed
the
greatest
City
of
Germany
.
Dresden
,
the
Residence
of
the
Elector
of
Saxony
,
has
sine
Fortifications
,
and
an
Arcenal
well
provided
.
Low-Saxony
has
several
good
Cities
,
Brunswick
,
Lubeck
,
Hambourg
,
Vismar
,
Bremen
.
Hambourg
is
spacious
,
rich
,
strong
,
besides
its
being
able
to
put
fifteen
thousand
Citizens
in
Arms
:
Its
Situation
facilitates
to
it
the
Commerce
of
the
Ocean
and
of
the
Baltick-Sea
.
Brandenbourg
is
the
only
Marquisate
of
all
the
Empire
,
with
that
of
Baden
:
Berlin
is
there
the
Residence
of
the
Elector
.
Stetin
is
the
most
considerable
of
Pomerania
possessed
by
the
Crown
of
Sueden
.
Of
Denmark
.
THE
Danes
make
the
Name
of
their
Country
come
from
Dan
,
one
of
the
Successors
of
Noah
.
They
make
all
their
Kings
to
descend
from
him
to
Christian
the
Fifth
,
now
Reigning
,
Grandson
of
Christian
the
Fourth
,
who
had
the
happiness
to
sway
the
Scepter
above
sixty
Years
.
The
King
of
Denmark
commands
Countries
of
vast
extent
,
which
for
the
most
part
are
cold
,
by
reason
of
their
Situation
towards
the
North
,
full
of
Mountains
and
Woods
,
and
Ice
and
Snow
.
Of
this
Number
are
the
Kingdom
of
Norway
,
Greenland
,
the
Isles
of
Island
and
of
Fero.
Towards
the
North
of
America
,
there
be
some
Lands
which
bear
the
Name
of
New-Denmark
:
Some
Fortresses
in
Guinea
,
Krankebar
in
Coromandel
,
in
the
East-Indies
,
acknowledg
subjection
to
his
Majesty
of
Denmark
.
What
is
particularly
comprehended
under
the
Name
of
Denmark
,
is
the
best
inhabited
,
the
finest
and
the
most
fertile
.
It
is
an
Hereditary
Kingdom
since
the
Year
1660.
before
,
it
was
Elective
;
the
Nobility
being
now
stript
of
the
Prerogative
it
formerly
possessed
.
The
King
of
Denmark
styles
himself
Count
of
Oldembourg
and
Delmenhorst
,
as
the
Eighth
King
of
that
Family
,
into
which
the
Crown
of
Denmark
came
in
the
Year
1448.
by
the
Election
of
Christian
I.
He
is
now
in
possession
of
it
,
and
caused
to
be
built
there
,
in
the
Year
1681.
a
new
City
,
with
a
Sea-Port
,
under
the
Name
of
Christiana
.
The
Opinion
of
Luther
is
followed
in
Denmark
since
the
Reign
of
King
Frederiek
,
Elected
in
the
Year
1523.
There
is
no
great
Trade
drove
in
Denmark
,
but
there
is
a
fine
Revenue
arising
from
the
Customs
which
the
Merchandizes
pay
,
that
pass
through
the
Streight
of
the
Sound
,
the
Key
of
the
Baltick-Sea
.
This
Streight
is
a
Mile
in
breadth
,
and
the
Course
which
the
Ships
there
steer
,
with
the
most
safety
and
conveniency
,
is
nearer
Cronembourg
,
than
Elsenbourg
,
which
belongs
to
the
Crown
of
Sueden
.
This
Revenue
is
no
longer
so
considerable
,
since
the
Suedes
do
not
pay
there
now
what
they
did
formerly
:
and
it
would
be
less
,
if
the
design
was
brought
about
,
that
has
been
entertain'd
,
of
joyning
the
Baltick
Sea
to
the
Elve
,
by
the
Lake
of
Swerin
,
if
the
transportation
of
Commodities
be
continued
by
Land
from
Hambourg
to
Lubeck
,
and
if
the
Elector
of
Brandenbourg
brings
to
perfection
the
Chanel
,
which
he
has
begun
at
Mulras
,
for
the
transporting
the
Merchandizes
of
Poland
and
Silesia
,
from
the
Oder
into
the
Elve
.
Ships
of
ordinary
Bulk
,
which
take
their
way
through
the
Streight
of
the
Belt
,
cast
Anchor
before
Nibourg
,
and
there
pay
the
Impost
.
This
Streight
is
broader
,
but
not
so
deep
as
that
of
the
Sound
,
by
which
means
the
Sea
is
there
very
rough
:
the
great
Ships
meet
with
several
Islands
there
,
and
do
not
willingly
steer
their
Course
that
way
,
which
they
take
more
directly
and
more
conveniently
through
the
Sound
.
The
King
of
Denmark
raises
also
a
great
Revenue
from
the
Cattel
of
his
Dominions
,
which
afford
'em
both
very
fat
and
in
great
plenty
.
The
Germans
carry
away
from
thence
every
Year
above
fifty
thousand
Oxen
into
their
own
Country
;
Other
Foreigners
go
into
Denmark
to
buy
Horses
.
Such
abundance
is
there
of
Deer
,
that
three
or
four
hundred
are
sometimes
killed
,
in
one
Chace
alone
;
the
Danes
are
us'd
to
salt
and
barrel
'em
up
,
for
the
victualling
,
as
they
say
,
the
King's
Ships
:
the
hunting
of
those
Creatures
is
commonly
perform'd
in
Chariots
,
or
a
sort
of
running
Waggons
,
by
reason
these
Machines
do
not
fright
away
the
Deer
.
The
Ports
of
Denmark
are
the
Peninsula
of
Jutland
,
and
the
Islands
near
the
Streight
of
the
Belt
:
Schonen
was
yielded
up
to
the
Crown
of
Sueden
by
the
late
Treaties
of
Peace
.
Jutland
was
the
abode
of
Cimbres
,
who
have
made
Conquest
in
most
of
the
Regions
of
Europe
,
and
who
,
before
they
were
defeated
by
Marius
,
gave
furious
Alarums
to
the
Romans
.
There
is
somewhat
Martial
found
at
this
day
in
the
Danish
Ladies
;
they
love
Hunting
,
and
receive
at
Table
,
rather
than
in
their
Chambers
,
those
persons
who
make
'em
visits
.
In
Jutland
there
be
four
Diocesses
towards
the
North
,
Ripen
,
Arhusen
,
Alborg
,
Viborg
;
two
Dutchies
towards
the
South
,
Sleswick
and
Holstein
.
Those
who
inhabit
near
the
Coast
are
at
small
Charges
in
making
their
Houses
,
for
that
the
Wind
does
often
carry
there
such
drifts
of
Sand
,
as
to
constrain
'em
to
get
out
at
the
top
of
their
Houses
.
Kolding
is
the
place
of
Custom
for
the
Cattel
:
Frederic-Ode
,
which
is
now
called
Frederic
,
for
the
rendring
the
termination
of
it
the
more
different
from
that
of
Frederick-Ohrt
in
Holstein
,
is
in
so
important
a
situation
,
that
Charles
Gustavus
,
King
of
Sueden
,
having
taken
it
in
the
late
Wars
,
had
then
the
means
of
making
his
Army
pass
over
the
Ice
,
into
all
the
Neighbouring
Islands
,
and
go
give
the
Alarum
to
Copenhagen
;
which
was
an
Action
as
bold
as
that
never
the
like
was
heard
of
;
this
Prince
made
the
Cavalry
march
and
lead
the
Artillery
over
great
Arms
of
the
Sea
,
where
before
a
Man
on
foot
would
have
been
afraid
of
venturing
himself
:
True
it
is
,
that
formerly
some
Battels
have
been
fought
there
upon
the
Ice
,
but
commonly
the
War
was
made
,
in
those
Parts
,
by
Land
in
Winter
,
and
by
Sea
in
Summer
.
The
Dutchy
of
Sleswick
was
the
ancient
abode
of
the
English
:
It
belongs
to
the
Duke
of
Holstein
,
who
has
his
Residence
at
Gottorp
,
and
holds
of
the
Crown
of
Denmark
.
The
City
of
Sleswick
has
the
remains
of
the
Re-intrenchments
which
were
made
there
,
at
divers
times
,
to
hinder
entrance
into
the
Peninsula
.
One
of
the
late
Dukes
of
Holstein
,
caused
Frederickstadt
to
be
built
upon
the
Eider
,
with
design
of
setling
there
the
Guild-Trade
:
He
sent
,
in
the
Year
1633.
for
that
purpose
,
a
signal
Embassie
into
Russia
and
Persia
;
whereof
we
have
both
a
fine
and
an
exact
Relation
,
drawn
up
by
Olearius
,
Secretary
of
the
Embassie
.
Holstein
,
otherwise
Holsatia
,
belongs
to
the
King
of
Denmark
,
and
to
the
Duke
of
Holstein
,
who
have
hitherto
done
Homage
for
it
to
the
Emperor
,
as
Fief
of
the
Empire
,
and
have
had
alternately
the
administration
of
Justice
,
the
Session
in
the
Assemblies
of
the
Empire
,
and
in
all
the
Rights
of
Regality
.
By
the
Peace
of
the
Empire
with
Sueden
,
Protection
is
granted
the
Duke
against
the
King
of
Denmark
,
which
was
of
no
use
to
him
in
the
late
Wars
;
and
he
was
only
re-established
in
his
Dominions
by
the
Peace
of
Nimmighen
.
His
Riches
consist
in
the
Fishery
,
and
in
the
Transportation
of
Swine
,
which
are
fatned
in
the
Woods
.
Some
Lands
,
in
this
Country
,
bring
forth
for
three
years
together
,
the
three
years
following
they
are
covered
with
Water
,
by
the
means
of
Ponds
that
are
made
to
overflow
:
The
Principal
Town
is
Riel
,
which
is
near
the
Port
of
Christianpreis
,
which
was
Fortified
,
and
,
near
which
,
has
lately
been
built
the
Fortress
of
Frederick-Ohrt
.
The
greatest
Isles
of
Denmark
are
Zealand
and
Fionia
.
Copenhagen
,
in
Zealand
,
is
a
Town
of
great
Commerce
,
the
usual
abode
of
the
King
.
It
has
a
fine
Castle-Royal
,
good
Fortifications
,
which
afforded
its
Inhabitants
the
means
of
repulsing
the
Suedes
in
the
late
Wars
.
It
has
also
one
of
the
finest
Arsenals
of
Europe
,
wherein
is
kept
a
Celestial
Globe
,
of
six
foot
Diameter
,
made
by
Tycho-Brahe
,
the
famous
Mathematician
,
who
made
curious
observations
in
the
Castle
of
Vranibourg
,
in
the
Isle
of
Vren
.
Vranibourg
is
really
the
pleasantest
Situated
in
the
World
.
Besides
the
Prospect
they
have
from
thence
,
of
the
Royal-City
,
of
the
two
Coasts
of
Zealand
,
and
of
Schonen
,
they
have
a
full
view
of
all
the
Ships
which
pass
and
repass
the
Sound
from
the
one
Sea
to
the
other
.
Roskild
is
the
Mausoleum
of
the
Kings
.
Elsenour
is
near
the
strong
Castle
of
Cronembourg
,
whose
Fortifications
have
lately
been
augmented
.
The
Isle
of
Fionia
is
the
Appennage
of
the
Prince
of
Denmark
.
It
s
City
of
Ottensec
was
the
place
of
holding
the
General
Assemblies
of
the
Kingdom
,
which
,
since
the
Year
1660.
are
to
be
held
at
Copenhagen
.
The
Isle
of
Bornholm
was
yielded
to
the
Crown
of
Sueden
by
the
last
Treaty
of
Peace
;
since
which
,
the
Danes
have
given
,
in
Exchange
of
that
Island
,
an
equivalent
,
by
the
Propriety
of
several
Lords
in
Schonen
.
Norway
possesses
the
Western
part
of
the
great
Peninsula
of
Scandinovia
,
whereof
Sueden
makes
the
Eastern
:
A
long
ledg
of
Hills
,
which
divide
'em
into
two
,
leaving
Norway
towards
the
Ocean
,
Sueden
towards
the
Baltick-Sea
.
From
hence
they
Transport
Whale-Oyl
,
dry'd
Fish
,
called
Stock-Fish
,
abundance
of
Timber
for
the
building
of
Ships
,
for
the
making
of
Masts
and
Sail-Yards
.
It
s
Coast
,
though
of
a
vast
extent
,
has
few
good
Harbours
,
by
reason
of
the
small
Islands
,
Rocks
and
Shelves
,
wherewith
they
are
environed
.
The
Gulph
of
Maclstroon
is
also
said
to
swallow
up
the
Ships
which
approach
it
.
What
is
towards
the
Pole
,
is
full
of
Forests
and
of
Mountains
,
which
have
some
Mines
of
Iron
and
of
Copper
.
In
the
Year
1646.
near
Opslo
,
was
a
Mine
of
Gold
discovered
,
which
gave
the
Inhabitants
occasion
to
Publish
abroad
,
That
they
had
the
Northern-Indies
;
this
advantage
lasted
but
as
long
as
the
Mine
,
which
was
afterwards
quickly
at
an
end
,
by
over-much
working
.
This
Kingdom
has
five
Governments
,
with
as
many
Castles
,
Bahus
,
Aggerhus
,
Barghenhus
,
Dronthem
,
Vardhus
.
That
of
Bahus
,
with
a
Castle
of
the
same
Name
,
upon
a
Rock
,
was
yielded
to
the
Suedes
by
the
late
Peace
.
Berghen
is
the
best
City
,
the
Residence
of
the
Vice-roy
,
with
the
new
Fortress
Bourg
,
and
a
Sea-Port
,
where
the
Ships
do
easily
touch
,
and
are
safe
from
all
Winds
,
by
the
means
of
high
Mountains
wherewith
it
is
surrounded
.
The
Merchants
of
the
Anseatick
Towns
have
their
Magazines
.
Dronthem
,
the
abode
of
the
ancient
Kings
of
Norway
,
is
very
much
decayed
:
It
has
still
the
Title
of
an
Arch-Bisho
prick
,
with
the
remains
of
one
of
the
Finest
and
most
Magnificent
Churches
in
the
North.
Ships
are
secure
in
that
Harbour
,
but
have
occasion
for
good
Pilots
to
bring
'em
in
.
The
other
Principal
Havens
,
of
this
Kingdom
,
are
in
the
Western
part
.
In
some
Countries
of
this
Region
,
is
Bread
made
of
the
flower
of
Barley
and
Oats
,
which
they
bake
between
two
hollow
Flints
;
this
Bread
will
keep
,
as
they
say
,
thirty
or
forty
years
.
The
Norwegians
are
little
subject
to
discourses
,
of
such
a
constitution
,
that
when
they
are
in
a
Feaver
,
a
slice
of
a
Gammon
of
Bacon
does
'em
more
good
than
a
new-laid
Egg
;
the
inclination
of
several
of
them
to
Sorcery
,
makes
'em
have
the
reputation
of
selling
Winds
to
Saylors
.
Finmarck
,
which
makes
part
of
Lapland
,
advances
into
the
cold
Zone
,
so
as
the
day
and
night
last
there
seven
Months
together
:
The
Inhabitants
of
this
Country
have
nothing
in
property
,
they
accomodate
themselves
with
the
first
place
they
like
,
now
in
one
place
,
to
morrow
in
another
.
They
live
on
their
Fishing
and
their
Hunting
,
and
only
pay
the
Tribute
of
some
Skins
to
the
King
of
Denmark
;
they
carry
their
Fish
to
sell
at
Berg.
The
Castle
of
Wardhus
,
with
a
Burough
of
three
hundred
Houses
,
the
most
Northern
of
all
our
Continent
,
is
in
the
midst
of
a
small
Island
,
where
it
serves
to
exact
some
Customs
,
from
those
who
go
to
Trade
by
the
Ocean
,
at
Arch-Angel
in
Muscovy
.
It
s
Port
is
in
the
Western
part
of
the
Island
,
which
is
separated
from
the
Continent
by
a
Streight
of
a
quarter
of
a
League
in
breadth
,
where
there
is
passage
for
Ships
.
It
s
Neighbourhood
is
not
subject
to
Ice
,
so
as
are
the
other
parts
of
that
Sea
.
Of
Sueden
.
THe
Monarchy
of
Sueden
is
the
most
ancient
of
Europe
,
if
it
be
true
that
it
has
had
above
a
hundred
and
fifty
Kings
;
and
that
the
first
of
'em
was
the
Son
of
Japhet
,
one
of
the
Sons
of
Noah
.
Upon
this
foundation
perhaps
it
was
,
that
in
the
Council
of
Basle
,
a
Bishop
of
Sueden
demanded
of
the
Presidents
of
the
Assembly
,
the
Precedence
for
his
King
over
other
Christian
Princes
.
The
most
authentick
Historians
begin
the
enumeration
of
the
Kings
of
Sueden
at
Biorno
,
who
was
Crowned
towards
the
year
eight
hundred
;
and
shew
,
that
the
Kingdome
was
Elective
til
the
Reign
of
Gustavus
de
Vaga
,
who
rendred
it
Hereditary
in
his
Family
in
the
year
1544.
and
who
at
the
same
time
abolished
there
the
Roman
Catholick
Religion
to
follow
the
Sect
of
Luther
.
This
pretext
of
Religion
did
likewise
very
much
serve
his
Son
Charles
the
9th
.
called
of
Sudermania
,
when
he
deprived
his
Nephew
Sigismond
of
the
Crown
,
who
had
been
Elected
King
of
Poland
the
third
of
that
name
;
and
whose
Successors
unto
Casimir
the
third
,
did
keep
the
Title
of
Sueden
.
The
King
of
Sueden
stiles
himself
King
of
the
Suedes
,
of
the
Goths
and
Vandals
,
Great
Prince
of
Finland
,
Duke
of
Schonen
,
Estonia
,
Livonia
,
Carelia
,
Bremen
,
Verden
,
Stein
,
Pomerania
,
Gassubia
,
Vandalia
,
Prince
,
and
Lord
of
Ingria
.
He
bears
in
his
Arms
three
Crowns
,
which
sometimes
have
been
Contested
with
him
by
the
Kings
of
Denmark
;
the
present
King
is
Charles
the
11th
.
of
the
Palatine
,
House
of
Deux
Ponts
,
or
Twee-brugge
.
The
Goths
and
Vandales
are
noted
in
History
for
their
Conquests
;
the
modern
Suedes
for
the
Valour
of
their
late
Kings
,
and
for
their
acquisitions
over
their
Neighbours
,
which
render
'em
very
Potent
on
the
Baltick
Sea
;
where
they
have
more
Coasts
than
all
the
Princes
together
who
confine
upon
it
.
The
Peace
of
Bromsbroo
in
the
year
1645.
obliges
the
King
of
Denmark
to
restore
Jempterland
and
Herendal
to
Sueden
;
to
yield
to
it
the
Isles
of
Gotland
and
of
Oeland
to
perpetuity
,
with
the
Province
of
Halland
for
thirty
years
.
The
Peace
of
Rotschil
in
the
year
1658.
does
entirely
cede
to
Sueden
,
Halland
,
Schonen
,
wherein
Landscroon
is
become
a
very
considerable
Town
,
Bleking
,
wherein
is
the
new
Port
of
Carlscroon
,
the
Isle
of
Bornholme
,
which
is
since
returned
to
Denmark
by
the
exchange
of
other
Lands
,
the
Fortress
of
Bahus
,
and
the
Bayliwick
of
Dronthem
.
That
of
Copenhagen
in
the
year
1660.
confirms
the
Treaty
of
Roschild
with
reserve
of
the
Bayliwick
of
Drontheim
,
and
purchases
the
Isle
of
Ween
.
The
acquisitions
of
Sueden
over
the
Empire
by
the
Peace
of
Osnabrug
are
,
the
Dutchy
of
Pomerania
Citerior
:
and
in
the
Ulterior
Stetin
,
Gartz
,
Dam
,
Golnau
.
The
Isle
and
Principality
of
Rugen
;
the
Isles
and
the
Mouths
of
the
Oder
;
the
Dutchies
of
Bremen
and
of
Verden
;
the
City
,
the
Seigniory
and
the
Port
of
Wismar
;
Wildhusen
in
Westphalia
;
certain
Customs
in
the
Rest
of
Pomerania
,
and
in
the
new
Marquisate
of
Brandenbourg
.
The
War
declared
in
the
year
1675
,
by
the
King
of
Denmark
,
and
several
Princes
of
the
Empire
,
deprived
Sueden
of
many
of
these
acquisitions
;
which
it
was
restored
to
by
the
Peace
of
Nimeguen
in
the
year
1679.
The
Treaty
of
Oliva
in
the
year
1660.
was
so
advantageous
to
Sueden
,
that
the
King
of
Poland
did
there
make
renunciation
of
the
Title
of
King
of
Sueden
for
the
future
,
reserving
only
to
himself
the
Title
during
his
life
to
other
Princes
;
and
likewise
consented
that
Lifeland
should
henceforward
be
Hereditary
to
the
Crown
of
Sueden
.
This
is
to
be
understood
of
Lifeland
on
the
North
of
the
Duna
,
where
the
only
place
of
Dunembourg
was
reserved
to
the
Crown
of
Poland
,
conformable
to
the
Truce
made
at
Stumsdorf
for
twenty
six
years
,
in
the
year
1635.
The
Peace
with
the
Muscovites
procured
restitution
to
Sueden
of
all
the
Grand
Duke
or
Zar
had
taken
in
Lifeland
.
The
King
of
Sueden
has
lately
very
much
augmented
his
Revenue
,
by
the
re-union
to
his
Demesne
of
several
Lands
which
had
been
Alienated
from
it
.
He
pretends
to
the
Succession
of
Gleves
,
and
of
Juliers
,
by
the
means
of
his
great
Grandfather
John
,
Duke
of
Deux-Ponts
,
who
married
Magdelain
the
third
Sister
of
the
Duke
of
John
William
.
In
the
States
of
the
Kingdom
the
Peasants
make
a
Body
,
as
well
as
the
other
Orders
.
Sueden
possesses
part
of
Scandinavia
,
which
is
the
best
of
it
,
as
being
towards
the
East
.
The
Cold
is
somewhat
long
in
this
Country
,
often
very
sharp
;
to
provide
themselves
against
it
,
the
Inhabitants
do
not
make
use
of
Furres
as
they
do
in
Germany
:
they
have
only
Night-Caps
,
Gloves
of
Wool
,
Waist-Coats
,
and
make
great
Fires
of
the
Fewel
they
have
plenty
of
.
They
have
so
few
sick
People
in
their
Countrey
,
that
the
Physitians
and
Apothecaries
have
hardly
practice
among
'em
,
whereas
Barbers
are
there
in
great
request
.
The
Ministers
and
Officers
of
Justice
do
there
keep
Inns.
The
Inhabitants
of
this
Province
are
all
equally
rich
;
their
greatest
Revenues
consist
in
Mines
of
Copper
,
from
whence
most
of
the
Europeans
are
furnish'd
wherewith
to
make
money
,
their
Canons
,
and
their
Bells
.
The
City
of
Stockholme
alone
has
in
its
Castle
above
a
hundred
pieces
of
great
Artillery
;
and
there
are
held
to
be
above
eight
Thousand
in
the
Kingdom
.
In
the
review
of
the
Militia
which
was
made
in
the
year
1661.
there
were
reckoned
above
Fourscore
Thousand
Men
in
Arms.
This
Countrey
,
being
full
of
Woods
and
Mountains
,
affords
very
little
Corn
;
in
time
of
scarcity
,
the
Poor
eat
often
very
bad
Bread
.
It
furnishes
Butter
,
Suet
,
Hides
,
Skins
,
Pitch
,
Rosin
,
Masts
,
Posts
and
Planks
.
The
Towns
are
subject
to
Fire
,
the
Houses
being
only
built
of
Wood.
The
Lakes
and
Gulphs
are
there
more
considerable
than
the
Rivers
.
Trade
being
only
drove
upon
the
Coasts
;
neither
dare
the
Ships
venture
upon
that
without
a
Pylot
,
by
reason
of
the
number
of
Rockswith
which
it
is
beset
.
The
Ice
is
here
so
strong
and
firm
in
Winter
,
that
when
it
is
but
two
Inches
thick
,
it
is
said
to
be
able
to
bear
a
Man
on
Foot
:
Waggons
go
on
it
with
safety
when
it
is
half
a
foot
thick
.
The
Snow
does
there
afford
the
means
of
travelling
in
Sledges
.
The
Horses
in
this
Countrey
are
proper
for
War
;
they
are
very
easily
reared
and
rarely
sick
;
they
see
as
well
almost
by
night
as
by
day
,
they
carry
their
man
swimming
,
with
ease
they
leap
great
Ditches
;
they
have
so
much
courage
and
agility
,
that
they
attack
with
their
Feet
and
Teeth
the
Enemies
of
those
who
mount
them
.
Six
great
Regions
are
principally
known
under
the
name
of
Sueden
;
Gotia
,
Sueden
,
Lapland
,
Finland
,
Ingria
,
Lifeland
;
the
three
former
towards
the
West
,
the
three
other
towards
the
East
,
the
Gulph
of
Finland
between
both
,
and
besides
these
the
modern
acquisitions
before
specified
.
Gotia
is
divided
into
Ostro-Gotia
and
Westro-Gotia
,
this
last
towards
the
Ocean
,
the
former
upon
the
Baltick
Sea
.
According
to
the
like
division
,
the
Goths
who
subdued
Italy
,
were
called
Ostro-Goths
,
and
those
who
rendred
themselves
Masters
of
Spain
,
Visi-Goths
.
Calmar
is
a
strong
Town
,
and
the
place
where
the
Suedes
until
now
,
did
embark
for
Germany
.
It
s
Cittadel
was
esteemed
in
the
Northern
Countreys
as
much
as
that
of
Milan
in
Italy
;
Norkoping
has
works
and
forges
of
Copper
which
afford
the
Europeans
the
conveniency
of
coming
to
load
Cannon
there
.
Lindkoping
the
Countrey
of
the
Historian
Olaus-Magnus
is
remarkable
for
the
Victory
of
Charles
of
Sudermania
,
since
King
of
Sueden
.
There
be
several
Cities
in
these
parts
whose
names
be
thus
terminated
in
Koping
,
which
signifies
the
places
where
the
market
is
kept
.
Gottembourg
a
new
Town
,
and
has
its
Sea-Port
upon
the
Ocean
.
Sueden
properly
taken
communicates
its
name
to
the
other
Provinces
of
this
State
.
Stockholme
is
the
Capital
City
of
all
the
Kingdom
,
accompanied
with
a
Royal
Castle
and
a
Sea-Port
at
the
disgorging
of
the
Lake
of
Meler
,
whereof
was
formerly
the
conjunction
proposed
with
that
of
Wener
,
for
the
communicating
the
Ocean
and
Baltick
Seas
,
and
thus
be
exempted
from
the
passage
of
the
Sound
.
This
Town
is
now
better
built
,
and
much
richer
than
it
was
before
the
War
of
the
Suedes
in
Germany
.
In
the
year
1641.
they
began
to
make
the
Streets
in
Right
Lines
,
and
to
build
their
Houses
of
one
and
the
same
Structure
.
It
is
a
safe
Harbour
for
Ships
,
which
may
ride
there
in
security
without
Anchor
.
There
be
three
Channels
which
lead
thither
between
several
Isles
and
Rocks
.
The
Kings
Ships
remain
at
Elsnappen
.
The
Country
round
about
is
beautify'd
with
several
fine
Houses
,
which
the
Soveraigns
and
most
of
the
Senators
have
caus'd
to
be
built
.
Upsal
,
accompanied
with
a
great
Castle
,
is
the
Metropolitan
,
and
formerly
the
place
of
the
Coronation
of
their
Kings
,
whose
abode
it
formerly
was
.
When
in
Sueden
were
several
Kingdoms
,
that
of
Upsal
was
ever
the
most
considerable
of
'em
This
City
has
an
University
,
and
the
most
renowned
Fairs
of
all
those
parts
.
It
s
principall
Church
was
a
stately
Building
and
is
said
to
have
been
embelish'd
and
wainscoted
with
Gold
,
now
it
is
covered
with
Copper
.
Lapland
has
no
Towns
,
only
some
Habitations
divided
into
five
Countries
,
which
bear
the
name
of
their
Rivers
.
The
Laplanders
are
very
low
of
Stature
,
the
tallest
among
them
not
exceeding
four
Foot
in
height
.
They
have
no
other
Cloaths
than
of
Skins
;
and
when
they
are
young
,
they
are
so
hardned
to
the
cold
,
that
they
afterwards
undergo
it
with
ease
,
when
without
habilliments
.
They
have
neither
Wool
,
nor
Flax
,
nor
Hemp
;
they
have
blades
of
Copper
which
they
call
Cipons
,
which
they
exchange
for
what
they
stand
in
need
of
:
they
have
neither
Bread
,
nor
Corn
,
nor
Fruits
,
nor
Herbs
,
nor
Wines
,
nor
Beer
,
nor
Cattle
,
nor
Eggs
,
nor
Milk
,
nor
any
other
Commodity
;
but
they
do
not
want
Water
:
and
they
have
Rain-Deers
;
which
are
a
kind
of
a
Stag
extraordinary
swift
,
whose
flesh
is
their
Food
:
and
whom
they
also
make
use
of
in
their
Travels
.
The
great
and
swift
Journies
they
go
by
their
means
,
having
given
occasion
to
the
believing
them
Witches
.
But
to
proceed
,
there
is
one
part
of
Lapland
belonging
to
the
Crown
of
Denmark
,
and
another
to
the
Muscovite
.
Mount
Enarby
has
three
Lodges
for
the
Deputies
of
the
three
Nations
,
and
there
the
Suedes
administer
Instice
.
Finland
is
a
Dutchy
which
some
Kings
of
Sueden
have
given
for
Appanage
for
their
Brothers
.
The
principal
Towns
are
Abbo
and
Nibourg
.
There
is
in
this
Province
a
place
near
Ratzebourg
,
where
Needles
toucht
with
the
Loadstone
are
said
to
turn
continually
.
Ingria
was
taken
from
the
Muscovites
by
a
Treaty
in
the
Year
1617.
It
is
small
,
but
considerable
for
the
hunting
of
Elks
and
for
the
Scituation
of
the
Fortress
of
Notebourg
in
the
midst
of
a
great
River
,
and
at
the
disgorging
of
the
Lake
Ladoga
.
This
Fortress
was
taken
miraculously
by
the
Suede
,
all
the
Muscovite
Garrison
,
except
two
Persons
,
having
been
swept
away
by
a
Disease
which
took
them
in
the
Mouth
,
and
hindred
them
from
eating
.
Lifeland
was
ceded
entirely
by
Poland
,
as
we
have
said
,
except
Dunembourg
.
It
was
formerly
the
order
of
the
Knights
Sword-Bearers
;
but
under
Pope
Gregory
the
9th
this
Order
was
united
to
that
of
the
Teutons
,
or
Cross-Bearers
.
The
Polanders
and
Muscovites
had
it
afterwards
in
possession
.
The
Dutchy
of
Courland
,
has
its
Duke
of
the
Family
of
Ketler
,
who
does
Homage
to
Poland
.
It
is
a
remnant
of
the
great
Mastership
of
the
above
mentioned
order
.
Riga
is
the
Capital
Town
of
Lifeland
.
The
Germans
,
English
and
Hollanders
,
trade
much
to
that
Town
in
Summer-time
,
while
the
Sea
is
navigable
.
In
the
Winter
its
Inhabitants
traffick
into
Muscovy
by
means
of
their
t●aineaux
.
It
is
in
a
Plain
upon
the
River
de
Dune
,
which
in
that
place
is
a
quarter
of
a
League
in
breadth
:
Its
Fortifications
consist
in
six
regular
Bastions
,
in
several
half
Moons
freezed
,
and
in
Counterscarps
pallisadoed
.
The
Dune
has
so
rapid
a
Stream
and
often
whirles
along
so
much
Ice
,
that
it
sometimes
changes
its
course
from
Riga
as
far
as
Dunemund
.
In
the
Year
1656.
I
saw
an
Army
of
an
hundred
thousand
Muscovites
wast
and
moulder
away
before
that
Town
,
which
gloriously
repulsed
their
efforts
.
Revel
has
the
Direction
of
the
Commerce
from
Lifeland
unto
Muscovy
.
Nerva
is
a
strong
place
which
bestows
its
Name
upon
a
neighbouring
River
,
wherein
the
brave
Pontus
de
la
Gardie
was
drowned
,
after
Sueden
was
obliged
to
him
for
many
of
its
best
Conquests
.
By
the
late
Treaties
between
the
Crowns
of
Sueden
and
of
Poland
,
the
exercise
of
both
the
Catholique
and
Protestant
Religion
is
allowed
of
in
Lifeland
,
as
well
as
in
Curland
and
Prussia
.
The
Isle
of
Gotland
,
the
greatest
of
the
Isles
of
the
Baltick
Sea
,
accompanied
with
five
or
six
Havens
,
belongs
to
the
Crown
of
Sueden
.
Several
of
its
Rocks
have
ancient
Gothick
Characters
.
It
s
City
of
Wisby
still
preserves
Marbles
and
Houses
which
have
Doors
of
Iron
and
Brass
,
either
washt
with
Silver
,
or
guilt
with
Gold
;
which
speaks
its
ancient
Grandure
.
This
Town
did
formerly
establish
Laws
for
the
Navigation
of
the
Baltick
Sea
,
and
gave
beginning
to
Sea
Maps
.
Of
Poland
.
POland
,
which
was
formerly
but
a
part
of
Sarmatia
,
is
now
the
Kingdom
of
Europe
,
of
the
greatest
extent
.
It
is
in
length
,
comprehending
therein
Lithuania
,
above
three
hundred
Leagues
;
and
almost
as
large
in
breadth
.
It
is
fertile
in
Rye
,
Wax
and
Honey
,
rich
in
Furrs
,
whereof
the
finest
are
brought
thither
from
Hungary
.
They
digg
salt
near
Cracow
in
famous
salt-Pits
,
which
form
under
ground
a
kind
of
City
.
They
bake
it
in
little
Russia
,
and
the
Sun
makes
it
in
Podolia
.
This
Kingdom
has
the
conveniency
both
of
the
Baltick
and
Black
Sea
;
but
the
neighbouring
Princes
hinder
the
Polanders
from
making
use
of
them
to
any
great
purpose
.
The
Rivers
of
Vistula
,
Niemen
and
Dune
fall
into
the
Baltick
Sea
;
the
Boristenes
,
the
Bog
,
the
Niester
into
the
Black
Sea
.
The
Vistula
passes
by
the
noblest
City
of
this
Kingdom
.
The
Mouths
of
the
Boristhenes
are
possessed
by
the
Turk
,
who
in
the
Year
1672
received
the
Ukrain
into
his
protection
,
after
having
subdued
Podolia
by
the
sacking
of
Caminiec
.
The
Kingdom
of
Poland
is
Elective
the
only
one
of
Europe
,
where
the
Inhabitants
have
kept
the
right
of
choosing
a
Prince
.
The
government
is
that
of
an
Aristocratical
Monarchy
,
wherein
the
Senators
have
so
much
Authority
,
that
when
they
mention
the
State
,
they
say
the
Kingdom
and
Republick
of
Poland
.
The
Senate
is
composed
of
Archbishhops
,
Bishops
,
Pallatines
,
Principal
Castellins
,
and
the
great
Officers
of
the
Kingdom
.
The
King
,
like
that
of
Bees
,
can
do
no
mischief
to
his
Subjects
;
that
is
to
say
,
he
cannot
in
any
wise
act
against
any
of
the
Nobility
without
the
consent
of
the
Senators
,
and
he
can
do
'em
a
great
deal
of
good
on
his
own
part
;
by
bestowing
on
them
vacant
places
.
His
Person
and
his
Dignity
are
so
considered
,
that
it
has
not
been
known
that
ever
any
attempt
was
made
upon
any
Kings
Life
of
his
Predecessors
.
Before
the
Emperor
Otho
the
3d.
there
were
only
Princes
in
this
State
,
that
Emperour
recalled
the
Tribute
which
Poland
paid
the
Empire
.
Warsaw
is
the
usual
place
of
election
,
and
of
the
general
Dyets
;
Cracow
that
of
the
Coronation
of
the
Kings
.
The
Archbishop
of
Gnesne
Primate
of
the
Kingdom
,
performs
this
Coronation
,
and
has
almost
the
whole
Authority
during
the
Interregnum
;
for
then
he
presides
in
the
Senate
,
and
gives
Audience
to
Embassadors
.
He
contests
the
Presidence
with
Cardinals
;
for
which
reason
there
are
three
Orders
;
the
Church
,
the
Nobility
,
and
the
third
Estate
,
which
comprehends
all
those
which
are
not
Noble
.
The
Nobility
is
so
numerous
in
this
Realm
,
that
Poland
is
called
the
Kingdom
of
the
Nobles
.
In
the
Dyets
the
Nuncio's
,
who
are
the
Deputies
of
the
lesser
Nobility
,
or
Gentry
of
the
Provinces
,
do
often
oversway
the
rest
of
the
Dyet
.
But
one
amongst
'em
has
sometimes
the
Authority
to
cause
a
whole
general
Dyet
to
be
broke
up
by
a
Protestation
.
As
the
Catholick
Religion
is
observed
in
this
Realm
,
so
the
Bishops
have
the
first
rank
after
the
King
,
then
the
Palatines
and
the
Castellains
.
The
Castellains
of
Cracow
is
above
the
Palaine
of
the
same
name
,
because
that
formerly
the
Chastellain
behaved
himself
more
valiantly
than
did
the
Palatine
,
in
defence
of
the
Kingdom
:
also
does
he
wear
a
Royal
Crown
at
the
anointing
of
his
Majesty
;
at
which
Ceremony
he
precedes
all
the
other
Secular
Senators
:
The
Palatine
of
Cracow
carries
the
Scepter
.
The
Archbishop
of
Gnesne
and
of
Leopold
,
have
under
them
sixteen
or
seventeeen
Bishops
,
as
well
within
as
without
the
Kingdom
.
There
be
three
other
Schismaticks
in
black
Russia
,
who
first
of
all
acknowledge
him
of
Kiou
,
and
then
the
Greek
Patriarch
of
Constantinople
.
There
is
in
this
State
several
other
Sects
.
Here
Gentlemen
are
equall
,
the
distinction
,
and
precedence
proceeding
only
from
the
publick
Offices
they
stand
possess'd
of
:
they
serve
at
their
own
costs
in
time
of
Wars
,
but
do
not
stay
long
in
the
Campagne
.
Their
infantry
is
commonly
compos'd
of
Forreigners
.
The
Garments
of
the
Polanders
are
long
,
have
their
Beards
shaved
off
their
Chins
,
only
one
Tuff
of
Hair
upon
their
Heads
,
upon
the
occasion
of
Casimir
the
first
,
one
of
their
Kings
,
whom
they
took
out
of
a
Cloister
he
was
in
in
France
,
to
place
him
upon
their
Throne
.
They
are
almost
all
handsome
,
well
shaped
,
well
proportioned
,
knowing
for
the
most
part
the
Latin
Tongue
.
The
use
of
Spices
is
very
common
,
and
with
them
in
great
request
;
they
misuse
their
Peasants
,
in
consequence
,
of
the
absolute
Power
they
have
over
them
;
which
certainly
did
occasion
the
revolt
of
the
Cossaques
,
and
afterwards
all
the
disorders
of
the
Kingdom
.
Their
Cavalary
is
so
considerable
,
that
if
they
were
well
united
,
they
might
bring
into
the
Field
a
hundred
thousand
Horse
:
The
confidence
they
have
therein
,
and
the
fear
of
rendring
a
King
or
Citizens
too
powerful
,
have
inclined
them
in
all
times
to
neglect
their
Fortresses
.
Their
usual
Arms
are
their
Cimiter
,
the
Sword
,
the
Battel
Ax
,
Carabine
and
Arrows
.
The
Cossaques
have
ever
formed
a
Militia
,
and
not
a
particular
Nation
.
At
the
first
they
were
Volunteers
,
making
incursions
upon
the
Turks
and
the
lesser
Tartars
;
these
last
call
them
by
the
Name
of
Roux
,
because
their
Country
makes
a
part
of
Russia
.
King
Battori
reduced
them
into
a
Body
,
and
joyned
thereto
two
thousand
Horse
,
to
whom
he
appointed
the
fourth
part
of
the
Revenue
of
his
Demesne
,
for
which
reasons
they
were
called
Quartians
.
They
have
power
of
choosing
and
of
deposing
their
General
,
who
takes
an
Oath
of
Fidelity
to
their
King
.
Their
number
was
first
of
all
six
thousand
,
afterwards
forty
thoufull
sand
,
and
now
since
twenty
thousand
.
Their
abode
is
in
the
lower
parts
of
Volhinia
,
and
of
Podolia
,
which
is
called
Ukrain
,
that
is
to
say
Frontier
.
This
Country
is
by
much
the
most
fertile
,
and
the
best
inhabited
of
all
Poland
;
so
many
fortified
Buroughs
have
been
there
made
since
the
beginning
of
this
Age
,
and
so
full
is
it
of
Inhabitants
,
that
in
the
late
Wars
there
were
reckoned
at
the
same
time
two
hundred
thousand
Cossaques
,
besides
a
hundred
and
fourscore
thousand
Tartars
,
and
as
many
Polanders
in
Arms.
There
be
Cossaques
who
have
their
retreats
in
some
Isles
of
the
Boristhenes
,
which
is
not
Navigable
by
reason
of
the
Cataracts
or
falls
,
which
they
call
Porowis
.
Their
Custom
was
formerly
to
put
to
Sea
with
several
light
Ships
,
and
to
go
plunder
the
Coasts
of
the
Grand
Seignior
upon
the
Black
Sea
.
Since
they
confederated
with
the
lesser
Tartars
,
and
have
likewise
courted
the
Protection
of
the
Muscovite
,
and
that
of
the
Grand
Seignior
,
who
gave
them
in
his
name
a
Prince
for
the
Ukrain
,
insomuch
that
we
may
say
that
the
Felony
of
the
Cossaques
,
the
Irruption
of
the
Suedes
under
Carolus
Gustavus
,
the
Tumults
and
Irresoluon
of
the
Muscovites
,
the
continual
harassings
of
the
lesser
Tartars
,
the
Invasion
of
Ragotski
Prince
of
Transilvania
,
the
defection
of
several
Provinces
,
the
Insurrections
of
the
whole
Armies
of
Poland
and
Lithuania
,
the
different
Factions
of
the
Kingdom
,
and
the
Caballs
of
the
Neighbouring
Nations
to
have
a
King
Elected
,
have
given
a
rude
shock
to
this
Crown
.
And
this
was
what
really
moved
the
Grand
Seignior
to
make
war
upon
this
Realm
after
the
taking
of
Candia
.
Poland
has
ten
great
parts
,
four
towards
the
West
,
upon
the
Vistula
,
Poland
,
Mazovia
,
Gujavia
,
Royal
Prussia
;
six
towards
the
East
on
the
West
of
the
Boristhenes
,
Lithuania
,
Samogitia
,
Polachia
,
Lesser
Russia
,
Volhinia
,
Podolia
.
These
Provinces
have
been
acquired
for
the
most
part
either
by
Arms
,
or
Allyances
.
They
are
divided
into
Palatinates
,
the
Palatinates
into
Chastellenies
,
the
Chastellenies
into
Capitanies
.
The
Government
of
the
Places
are
called
Starostyes
.
Besides
these
Provinces
,
there
is
a
part
of
Muscovy
which
has
been
yielded
to
Poland
in
the
year
1634.
after
that
King
Ladislaus
the
4th
,
being
yet
but
Prince
,
had
the
year
foregoing
gloriously
relieved
the
City
of
Smolensko
,
and
reduced
to
extremity
an
Army
of
an
hundred
thousand
Muscovites
,
who
were
all
constrained
to
ask
his
pardon
as
their
Prince
,
to
save
their
Lives
.
This
Treaty
which
is
called
of
Viasma
,
acquired
to
Poland
,
Smolensko
,
Novogrodeck
,
Sovierski
,
Gzernihou
,
and
other
places
;
and
by
that
same
Treaty
the
King
of
Poland
renounced
his
pretensions
upon
Muscovy
.
The
Truce
of
13
years
concluded
on
the
14th
of
February
in
the
year
1667.
left
the
Grand
Duke
of
Muscovy
in
possession
of
Smolensko
,
until
a
certain
term
,
as
well
as
in
part
of
the
Ukrain
on
the
East
of
the
Boristhenes
,
and
procured
the
restoration
of
Dunembourg
,
Polosk
and
Vitepski
to
the
Crown
of
Poland
.
Poland
,
the
most
populous
of
all
the
Provinces
,
is
divided
into
High
and
Low
;
In
the
former
is
Cracow
,
where
the
Coronations
of
the
Kings
and
Queens
are
performed
,
and
where
is
a
great
number
of
Germans
,
Italians
and
Jews
.
Of
Cracow
was
the
Popish
Bishop
,
St.
Stanislaus
,
who
was
killed
by
order
of
King
Bogislaus
.
Upon
the
Confines
of
Silesia
,
stands
the
City
of
Czentochow
,
with
the
Cloister
of
our
Lady
of
Clermount
,
a
place
extraordinary
strong
,
which
the
Suedes
did
twice
besiege
in
vain
in
the
year
1655
and
1656.
Low
Poland
,
though
much
smaller
than
the
Higher
,
is
called
Great
,
because
it
makes
part
of
the
Kingdom
rather
than
the
other
.
It
s
City
of
Gnesne
is
ancient
,
the
abode
of
the
first
Princes
.
It
was
so
called
upon
the
account
of
an
Eagles
Nest
that
was
there
found
when
it
was
built
;
and
which
gave
occasion
to
the
Arms
of
Poland
which
art
Gules
,
an
Eagle-Argent
Crowned
,
beaked
and
Armed
,
Or
,
bound
under
the
Wings
with
a
Ribbon
of
the
same
.
The
Province
of
Mazovia
alone
has
full
thirty
thousand
Gentlemen
.
Narsan
is
the
Capital
thereof
,
and
of
all
the
Kingdom
too
,
with
a
Castle
,
the
Kings
usual
abode
,
Gujavia
has
the
City
of
Uladislau
,
where
the
Houses
are
built
of
Brick
,
which
is
somewhat
extraordinary
in
Poland
.
It
has
also
the
Lake
of
Goblo
,
from
whence
issued
the
Rats
that
eat
King
Popiel
.
Prussia
which
is
of
two
sorts
,
Regal
and
Ducal
,
has
a
great
number
of
Cities
,
which
were
built
by
the
Knights
of
the
Teutonique
Order
.
Its
Lakes
and
Sea
Coast
furnish
abundance
of
Amber
.
Nariembourg
is
strong
;
Toren
the
Birthplace
of
the
Copernicus
,
drives
a
great
Trade
,
with
a
fine
Bridge
of
Wood
over
the
Vistule
.
Dantzick
one
of
the
four
Capital
Hanse-Towns
,
drives
all
the
Trade
of
Poland
,
and
has
not
its
like
upon
all
the
Baltick
Sea
;
It
is
free
,
and
has
right
of
sending
to
the
States
of
the
Kingdom
.
The
King
of
Poland
has
there
some
Rights
.
The
City
of
Elbiens
disputes
with
it
the
Precedence
in
the
States
of
Prussia
.
The
generous
resolution
of
its
Citizens
to
maintain
the
Authority
of
their
King
against
the
Suedes
,
without
being
prevail'd
with
to
accept
the
Neutrality
,
was
the
cause
of
the
preservation
of
the
whole
Realm
under
King
Gasimir
.
Lithuania
is
the
greatest
Province
of
those
which
compose
the
States
of
the
Crown
of
Poland
.
It
has
the
title
of
the
Great
Dutchy
,
wherein
there
is
still
at
this
day
as
many
Chief
Officers
,
as
in
the
Kingdom
of
Poland
,
and
of
three
General
Dyets
of
the
States
,
one
is
to
be
held
in
Lithuania
.
This
Countrey
is
so
full
of
Marshes
and
of
Boggs
,
that
there
is
no
travelling
there
but
in
Winter
,
and
that
by
means
of
the
Ice
.
Vilna
its
Capital
City
contains
so
many
sorts
of
Religions
,
that
there
is
not
a
City
in
the
World
where
God
is
praised
in
more
several
manners
.
There
be
reckoned
three
Sabbaths
,
that
of
ours
,
that
of
the
Turks
,
which
is
Friday
,
that
of
the
Jews
which
is
Saturday
.
Samogitia
is
a
Country
where
the
Inhabitants
live
very
poorly
.
Polachia
communicates
its
name
to
the
Polanders
,
who
call
themselves
Polaques
,
as
being
descended
from
Lechus
their
first
Prince
.
Lesser
Russia
has
several
other
names
.
It
is
called
Black
by
reason
of
its
Woods
;
Red
by
reason
of
the
Colour
of
its
Earth
:
Southern
by
reason
of
its
scituation
towards
the
South
.
Leopold
which
put
a
stop
to
the
progresses
of
the
Turks
,
is
the
principal
City
thereof
,
Samoski
the
strongest
.
Volhinia
has
for
its
Capital
Kiou
,
an
ancient
City
upon
the
Boristhenes
,
where
the
Cossaques
have
had
often
their
Retreats
.
It
is
now
in
the
hands
of
the
Muscovite
,
who
makes
a
scruple
of
restoring
it
to
the
Polanders
.
Podolia
has
Gaminiec
,
a
Fortress
which
formerly
resisted
the
Armies
of
the
Turks
,
of
the
lesser
Tartars
,
of
the
Transilvanians
,
of
the
Walachians
,
and
which
at
length
submitted
to
the
Armies
of
the
Grand
Seignior
in
the
year
1672.
Ducal
Prussia
,
wherein
stands
Konigsberg
,
belongs
to
the
Elector
of
Brandenburg
,
who
now
possesses
its
Soveraignty
,
and
independantly
on
Poland
.
This
City
is
so
much
the
greater
,
in
that
it
contains
two
others
in
one
and
the
same
compass
of
Walls
.
Pilau
and
Memel
are
two
Maritime
Fortresses
,
the
most
important
of
this
State
.
There
it
was
the
Elector
caused
Frigats
four
years
ago
to
be
fitted
out
,
which
have
very
much
incommoded
the
Commerce
of
the
Subjects
of
Spain
.
Gourland
is
a
Dutchy
whose
Duke
of
the
House
of
Ketler
,
does
Homage
to
the
Crown
of
Poland
.
His
Residence
is
at
Mitaw
.
Of
Muscovy
.
THis
is
the
vastest
Country
of
all
Europe
,
stiled
formerly
Sarmatia
,
now
Muscovy
.
It
is
called
Great
and
White
Russia
,
from
the
name
of
the
ancient
Roxolan
People
,
and
upon
the
account
of
its
great
extent
,
and
of
the
Snow
,
which
so
covers
the
Ground
near
two
thirds
of
the
year
,
that
to
Travel
there
at
that
time
,
one
would
have
occasion
to
veil
ones
Eyes
with
black
Crape
,
so
as
formerly
Xenophon
made
his
Souldiers
do
in
the
retreat
of
the
ten
thousand
Greeks
.
The
Soyl
of
Muscovy
is
cold
,
humid
,
full
of
Woods
and
Bogs
,
which
make
it
little
inhabited
.
What
makes
it
believed
that
it
is
better
populated
than
it
really
is
,
is
that
the
Country
People
by
express
order
,
go
to
the
avenues
of
the
Citties
,
through
which
the
Embassadours
of
forreign
Princes
pass
.
The
cold
there
does
often
hinder
the
Corn
from
coming
to
its
perfection
.
It
is
there
sometimes
so
violent
,
that
the
Earth
is
wholly
opened
by
it
;
the
Inhabitants
find
it
no
extraordinary
matter
to
see
their
Nose
,
Ears
and
Feet
frozen
;
they
only
sow
in
them
parts
in
the
Month
of
June
;
the
heats
of
July
and
of
August
do
visibly
forward
the
Harvest
.
The
Muscovites
do
not
willingly
afford
the
entrance
of
their
Countrey
to
other
Nations
;
they
care
not
to
know
any
other
Tongues
than
their
own
;
they
only
have
their
Children
taught
to
write
and
read
,
that
is
sufficient
to
be
a
Doctor
.
They
take
for
their
Sirname
the
proper
Name
of
their
Father
;
they
write
upon
Roles
of
Paper
cut
into
Welts
and
glued
together
,
to
the
length
of
twenty
or
five
and
twenty
Yards
;
they
reckon
the
first
day
of
the
Month
of
September
for
the
first
of
the
Year
:
they
wear
long
Garments
,
and
put
their
Girdle
below
their
Belly
.
Their
Collations
are
performed
with
the
Bread
of
Spices
,
of
Brandy
and
of
Honey
.
The
Peasants
have
recourse
to
somewhat
an
extraordinary
means
for
the
securing
themselves
from
the
quartering
of
Souldiers
;
they
provoke
and
set
upon
them
their
Bees
.
The
Office
of
Executioner
is
not
dishonourable
amongst
the
Muscovites
.
od
,
●ir
Armies
are
offten
of
a
hundred
and
two
hundred
thousand
Men.
They
are
divided
into
five
Bodies
,
as
ours
are
into
three
.
Boris
Foederowits
Great
Duke
of
Muscovy
,
towards
the
beginning
of
this
age
,
saw
himself
in
the
Head
of
an
Army
of
three
hundred
thousand
Men.
Alexis
Michaelowits
after
the
defeat
of
Stepan
Radzin
,
had
no
less
considerable
Army
,
when
the
Desiign
was
to
hinder
the
Progress
of
the
Turks
.
The
Infantry
is
there
in
more
esteem
than
the
Cavalry
;
It
sustains
well
a
Siege
,
and
suffers
patiently
all
imaginable
hardship
rather
than
yield
;
which
it
did
in
our
time
in
the
Castle
of
Vilna
,
and
in
the
Fortress
of
Noteburg
.
As
for
besieging
of
a
Town
,
the
Muscovites
understand
nothing
at
all
of
that
Art
,
which
they
have
made
evident
before
Smolensko
in
1633.
before
Riga
in
the
year
1656.
before
Azac
in
the
year
1673.
Their
Forts
are
commonly
of
Wood
and
of
Earth
upon
the
sinuosities
of
Rivers
or
else
in
Lakes
.
The
greatest
strength
of
the
State
consists
in
forreign
Troops
;
and
good
pay
and
Pensions
are
given
to
the
Officers
when
they
have
occasion
for
them
.
The
Prince
has
the
Title
of
the
Great
Duke
,
says
he
is
discended
from
Augustus
;
stiles
himself
Grand
Tzaar
or
Gzar
,
that
is
to
say
,
Gaesar
and
Emperour
.
The
Habiliments
he
is
bound
to
wear
,
make
him
appear
like
a
Prelate
.
When
the
Ministers
of
Forreign
Princes
are
to
treat
with
his
Embassadours
,
they
have
all
the
pain
imaginable
to
agree
upon
his
Titles
by
reason
of
his
extraordinary
Pretensions
.
In
the
year
1654.
for
the
making
war
in
Poland
,
and
for
supporting
the
Rebel
Gosaques
;
thener
at
Duke
took
for
Pretext
,
that
some
Polisheek
●ords
had
not
given
him
his
due
Titles
,
and
that
they
had
caused
to
be
printed
in
Poland
Books
to
his
disadvantage
.
One
of
the
two
present
Zars
Predecessours
,
was
so
cruel
,
as
to
cause
an
Italian
Embassadours
Hat
to
be
nailed
to
his
Head
,
for
that
he
had
put
it
on
in
his
Presence
.
His
Government
is
Despotick
;
the
Muscovites
call
themselves
Slaves
,
and
he
calls
them
out
of
conrempt
,
by
a
diminutive
Name
,
little
John
,
little
Peter
;
his
will
alone
is
the
Rule
of
his
Subjects
,
who
hold
themselves
certain
that
the
will
of
God
and
of
the
Grand
Duke
,
are
immutable
.
The
Zarrs
Treasures
are
said
to
be
great
,
he
shuts
up
the
most
he
can
of
Gold
and
Silver
in
his
Fortresses
of
Bioliczero
and
Vologde
,
and
only
makes
his
Presents
and
his
Payments
in
Skins
and
Fish
,
or
in
giving
some
Hides
or
Cloaths
of
Gold
.
They
have
in
esteem
the
Corn
of
Resan
and
of
Volodimere
,
the
Hides
of
Jaroslau
,
the
Wax
and
Honey
of
Plescou
,
the
Suet
of
Vologde
,
The
Oyl
of
the
Country
about
the
Wolga
,
the
Flax
and
Hemp
of
great
Novogorod
,
the
Pitch
of
Duvine
,
the
Salt
of
Astracan
,
the
Sables
and
other
Furrs
of
Siberia
,
where
the
Hunters
have
the
dexterity
to
hit
the
Beast
upon
its
Nose
,
for
the
having
the
Spoils
entire
.
The
Country
bordering
upon
the
lesser
Tartars
is
wholly
Desart
by
the
incursions
of
those
People
who
go
thither
to
make
Slaves
to
sell
them
in
the
Crim
,
from
,
whence
they
are
led
to
Constantinople
;
as
there
are
very
handsom
Women
amongst
those
slaves
,
they
ever
meet
with
Chapmen
who
take
them
off
their
hands
.
The
Palisado'd
Hedges
of
Wood
,
and
the
Ditch
that
was
made
a
hundred
Leagues
in
length
,
have
not
been
capable
to
stop
those
Incursions
.
They
have
treated
the
Russians
with
so
many
indignities
in
the
foregoing
ages
,
that
besides
the
Tribute
,
the
Prince
of
Muscovy
was
bound
to
light
off
his
Horse
before
the
Embassadour
of
Tartary
,
to
offer
him
a
Dish
of
Milck
,
to
lick
up
what
by
chance
might
fall
upon
the
Horses
Crest
,
to
keep
standing
and
bare
headed
,
the
Tartar
being
seated
.
The
Religion
of
the
Muscovite
is
little
different
from
that
of
the
Greeks
,
all
their
Images
are
in
Board
Pictures
;
St.
Nicholas
is
the
Protectour
of
their
Nation
,
they
have
seldom
any
Festivals
but
on
the
day
of
the
Blessed
Virgins
Anunciation
;
they
have
at
Mosco
a
Patriarch
the
head
of
their
Religion
,
three
Archbishops
and
Metropolitans
at
Rosthou
,
at
Susdal
,
and
at
Great
Novogorode
,
Bishop
of
Wologda
,
Resan
,
Susdal
,
Tuvere
,
Tobelesca
,
Astracan
,
Casan
,
Plescou
,
Colomna
and
almost
in
all
the
Provinces
of
the
Great
Duke
,
where
they
are
chosen
out
of
the
Body
of
the
Monks
.
The
Muscovites
have
this
good
property
,
as
they
do
not
constrain
any
body
for
Religion
:
they
hate
the
Roman
Catholicks
,
because
of
the
excesses
committed
by
the
Polanders
,
when
they
rendred
themselves
Masters
of
Moscow
in
the
year
1611.
There
be
still
some
Idolaters
towards
the
North.
Muscovy
is
divided
into
two
parts
Southern
and
Northern
,
the
former
towards
the
Wolga
,
the
latter
towares
the
Duvine
,
which
Wolga
the
greatest
River
of
Europe
,
falls
into
the
Caspian
Sea
,
after
having
run
a
course
of
about
seven
hundred
Leagues
.
The
Duvine
which
waters
the
most
trading
Towns
of
Muscovy
,
empties
it self
by
six
or
seven
Mouths
into
the
Gulph
of
St.
Nicholas
,
which
is
called
the
White
Sea
,
by
reason
of
the
Snow
of
the
Country
thereabouts
.
The
Dom
which
seperates
Europe
from
Asia
has
its
beginning
a
hundred
Leagues
from
its
end
;
its
Course
is
about
six
hundred
Leagues
,
first
towards
the
East
,
afterwards
towards
the
West
;
the
conjunction
of
these
three
Rivers
was
formerly
proposed
for
the
communication
of
the
principal
Seas
of
our
Continent
,
that
is
to
say
for
the
facillitating
the
Commerce
of
the
Ocean
,
Mediterranean
and
Caspian
Seas
.
But
this
design
did
not
succeed
by
reason
of
the
divers
Interests
of
the
Neighbouring
Princes
.
The
Rivers
of
Muscovy
have
this
in
particular
,
that
they
have
not
any
Carps
.
There
be
few
good
Towns
in
all
those
Parts
,
they
are
not
paved
,
some
that
are
boarded
with
Wood
,
nor
walled
for
the
most
part
,
the
Lands
being
till'd
and
plow'd
between
the
streets
:
the
Houses
below
made
of
Wood
and
Mud
;
in
the
Markets
their
Houses
are
to
be
sold
,
wholly
prepared
,
and
ready
to
be
set
up
.
There
often
happen
Fires
by
reason
of
that
combustible
matter
,
which
is
easily
lighted
and
enflamed
by
the
number
of
Candles
that
are
lighted
before
the
Images
,
and
which
the
Muscovites
,
who
are
commonly
drunk
,
do
not
take
care
to
extinguish
.
Mosco
the
Capital
City
,
and
the
Residence
of
the
Great
Duke
seems
rather
a
heap
of
several
Boroughs
,
than
a
good
City
.
It
has
had
forty
thousand
Houses
,
but
has
less
since
,
it
has
been
pillaged
at
divers
times
by
the
lesser
Tartars
,
by
the
Polanders
,
and
since
the
late
burning
down
of
most
part
of
its
Houses
.
It
s
two
Castles
were
built
by
Italian
Ingeniers
after
the
Model
of
that
of
Milan
.
Volodimere
the
Residence
of
the
Prince
before
that
of
Moscow
,
is
in
the
most
fertile
part
of
all
Muscovy
,
accompanied
with
a
Castle
.
The
Rivers
of
Moscow
and
of
Occa
furnish
the
Inhabitants
of
Moscow
with
the
means
of
making
their
Merchandize
descend
upon
the
Volga
.
The
lesser
Novogorod
is
the
last
City
of
Europe
towards
the
East
.
Plescou
is
well
fortifyed
,
as
being
a
Bulwark
against
the
Polanders
and
the
Suedes
.
Great
Novogorod
was
one
of
the
four
Magazines
of
the
Hanse-Towns
,
and
a
Town
so
rich
and
puissant
,
that
it
was
formerly
a
saying
of
its
Citizens
,
that
nothing
could
oppose
God
or
great
Novogorod
.
In
the
year
1577.
the
Great
Duke
took
it
,
and
is
said
to
have
carried
away
from
thence
three
hundred
Waggons
loaded
with
Gold
and
Silver
.
It
is
still
at
this
day
a
Town
of
great
Commerce
.
Archangel
or
St.
Michael
the
Archangel
is
the
staple
of
all
Muscovy
,
by
reason
of
its
Sea-Port
.
The
Customs
there
mount
to
above
six
hundred
thousand
Crowns
a
year
.
This
place
was
both
first
discovered
and
first
frequented
by
the
English
Ships
,
but
have
been
followed
by
other
Nations
of
Europe
.
Before
,
the
Commerce
of
Muscovy
was
carryed
on
by
passing
through
the
Sound
,
and
resorting
to
Nerva
;
the
great
Impositions
laid
upon
Merchandize
by
the
Princes
through
whose
Territories
they
were
to
pass
,
have
made
Merchants
abandon
that
way
.
St.
Nicholas
drives
also
a
great
Trade
at
the
entrance
of
the
Duvin
these
are
the
only
good
.
Places
of
the
Grea
Duke
upon
the
Ocean
.
Colmogorod
is
noted
for
the
faires
that
are
held
there
in
Winter
.
The
Duvine
there
receives
great
Ships
.
Oustioug
is
in
the
Center
of
the
Countrey
,
where
its
traffick
is
pretty
considerable
by
means
of
its
Scituation
at
the
meeting
of
two
Rivers
.
The
Interest
of
the
Great
Duke
of
Muscovy
would
be
to
have
a
place
upon
the
Baltick
Sea
,
for
the
Cannons
,
Muskets
and
other
ammunition
of
War
which
he
has
brought
him
from
Hamburgh
and
Lubeck
,
are
conveyed
by
the
North
of
Norway
with
extraordinary
pain
and
trouble
.
Besides
,
the
White
Sea
has
Banks
and
Rocks
at
its
entrance
;
the
Snow
thaw'd
and
melted
,
and
the
Torrents
which
augment
it
in
the
Spring
,
carry
its
Waters
with
such
impetuosity
,
that
the
Ships
can
hardly
enter
therein
:
true
it
is
that
abundance
of
Salmon
are
taken
there
.
Kola
and
Pitzora
in
Lapland
receive
Merchants
Ships
.
As
concerning
the
Conquest
of
the
Great
Duke
in
Asiatick
Tartary
,
there
is
principally
Astracan
and
Casan
with
Titles
of
Kingdoms
,
and
the
Hurdes
of
Zavolha
and
Nagaia
:
Astracan
towards
the
Mouth
of
the
Wolga
drives
a
great
traffick
upon
the
Caspian
Sea
.
In
this
Country
is
the
Plant
Zoophite
which
resembles
a
Lamb
;
it
eats
the
Herbs
round
about
its
Root
,
and
if
it
be
cut
it
casts
forth
a
red
Liquor
like
to
bloud
;
the
Wolves
devour
it
with
as
much
greediness
and
avidity
as
if
it
were
a
Sheep
.
Locomoria
towards
the
Obi
,
has
Inhabitants
which
be
said
to
be
frozen
up
six
months
of
the
year
,
because
that
during
a
that
time
they
dwell
in
Tents
environed
and
covered
with
Snow
,
and
do
not
stir
out
from
thence
until
it
be
thaw'd
and
melted
away
.
The
Samoiedes
are
seldom
above
four
foot
tall
:
they
are
said
to
have
a
very
broad
Face
,
little
Eyes
,
the
head
on
one
side
is
much
greater
than
the
proportion
of
the
Body
does
require
it
,
short
Legs
,
extraordinary
great
Feet
,
because
they
seem
so
in
the
Skins
of
Animals
they
cloath
themselves
with
,
and
the
stuff
whereof
they
make
their
shoes
;
they
wear
those
Skins
in
such
manner
,
that
in
Winter
they
turn
the
hairy
side
inwards
,
and
wear
it
outwards
in
Summer
:
to
sow
them
they
have
the
bones
of
Fish
,
and
the
Nerves
of
Animals
instead
of
Needles
and
thread
;
they
have
the
best
Archers
in
the
World
.
The
Tingoeses
express
their
thoughts
better
with
their
Throats
than
with
their
Tongues
.
Those
People
inhabit
Siberia
a
Province
which
furnishes
the
finest
and
richest
Furrs
;
the
Malefactours
of
Moscovy
are
transported
thither
,
and
such
Noble
Men
as
are
out
of
Favour
with
the
Prince
.
The
River
Pesida
is
the
bound
of
it
towards
the
East
;
they
have
not
yet
ventured
to
go
beyond
it
,
though
they
have
seen
there
several
Horses
and
other
things
,
which
make
some
believe
that
it
is
a
Country
as
considerable
as
Cathai
,
which
cannot
be
very
far
distance
from
it
.
Of
the
Empire
of
the
Turks
.
ALl
the
Territories
of
the
Emperour
of
the
Turks
,
otherwise
called
the
Grand-Seignior
,
are
generally
known
under
the
Name
of
Turkey
.
This
Name
is
made
to
come
from
that
of
Turchestan
one
of
the
Regions
of
great
Tartary
,
from
whence
they
went
out
Shepherds
,
who
setled
themselves
first
of
all
in
Natolia
,
and
afterwards
divided
themselves
into
several
Cantons
under
divers
Chiefs
.
Ottoman
one
of
those
Chiefs
govern'd
so
prudently
,
and
was
accompanyed
with
such
success
,
that
after
the
death
of
Aladin
one
of
the
Princes
of
the
Country
,
he
remained
Master
of
Bithinia
,
of
Cappadocia
,
and
gave
beginning
to
that
great
Empire
about
the
year
1300.
His
Successors
have
been
to
the
number
of
twenty
two
,
their
Residence
was
first
of
all
at
Burse
in
Natolia
,
at
Adrianople
,
and
at
last
at
Constantinople
in
Romania
.
They
have
caused
to
be
built
in
those
Cities
their
stately
Pallaces
,
which
they
call
Serraglios
.
Most
of
the
Turkish
Emperours
hitherto
have
seldom
stirred
out
from
thence
but
to
the
Army
,
or
on
Progress
;
they
commonly
spend
their
dayes
with
Children
,
Women
,
Eunuchs
,
Mutes
and
Dwarfs
:
their
finest
Sultanesses
are
Captives
,
or
those
who
proceed
from
the
most
Beautiful
Persons
which
are
kept
at
Constantinople
as
breeding
Horses
,
after
that
the
lesser
Tartars
,
who
are
the
Turks
Hunters
have
brought
them
thither
.
These
Emperours
make
a
Conscience
of
spending
what
they
exact
from
the
People
otherwise
than
in
War
;
they
have
a
particular
Treasury
wherein
they
keep
this
Revenue
;
for
the
subsistance
of
their
Family
several
of
them
choose
a
Trade
,
which
they
actually
work
in
.
In
less
than
three
hundred
years
the
Turks
have
made
Conquests
in
Europe
,
Asia
and
Africa
,
as
considerable
as
those
of
the
Romans
,
which
took
them
up
about
eight
hundred
years
;
they
keep
so
well
what
they
acquire
,
that
it
is
hardly
possible
to
dislodge
them
from
thence
.
True
it
is
their
Provinces
are
not
Populous
like
those
of
Christendom
;
War
and
Pestilence
sweeping
away
a
great
number
of
their
Men
;
their
Lands
do
not
afford
such
great
Productions
as
formerly
,
the
Turks
being
extraordinary
lazy
,
and
too
presumptuous
to
cultivate
it
;
their
Custom
is
to
ruine
the
Citys
,
and
to
keep
only
the
most
important
Places
of
that
Frontier
:
from
whence
it
comes
,
that
most
of
the
Cities
of
Turkey
are
without
Walls
,
and
much
smaller
than
their
Suburbs
The
Turks
have
it
for
a
Proverb
,
that
their
grows
no
more
grass
where
there
Horses
have
once
fet
footing
.
The
Countrys
of
their
Empire
have
their
Quality
very
different
,
by
reason
of
their
diverse
Scituations
;
those
of
Europe
are
the
best
and
most
Beautiful
,
though
one
may
take
whole
days
Journeys
there
without
meeting
with
either
Burroughs
or
Villages
;
those
of
Asia
are
still
more
desart
.
What
is
in
Africa
is
only
inhabited
towards
the
Coast
,
and
near
the
great
Cities
.
The
Grand
Seignior
is
so
called
by
reason
of
the
absolute
Power
he
has
generally
in
all
his
Dominions
,
and
over
all
His
Subjects
,
and
not
upon
the
account
of
the
extent
of
his
Empire
,
for
there
be
Soveraigns
which
possess
much
more
Land
than
he
does
;
their
Lands
pass
from
the
Father
to
the
Children
,
these
only
enjoy
them
as
usufructuaries
and
not
as
Proprietors
.
There
be
some
Provinces
,
as
Turcomania
and
Curdistan
,
where
the
Inhabitants
have
them
in
propriety
.
There
be
no
other
Gentlemen
in
Turkey
than
the
Princes
Officers
,
who
are
obeyed
by
the
rest
of
the
People
.
His
Higness
takes
upon
him
very
extraordinary
Titles
:
Soliman
the
2d
.
said
,
that
one
of
his
smallest
Territories
was
the
Empire
of
Alexander
the
Great
.
The
Religion
of
the
Turks
is
that
of
Mahomet
,
a
Native
of
Mecca
.
There
goes
every
year
to
that
Town
a
great
Number
of
Mahometans
in
Caravans
,
each
of
thirty
or
forty
thousand
Persons
.
The
Places
of
their
Assemblies
are
Damascus
,
for
those
of
Turkey
in
Asia
,
Cairo
for
those
of
Aegypt
and
of
Constantinople
,
Zibith
,
or
Aden
,
or
Mocca
,
for
the
Indians
;
Bagdad
for
the
Persians
.
A
fifth
Caravan
there
is
,
which
is
that
of
Barbaresques
and
the
Western
of
Fez
and
Morocco
.
Amongst
other
things
which
Mahomet
setled
by
his
Law
,
he
prohibited
those
of
his
Sect
Wine
and
gaming
,
for
to
take
away
all
occasion
of
Duels
and
of
quarrel
which
might
have
arose
amongst
them
.
Nevertheless
,
tho'
during
the
encampments
there
be
abstinence
from
Wine
,
yet
amongst
ten
Turks
there
is
seldom
found
one
but
who
's
a
Drunkard
.
He
would
not
that
any
Mahometans
shoud
be
Slaves
,
for
he
who
first
received
his
Instructions
was
one
of
his
Slaves
called
Zeidin
,
whom
he
made
a
Freeman
for
that
reason
.
He
ordered
that
Prayers
should
be
said
five
times
in
the
day
,
and
that
for
a
Month
should
be
kept
a
Lent
called
Ramedan
;
fasting
is
there
observed
all
the
day
long
by
some
Turks
with
so
much
scruple
,
that
going
along
the
streets
they
wear
a
Crape
before
their
Faces
,
for
fear
that
in
breathing
they
should
swallow
a
Fly
or
a
drop
of
Rain
,
Water
or
Dust
.
They
shut
their
Teeth
on
the
same
score
,
and
dare
not
so
much
as
swallow
their
Spittle
;
they
take
each
day
for
divers
intentions
,
Friday
for
the
Musulmans
who
are
those
of
their
Law
,
Saturday
for
the
conversion
of
the
Jews
,
Sunday
for
that
of
the
Christians
,
Monday
for
the
Prophets
,
Tuesday
for
the
Priests
and
Cheiques
,
Wednesday
for
the
Dead
,
for
the
sick
,
and
for
the
Slaves
,
Thursday
for
all
the
World
.
There
be
Jews
in
Turkey
and
several
other
Sect
a
great
number
of
Catholicks
,
of
the
Religious
of
several
of
the
Roman
Orders
,
who
have
there
their
establishment
.
The
common
liquor
of
the
Turks
is
Sorbet
,
which
is
very
delicious
to
drink
;
their
Coffee
warms
and
fortifies
the
Stomack
:
When
they
make
their
greatest
Regale
,
they
give
Coffee
,
Sorbet
and
Perfumes
.
It
is
the
custom
of
presenting
the
Person
they
go
to
see
,
this
custom
is
practised
almost
through
all
the
Levant
:
their
Zizi
or
Purses
are
each
worth
eight
hundred
Piasters
,
The
Grand
Seignior
takes
a
Pride
in
cloathing
those
who
come
near
his
Person
,
to
whom
they
are
led
by
holding
them
under
the
Arms
,
since
the
assassination
of
Amurath
the
1.
The
Arabick
and
Persian
Tongues
are
there
in
esteem
,
though
the
Turks
hold
it
for
an
Honour
to
understand
no
other
than
their
own
.
All
Turkey
contains
thirty
Beglierbyats
,
which
are
as
many
general
Governments
,
on
which
depend
several
Sangiacats
,
or
particular
Governments
,
with
several
Castles
.
Natolea
at
Chioutaie
,
Caramania
at
Cogni
,
Diarbekir
,
Damaseus
,
Sivas
at
Amasie
,
Erzerum
,
Van
,
Tehilder
,
Scheherezul
,
Aleppo
,
Maras
,
Cyprus
,
Tripoli
of
Souria
,
Trebizonde
,
Kars
,
Mosul
or
Ninevah
,
Rika
:
all
this
in
Asia
.
In
Europe
there
is
Rumeli
at
Sophia
,
that
of
the
Sea
at
Gallipoli
,
Budah
,
Temesvar
,
Bosna
,
Caffa
,
Candia
.
Each
Beglerbyat
has
its
Revenue
affected
upon
its
Government
.
Those
of
Kairo
,
of
Bagdat
,
of
Lazac
,
of
Yaman
,
or
of
Aden
,
of
Abex
,
of
Bassora
have
theirs
out
of
the
Grand
Seigniors
fund
;
those
three
last
Governments
have
been
taken
from
the
Turks
.
Most
of
the
Governours
are
called
Bashaws
,
that
is
to
say
,
Chiefs
.
They
have
Rank
according
to
the
ancientness
of
the
Conquests
,
and
of
the
places
whereof
they
are
Governours
.
A
Beglierbey
has
three
Tougs
,
a
Toug
is
a
Horses
Tail
at
the
end
of
a
half
Pike
that
is
carryed
before
Him
.
A
Bashaw
has
two
,
and
a
Sangiac
has
but
one
.
Besides
the
Prime
Visier
who
is
all
mighty
,
there
be
five
Visiers
or
Chancellours
of
State
,
those
of
Natolia
,
of
Bagdad
,
of
Cairo
,
of
Rumeli
,
and
of
Buda
.
The
Grand
Seignior
gives
no
considerable
Government
to
his
eldest
Son
,
for
fear
it
should
prove
of
ill
consequence
as
it
has
done
to
some
of
his
Predecessours
.
The
coming
of
him
to
the
Empire
,
is
often
the
Sentence
of
Death
to
the
other
Brothers
,
who
are
in
the
mean
time
kept
like
poor
Victims
in
the
Seraglio
.
It
has
been
observed
in
this
Family
of
the
Ottomans
,
that
the
youngest
Brothers
have
often
attained
to
the
Empire
,
to
the
exclusion
of
their
Eldest
;
when
the
Grand
Seignior
means
to
humble
any
of
his
Bashaws
,
he
makes
him
marry
one
of
his
Sisters
,
or
some
other
of
his
Relations
.
The
Court
of
the
Prince
is
called
the
Port
,
because
all
must
dance
attendance
at
the
door
;
the
Rank
of
the
left
hand
which
is
the
side
of
the
Sword
,
is
in
Turkey
the
most
honourable
,
whether
in
Councel
or
in
the
march
of
Armies
:
Such
Turks
as
are
learned
say
that
they
imitate
Grand
Cyrus
herein
.
I
say
the
Learned
Turks
,
for
some
of
them
are
so
little
vers'd
in
Histories
and
Chronology
,
that
they
say
Job
was
the
Judge
of
the
Court
of
King
Solomon
,
that
Alexander
the
Great
was
General
of
the
Armies
of
the
same
King
.
The
People
of
the
Law
esteem
the
Right
Side
,
which
is
willingly
granted
them
by
the
Soldiers
.
The
Forces
of
the
Turks
are
great
,
but
his
Neighbours
are
puissant
,
and
in
possession
of
doing
him
a
great
deal
of
mischief
.
The
House
of
Austria
,
the
King
of
Poland
,
the
Great
Duke
of
Muscovy
,
the
Republick
of
Venice
,
are
the
most
considerable
of
them
in
Europe
:
The
King
of
Persia
in
Asia
.
As
the
Interests
of
these
Princes
are
divers
,
and
that
they
have
not
any
great
Correspondence
with
one
another
,
it
comes
to
pass
that
the
Grand
Seignior
enlarges
the
bounds
of
his
Empire
to
their
cost
.
As
concerning
Forces
by
Sea
,
the
Turks
have
none
that
are
considerable
,
and
they
have
a
saying
.
that
if
the
Sea
be
for
the
Christians
,
the
Land
is
for
them
.
The
Turkish
Armies
are
well
disciplin'd
;
the
belief
of
Predestination
,
besides
the
use
of
Opium
,
renders
them
capable
of
all
manner
of
attempts
.
Their
principal
Forces
consist
in
the
Janizaries
,
who
compose
the
Infantry
;
the
Horsemen
are
known
under
the
Name
of
Spahis
.
These
Spahis
have
Lands
called
Timars
,
and
furnish
as
many
men
as
their
Revenue
has
six
and
twenty
Livers
a
year
.
To
avoid
the
hurry
and
trouble
of
Moveables
;
they
eat
on
the
ground
on
a
Leathern
Carpet
:
a
piece
of
Tapistry
which
they
carry
upon
the
Crupper
of
their
Horse
,
serves
them
for
quilt
or
mattress
,
for
Bolster
or
for
Cloak
.
They
laugh
at
the
Franks
who
are
used
to
walk
alone
in
Rooms
,
and
go
very
fast
in
the
Street
.
On
the
contrary
to
this
,
they
repose
in
their
Houses
on
Velvet
Cusheons
,
and
when
they
walk
,
they
still
keep
up
their
gravity
.
The
Officers
and
the
Guards
being
in
the
Court
of
the
Divan
,
which
is
the
Councel
,
are
such
observers
of
Silence
,
that
not
so
much
as
one
word
is
to
be
heard
,
though
there
be
often
above
eight
thousand
together
.
When
the
Souldiers
are
punish'd
for
any
Crimes
,
they
give
'em
several
blows
with
a
Cudgel
;
to
the
Janizaries
upon
their
Buttocks
,
to
the
Spahies
under
the
Sole
of
the
Foot
.
The
Principal
Maxims
of
the
Turks
are
to
give
Offices
to
Persons
of
Merit
,
not
to
consider
their
Birth
;
to
ruine
most
of
the
Cities
for
the
sparing
the
charge
of
a
Garrison
;
and
to
keep
only
as
long
as
they
please
Treaties
made
in
other
Tongues
than
their
own
;
not
to
restore
the
good
places
they
have
once
taken
,
no
longer
to
make
their
Armies
so
numerous
that
they
may
the
better
subsist
,
not
to
allow
of
Gentlemen
,
nor
suffer
Mahometan
to
remain
Slaves
;
to
make
use
of
the
Tartars
in
their
greatest
expeditions
for
the
better
harassing
and
laying
wast
their
Enemies
Countryes
,
to
render
the
Insularies
responsible
for
the
Turks
,
they
give
them
for
Governours
:
to
give
Military
Offices
to
Children
,
who
are
born
Christians
,
and
those
of
the
Law
to
natural
Turks
.
Of
Turkey
in
Europe
.
THis
Turkey
consists
in
three
sorts
of
Countreys
,
those
which
the
Grand-Seignior
shares
in
with
Christian
Princes
,
Hungary
,
Sclavonia
,
Croatia
,
Dalmatia
:
those
which
his
Highness
possesses
entirely
on
the
South
of
the
Danube
,
Bosnia
,
Servia
,
Bulgaria
,
Romania
:
those
which
were
formerly
known
under
the
name
of
Greece
.
Hungary
is
a
considerable
Kingdom
,
and
likely
to
be
the
Stage
of
the
greatest
War
that
has
been
for
some
Ages
,
and
has
a
peculiar
discourse
in
the
following
Leaves
Sclavonia
properly
taken
is
between
the
Drave
and
the
Save
;
sometimes
most
of
those
Countreys
are
attributed
to
it
which
are
on
the
South
of
the
Danube
.
The
Sclavonians
have
such
a
passion
to
be
thought
Warriours
,
that
they
beg
of
God
in
their
Prayers
to
dye
armed
in
War
,
and
that
their
Enemies
may
dye
in
their
Beds
.
Croatia
is
the
Countrey
of
the
Croats
,
where
there
be
Horses
of
a
mean
size
,
but
very
fleet
.
Dabnatia
is
along
the
Gulph
of
Venice
,
where
the
Turk
possesses
little
besides
some
part
of
the
Inlands
of
the
Countrey
:
He
possesses
only
Narenca
upon
the
Coast
,
which
place
formerly
pretended
to
the
Dominion
of
the
Neighbouring
Sea
.
Zara
the
best
place
of
the
Venetians
in
those
parts
,
is
upon
a
Rock
which
buts
out
into
the
Sea
,
and
is
only
joyned
to
the
Terra
Firma
by
the
space
of
six
and
twenty
paces
.
Spalato
is
there
the
Town
of
greatest
Traffick
since
the
late
Peace
.
Fiume
belonging
to
the
House
of
Austria
,
has
in
its
Neighbourhood
the
place
called
Tersacs
,
where
the
Papists
say
the
Chappel
of
the
Virgin
was
three
years
and
some
Months
,
before
it
was
transported
to
Loretto
in
Italy
.
Bosnia
has
had
the
Title
of
a
Kingdom
.
Servia
has
the
City
of
Belgrade
very
considerable
,
and
as
advantagiously
scituated
as
any
City
of
Turkey
,
near
the
place
where
the
Danube
receives
the
Teyss
and
the
Save
.
Bulgaria
,
whose
ancient
Inhabitants
were
formidable
to
some
Roman
Emperours
,
has
Sophia
for
the
Capital
,
a
great
passage
from
Hungary
to
Constantinople
.
This
Province
extends
as
far
as
the
Black
Sea
,
where
the
Ruines
are
to
be
seen
of
the
wall
which
the
Emperour
of
Constantinople
caused
to
be
set
up
from
Silistria
upon
the
Danube
as
far
as
Tomi
,
noted
in
antiquity
for
the
Banishment
of
Ovid.
There
dwell
the
Dobruck
Tartars
,
which
the
Turks
make
use
of
in
their
greatest
expeditions
,
because
this
Militia
is
no
great
charge
to
the
Grand
Seigniours
;
who
by
the
ancient
conventions
,
only
pay
these
Tartars
at
the
end
of
the
Campaign
,
a
certain
quantity
of
Cloaths
and
a
Sultanin
a
Head
;
besides
the
Booty
they
may
have
taken
in
their
Enemies
Countrey
:
There
is
to
be
seen
upon
the
Coast
,
the
City
of
Varne
,
renowned
for
the
Victory
of
Amurath
the
2d
.
over
the
Hungarians
:
that
of
Nigeboli
upon
the
Danube
,
where
the
Christians
were
also
defeated
by
the
Infidels
under
Bajazet
the
1.
in
the
year
1396.
Romania
has
for
principal
Cities
Constantinople
,
Adrianople
,
Gallipoli
.
It
was
formerly
Thrace
;
Constantine
the
great
called
it
Romania
,
not
to
abolish
entirely
the
Name
of
Rome
,
after
having
given
his
own
to
the
City
of
Bizance
.
Constantinople
is
the
Head
of
the
Turkish
Empire
,
so
as
it
was
of
the
Eastern
Empire
,
when
it
served
for
abode
to
the
Roman
and
Greek
Emperours
.
It
s
Scituation
is
the
most
curious
imaginable
,
having
the
conveniency
of
one
of
the
finest
and
best
Harbours
of
Europe
,
which
may
receive
a
thousand
or
twelve
hundred
great
Ships
;
it
is
full
thirteen
Miles
in
compass
.
The
Houses
are
low
,
whether
that
they
are
built
after
that
manner
to
avoid
the
incoveniency
of
the
Winds
,
or
that
the
Turks
think
not
fitting
to
raise
them
high
as
they
do
those
of
God
and
of
their
Princes
,
or
that
they
have
no
design
to
build
for
others
,
since
most
commonly
their
Children
do
not
succeed
them
in
their
Estates
,
which
the
Grand
Seignior
gives
to
whom
he
thinks
fitting
.
The
Church
of
Saint
Sophia
is
the
most
stately
Building
of
all
that
City
,
and
has
serv'd
for
a
Model
to
most
of
the
Turskish
Moskees
.
Constantinople
is
very
subject
to
Fires
,
by
reason
that
most
of
its
Houses
are
built
of
Wood.
In
the
year
452.
besides
a
great
number
of
Houses
;
six
and
twenty
thousand
Volumes
were
burtn
with
the
Gut
of
a
Serpent
,
six
and
twenty
foot
in
length
,
wherein
the
Iliads
and
Odysses
of
Homer
were
written
in
Letters
of
Gold
.
The
Preservation
of
this
City
depends
on
that
of
Gallipoli
,
of
the
Castles
of
the
Dardanelles
,
and
of
the
Towers
of
the
Black
Sea
;
at
the
entrance
of
the
Bosphorus
,
where
formerly
a
chain
was
made
use
of
to
barr
entrance
to
Enemies
Ships
:
The
Channel
of
Constantinople
is
so
narrow
,
that
in
some
parts
of
the
Town
the
Cocks
may
be
heard
,
who
crow
on
the
nearest
Shoar
of
Asia
.
This
Channel
has
to
Currents
at
the
same
time
;
that
which
is
nearest
Europe
carries
away
the
Ships
towards
the
Black
Sea
,
and
that
which
is
on
the
side
of
Asia
carries
them
toward
the
Mediterranean
Sea
.
The
seven
Towers
make
a
Fortress
,
where
Prisoners
of
State
be
confined
.
Galatia
a
small
City
beyond
the
Port
wherein
are
the
Franks
.
Above
Galatia
is
the
Burrough
of
Pera
,
the
Residence
of
some
Christian
Embassadours
.
Formerly
a
Wall
was
raised
two
days
Journey
in
length
,
from
the
Black
Sea
as
far
as
Selivrea
,
to
hinder
the
Incursions
of
the
Scythians
and
of
the
Bulgarians
.
Osman
had
a
design
of
transferring
his
Seat
from
Constantinople
to
Grand
Cairo
:
Constantine
left
Rome
for
Bisance
:
Julius
Caesar
had
also
the
Thoughts
of
making
his
abode
at
Troy
,
or
in
Alexandria
.
Adrianople
is
now
one
of
the
Principal
Abodes
of
the
Grand
Seignior
.
Chiorlick
a
small
Town
where
Bajazet
the
2d
.
vanquished
his
Son
Selim
,
the
same
who
boasted
that
he
wore
not
a
great
Beard
as
his
Father
did
,
for
fear
the
Janizaries
should
catch
hold
of
it
,
and
lead
him
where
they
pleas'd
.
Asperosa
seems
to
be
the
ancient
Abdera
,
whose
Inhabitants
were
looked
upon
as
the
most
stupid
in
the
World
;
near
this
place
stood
the
Stable
of
cruel
Diomedes
,
who
gave
his
Guests
to
his
Horses
instead
of
Oats
.
Greece
was
formerly
the
most
famous
Countrey
of
Europe
;
its
inhabitants
had
for
a
long
time
the
advantage
of
excellence
of
Wit
,
and
Grandure
of
Courage
,
over
other
Nations
;
they
have
added
to
,
and
brought
to
perfection
most
of
the
Arts
and
Sciences
;
they
build
their
Cities
at
some
distance
from
the
Shoar
,
for
fear
of
being
exposed
to
the
plunder
of
Pyrates
,
who
were
very
rife
at
that
time
;
and
that
the
the
Civility
of
the
Citizens
might
not
be
corrupted
by
conversing
with
Terpawlins
.
They
sent
several
Collonies
into
Italy
,
into
Asia
Minor
,
and
left
their
Names
in
most
of
the
Regions
which
be
upon
the
Mediterranean
Sea
.
Athens
,
Sparta
,
Argos
,
Gorinth
,
Thebes
,
Megalopoli
were
the
most
powerful
Cities
of
Greece
.
In
some
of
these
Towns
the
Soveraign
Power
was
in
the
hands
of
the
People
,
in
others
it
was
given
to
the
most
conspicuous
.
The
principal
People
of
Greece
,
who
affected
the
Dominion
of
it
,
and
who
sometimes
interessed
others
in
their
party
,
were
the
Athenians
,
the
Lacedemonians
,
the
Thebans
,
the
Etolians
,
the
Acheans
,
the
Boeotians
,
the
Phoceans
,
Megara
,
Corinth
,
Sicion
,
Argos
,
Micoene
,
Elide
,
Arcadia
,
Messenia
have
also
formed
considerable
States
.
Macedonia
,
Thessalia
,
Cyprus
have
had
the
Titles
of
Kingdoms
.
Most
of
the
other
States
were
Realms
,
then
Commonwealths
,
and
afterwards
obeyed
the
Macedonians
in
part
,
the
Romans
some
patticular
Lords
,
and
finally
the
Turks
.
The
Greeks
are
now
almost
all
the
Greek
Church
;
their
Countrey
is
much
changed
since
in
the
hands
of
the
Turks
;
almost
all
the
Towns
being
ruined
and
without
defence
.
If
there
be
some
considerable
for
their
Strength
,
they
are
kept
for
the
maintenance
of
Commerce
,
and
for
resisting
the
Christian
Galleys
.
There
be
six
Provinces
in
Greece
,
Macedonia
,
Albania
,
Epirus
,
Thessalia
,
Achaia
,
Peloponesus
;
these
two
last
having
particularly
been
called
Greece
.
All
these
Names
,
except
that
of
Albania
are
ancient
,
and
more
known
to
us
,
than
those
which
be
given
them
by
the
Turks
.
Macedonia
which
Alexander
the
Great
made
one
of
the
greatest
Monarchies
in
the
World
,
was
a
Kingdom
which
ended
in
Perseus
;
after
whom
the
Romans
swayed
there
,
as
did
also
some
petty
Kings
unto
Amurath
the
2d
.
Emperour
of
the
Turks
.
Pella
was
the
Birth-place
of
that
ancient
Conquerour
.
Edissa
the
abode
of
King
Philip
his
Father
,
who
was
there
assassinated
.
Philippi
is
famous
for
the
defeat
of
Cassius
and
Brutus
.
Monte-Santo
otherwise
Athos
,
for
the
great
number
of
its
Caloyers
,
religious
Greeks
,
who
chose
it
for
the
Place
of
their
abiding
,
by
reason
of
the
goodness
of
the
Air.
Its
shadow
reaches
to
the
Isle
of
Lemnos
,
which
is
seen
from
Mount
Ida
in
Asia
.
Xerxes
had
the
satisfaction
to
make
it
his
Island
.
Stesicrates
a
Sculpturean
,
proposed
to
Alexander
the
Great
to
make
of
it
a
very
extraordianry
Statue
;
with
one
hand
it
should
have
poured
a
great
River
into
the
Sea
,
with
the
other
it
should
have
held
a
considerable
City
.
Thessalonica
or
Saloniki
,
has
had
Kings
of
its
own
.
Albania
is
renowned
for
its
good
Cavalry
;
where
Valone
is
accompanyed
with
good
harbour
,
from
whence
the
passage
is
easie
into
Italy
.
Pyrrhus
King
of
Epirus
had
a
thought
of
making
a
Bridge
of
Boats
from
that
Coast
to
Otranto
in
Italy
.
During
the
War
against
the
Pyrates
,
Terentius
Varro
Pompeys
Lievtenant
,
had
the
same
design
.
Durazzo
is
noted
for
the
encampments
of
Gaesar
and
of
Pompey
;
Groye
for
being
the
brave
Scanderbegs
Native
Place
,
that
Flail
of
the
Ottoman
Empire
,
whose
Armies
he
defeated
in
two
and
twenty
set
Battails
.
Scutari
was
a
long
while
besieged
by
the
Forces
of
Mahomet
the
2d
.
who
shot
therein
so
many
Arrows
,
that
they
furnished
the
Garrison
with
Wood
sufficient
to
warm
themselves
with
all
the
Winter
.
Epirus
has
had
the
Title
of
a
Kingdom
,
Prevesa
was
the
best
Town
;
it
was
formerly
Nicopolis
built
by
order
of
Augustus
in
memory
of
the
Naval
Victory
which
he
gained
over
Marc-Antony
and
Cleopatra
near
Actium
.
Larta
is
the
ancient
Ambracia
which
served
for
Residence
to
King
Pyrrhus
.
Near
that
place
dwells
the
Acarnanes
,
the
best
Slingers
of
Greece
,
the
only
People
which
did
not
assist
the
Greeks
in
their
Trojan
War
.
The
Epirots
were
the
first
People
of
Greece
,
who
made
War
upon
the
Romans
,
and
who
made
use
of
Elephants
against
them
,
unknown
before
to
Italy
.
Thessalia
has
had
several
Tyrants
,
amongst
others
Jason
of
Pheres
.
There
be
the
Cities
of
Larisse
,
the
Native
place
of
Achilles
,
where
Mahomet
the
4th
.
for
some
time
made
his
Abode
,
during
the
last
War
of
Candia
;
Armira
,
Volo
,
with
their
Sea
Ports
.
Tricca
the
Episcopal
Title
of
Heliodorus
,
who
chose
rather
to
lose
his
Bishoprirk
thandisown
his
Romance
of
Theagenes
and
Chariclea
.
Achaia
has
two
Cities
,
Setines
and
Stives
,
the
former
was
the
most
flourishing
Republick
of
the
World
,
the
Abridgment
of
all
Greece
;
the
other
,
as
we
have
said
,
has
dared
to
aspire
to
the
general
Dominion
of
the
Countrey
.
Sparta
is
famous
for
the
signal
Victory
of
the
Christians
over
the
Turks
in
the
year
1671.
In
that
engagement
a
hundred
and
eighty
nine
Turkish
Galleys
were
lost
,
five
and
twenty
thousand
Turks
killed
,
four
thousand
made
Prisoners
,
twelve
thousand
Christians
freed
.
This
City
is
in
the
Countrey
of
the
ancient
Aetolians
,
who
despised
the
orders
of
Alexander
the
Great
,
during
his
greatest
Conquests
.
Negrepont
formerly
Euboae
,
is
only
seperated
from
Achaia
by
a
Strait
called
otherwise
Euripe
.
This
Euripe
has
given
a
good
deal
of
Exercise
to
Philosophers
,
who
have
sought
out
the
cause
of
its
ebbing
and
flowing
;
those
who
seem
to
have
examined
it
best
,
say
that
it
is
regular
towards
the
days
of
the
New
and
Full
Moon
,
that
is
to
say
,
in
twenty
four
or
twenty
five
hours
it
has
twice
its
ebbing
and
flowing
as
the
Ocean
,
and
that
it
is
irregular
towards
the
dayes
of
the
first
and
last
quarter
of
the
Moon
,
that
is
to
say
,
that
in
twenty
four
or
in
twenty
five
hours
,
it
has
11
,
12
,
13
or
14
times
Floud
,
and
as
often
an
Ebb.
The
Peloponesus
,
the
most
renowned
Peninsula
in
the
World
,
is
joyned
to
the
rest
of
Greece
,
by
a
Neck
of
Land
of
about
six
thousand
paces
in
breadth
,
which
several
Kings
and
Emperors
have
in
vain
endeavored
to
dig
through
.
It
was
a
saying
fodere
Isthmum
,
when
they
meant
to
express
nenterprize
which
had
no
probability
of
being
effected
.
The
Christians
who
called
it
Morea
,
upon
the
account
of
its
Mulberries
,
have
made
there
retrenchments
in
divers
times
against
the
Turks
,
who
won
them
under
Amurath
the
2d
.
and
under
Mahomet
the
2d
.
The
midst
of
that
Peninsula
was
formerly
inhabited
by
the
Arcadians
,
who
had
in
their
Countrey
the
finest
Asses
in
the
World
;
and
who
neglected
to
learn
Astrology
,
when
the
other
Greeks
received
it
,
because
they
esteemed
themselves
more
ancient
than
the
Moon
.
Patras
,
where
St.
Andrew
was
put
upon
the
Cross
,
is
one
of
its
best
Towns
.
Modon
the
abode
of
the
Sangiacbey
or
Governour
of
the
Province
.
Maina
gives
its
Name
to
a
Petty
Countrey
,
which
has
no
longer
the
Liberty
it
a
long
time
maintained
against
the
Turks
,
by
favour
of
the
Sea
,
and
the
sharpness
and
steepness
of
the
Mountains
.
Napoli
of
Romania
and
Malvasia
are
peopled
on
the
score
of
their
Sea-Ports
,
where
a
great
Trade
is
droven
.
Corinth
now
ruined
,
was
formerly
named
the
Rich
;
the
conveniency
of
its
Scituation
made
it
be
called
the
Market
of
Greece
:
Its
Inhabitants
invented
the
Greek
Galleys
;
after
that
it
was
burnt
by
the
Romans
,
there
came
a
mixture
of
its
melted
Mettals
,
which
has
retained
the
Name
of
Corinthian
Brass
.
Philip
King
of
Macedon
esteemed
three
places
in
Greece
for
strength
,
the
Castle
of
Corinth
,
Demetrias
and
Calcis
.
The
Castle
of
Corinth
,
named
the
Acrocorinth
,
and
Ithoma
near
Messena
,
by
reason
of
their
Scituations
,
were
called
the
two
Horns
of
the
Peloponesus
.
Mesitra
is
the
ancient
Sparta
,
otherwise
called
Lacedemon
,
whose
power
was
particularly
upon
Land
,
whereas
that
of
Athens
was
upon
the
Sea
.
It
s
most
Noble
Citizens
were
called
Spartiates
;
the
others
,
Lacedemonians
,
perhaps
with
the
same
difference
that
is
put
between
the
Castillans
and
the
Spaniards
.
The
Government
of
this
State
consisted
in
few
persons
,
they
observed
there
a
stile
in
speaking
and
writing
,
which
expressed
much
in
few
Words
.
Olympies
was
noted
for
the
Temple
,
and
Oracle
and
Statue
of
Jupiter
the
Olympian
,
one
of
the
seven
Wonders
of
the
World
;
for
the
Olympyads
,
which
were
reckoned
from
four
to
four
years
after
the
celebration
of
the
Olimpick
Games
.
The
Ceremonies
where
of
were
kept
until
the
Countrey
was
subdued
by
the
Romans
.
Sicion
had
its
Kings
almost
as
soon
as
the
Assyrians
.
The
Ancients
did
affirm
that
the
River
Alpheus
which
passes
in
the
Peloponesus
,
went
under
the
Sea
to
the
Fountain
Arethusa
in
Sicily
.
Besides
the
Dominions
of
the
Grand
Seignior
,
which
we
have
mentioned
in
Africa
,
in
Asia
and
Europe
,
His
Highness
possesses
Suaquem
upon
the
Red
Sea
,
Teflis
in
Georgia
,
Asoph
at
the
Mouth
of
the
Dom.
Themon
and
Temroch
near
the
Palus
Maeotides
on
the
side
of
Asia
,
Arabia
Petrea
part
of
desart
Arabia
.
The
Kingdoms
of
Zibit
and
Ziden
in
Arabiafoelix
,
with
the
Towns
of
Dolfar
and
El-catif
:
In
Europe
Bessarabia
,
Ocziacou
,
Dassain
towards
the
Mouths
of
the
Nieper
;
Gaffa
and
other
places
in
lesser
Tartary
.
The
Isle
of
Gandia
,
Waradin
in
Transilvania
:
The
Scituations
of
these
Countreys
and
places
,
is
to
be
seen
in
the
Map
,
to
know
the
importance
of
them
.
Transilvania
,
Valachia
,
Moldavia
,
lesser
Tartary
,
the
Republick
of
Ragusa
,
the
Corsairs
of
Barbary
and
others
hold
of
the
Turks
.
Of
Hungary
.
Hungary
seems
to
have
been
so
called
from
the
Huns
,
a
People
noted
for
the
Devastations
they
have
made
in
several
Regions
of
Europe
,
principally
under
Attila
one
of
their
Kings
.
Most
of
the
Towns
of
this
Country
have
Names
that
have
very
little
affinity
one
with
another
,
because
the
Nations
who
gave
them
at
their
setling
themselves
there
,
had
very
different
Tongues
.
Hungary
is
commonly
divided
into
High
and
Low
,
the
last
towards
the
South
is
almost
wholly
in
possession
of
the
Turks
,
the
former
towards
the
North
for
the
most
part
in
the
hands
of
the
House
of
Austria
,
unless
it
be
such
places
as
have
been
lately
seized
or
revolted
with
Count
Teckley
.
Two
parts
of
it
have
been
sometimes
made
,
separated
from
one
another
by
the
Danube
,
the
one
to
the
West
,
known
under
the
Name
of
Pannonia
,
the
other
to
the
East
making
part
of
ancient
Dacia
.
There
be
several
Countreys
,
the
enumeration
whereof
is
not
here
very
material
.
The
House
of
Austria
has
there
four
General
Ships
,
the
Turks
four
Bachalics
or
great
Governments
.
When
the
Realm
of
Hungary
was
in
its
Splendour
,
it
extended
to
the
very
Adriatick
Sea
,
as
far
as
Greece
,
and
comprehended
Transilvania
,
Walachia
and
Moldavia
;
from
whence
it
came
that
the
Emperour
,
as
King
of
Hungary
pretends
that
the
Princes
of
those
three
States
be
allowed
of
by
him
.
The
Grand
Seignior
has
maintained
his
pretension
better
in
that
point
.
The
Soyl
of
Hungary
is
fertile
,
the
Plains
are
beautiful
and
afford
plenty
of
Corn
,
the
Hills
Wine
,
which
is
transported
into
Poland
,
and
other
places
,
where
it
is
accounted
excellent
;
that
of
Tokay
is
in
most
esteem
.
It
also
affords
Salt
,
and
other
Conveniencies
of
Life
.
Several
Great
Rivers
contribute
to
this
abundance
,
the
Danube
,
Drave
,
Save
which
have
their
Sources
in
Germany
,
the
Teyss
which
is
entirely
Hungarian
.
The
Danube
leads
its
Waters
from
the
West
to
the
East
through
the
midst
of
the
Countrey
,
with
less
swiftnes
towards
Noon
,
than
towards
the
Evening
and
the
Morning
:
after
a
course
of
above
six
hundred
Leagues
,
it
falls
into
the
Black
Sea
by
several
Mouths
.
The
Teyss
can
carry
Boats
four
Leagues
from
its
Source
.
It
abounds
so
in
Fish
,
that
they
are
said
to
make
the
third
part
of
its
Bed
;
for
which
reason
it
often
casts
abundance
of
them
upon
the
Neighbouring
Plains
;
and
that
in
the
publick
Markets
of
the
Towns
,
those
who
retire
into
the
Countrey
have
order
to
take
them
away
.
Formerly
the
Hungarians
put
the
Figure
of
the
above
mentioned
Rivers
in
their
Ensigns
or
Colours
,
and
since
they
have
carryed
the
Cross
therein
,
having
embrac'd
Christianity
under
their
Prince
Esthienne
,
who
for
that
consideration
obtained
of
Pope
Silvester
the
2d
.
the
Title
of
King
,
and
was
crowned
in
the
year
1001.
The
highest
Mountains
of
Hungary
are
towards
Poland
and
Transilvania
;
the
Richest
between
Buda
and
Strigonia
.
The
Hungarians
are
Warlike
,
neither
their
Garments
nor
their
Manners
be
very
different
from
those
of
the
Turks
.
Their
Tongues
is
almost
wholly
peculiar
to
themselves
,
and
nevertheless
the
Latine
,
Sclavonian
,
German
and
Turkish
,
are
in
use
among
them
.
The
Emperour
Ferdinand
the
2d
.
allowed
the
liberty
of
Religion
in
this
Realm
in
the
year
1622.
The
Revocation
of
that
Toleration
has
occasioned
perpetual
Revolts
,
and
is
the
source
of
that
great
War
it
is
now
the
Scene
of
.
This
Realm
has
two
Archbishopricks
,
Strigonia
or
Gran
,
and
●olo●●a
with
ten
Bishopricks
,
the
half
of
which
is
in
the
Infidels
hands
.
Four
orders
of
Persons
have
Sessions
in
the
States
,
the
Prelates
,
the
Barons
,
the
Nobles
and
the
Burgesses
of
Free
and
Royal
Cities
.
The
Dignity
of
Palatine
is
there
the
most
considerable
after
that
of
King
,
who
if
he
acts
in
any
wise
against
their
Priviledges
,
may
be
opposed
by
force
,
if
the
Palatine
consent
thereto
.
The
Hungarians
will
not
suffer
to
have
any
Palatines
but
of
their
own
Nation
.
The
Archbishop
of
Strigonia
is
Prince
and
perpetual
Chancellour
of
the
Kingdom
;
he
Crowns
the
King
after
his
election
.
These
two
Officers
have
almost
all
the
Authority
.
Hungary
has
had
eight
Kings
of
the
House
of
Austria
,
from
Ferdinand
the
●
.
Brother
of
the
Emperour
Charles
the
5th
.
unto
Leopold-Ignace
.
Though
the
Hungarian
Nobility
do
not
love
the
Germans
,
yet
they
have
not
opposed
this
Election
,
for
the
sheltering
themselves
against
the
oppression
of
the
Turks
,
who
respect
a
Peasant
as
much
as
they
do
a
Gentleman
.
The
greatest
strength
of
the
Countrey
consists
in
light
Horse
;
the
Troopers
be
called
Hussars
,
the
Foot
Soldiers
Heidukes
.
Besides
extraordinaries
,
the
Emperour
draws
from
what
he
possesses
in
Hungary
about
a
million
of
Livers
every
year
.
He
raises
this
Money
from
the
Mines
,
by
an
imposition
on
each
Horse
,
and
by
the
exportation
of
Cattle
.
The
Grand
Seignior
has
there
his
Caraz
,
which
is
four
Livers
a
Head
of
those
under
his
Sway
:
This
is
so
small
a
matter
for
either
of
those
Princes
,
that
for
the
preservation
of
what
they
hold
there
,
they
are
obliged
to
employ
their
other
Revenues
.
The
Turk
pretends
to
all
Hungary
,
and
the
States
which
depend
thereon
by
virtue
of
a
Cession
,
which
was
made
thereof
to
Soliman
the
2d
.
by
John
Sigismond
,
Son
of
King
John
Count
de
Cepuse
,
and
by
the
Queen
his
Mother
.
In
Upper
Hungary
there
be
several
Free
Towns
,
which
form
thirteen
Communities
.
The
King
of
Poland
holds
half
of
Cepuse
,
with
a
dozen
of
Cities
.
Most
of
the
Frontiers
are
untilled
and
overgrown
with
Shrubs
and
Weeds
.
Tho
there
be
a
Truce
between
the
Austrians
and
the
Ottomans
,
yet
they
fail
not
of
making
incursions
upon
one
another
.
In
the
year
1642.
the
Truce
was
made
between
the
two
Empires
for
twenty-years
.
In
the
year
1664.
after
two
years
War
it
was
renewed
,
the
Turk
remaining
Master
of
the
Fortress
of
Waradin
and
Newheusel
;
this
last
in
the
very
middle
of
all
Europe
.
The
most
considerable
Cities
of
Hungary
are
Presbourg
,
Cassovia
,
Esperies
,
Buda
,
Agria
,
Temesvar
,
Kanise
.
Presbourg
is
the
Capital
of
all
the
House
of
Austria
possesses
in
this
Realm
.
Since
the
loss
of
Albe
Royale
,
it
has
been
the
place
of
Election
and
Coronation
of
their
Kings
.
Cassovia
is
towards
the
Mountains
,
with
the
finest
Arcenal
of
the
Country
.
Esperies
has
Fairs
which
render
it
very
populous
.
The
strongest
places
of
the
House
of
Austria
are
Javarin
and
Komorra
,
the
Bulwarks
of
Christendom
.
Javarin
is
in
a
vast
Plain
,
environed
with
the
Danube
and
the
Raab
,
which
sometimes
gives
it
its
Name
;
defended
with
several
Bastions
faced
with
Brick
,
with
Ravelins
between
both
:
Having
formerly
been
taken
by
the
Turks
,
it
was
petarded
and
retaken
with
as
much
happiness
as
boldness
by
a
French
Gentleman
called
Vaubecour
.
Komorra
has
the
Danube
for
its
Moat
or
Ditch
,
and
cannot
be
besieged
but
by
three
Bodies
of
Armies
.
The
Isle
of
the
same
Name
,
otherwise
called
of
Schut
,
where
the
Turks
were
routed
by
the
Imperialists
,
in
a
late
Action
,
to
the
loss
of
many
of
their
Men
;
has
above
three
hundred
Villages
or
Boroughs
,
above
fifteen
thousand
Inhabitants
,
with
the
convenience
of
hunting
and
fishing
,
Leopolstad
,
Fillek
,
Tokay
,
Zatmar
and
Kalo
have
likewise
been
fortified
by
order
from
the
Emperour
.
Buda
is
divided
into
High
and
Low
Town
,
the
Germans
call
it
Offen
,
that
is
to
say
,
Court
,
because
it
was
the
abode
of
the
Kings
,
and
the
Capital
of
all
the
Kingdom
;
it
has
the
most
honourable
Beglerbyat
of
all
Turkey
,
though
it
be
not
the
most
gainful
;
its
Bashaw
has
more
Authority
than
others
:
Its
usual
Garrison
is
of
eight
or
ten
thousand
Men.
Agria
,
Temesvar
,
Kanisa
,
have
in
like
manner
Bashaws
,
as
being
upon
the
Frontier
.
The
Turks
call
Temesvar
the
invincible
.
The
Emperour
Ferdinand
the
2d
.
besieged
Kanise
,
being
then
but
Arch-Duke
,
and
could
not
take
it
.
Leopold-Ignace
was
not
more
happy
in
the
year
1664.
The
Retreat
from
Kanise
by
the
Duke
of
Mercoeur
,
is
one
of
the
the
finest
Actions
of
our
Age.
People
also
esteem
that
from
Mayence
by
the
Cardinal
de
la
Valette
,
that
from
Torgow
by
the
Suedish
General
Banier
,
that
from
Dundee
by
the
Marquiss
of
Montross
.
Five
Churches
is
the
place
where
Solyman
the
Great
dyed
,
during
the
Siege
he
laid
to
Zygeth
in
the
year
1566.
Mogacz
is
noted
for
the
defeat
of
the
Christians
in
the
year
1526.
The
Bridge
of
Esseck
for
the
exploit
of
Count
Peter
de
Serin
,
who
burnt
it
in
sight
of
the
Turks
Armies
.
Of
Transilvania
,
Walaciha
and
Moldavia
.
TRansilvania
is
so
called
because
it
is
seated
beyond
the
Woods
which
separate
it
from
Hungary
.
It
is
sometimes
called
Sevenburgen
,
because
of
the
Cities
which
the
Saxons
built
therein
,
to
the
number
of
seven
;
Hermanstat
,
Cronstat
,
Nosenstat
,
Medwish
,
Scespurg
,
Clausembourg
,
Weissembourg
.
The
People
of
this
State
are
of
three
sorts
,
Cicules
or
Zeckels
,
Saxons
,
Hungarians
,
who
give
each
different
Names
to
each
City
of
the
Countrey
.
The
Zeckels
are
come
from
Tartary
,
or
rather
are
the
remains
of
the
Huns
,
who
laid
aside
their
Name
,
that
they
might
not
be
odious
to
their
Neighbours
.
They
have
setled
themselves
principally
in
seven
places
,
at
Sepsi
,
at
Orbay
,
at
Kisdi
,
at
Czick
,
at
Girgio
,
at
Marcos
,
at
Aranias
;
their
Capital
City
is
Newmark
.
The
Saxons
are
Originaries
of
Germany
;
the
Hungarians
stile
themselves
the
Nobles
of
the
Country
.
Hermanstad
,
the
residence
of
the
Prince
,
is
a
strong
Town
.
Waradin
was
fortifyed
by
the
Turks
,
who
usurped
it
in
the
year
1660.
One
of
the
Principal
Revenues
of
Transilvania
consists
in
Salt
,
which
is
principally
got
at
Torda
;
it
is
sent
into
Hungary
by
the
River
of
Marish
.
There
be
Mines
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
and
sometimes
Pieces
of
pure
Gold
are
found
in
the
Rivers
,
which
weigh
above
half
a
pound
.
So
as
the
Hungarians
being
Masters
of
Transilvania
,
called
it
their
Treasure
.
There
be
several
sorts
of
Religion
:
the
Catholicks
,
Lutherans
,
Calvinists
,
have
had
there
the
free
exercise
of
theirs
,
towards
the
beginning
of
this
Age.
The
Families
of
Bathori
and
of
Ragotski
have
bestowed
several
Princes
upon
this
Countrey
,
which
was
made
a
Soveraignty
in
the
year
1512.
for
John
Zapolia
,
upon
condition
of
holding
of
Hungary
.
The
last
Ragotski
,
who
was
killed
in
Battel
against
the
Turks
in
the
year
1659.
was
the
fourteenth
Prince
thereof
,
he
stiled
himself
,
By
the
Grace
of
God
Prince
of
the
Kingdom
of
Transilvania
,
Lord
of
a
part
of
Hungary
,
and
Count
of
the
Siculi
.
He
paid
the
Grand
Seignior
annually
a
Tribute
of
fifty
thousand
Livers
;
the
Ministers
of
the
Port
have
made
it
mount
to
a
hundred
thousand
Rixdollers
.
The
Emperour
,
as
King
of
Hungary
pretends
to
have
right
to
the
installation
of
the
Prince
of
Transilvania
;
the
Emperour
Rodolphus
II.
having
establisht
there
Botskai
,
upon
condition
of
Return
upon
the
Males
failing
.
Walachia
,
which
offers
it self
on
the
North
East
of
Transilvania
,
along
and
on
the
North
of
the
Danube
,
was
called
petty
and
Transalpina
,
for
the
distinguishing
it
from
Moldavia
.
It
is
watred
with
a
great
number
of
Rivers
;
some
of
its
Mountains
have
great
Mines
of
Gold
;
its
Horses
are
by
many
accounted
the
best
in
Europe
.
It
s
Prince
called
Hospodar
,
sometimes
Vaivode
,
that
is
to
say
,
Head
of
the
Troops
,
resides
at
Tergowis
,
and
pays
the
Grand
Seignior
a
hundred
and
twenty
thousand
Livers
of
annual
Tribute
.
Moldavia
has
been
sometimes
known
under
the
Name
of
Great
Walachia
,
and
of
Walachia
Cis-Alpina
.
It
is
rich
in
Wax
and
in
Honey
,
out
of
which
it
raises
every
year
about
2
hundred
thousand
Crowns
,
only
for
the
tenths
of
the
Prince
.
There
are
several
Heaps
of
Stones
which
are
said
to
have
been
set
up
by
order
of
Darius
King
of
Persia
,
who
made
war
upon
the
Scithians
.
It
s
capital
Cities
are
Yasi
and
Sockou
.
Choczin
near
the
Niester
,
is
the
place
where
a
Polish
Army
was
defeated
under
King
Sigismond-Augustus
;
and
where
King
John
Sobieski
a
little
before
his
election
,
gained
over
the
Turks
a
Victory
,
the
most
memorable
of
our
age
.
The
Eastern
part
,
called
Bessarabia
,
butts
upon
the
Black
Sea
,
and
belongs
to
the
Grand
Seignior
,
who
is
Master
of
the
Mouths
of
the
Danube
and
of
the
Niester
,
and
who
takes
all
possible
means
to
subdue
those
of
the
Nieper
,
and
subject
entirely
the
rich
Province
of
the
Ukrain
.
The
Champaign
of
Budziac
is
twelve
Leagues
in
length
,
ten
in
breadth
,
is
possessed
by
the
Dobruck
Tartars
,
who
are
the
greatest
Robbers
of
all
those
parts
.
They
are
said
to
amount
to
above
15000.
They
inhabit
the
Country
round
about
Bialigrod
.
About
the
year
1500.
a
Governour
of
Moldavia
,
called
Estienne
,
rendred
himself
the
Soveraign
thereof
,
and
at
several
times
vanquished
the
Turks
,
the
Lesser
Tartars
,
and
the
Polanders
.
His
Successours
have
played
there
as
it
were
,
at
Bo-peep
,
and
several
of
them
have
been
massacred
by
their
Subjects
,
upon
the
account
of
their
Cruelties
.
Of
a
score
of
its
Princes
,
which
be
there
called
Waivodes
,
not
two
of
them
succeeded
their
Fathers
.
They
did
for
sometime
hold
of
Poland
,
now
of
the
Turk
at
disposal
.
The
ordinary
Tribute
was
a
hundred
and
fourscore
thousand
Livers
.
The
Port
augments
from
time
to
time
the
Tribute
of
the
Moldavians
,
as
well
as
that
of
the
Walachians
,
for
the
rendring
them
poor
and
obedient
;
if
it
protects
in
appearance
their
Princes
,
who
are
commonly
of
low
Birth
,
it
imitates
those
who
defend
Sheep
,
and
suffer
Bees
to
live
,
upon
the
account
of
the
Wool
and
the
Honey
they
afford
.
Of
Lesser
Tartary
.
LEsser
Tartary
,
which
lies
in
Europe
,
is
so
called
for
distinction
sake
from
the
Great
,
which
makes
part
of
Asia
.
It
is
also
named
Percopense
and
Crimee
from
its
principal
Cities
scituated
in
the
Peninsula
,
called
formerly
Taurica
.
The
Nogay
Tartars
may
be
there
comprehended
between
the
Tanais
and
the
Boristhenes
,
the
Tartars
of
Ocziakou
,
between
the
Mouths
of
the
Boristhenes
and
the
Niester
,
and
also
the
Tartars
of
Budziack
above
mentioned
on
the
East
of
Moldavia
,
between
the
Mouths
of
the
Niester
and
of
the
Danube
:
Besides
all
these
Tartars
,
there
be
those
who
inhabit
in
Lithuania
and
the
Ukrain
.
This
Region
with
Commania
,
which
is
in
Asia
,
made
up
the
Kingdom
of
the
Bosphorus
,
possessed
by
Mithridates
.
Lesser
Tartary
is
a
plain
Country
,
very
cold
by
reason
of
the
Winds
.
It
s
Peninsula
is
so
advantagiously
scituated
,
that
several
States
had
formerly
a
design
of
sending
Collonies
thither
.
Besides
seven
or
eight
good
Cities
,
it
has
full
fourscore
thousand
Koys
,
that
is
to
say
Wells
or
Villages
.
It
s
Neck
is
half
a
League
broad
,
its
Circumference
seven
hundred
Miles
.
There
be
some
salt
Marshes
,
where
any
man
takes
as
much
salt
as
he
has
occasion
for
.
The
Inhabitants
boast
of
never
having
been
subdued
.
Tho'
they
be
descended
of
the
Great
Tartars
,
they
do
not
hold
of
them
;
they
only
assist
the
Turks
in
such
expeditions
they
think
to
get
booty
in
.
Their
Tongue
comes
near
the
Turkish
,
but
they
gabble
it
out
faster
.
It
was
their
Predecessors
,
known
under
the
name
of
Scythians
,
who
sent
formerly
to
Darius
,
who
would
have
subdued
them
,
a
Rat
,
a
Frog
,
a
Bird
and
five
Arrows
,
for
to
declare
to
him
,
that
he
would
find
it
a
hard
matter
to
retire
out
of
their
Countrey
,
wherein
he
had
imprudently
engaged
himself
.
Yet
they
could
not
then
draw
any
great
advantage
from
their
Cavalry
,
wherein
now
consists
their
principal
strength
,
by
reason
of
the
braying
of
the
Asses
,
which
were
in
the
Persian
Army
.
The
Lesser
Tartars
have
in
all
times
made
incursions
upon
their
Neighbours
,
for
which
reason
all
their
Frontiers
is
a
desart
.
After
they
have
made
a
great
number
of
Slaves
,
they
go
to
sell
them
in
the
Sea-Ports
,
from
whence
they
are
commonly
transported
to
Constantinople
.
Their
Country
is
very
populous
;
several
of
the
Inhabitants
have
often
there
each
forty
or
fifty
Children
in
a
year
:
they
go
almost
all
to
the
War
:
principally
the
Nogays
,
from
the
age
of
seven
years
,
that
they
go
out
of
their
Gantares
,
which
are
Huts
or
Portative
Houses
,
they
alwaies
remain
in
the
field
.
These
Huts
are
of
Ozier
,
of
a
round
form
,
two
Fathoms
in
Diameter
,
they
put
them
upon
Wheels
,
and
use
them
in
Summer
more
than
in
Winter
.
Few
Houses
in
Lesser
Tartary
are
built
with
Stone
and
Mortar
,
most
of
them
are
only
of
Wood
,
covered
with
Planks
,
upheld
with
Posts
fixed
in
the
Earth
,
and
interlaced
with
Branches
of
Trees
.
Robbery
is
there
tolerated
,
and
there
needs
no
more
for
any
ones
justification
upon
that
account
,
than
to
say
they
stood
in
need
of
what
they
stole
.
The
Inhabitants
do
not
much
care
for
the
Sciences
,
they
learn
what
they
know
by
common
Sence
;
it
is
said
of
them
,
they
have
eaten
their
Books
and
carry
them
in
their
Stomacks
.
They
have
several
Horses
very
swift
,
small
,
lean
,
who
live
commonly
on
Roots
and
Leaves
of
Trees
;
the
greatest
Lords
have
of
them
very
good
,
they
take
so
much
care
of
their
Horses
,
that
it
is
become
a
Proverb
amongst
them
,
That
to
lose
ones
Horse
is
to
lose
ones
Head
.
They
make
sometimes
up
a
hundred
thousand
Horse
,
and
go
easily
Marches
of
four
Months
without
Baggage
;
the
Bow
of
their
Saddle
serves
them
for
a
Pillow
,
the
Horse-Cloth
which
is
of
Pressed
Wool
or
of
Felt
,
serves
them
for
a
Coverlet
,
their
Cloak
for
a
Tent
:
each
Trouper
carries
a
Pickax
;
their
Servants
sleep
in
the
open
air
,
let
it
be
never
so
cold
.
The
know
no
other
Trade
than
that
of
War
,
th●
long
experience
they
have
had
therein
has
taught
them
all
the
Secrets
and
Stratagems
of
that
Art
.
Some
of
them
pass
,
without
any
inconveniency
,
for
three
or
four
Days
together
without
eating
,
after
which
they
glut
themselves
like
Hogs
,
to
sleep
as
long
as
they
have
fasted
.
Their
Provision
is
a
little
flower
,
steeped
in
Water
,
the
use
of
Bread
goes
against
their
Stomacks
.
When
they
regal
and
treat
one
another
,
they
roast
a
whole
Colt
.
They
have
so
much
of
the
Beast
,
that
they
are
born
blind
,
and
do
not
see
clear
until
five
dayes
end
.
Their
eyes
are
but
little
open
,
very
black
,
with
long
lashes
,
and
so
piercing
,
that
they
always
discover
their
Enemies
soone●
than
they
are
perceived
by
them
;
they
are
much
shorter
than
tall
,
have
large
Members
;
they
have
a
high
and
big
Breast
,
a
short
Neck
,
huge
Head
and
Cheeks
,
their
Face
almost
round
,
a
flat
and
Saddle
Nose
,
a
small
Mouth
,
white
Teeth
,
tawny
Complexion
,
very
black
and
harsh
Hair
,
like
the
main
of
a
Horse
.
When
they
are
Children
their
Mothers
take
care
to
bath
them
once
a
day
in
Water
,
wherein
Salt
is
dissolved
,
to
harden
their
Skin
,
and
render
them
less
sensible
of
the
cold
,
when
in
Winter
they
are
obliged
to
pass
Rivers
by
swimming
.
Each
Tartar
has
a
Whistle
,
a
Gamelle
,
which
is
a
Porrenger
of
Wood
or
of
Copper
,
a
Whip
,
a
Knife
,
an
Awl
,
Packthread
,
Thread
,
Points
and
little
Cords
of
Leather
,
a
Marriners
compass
;
every
ten
have
a
Chaldron
and
a
little
Drum
.
Their
King
is
called
Kan
,
and
his
Successour
Galga
.
The
Residence
of
the
Kan
is
at
Baccassaraium
,
otherwise
Boston-Seraglio
,
sometimes
at
Crim.
Mancup
is
his
strongest
Town
,
and
the
place
where
his
Treasures
be
kept
.
He
says
himself
allyed
to
the
Grand
Seignior
,
who
gives
him
a
Pension
,
and
deposes
him
when
he
thinks
fitting
,
or
rather
when
he
has
the
Power
so
to
do
;
and
who
for
that
purpose
seizes
often
on
the
Kans
Relations
,
for
the
having
him
elected
of
that
Family
who
is
most
his
Creature
.
The
Confederacy
between
the
Turks
and
the
Lesser
Tartars
bears
among
other
things
,
that
the
Race
of
the
Ottomans
coming
to
fail
,
that
of
the
Kans
of
the
Lesser
Tartars
shall
succed
to
the
Turkish
Empire
.
The
Grand
Seignior
did
this
to
engage
those
Princes
to
the
maintaining
their
Dominions
,
as
expecting
to
possess
them
one
day
themselves
.
The
Turk
is
master
of
the
City
of
Caffa
,
the
best
and
most
important
of
this
State
.
His
Predecessours
took
it
from
the
Janizaries
in
the
year
1475.
The
Lesser
Tartars
assisted
the
Polanders
in
some
of
their
late
Wars
,
but
to
the
cost
of
their
Guests
;
besides
some
Money
those
gave
them
annually
,
some
Rouls
or
Sheep-skins
to
cloath
themselves
with
.
Though
their
Shape
makes
them
resemble
Apes
when
they
are
on
Horseback
with
very
short
Stirrups
,
yet
they
fail
not
of
having
the
advantage
of
their
Enemies
in
the
Campaign
.
The
Cossacks
fight
'em
when
they
can
go
in
Tabort
,
that
is
to
say
when
they
can
march
between
two
rows
of
their
Waggons
,
having
eight
or
ten
in
the
Front
,
and
as
many
in
the
Rear
,
with
Fuzils
,
Half
Pikes
,
and
long
handed
Scyths
,
while
that
the
best
mounted
go
round
about
with
Sentinels
on
all
sides
for
a
Quarter
of
a
League
distance
.
The
Lesser
Tartars
are
so
cruel
,
that
they
give
Axes
and
Knives
to
their
little
Children
for
the
killing
those
Prisoners
outright
,
whom
they
mean
not
to
carry
away
.
They
have
themselves
sometimes
filled
great
Sacks
with
the
ears
of
Christians
,
to
show
the
greatness
of
their
Victory
.
Of
the
State
of
Ragusa
.
THis
is
a
small
Republick
,
which
has
its
Territories
in
Dalmatia
,
near
those
of
the
Turks
,
and
upon
the
Gulph
of
Venice
.
It
pays
eighteen
thousand
Sequins
of
annual
Tribute
to
the
Grand
Seignior
for
liberty
of
Commerce
in
the
Levant
.
The
City
which
seems
to
have
succeeded
to
the
ancient
Epidaure
,
is
pretty
well
fortify'd
,
and
very
populous
.
It
has
the
Title
of
an
Archbishoprick
;
its
Inhabitants
,
who
addict
themselves
for
the
most
part
to
trade
,
are
Roman
Catholicks
.
In
the
year
1667.
it
received
a
great
loss
by
an
Earthquake
.
It
s
Principal
Harbour
is
that
of
St.
Croix
,
which
is
three
Leagues
distant
from
it
.
Its
Ships
are
pretty
numerous
,
well
known
in
the
Seas
of
the
Levant
,
as
its
Caravans
be
in
the
Dominions
of
the
Turks
in
Europe
.
He
who
commands
the
Republick
of
Ragusa
,
is
called
Doge
or
Rectour
;
he
is
assisted
with
the
Councel
of
a
hundred
Senators
,
his
Government
lasts
only
a
Month.
The
Governour
of
the
Castle
is
changed
every
day
,
wherein
one
of
the
Nobles
enters
to
command
in
his
turn
.
Their
Gentlemen
must
marry
Gentlewomen
,
if
they
mean
their
Children
should
be
acknowledged
to
be
of
the
Ragusian
Nobility
.
The
Revenue
of
the
Republick
is
five
and
twenty
thousand
Crowns
.
The
Country
above
the
Town
is
not
over
fertile
,
full
of
Rocks
and
Stones
;
if
it
bring
forth
any
thing
,
it
is
by
the
means
of
the
Forreign
Earth
which
they
cause
to
be
brought
thither
,
which
is
done
with
such
care
and
such
success
,
that
the
Coast
makes
a
Beautiful
Prospect
of
Vineyards
,
Orange
Trees
,
Lemon
Trees
and
Pomegranates
.
The
Neighbouring
Islands
which
are
of
the
dependance
of
Ragusa
,
are
also
very
pleasant
.
The
Turks
have
some
sort
of
inclination
for
the
Ragusians
,
by
reason
they
pay
punctually
their
Tribute
,
and
that
by
their
means
they
are
provided
with
all
the
Commodities
of
Europe
,
which
they
stand
in
need
of
.
They
give
them
Priveledges
which
they
seldom
grant
to
other
Christians
.
Of
the
Brittish
Islands
.
THese
Islands
consist
in
two
great
,
and
several
small
ones
.
Great
Brittain
and
Ireland
are
the
two
great
;
the
small
are
all
in
the
Neighbourhood
of
Great
Brittain
,
the
Hebrides
,
Orcades
,
Shetland
which
depends
on
the
Crown
of
Denmark
in
the
sea
of
Scotland
;
Man
;
Anglesey
,
the
Sorlingues
in
the
Irish
Sea
,
Wight
,
Guernsey
,
Jersey
in
the
Channel
.
Formerly
Great
Brittain
went
under
the
Name
of
Albion
,
by
reason
of
its
Rocks
all
along
the
Sea
,
which
seem
white
.
It
now
comprehends
two
Kingdoms
,
that
of
England
,
and
that
of
Scotland
,
the
union
whereof
gave
occasion
to
King
James
to
stile
himself
King
of
Great
Brittain
,
and
at
the
same
time
the
design
of
stifling
the
partialities
which
were
between
the
two
Nations
.
The
English
were
not
very
well
satisfyed
with
this
change
,
since
thereby
their
Name
became
the
less
famous
.
The
Brittish
Islands
had
to
the
number
of
Nineteen
Kingdoms
.
England
had
seven
of
them
,
Wales
three
,
Scotland
two
,
Ireland
five
,
the
Isle
of
Man
made
one
,
the
Isles
near
Scotland
another
.
All
this
now
is
under
the
Crown
of
England
.
Several
places
and
Islands
in
the
East
and
West
Indies
are
also
subject
to
it
,
whereof
we
have
made
mention
in
the
Article
of
Europe
.
Of
England
.
ENgland
was
so
called
by
the
English
,
an
ancient
People
,
who
dwelt
on
the
confines
of
Germany
and
of
Denmark
;
the
Name
of
Saxony
Trans-marine
was
given
it
by
the
Saxons
.
Before
,
it
was
called
Lhoegria
,
and
then
Scotland
went
under
the
Name
of
Albania
,
and
Wales
that
of
Cambria
.
During
the
decay
of
the
Roman
Empire
,
the
Saxons
and
English
invaded
Great
Brittain
with
main
force
,
and
near
Bedford
gained
a
signal
Victory
over
the
Insularies
,
who
were
constrained
to
abandon
their
Countrey
.
Several
Brittons
retired
into
Wales
,
others
passed
into
Brittany
in
France
,
where
they
setled
the
British
Tongues
by
the
help
of
their
Country
Men
,
whom
the
Romans
had
already
lead
thither
to
support
their
pretensions
to
the
Empire
.
King
Arthur
,
one
of
the
last
Brittish
Kings
,
who
dyed
in
the
year
542.
is
the
same
whom
so
many
Fables
be
told
of
,
and
to
whom
is
attributed
the
institution
of
the
Knights
of
the
round
Table
.
The
Victors
,
that
is
to
say
,
the
Saxons
and
the
English
,
raised
a
Wall
towards
the
West
of
England
,
to
mark
the
Bounds
of
their
Conquests
,
and
at
the
same
time
made
a
Law
,
by
which
all
the
Brittons
should
have
a
hand
cut
off
,
who
were
found
with
a
Sword
on
this
side
the
Wall
.
In
the
year
450.
and
the
following
,
there
were
formed
seven
Kingdoms
,
Kent
,
Sussex
,
Essex
,
West-Sex
,
East-Anglia
,
Mercia
,
North-Humbria
.
A
little
after
that
Charlemagne
was
acknowledged
Emperour
of
the
West
,
all
these
Monarchies
were
reduced
into
one
by
King
Egbert
,
who
dyed
in
the
year
837.
The
Successours
of
this
Egbert
having
been
troubled
by
the
Danes
,
the
last
of
them
declared
his
Heir
William
Duke
of
Normandy
,
to
whom
the
Conquest
of
England
brought
the
Name
of
Conquerour
.
Thus
England
has
had
Soveraigns
of
six
several
Nations
,
of
the
Brittons
,
Romans
,
Saxons
,
English
,
Danes
and
Normans
.
These
last
have
established
there
the
Principal
Laws
,
the
King
who
now
reigns
is
James
the
2.
England
is
a
greater
Kingdom
,
more
fertile
and
populous
than
is
either
Scotland
or
Ireland
.
It
is
the
most
considerable
of
any
State
in
the
Ocean
:
It
produces
Corn
and
Fruits
in
abundance
:
the
best
Tin
in
the
World
is
transported
thence
;
Wool
,
Cloaths
,
Hides
and
other
Commodities
both
excellent
and
in
great
plenty
;
neither
is
it
wanting
in
excellent
Liquors
.
The
English
Horses
,
Dogs
and
Cocks
are
in
high
esteem
all
over
the
World
.
No
Wolves
have
been
seen
there
since
the
general
hunting
,
which
destroyed
them
almost
all
,
by
the
means
of
permission
Criminals
had
of
redeeming
their
Lives
with
the
Heads
of
those
Animals
.
Gunners
and
Dogs
were
for
sometime
kept
upon
Frontiers
of
Scotland
,
to
hinder
the
Wolves
'
which
were
hunted
out
,
from
returning
into
England
.
The
great
respect
that
is
paid
to
Ladys
in
this
Realm
,
has
given
occasion
to
the
saying
;
that
England
is
the
Paradise
of
Women
,
the
Purgatory
of
Servants
,
and
the
Hell
of
Horses
.
The
English
for
the
most
part
are
well
proportioned
,
and
of
a
generous
Nature
.
They
have
had
so
great
an
Antipathy
to
the
Scots
,
that
Edward
the
1.
the
same
who
was
preferred
before
his
Eldest
Brother
,
by
reason
of
the
Beauty
of
his
Body
,
recommended
,
that
after
his
Death
,
they
should
boyl
him
until
they
parted
his
Flesh
and
his
Bones
,
that
they
should
bury
his
Flesh
,
and
carry
his
Bones
along
to
the
War
against
the
Scots
.
The
English
are
owned
Soveraigns
of
the
Ocean
,
and
have
made
those
States
and
Potentates
to
repent
,
who
have
dared
to
dispute
their
Right
to
that
Title
.
Their
Countrey
is
compared
to
the
Tortoise
in
the
shell
,
who
has
all
his
Defences
collected
.
The
acquisition
of
some
Places
by
the
allyance
with
Portugal
,
has
obliged
them
to
extraordinary
expences
.
The
Spaniards
have
a
Proverb
,
with
all
War
,
and
Peace
with
England
.
The
general
Religion
of
the
English
,
is
the
reformed
,
the
King
of
England
is
the
Head
of
the
Anglican
Church
,
where
of
the
Principal
Members
are
the
Bishops
,
who
compose
the
House
of
Lords
with
the
other
Peers
.
This
Parliament
is
very
different
from
those
of
France
;
besides
the
House
of
Lords
,
there
is
that
of
the
Commons
,
called
the
Lower
House
.
The
principal
Rivers
of
England
are
,
the
Thames
,
Severn
and
Humber
,
which
do
not
encrease
by
the
Rains
,
the
neighbouring
Lands
being
sandy
.
There
be
reckoned
one
and
fifty
Counties
called
Shires
;
each
of
those
Counties
is
distributed
into
hundreds
,
into
Tithings
or
Tenths
.
They
may
be
considered
according
to
the
four
Regions
of
the
World
;
and
this
division
is
much
the
same
with
that
the
Romans
made
,
when
they
were
Masters
of
the
Country
.
The
Southern
part
of
England
is
along
the
Channel
,
where
be
the
best
Harbours
of
the
Kingdom
.
Canterbury
and
Bristow
be
there
considerable
,
the
first
upon
the
account
of
its
Archbishopwrick
and
of
its
Primacy
;
the
second
for
its
Commerce
,
Ships
arriving
there
at
full
Sail.
Rochester
is
the
usual
Station
of
the
Kings
Ships
,
which
are
called
men
of
War
,
Frigats
,
Yachts
.
Salisbury
has
a
Metropolitan
Church
,
wherein
are
reckoned
as
many
Doors
as
there
be
Months
,
and
as
many
Windows
as
there
be
days
in
the
year
.
Windsor
is
a
Royal
Castle
near
the
Thames
,
where
the
Ceremonies
of
the
order
of
the
Garter
are
generally
performed
.
Dover
is
known
for
its
strong
Castle
,
for
Peoples
embarking
there
for
Calice
,
Dunkirk
and
Ostend
;
for
the
Neighbourhood
of
the
Downs
,
under
whose
shelter
,
the
Ships
that
are
bound
towards
the
East
and
towards
the
South
,
may
wait
safely
for
Winds
,
fair
for
their
Voyage
.
Hastings
is
a
place
where
in
the
year
1066.
William
the
Conquerour
gained
a
full
Victory
over
Herald
the
2d
.
the
last
Danish
King
,
who
was
killed
upon
the
spot
with
above
sixty
thousand
of
his
Men.
Portsmouth
,
Southampton
,
Plimouth
have
very
good
Ports
.
The
Eastern
part
has
this
advantage
,
of
having
London
,
the
Capital
of
all
the
Realm
,
one
of
the
Greatest
,
Richest
and
most
Populous
Cityes
in
the
World
,
by
the
means
of
its
greatest
traffick
.
It
s
Scituation
is
upon
the
River
of
Thames
,
where
it
receives
the
noblest
Ships
of
the
Universe
;
its
Bridge
is
three
hundred
and
thirty
Paces
in
length
.
The
Pastures
and
Meads
round
about
would
make
a
most
pleasant
Prospect
and
Landskip
,
if
the
Smoak
of
Coals
which
is
commonly
burnt
there
,
did
not
raise
a
continual
Cloud
.
Norwich
is
one
of
the
best
Cities
,
and
most
populous
of
all
the
Kingdom
.
Yarmouth
sees
the
fishing
of
Herrings
performed
in
its
Neighbourhood
,
where
at
Michaelmas
is
held
a
fair
for
that
purpose
.
Cambridge
one
of
the
most
famous
Universities
in
the
World
.
Harwich
a
famous
Port.
The
Countrey
round
about
was
the
abode
of
the
Icenians
,
whose
Queen
Bodicea
put
to
Death
a
great
number
of
Romans
in
the
time
of
Nero
,
and
preferred
a
glorious
Death
before
an
Ignominious
Slavery
.
Towards
the
midst
of
the
Realm
is
Oxford
,
with
one
of
the
four
most
famous
Universities
of
Europe
,
wherein
there
is
thirty
three
Colledges
,
that
of
the
University
has
a
Library
full
of
very
curious
Manuscripts
;
unless
it
be
that
of
the
Vatican
,
there
be
few
in
the
World
that
have
any
so
fine
.
Gloucester
is
commonly
the
appanage
of
the
third
Son
of
the
King
of
Great
Brittain
:
It
is
near
the
Severn
,
near
the
Isle
of
Aldney
,
where
was
formerly
fought
a
singular
Combat
between
Edmond
Ironside
King
of
the
English
Saxons
;
and
Canute
the
Dane
,
who
at
length
divided
the
Kingdom
between
them
,
after
having
fought
a
long
while
without
being
able
to
have
any
advantage
over
one
another
.
Chester
is
accompanyed
with
a
Sea-Port
,
where
People
embark
for
Ireland
.
At
Worcester
was
the
Defeat
of
the
Kings
Army
in
the
year
1651.
by
the
Rebels
.
York
in
the
Northern
part
is
the
second
City
of
the
Kingdom
,
and
the
Title
of
the
Kings
second
Son
.
Lancaster
is
a
County
Palatin
,
famous
for
its
ancient
Family
.
The
two
Houses
of
York
and
Lancaster
gave
a
great
deal
of
trouble
to
England
,
during
above
a
hundred
years
,
by
the
fatal
Faction
of
the
White
and
Red
Rose
.
New-Castle
and
Hull
have
the
conveniency
of
the
Sea
:
The
Country
about
New-Castle
is
full
of
Mines
,
which
afford
Coals
,
so
necessary
to
the
Inhabitants
of
the
City
of
London
,
and
the
best
Crayons
of
Europe
.
The
refusal
that
was
made
at
Hull
of
receiving
King
Charles
the
1.
was
one
of
the
Principal
Motives
of
the
War
between
his
Majesty
and
the
Parliamentaryes
.
Barwick
and
Carlisle
have
some
Fortifications
.
Penrith
keeps
the
round
Terrass
,
which
is
said
to
have
been
King
Arthurs
Table
.
Between
Hull
and
Newcastle
there
be
the
Ports
of
Brilington
and
Scarborough
.
The
Principality
of
Wales
is
the
Title
of
the
Kings
Eldest
Son
;
it
has
few
good
Cities
:
Bangor
was
there
formerly
a
famous
Abby
,
where
above
twelve
hundred
Monks
lived
on
what
they
earn'd
by
working
.
Milford
is
reckoned
one
of
the
finest
Havens
of
Europe
,
by
reason
of
its
Sinuosities
,
which
form
as
many
good
Ports
.
The
Isle
of
Anglesey
which
is
near
it
,
was
the
abode
of
some
Druids
,
and
the
retreat
of
those
,
who
in
Great
Brittain
would
not
submit
to
the
Romans
.
It
is
called
the
Nursing
Mother
of
Wales
,
by
reason
of
its
fertility
.
It
s
City
of
Aberfrau
served
formerly
for
abode
to
the
Kings
of
North-Wales
.
Of
Scotland
.
THis
Kingdom
is
the
ancient
Caledonia
,
which
was
called
Scotland
from
the
Scots
,
a
People
who
made
a
sharp
War
upon
the
Romans
,
and
obliged
them
to
make
entrenchments
against
their
Incursions
,
principally
under
Adrian
and
under
Severus
.
The
Name
of
Albany
has
been
sometimes
given
to
all
this
Kingdom
,
whereas
it
is
now
peculiar
to
one
of
its
Countys
,
which
the
Inhabitants
call
Broad
Albiny
.
Some
Scotch
Authors
,
make
the
Name
of
Scotch
come
from
the
ancient
Scythians
,
for
the
showing
their
Predecessours
in
the
Higher
Antiquity
.
Scotland
is
of
a
cold
Temperature
;
its
Gulphs
,
Lakes
and
Mountains
hinder
its
Provinces
from
being
over
Fertile
.
The
Inhabitants
are
of
the
reformed
Religion
,
Popery
having
been
there
abolish'd
under
King
James
the
6th
.
But
the
many
Scots
which
Sprung
up
with
the
Reformation
,
produced
there
many
Troubles
,
and
occasioned
most
of
the
disorders
,
which
in
our
time
we
have
seen
in
the
Kingdoms
of
England
,
Scotland
and
Ireland
.
There
be
still
at
this
day
Phanaticks
,
who
call
themselves
the
Sweet
Singers
of
Israel
,
and
are
retire
into
the
Mountains
and
into
the
Woods
,
though
they
be
hardly
able
to
subsist
there
.
The
Southern
Scots
live
much
after
the
same
way
as
the
English
,
the
Northern
are
wedded
to
the
ancient
Customs
,
and
not
over
careful
of
neatness
in
their
Repasts
.
The
Scotch
Nation
has
for
a
long
while
been
in
esteem
for
Valour
and
Fidelity
;
the
most
Christiam
King
St.
Lewis
,
and
his
Successours
the
French
Kings
have
trusted
them
with
the
Guard
of
their
Royal
Persons
,
and
made
allyance
with
Scotland
.
This
Kingdom
is
now
the
most
ancient
in
the
World
,
it
is
said
to
have
been
above
two
thousand
years
hereditary
,
with
a
Succession
of
about
a
hundred
and
ten
Kings
.
The
Power
and
Revenues
of
the
King
of
Scotland
are
rendred
much
more
considerabbe
since
his
Majesties
Restauration
,
and
his
re-stablishment
in
the
Power
of
raising
Forces
by
Sea
and
Land
;
of
making
Peace
or
War
,
with
the
command
of
the
Castles
,
of
the
Cittadels
and
Garrisons
of
the
Kingdom
.
The
richness
of
the
Countrey
consists
in
Wool
,
in
Cattle
,
and
Salt-Fish
.
It
s
Land
has
several
Mines
of
Lead
,
Iron
,
Sulphur
,
Azure
,
and
Coal
.
It
s
principal
Rivers
have
a
prodigious
Quantity
of
Salmon
.
All
Scotland
is
divided
into
two
great
parts
by
the
River
of
Tay
,
the
one
Northern
,
the
other
Southern
.
Northern
Scotland
,
contained
under
the
name
of
High-lands
,
is
that
where
the
Romans
could
not
carry
their
Armies
,
and
where
in
our
times
the
English
Parliamentaries
had
not
all
the
Success
they
had
promised
to
themselves
.
It
was
the
abode
of
the
ancient
Scots
,
whose
Kings
had
their
residence
at
Dunstafag
.
The
Robberies
of
the
Inhabitants
have
been
there
formerly
so
frequent
,
principally
in
the
Province
of
Albania
,
that
if
by
the
Law
any
one
of
the
Province
had
committed
a
Robbery
,
he
amongst
them
whom
a
man
could
seize
of
,
was
obliged
to
repair
the
loss
,
or
to
lose
his
Life
.
Aberdeen
is
the
most
considerable
City
of
this
Country
,
by
reason
of
its
University
,
and
of
its
Pearls
which
are
found
in
its
little
River
,
and
of
the
Salmons
that
are
taken
in
its
Neighbourhood
,
where
three
hundred
are
said
to
be
sometimes
taken
at
one
Cast
of
the
Net
.
The
Southern
part
of
Scotland
,
which
is
called
Lower
,
is
a
better
Country
than
the
upper
.
There
is
to
be
seen
Edenborough
,
the
Capital
of
the
Kingdom
,
the
abode
of
the
late
Kings
.
St.
Andrew
and
Glascow
have
the
Title
of
Archbishopricks
.
St.
Andrew
has
also
a
famous
University
,
I
say
,
famous
for
such
a
Kingdom
as
that
of
Scotland
,
where
Glascow
passes
for
a
Paradise
.
Abernethi
was
the
abode
of
the
King
of
the
Picts
.
Duns
upon
the
Marches
of
England
,
is
the
place
of
Birth
of
the
subtil
Doctor
Scotus
.
Leith
the
Sea-port
of
Edinborough
.
St.
Johns
Town
a
new
City
,
near
the
ruins
of
the
ancient
Perth
,
which
the
Sea
has
ruined
.
It
is
defended
with
good
Walls
,
whereas
most
of
the
other
Cities
of
the
Kingdom
have
none
at
all
.
The
Coronation
of
the
Kings
of
Scotland
is
performed
at
Scone
,
near
St.
Johns-Town
.
There
was
in
this
Abby
a
Marble
Chair
,
from
which
the
Royalty
of
Scotland
was
esteemed
inseparable
;
but
the
King
of
England
,
Edward
the
4th
having
transferred
it
to
London
,
it
looks
as
if
King
James
the
6th
.
was
as
it
were
forced
to
go
thither
.
That
Chair
had
been
before
in
the
Country
of
Argyle
.
Dunbar
is
an
old
Castle
,
the
Fortifications
whereof
have
been
destroyed
The
English
Parliamentaries
won
a
Battail
there
in
the
year
1650.
Dunbarton
is
a
Fortress
upon
a
Rock
near
a
Lake
,
where
the
Fish
are
said
to
have
no
bones
.
The
Isles
of
May
and
Bass
have
Castles
situated
upon
inaccessible
Rocks
.
The
Garrison
of
that
of
Bass
receives
great
conveniencyes
from
the
Geese
,
Sea
Coots
or
Moor-hens
,
which
go
there
to
make
their
Nests
;
these
Fowls
furnish
abundance
of
Wood
for
Fewel
.
Among
the
Islands
which
depend
on
Scotland
:
The
Hebrides
are
on
the
West
,
the
Orcades
on
the
North
of
that
Kingdom
.
The
Inhabitants
of
the
Orcades
keep
carefully
the
Cup
of
St.
Magnus
,
whom
they
name
their
Apostle
.
With
this
Cup
they
try
their
Bishops
,
and
hope
for
abundance
of
good
from
'em
,
when
those
Prelates
empty
it
quite
.
They
are
of
so
good
a
complexion
,
that
they
never
take
Physick
.
Towards
the
North
of
the
Orcades
,
there
be
the
Isles
of
Scetland
,
which
we
have
said
to
depend
on
the
Crown
of
Denmark
.
The
Insularies
there
are
so
healthful
and
so
vigorous
,
that
they
make
no
scruple
of
marrying
when
they
are
a
hundred
years
old
:
Nay
they
go
a
fishing
at
the
age
of
a
hundred
and
thirty
and
a
hundred
and
forty
.
Zeal
,
one
of
these
Islands
,
suffers
no
Forreign
Animals
:
they
dye
as
soon
as
they
come
there
.
Ireland
.
IReland
formerly
called
Ivernia
and
Hibernia
,
is
on
the
West
of
Great
Brittain
,
from
which
it
is
separated
by
a
Sea
full
of
Shelves
and
Rocks
,
where
there
is
a
concourse
of
several
Rivers
,
which
fall
in
there
with
great
Rapidity
.
There
is
little
sayling
there
,
but
with
Ships
of
a
middle
Bulk
,
yet
Ireland
has
the
finest
Harbours
,
and
the
greatest
number
in
the
World
.
The
Irish
are
tall
and
well
proportioned
;
love
Repose
and
Liberty
;
most
of
them
are
Catholicks
.
During
the
usurpation
of
the
Royal
Authority
in
England
,
by
the
two
Houses
,
and
by
Cromwel
,
most
of
the
Papists
were
brought
to
condign
Punishment
,
for
their
execrable
Massacres
and
Bloudshed
,
and
the
Irish
Nobility
pen'd
up
in
a
corner
of
the
Kingdom
;
between
the
River
of
Shennon
and
the
Sea
.
The
Physitians
there
are
received
by
Succession
.
The
Riches
of
this
Realm
consists
in
Butter
,
Suet
,
Wool
,
Hides
,
Frizes
,
Coverlets
,
Cheeses
and
Salmon
.
The
English
who
reside
there
,
drive
almost
all
the
Trade
.
Though
this
Island
be
full
of
Lakes
,
Ponds
,
Marshes
,
Mountains
,
it
is
nevertheless
very
healthful
,
and
is
said
neither
to
produce
or
suffer
any
thing
that
's
venemous
.
The
Wood
or
Timber
that
's
cut
there
engenders
neither
Worms
nor
Spiders
.
Of
this
Nature
is
the
Timber
Work
of
the
Pallace
of
Westminster
,
and
that
of
the
Town-House
of
the
Hague
,
in
Holland
.
Of
late
time
several
of
its
Marshes
have
been
drained
and
dryed
up
,
and
the
Countrey
which
was
formerly
only
Forrests
is
at
present
so
disgarnished
of
Woods
,
that
they
are
constrained
to
make
use
of
Turfe
instead
of
it
,
for
Firing
.
All
along
the
Coast
is
great
plenty
of
those
Fowl
we
call
Soland-Geese
they
are
produced
of
the
Wood
of
the
Ships
which
rot
in
the
Sea
.
There
be
also
Pearls
which
float
in
company
,
as
Bees
follow
their
King
;
but
are
not
of
a
fine
Water
.
Ireland
is
divided
according
to
the
Dispositions
of
the
Regions
of
the
World
,
into
four
parts
;
Leinster
,
Ulster
,
Cannaught
and
Munster
;
formerly
Meeth
was
reckoned
for
a
fifth
,
but
is
now
accounted
a
Member
of
Leinster
.
There
is
still
another
Division
which
divides
all
Ireland
into
two
parts
,
whereof
the
one
is
the
Province
of
the
English
,
the
other
the
Country
of
the
true
Irish
,
though
the
whole
Country
has
been
subdued
,
and
there
is
almost
every
where
English
and
Scotch
Collonies
.
The
Province
of
the
English
has
in
like
manner
four
Countreys
,
Lease
,
Meth
,
Dublin
,
Kildare-Monmouth
is
the
best
Country
,
with
the
finest
Havens
of
the
Kingdom
.
Leinster
drives
the
greatest
Trade
,
the
two
other
Ports
are
not
so
considerable
.
Mead
passes
for
the
Granary
of
Ireland
,
by
reason
of
its
Corn.
There
be
few
good
Towns
.
Armagh
in
Ulster
,
which
was
formerly
the
principal
in
all
the
Island
,
has
now
nothing
more
than
the
Ruines
,
with
the
Title
of
the
Primary
,
and
the
Archbishops
See
.
London-Derry
is
much
more
considerable
.
Drogday
is
strong
and
trading
:
a
Proverb
runs
that
Wexford
was
in
vogue
,
that
Dublin
is
so
,
and
that
Drogdah
shall
be
.
The
Hole
of
St.
Patrick
has
Circumstances
which
have
furnished
matter
to
the
making
of
Books
.
Amongst
other
Fables
which
be
told
thereof
,
is
the
descent
of
Souls
into
Purgatory
,
and
into
Hell
through
that
Strait
.
Galloway
in
Connaught
,
the
most
considerable
after
Dublin
,
trafficks
principally
into
Spain
.
Altone
an
important
passage
upon
the
Shennon
,
was
fortified
by
Queen
Elizabeth
,
who
intended
to
have
made
it
the
Residence
of
her
Lord
Lieutenant
.
Waterford
in
Munster
is
esteemed
the
third
in
the
Kingdom
,
near
the
meeting
of
the
three
Rivers
,
which
are
called
the
three
Sisters
Limerick
and
Cork
are
considerable
.
Dublin
:
in
Leinster
is
the
Capital
of
all
Ireland
,
the
Residence
of
the
Lord
Leiutenant
and
of
the
principal
Officers
of
Justice
,
with
an
University
,
the
only
one
of
the
Kingdom
.
Kilkenni
is
esteemed
the
finest
of
the
Cities
in
the
Inlands
of
the
Countrey
.
Sicily
.
SIcily
is
the
greatest
and
best
of
all
the
Islands
of
the
Mediterranane
Sea
;
its
fertility
occasioned
it
formerly
to
be
called
the
Granary
of
Rome
.
It
was
first
of
all
inhabited
by
the
Cyclops
;
afterwards
,
most
of
the
Cities
were
swayed
by
some
Princes
or
other
,
and
the
Republick
of
Syracuse
was
very
considerable
.
The
Carthaginians
,
Greeks
and
Romans
made
War
there
,
during
a
long
while
;
these
last
made
it
their
first
Conquest
,
when
they
began
to
stir
out
of
Italy
.
The
Sarazins
,
Normans
,
Swabians
,
French
and
Spaniards
,
have
been
successively
Masters
of
it
.
It
has
bore
the
Name
of
Trinacria
,
by
reason
of
its
triangular
Figure
,
which
makes
three
great
Promontories
at
equal
distance
.
From
the
most
Western
called
Lilybee
,
may
be
discovered
Cap
Bon
in
Africa
,
though
it
be
a
hundred
Miles
off
.
Mount
Aetna
,
now
called
Mount
Gibel
,
casts
forth
Fire
and
Flames
continually
in
the
midst
of
Snow
,
sometimes
more
,
sometimes
less
,
and
some
years
since
it
vomited
Water
in
a
bundance
.
The
Emperour
Adrian
had
one
day
the
curiosity
to
mount
it
,
to
see
those
Fires
,
and
consider
the
Sun
rising
,
which
is
said
to
appear
from
that
Mountain
like
a
Rain-Bow
,
painted
with
several
colours
.
In
Sicily
did
the
Ancients
place
the
Birth-place
of
Ceres
,
and
the
Rape
of
Proserpine
.
The
whole
Island
is
divided
into
three
great
Valleyes
;
Val
di
Demona
,
Val
di
Mazara
,
Val
di
Noto
.
The
places
which
are
not
upon
the
Coast
,
are
almost
all
built
upon
Mountains
.
Messina
the
greatest
and
richest
of
all
,
has
had
great
Priviledges
,
and
ever
drove
a
great
Trade
of
Corn
and
Silk
.
The
Spaniards
remembring
the
ill
Treatments
they
received
there
in
1674.
have
taken
from
it
all
the
advantages
which
it
had
kept
,
during
several
Ages
.
It
is
near
the
Pharos
,
or
Streight
of
the
same
Name
,
where
the
Ancients
placed
the
two
Mountains
of
Scylla
and
Charybdis
,
the
former
in
Italy
,
the
latter
near
Sicily
.
The
Fable
runs
that
Charybdis
was
a
Thief
,
who
stole
away
Hercules
his
Heifers
,
and
for
that
reason
was
changed
into
a
Sea-Monster
.
The
Port
of
Messina
seem'd
to
have
been
made
of
the
Compass
.
The
Younger
Pompey
assembled
there
his
Fleet
;
the
Christians
Fleet
before
the
Battle
of
Lepanto
,
had
there
its
Rendezvouz
.
Palermo
is
the
Capital
of
the
Island
,
formerly
the
abode
of
the
Kings
,
and
the
usual
Residence
of
the
Vice-Roy
for
the
King
of
Spain
,
who
does
Homage
to
the
Pope
for
his
Kingdom
.
Augusta
is
considerable
for
its
Scituation
and
for
its
Port
;
all
defended
by
three
Fortresses
.
Syragousa
,
or
rather
Saracousa
,
formerly
Syracusa
,
one
of
the
best
Cities
of
the
Roman
Empire
,
is
noted
in
History
for
its
Wars
,
for
its
Tyrants
,
for
its
Fountain
Arethusa
,
for
the
brave
resistance
which
it
made
against
the
Romans
under
Marcellus
,
by
the
help
of
the
Machines
,
which
the
famous
Archimedes
had
raised
there
for
the
defence
of
his
Countrey
:
It
had
before
shewed
its
Puissance
against
the
Athenians
,
who
,
at
the
Solicitation
of
the
Segestains
,
had
besieged
it
.
The
Tyranny
of
Phalaris
,
and
the
invention
of
the
Brazen
Bull
by
Perillus
has
made
Gergenti
renowned
.
Noto
has
in
its
Neighbourhood
a
River
,
where
there
are
said
to
have
been
tame
Fish
,
which
eat
out
of
Mens
Hands
.
Comarana
is
near
that
ancient
Moor
or
Lake
,
the
draining
whereof
(
contrary
to
the
advice
of
the
Oracle
)
brought
upon
its
Inhabitants
a
Pestilence
,
and
the
Invasion
of
their
Enemies
.
Trapano
accompanyed
with
its
Port
,
was
noted
by
the
Ancients
for
the
Death
of
Anchises
the
Father
of
Aeneas
;
it
is
known
by
the
Moderns
for
its
Salt-Pits
,
for
the
fishing
of
Corail
and
of
tunny-fishies
,
which
is
performed
there
.
Mont-real
an
Archbishops
See
,
has
a
fine
Cathedral
Church
built
by
the
Normans
.
Melazzo
still
preserves
the
first
Monastery
of
the
Fathers
Minims
,
whom
the
Popish
Saint
Francis
de
Paula
caused
to
be
built
.
The
Spaniards
did
particularly
make
use
of
this
place
for
the
Reduction
of
Messina
.
Near
Melazzo
was
Sextus
Pompeius
defeated
by
Augustus
.
On
the
North
,
or
rather
on
the
West
of
Sicily
,
are
the
Islands
of
Lapari
,
renowned
for
the
Fable
of
Aeolus
,
for
the
first
Naval
Victory
of
the
ancient
Romans
,
and
some
Mountains
which
by
their
Fires
and
Flames
gave
Means
to
the
Inhabitants
to
foretel
Tempests
.
Towards
the
West
are
the
ancient
Aegades
,
where
Catullus
defeated
the
Carthaginians
at
Sea
,
during
the
first
Punique
War
.
Sardinia
as
well
as
Sicily
belongs
to
the
King
of
Spain
,
it
lies
in
the
same
Sea
,
which
is
the
Mediterranean
,
but
more
towards
the
West
.
It
s
Capital
City
is
Gallari
,
the
Residence
of
a
Vice-Roy
and
an
Archbishops
See
,
and
there
is
gathered
that
Sardonique
Herb
,
which
makes
People
dye
laughing
,
because
that
it
contracts
the
Nerves
and
Muscles
,
particularly
those
of
the
Mouth
.
When
the
Ionians
were
subdued
by
the
Persians
,
Bias
one
of
the
seven
Sages
of
Greece
proposed
to
them
the
Inhabiting
of
Sardinia
,
because
of
the
Convenience
of
its
Situation
.
The
Isle
of
Corsica
is
on
the
South
of
the
Seigneury
of
Genoa
,
the
Mistress
of
it
.
An
Italian
Proverb
runs
,
that
a
Corsican
is
not
to
be
trusted
alive
or
dead
.
The
Corsicans
,
as
their
Enemies
say
,
have
so
great
an
inclination
to
thievery
,
that
if
they
do
not
steal
in
their
life-time
,
they
willingly
rise
out
of
their
Tombs
to
steal
after
their
death
;
they
also
say
that
their
ancient
Pyracies
did
occasion
the
name
of
Corsaires
to
Pyrates
and
Sea-Robbers
.
In
this
Island
is
found
the
Stone
Catochite
,
which
sticks
to
Peoples
hands
like
glue
,
when
they
touch
it
.
The
City
of
Bastia
is
the
abode
of
the
Governour
,
whom
the
Genoeses
call
Vice-Roy
.
The
Ancients
reckoned
in
this
Island
above
thirty
good
Cities
,
which
have
been
for
the
most
part
ruined
.
Boniface
is
now
the
most
commodious
Haven
with
a
Fortress
,
esteemed
one
of
the
best
of
Europe
,
by
reason
of
its
advantageous
Situation
in
the
Peninsula
.
The
Isle
of
Candia
.
CAndia
formerly
Crete
,
is
one
of
the
greatest
Islands
of
the
Mediterranean
Sea
,
with
the
Title
of
Kingdom
,
at
the
entrance
of
the
Archipelago
,
in
the
sight
of
Europe
,
of
Asia
and
Africa
:
Upon
the
consideration
of
so
advantageous
a
Situation
,
Aristotle
was
perswaded
that
it
might
be
made
the
Seat
of
the
universal
Empire
.
It
is
above
two
hundred
Miles
in
length
,
about
forty
five
or
fifty
in
breadth
:
It
has
had
full
a
hundred
Cities
,
tho'
it
has
now
more
than
four
,
which
be
any
thing
eminent
.
It
was
renowned
in
antiquity
for
its
excellent
Archers
,
for
the
Ship
called
the
Bull
,
which
served
to
carry
away
the
Beautiful
Europa
,
for
the
Amours
of
Pasiphae
,
for
those
of
Ariadne
,
for
the
Cruelty
of
the
Minotaur
,
for
the
Birth
,
Abode
and
Funeral
of
Jupiter
,
for
the
Judgements
of
Minos
,
for
the
Labyrinth
,
whereof
the
invention
is
attributed
to
Daedalus
.
It
s
ancient
Inhabitants
said
,
that
most
of
the
Gods
were
born
in
their
Countrey
:
But
little
Credit
is
to
be
giv'n
to
people
who
have
always
passed
for
great
Lyars
.
Except
the
Sfaciotes
,
who
pass
for
Bravos
,
the
Candiots
have
the
reputation
of
flying
from
Toyl
,
of
trustiing
in
the
goodness
of
their
Soyl
,
which
furnishes
them
with
Malmsies
,
Wine
,
several
good
Fruits
and
other
Commodities
.
Mount
Ida
is
its
highest
Mountain
,
from
its
peak
or
top
both
Seas
may
easily
be
seen
.
Several
Plains
and
Valleys
are
fertile
in
Candy
;
but
few
are
watred
otherwise
than
with
Torrents
.
The
Cretes
were
so
succesful
in
Navigation
,
that
they
rendred
themselves
Masters
of
the
Seas
under
Minos
one
of
their
Kings
.
This
Prince
made
Laws
for
them
,
and
that
they
might
be
the
better
established
,
feigned
he
had
concerted
them
,
during
the
space
of
nine
years
,
with
Jupiter
.
Afterwards
this
Island
was
governed
by
a
Republick
,
and
towards
the
time
of
Pompey
the
Great
was
subdued
by
the
Romans
.
The
Emperours
of
Constantinople
were
also
Masters
of
it
;
after
which
it
was
given
to
Boniface
,
Prince
of
Monferrat
,
who
sold
it
to
the
Venetians
in
the
year
1194.
The
Turks
seeing
this
Island
in
the
midst
of
their
Dominions
,
thought
it
was
for
their
conveniency
to
dislodge
the
Venetians
from
thence
;
which
they
accordingly
did
in
the
year
1669.
after
a
War
of
four
and
twenty
years
.
This
Island
is
divided
into
four
Territories
,
which
bear
the
Names
of
so
many
principal
Cities
.
Candia
which
is
Capital
thereof
,
and
the
Metropolitan
,
Canea
,
Rettimo
and
Sittia
.
The
principal
Fortresses
of
the
Island
are
upon
the
Coast
,
either
in
Islands
or
Peninsula's
,
the
Grabuses
,
Suda
and
Spinalonga
which
remained
to
the
Venetians
by
the
last
peace
between
the
Republick
and
the
Port.
The
City
of
Candia
is
in
the
Northern
part
of
the
Island
,
in
an
advantageous
Situation
,
as
strong
by
Art
as
by
Nature
,
the
Venetians
did
all
that
was
humanly
possible
,
before
they
yielded
it
to
the
Infidels
.
The
Christian
Princes
for
the
most
part
sent
Succours
thither
,
by
which
means
it
sustained
the
efforts
of
a
Siege
the
most
memorable
that
ever
was
recorded
in
any
History
.