¶ Of the Axtree , and the Poles .

THe * * Thoro we met . Diameter of the worlde is called his Axtree , diameter is a syne that denideth any fygurt into . ij equall partes . wher aboute he moueth , and the endes of the Axtree are also called the Poles of the worlde . Of whom one is called the north Pole , & the other the South Pole . The Northern is he that is alwayes sene in our habytacion . And the Southern is that , whiche is neuer sene aboue our Horizon . And there be certayne places on earth where as the Pole that is euer in our syght , can not be sene with them that dwell there . And the other Pole , whiche is euer out of our syght , is in syght to them . Agayne there is a place on earth where both the Poles haue euen lyke sytuacion in the Horizon .

¶ Of the Circles of the Sphere .

SOme of the circles of the Sphere , beparallels , some be oblyque , some other go crosse ouer the Poles . The † † Equal dystaunce . parallels are they , that haue the same Poles as the world hath . And there be .v. parallel circles . The Artik , the Estiuall tropik , the Equinoctiall , the Brumal tropik , the Antarctik . The Arctik circle is euen the greatest of all those Circles that we haue contynually in syght , & he scarce lye toucheth the Horizon in one poynete , and is altogether preuented aboue the earth . And all the starres that are included in this circle , neyther ryse nor set , but a man shall espye them all the nyght longe kepe theyr course rounde aboute the Pole . And that Circle in our habitacion is drawen of the further fote of ‡ ‡ The great bete , otherwyse called Charles wayne . Vrsa maior . The ✚ ✚ Sommer . Estiuall circle is most Northward of al the circles that be made of the sonne . Whom whan the Sonne remoueth into , he returneth backe from his sommers circuite , than is the longest day of all the yere and the shortest night , and after this sommer returne , the Sonne shall not be perceyued to progresse any ferther toward the north , but rather to recoyle into the contrary partes of the world , wherfore in Greke this Circle is called † † The returne . Ionixos . The Equinoctiall circle is the most greatest of all the .v. parallel circles , and is so parted of the Horizon , that the one halfe circle is aboue the earth , the other halfe circle lyeth hyd vnder the Horizon . The sonne beynge in this circle causeth .ij. Equinoctials , one in the sprynge tyme , and the other in Haruest . The * * Wynter . Brumal tropik , is a circle most South of all the circles , that by the mouynge of the worlde be described of the sonne , whiche whan the sonne is once entred into , he turneth backe from his wynters progresse , than is the longest nyght , and the shortest day in all the yere longe . And beyonde this wynter marcke , the sonne progresseth neuer a whyt farther , but goeth into the other coostes of the worlde , wherfore this circle is also named Thonixos , as who saye returnable . The † † Right contrary to the Arctik , Antarctik circle , is equal in quantytie and distaunce with the Arctik circle , and toucheth the Horizon in one poyncte , and his course is all together vnderneth the earth , and the Starres that be placed in this ar alwayes inuisible vnto vs . The greatest of all the sayd circles is the Equinoctial , and than the Tropikes . And the leste ( I meane in our habitacion ) ar the Arctikes and these circles must be vnderstande without bredth , and be reasoned of accordyng to the situacion of the starres , and by the beholding of the † † An instrument of geometre . Dioptra . And but supposed onely in our imagination . For there is no Circle sene in al the heauen but onely ‡ ‡ Commenly called the waye to Ierusalem , or the waye to saynte Iames. Galaxias . As for al the rest they be conceyued by imaginacion .

¶ The reason why fyue parallel circles are onely in the Sphere .

FYue † † Euen lyke fat . parallel Circles alone , are wont to be descrybed in the Sphere not bycause there be no mo parallels than these in al the worlde . For the Sonne maketh euery day one parallel circle equaly dystaunt to the Equinoctiall ( whiche may well be perceyued ) with the turnynge of the worlde : In so moch that .clxxxij. parallel circles twyse be descrybed of the sonne betwene the tropikes , for so many dayes are within the two returnes , and all the starres are daylye caryed withall , rounde aboute in the parallalel circles , Howe be it euer ye one of them can not be set oute in the Sphere . And though they be profectable for dyuers thynges in * * It is almoste as moch to say as Astronomie . Astrologia , yet is it impossyble that euen the starres may be descrybed in the Sphere , without all the parallel circles , or that the * * length Magnytude of dayes and nyghtes may be precisely founde out , without the same parallels : but in as moche as they be not demed to be so necessary for the fyrste Introduction of Astrologie , they are left out of the Sphere . But the fyue parallel circles for certayne special instruction that they exhybyte , for the fyrste in syght of Astrologie be described in the Sphere . The Arctik circle seuereth the Starres whiche we euer se : the Estiual tropik contayneth the goyng backe of the 〈◊〉 Sonne , and it is the furthermoste parte of his progresse into the North . And the equinoctial Circle contayneth the Equinoctials . And the Brumall tropik is the farther most poynct of the way of the sonne toward the South , and is euen the marcke of the wynter returne . The Antarctik Circle determyneth the Starres whom we can not se . And so seynge that they be very expedient for the introduction in to Astrologie they be ryght worthy to take rome in the Sphere .

¶ Of the apparaunce , & none apparaunce of the fyue parallel circles .

ALso of the sayde fyue parallel circles , the Arctik circle appereth altogither aboue the earth . And the estiual tropik circle is deuyded into .ij. partes of the Horizon : wherof the greater parte is aboue the earth and the lesser lygheth vnderneth it . Neyther is this Tropik Circle equaly deuyded of the Horizon / in euery Towne and Countrey , but accordynge to the veriete of the Regions it hath diuersities of vprysynges : and this Estiual circle is more vnegually deuided in the Horizon to them that dwell nerer the North than we do , and farther there is a place , where the Estiual tropik is wholy aboue the erth . And vnto them that drawe nerer to the South than we , the Estiual Tropik is more vneuenly parted in the Horizon . Farthermore , there is a cooste ( but south from vs ) wherin the tropik Circle is equaly deuyded of the Horizon . But in our habitacion the Estiuall tropik is so deuided of the Horizon , that the whole circle beyng deuyded into viij . partes .v. partes shall be aboue the earth , and .iij. vnder the erth . And in dede , it semeth that Aratus ment by this ‡ ‡ A porcion of the worlde betwene north & South wherein is varyacion of tymes . &c. Climat whan he wrote his Booke of Phaenomenon . Where as he speakynge of this Estiual tropik circle saytth on this wyse .

¶ Whan this Circle deuyded is , in to eyght partes euen iust , Fyue partes aboue the erth and .iii. vnderneth remayne nedes must , The restes Sonne in sommer hot , from this returneth backe .

¶ And so of this diuision it foloweth , the day to be of .xv. equinoctial houres , & the nyght of .ix. equinoctiall houres long . And in the Horizon of Rodes , the Estiual tropik is so deuided of the horizon that the whole circle beyng deuided into .xviii. partes , there shal appere .xxix. deuisyons aboue the horizon , & .xix. vnder the erth , by which deuision it appereth that the longest day in the Rodes hath but .xiiij. equinoctiall houres in it , and the night .ix. Equinoctial houres , with .ij. half houres more besyde . The Equinoctiall circle in euery habytacion is so iustly deuyded in the myddes by the Horizon , that the one halfcircle , of it is aboue the earth , and the other halfcircle is vndeneth the erth . And this is the cause that the † † Equal Length of daye & ryght . Equinoctials happen alwayes in this circle . The Brumal tropik circle is so deuidd of the Horizon that the lesser parte shall be aboue the erth , and the greter parte vnder the erth , and the vnequalte of deuisions hath euen lyke diuersite in all climats as it is supposed to be in the Estiual tropik circle , and by this meane the deuisions of both the tropicall circles be precysely correspondent eche to other . By reason wherof the longest day is of one length with the longest nyght , and the shortest day equal with the shortest nyght . The Antarctik Cyrcle euery whyt , lyeth hyd vnder the Horizon .

¶ Of the bygnes of the .v. parallel Circles .

BUt of the sayd v. parallel circles , some kepe styll the same bygnes thorowout al the world and of some the bygnes is altered by reason of the * * Habyracions . Climats , so that some Cyrcles be bygger than other , and some lesser than other . The tropik circles and the Equinoctiall do no where alter theyr quantities , but the Arctikes varie in bygnes , for somwhere they appere bygger , and som where lesse . For vnto the Northward dwellers the arctik circles seme bygger : the Pole beynge raysed on hygh , the arctik circle touchyng the Horizon must nede also appere bygger and bygger , continually , and vnto them that dwell farther North somtyme , the Estiual tropik shall wax the Arctik circle , so that the Estiual Circle and the Arctik also , mete together and be taken but in stede of one . And in places that be yet farther . North , the arctik circles shall appere greater than the Estiual tropik circle . Than at the last , there is a place so far North , where that the Pole appereth ouer head , and the arctik circle serueth for the Horizon , & remayneth with it in the meuynge of the world , and is as wyde as the equinoctiall : in so moche that the .iij. circles ( to say ) the arctik , the equinoctial , and the Horizon be placed in one ordre and sytuacion . Agayne to them that dwel more South , the Poles appere more lower , and the Arctik circles lesser , yet agayne there is a place beyng South in respect of vs which lyeth vnder the equinoctial where the Poles be vnder the Horizon , and the Arctik Circles be altogether gone : so that of the fyue parallel Circles there remayne but thre circles , ( that is ) the two Tropiks , and the Equenoctiall .

¶ Of the nombre of the parallels .

NEyther for suche sayenges , is it to be thoughte that there continue .v. parallels alwayes but so many to be imagyned for our habytacion sake , for in some Horizons , there be but .iij. parallels only , and there be habytacions on erth , where the estiual tropik circle toucheth the horizon : and euen for the tropik Circle is the seconde taken , whiche is called the habitacion vnder the Pole . The thyrde habitacion is of whom we spake a lytell before , which is named the habitacion vnder the equinoctial .

¶ Of the ordre of the .v. parallel Circles .

Wherfore , neyther the ordre of the fyue parallel Circles , is euery where the same , but in our habitacion the fyrst shal be called the Arctike , the seconde the Estiuall tropik , the thyrde the Equinoctiall , the fourth the Brumall , the v. the Antarctik . But they that dwell more North than we , som tyme the fyrste is accompted as the Estiuall tropik , the seconde as the Arctik : the thyrde as the Equinoctial : the .iiij. as the Antarctik : the .v. as the brumal tropik , & bycause the arctik circle is wyder than the equinoctiall the sayde ordre must nede be obserued .

¶ Of the power of the fyue Parallels .

LYkewyse , Neyther are the powers of the same .v. parallel circles alyke . For the circle that is or estiual tropik is to ‡ ‡ Tois antiposin . them that dwell in a contrary habytacion , the Brumal tropik . Contrary wyse that which vnto them is the Estiual tropik circle is the Brumall tropik vnto vs . But suche as dwell vnder the equinoctial , euen the .iij. circles be in power estiual tropikes vnto them , I meane those that dwell iust vnder the course of the Sonne , for in conferrynge one to another , that whiche is the Equinoctial with vs shal be theyr Estiual tropik Circle . And both the Tropikes shal be Brumals . So than the Estiual tropik circle may be sayd by nature bnyuersally all the worlde ouer , whiche is next to that habitacion : therfore vnto them that dwell vnder the equinoctial the equinoctial it selfe serueth for the estiual tropik , as wherin the sonne hath his course directly ouer theyr hed , & all the parallel circles shall take the rome of the Equinoctials , beynge deuyded by equall deuysyons in the Horizon .

¶ Of the space betwene the Parallels .

NEyther the spaces of the circles one from the other do remayne the same thorowout all habytacions : but after the description of the Spheres , they are dyscussed on this sorte . Let any Meridian be deuided in .lx. partes , the Aretik shal be described from the Pole .lxvi. partes of . And the same on the other syde , shal be .lxv. parte dystaunt from the Estiual , and the Equinoctial shal be from eyther of the Poles .lxiiij. deuisions of . The Brumal tropik circle standeth from the antarctik .lxv. partes of . Neyther haue these Circles the same distaunce betwne them in euery towne and Countrey . But the tropiks in euery declynacion shall haue euen lyke space from the Equinoctial . Yet haue not the tropiks equall space from the Arctiks at euery Horizon , but in some place lesse , and in some place more dystaunce . Lykewyse the Arctiks haue not in euery declinacion one certayne space from the Poles , but somwhere lesse , and somwhere more . All the Spheres , be made for the Horizon of Grece .

¶ Of the Colurs .

THere are Circles that go crosse ouerthwart the Poles which of some men be called Colurs . And they be so framed that they conteyne within theyr circuite the Poles of the world . And be called † † vnperperfect . Colurs , by reason of those porcyons of them that be not sene . As for other circles they be sene whole , the worlde mouyng rounde aboute . And there are certayne partes of the Colurs inuisible , euen those partes that from the Antarctik lye hyd vnder the horizon . And these circles be sygned by the tropical poyntes and they deuyded into .ij. equall partes , the circle that passeth thorowe the myddes of the zodiak .

¶ Of the zodiak .

THe Circle of the xij . sygnes is ‡ ‡ Slont wyse . oblyque and is compounded of .iij. paralel circles : of whom .ij. are sayd to showe the bredth of the zodiak , and one is called passynge thorowe the myd sygnes : thus toucheth he the .ij. equall circles and parallels , the Estiual tropik in the fyrste degre of Cancer , and the Brumal tropik in the fyrst degre of Capricorn . The bredth of the zodiake is .xij. degrees . This circle is called oblyque bycause he crosseth ouer the parallels awrye .

¶ Of the Horizon .

THe † † The under . Horizon is a Circle that sondreth vs , the parte of the world sene , from the parte that can not be sene , so he deuideth the whole Sphere of the world into .ii. partes , euen that he leueth the one halfe sphere aboue the erth , and thother half sphere vnderneth the erth . And there be .ii. Horizons , one sensyble , the other ymagyned by vnderstandynge . The sensyble Horizon is that , whiche of oure syght is lymyted at the vtmoste of our ‡ ‡ Looke kennynge . So that his Diameter is not passing . M. furlonges , euen thorowout . The horizon that is ymagyned by vnderstandyng , is for the speculacion of the Sphere of the fyxed stares , and he deuideth the whole world into .ii. partes . Wherfore there is not the same Horizon , thorowout euery habytacion & towne , but to a mans ‡ ‡ Syght wyttynge he remayneth the same for the space of .iiii. C. furlonges almost . So that the length of the dayes , the Clymat , and al the apparaunces remayne the same styll . But with the mo nomber of furlonges for the diuersite of the habytacion , the Horizon , the Climate , yea and all the apparaunces shall varie . So than the chaunge of habitacion must nedes happen in goynge Southwarde or Northward , beyonde .iiii. C. furlonges . And they that dwell in one parallel for euery excedynge great nombre haue a newe Horizon , but they kepe the same Climat and all the apparaunces lykewyse . the begynninges & endynges of dayes chaunce not at the selfe same tyme to all that dwel in the same parallel . But after very exacte curiosite the lest mouyng in the world hyther or thyther , euen for euery poynct the Horizon is chaunged the Clymat and the apparaunces do varie . The Horizon in the Spheres is not after that maner descrybed , for all the other circles are caried together from East to West , with the mouyng of the world , and the Horizon is immounable by his owne nature as longe as he kepeth the same situacion . And so yf the Horizon were set out in Spheres whan they shulde be turned aboute , he myght so happen to moue , and somtyme to be ouerhead , and that were a thynge moste inconuenyent and farthest out of reason in Sphere matier . yet for al hat , there may be a place assygned for the horizon in the frame of the Sphere .

¶ Of the Meridian Circles .

THe ‡ ‡ Myd daye , Meridian is a cicrle that goeth through the Poles of the worlde , & thorowe the ‡ ‡ That poyncte is commenly called zenith . poynct that is iust ouer our hedes . In whom whan the sonne is come to , he causeth myd day , and myd nyght . And this circle is also immouable in the worlde , as longe as the selfe same situacion is kept in all mouynge of the worlde . Neyther is this circle drawen in ‡ ‡ globes Spheres that be paynted with starres , by cause he is immouable and receyueth no mutacion . But to mannes coniecture by wytte for iij. C. furlonges almost , the meridian a bydeth the same . But after a more exacte ymaginacion , for euery foote stepped into East or West , there waxeth another meridian . But than go North or South euen .x. M. furlonges and the same meridian shall serue but goynge from East West warde altereth the meridian .

¶ Of the Cyrcle Galaxias .

THe cyrcle of ‡ ‡ Called of the commen people Watlyng strete , and in Washle , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Galaxias is oblique also , and this to , goeth ouer the tropiks awry and it is of the substaunce of fyne Cloudes , and the onely vysyble circle in the heauens , neyther is it certayne what bredth he is of for it is narrower in one place than in another . And for that cause the circle Galaxias is left out in many Spheres . And it is one of the greatest circles . And they be called the greatest Circles which haue the same * * Is euen the myddelmoste poyncte in a thin●● . centre as the Sphere hath . And there be .vij. of the greatest circles , the Equinoctial , the zodiak , that whiche goeth thorowe the myddes of the sygnes , and that whiche goeth by the Poles , the Horizon of euery habytacion , the Maridian , and the circle of Galaxias .

¶ Of the .v. zones .

THe outwarde facion of the erth is ✚ ✚ Koun He , as a Pall. Sphericall and is deuyded into .v. zones , of whom .ii. whiche be aboute the Poles are called the colde ones , bycause they be very farre from vnder the course of the Sonne , and be lytell inhabyted for the great coulth : and their compasse is from the arctiks to the Poles warde . And the zones that be next vnto them , because they be mesurably sytuat towardes the course of the sonne be called temporate , and aboute in the Fyrmament vpon the tropiks and arctiks Circles , betwene whom they lye . Nowe the fyfth whiche emonge the sayde .iiij. circles is myddelmost , for that it lygheth vnder the waye of sonne is named the hotte , and it is deuided of the Equinoctial of the erth , into .ii. which lygheth and about , vnder the Equinocciall of the worlde . But of the two temperate zones , one is inhabyted of them that be of our habytacion beynge in length nyghe a. C. M. furlonges , and in bredth , aboute halfe the same .

¶ Of the Celestiall Sygnes .

THe sygnes that be blased with starres are deuyded into .iij. partes , some of them be placed in the circle of the zodiak . Some be called Northern , and some be called Southern . And they that be situat in the circle of that zodiak be xij . ‡ ‡ Lyuelynges . Beastes , whose names we haue declared in another place , in which .xij. beastes there are certayne starres , who for certayne notable markes espied in them , haue taken theyr proper names for the fyxed starres that be in the backe of Taurus be called * * The. 7. starres , whiche Maroners do vse in trienge of costes . Pleiades . And the starres that be placed in the head of Taurus be .v. in nombre and are called * * 7. starres , in whose rysing and goynge downe it lyghtlye rayneth ; alway . Hyades . And the Starre that standeth before the fete of Gemini is called Propus , and that cloudelyke substaunce , that is in Cancer , is called * * The Crybbe . Praesepe . And the two Starres that stande nyghe Presepe are called † † The Asses . Asini . And the bryght Starre that is in the harte of Leo , ( accordyng to the name of his place ) is the Lyons harte , and it is called of some men , the Royall Starre , for that they that are borne vnder it are thoughte to haue a royall natiuite . The fayre Starre that styeketh at fyngers endes of the lefte hande of Virgo , is called the ✚ ✚ Or the eare . Spike . But the lytell starre that is fastened by the ryght wyng of Virgo is named Protrigetes . And the .iiij. Starres that be at the ryght handes ende of Aquarius are called ‡ ‡ The water potte . Vrna . The starres that be spred one after another behynde Pisces tayle are called the lynes . And in the South lyne , there are .ix. Starres , and in the North lyne .v. The bryghte starre that is sene in the lynes ende is called † † The Knotte . Nodus . So many are accompted for the Northern as be set betwyxt the zodiak and the North . And they be these † † The great bere . Vrsa maior . † † The liteli bere , Vrsa minor . And ‡ ‡ The drake , or Dragon . Draco that lyeth betwyxt both . Vrsa ‡ ‡ or boores . Arctophilax The crowne . Corona , Engonasin , the Serpentine , the Serpent , the Harpe , the Byrde , the Arow , the Egle , the Dolphyn , Protome Hippi , the Horse that standeth by Hipparchos , Cepheus , Cassiopeia , Andromeda , Perseus , † † The Dryuer . Auriga , Deltoton . And he that was stellyfyed of Callimachus , Bernykes heare . Agayne there be certayne starres who for certayne playne apparaunces that they haue in them , haue had their names gyuen them . For the no table Starre that lyeth aboue the mydsh ankes of Arctophilar is called † † This lyeth at the rayle of the great 〈◊〉 . Arcturus . And the shyning starre that is set by the Harpe , euen by the name of the whole sygne is called the Harpe , and the Starres that be at the toppe of Perseus lefte hande are named the Gorgones . And the thycke small starres that are espyed at the ryght handes poyncte of Perseus , make as it were a sythe . And the cleare Starre that is set in the lefte shoulder of the Dryuer is called the Goote . But the two lytell starres that be at the outtermoste of his hande be called the Kyddes . And all those be Southern sygnes , that lye on the South syde of the zodiak . And theyr names be these . Orion , the Centaurus , the Beaste that Centaurus holdeth in his hande . Thyrsylochus whom Centaurus setteth before , the sensar , the Southern fysshe , the Whale , the water powred of Aquarius , the floude of Orion , the South Crowne , whiche of some is named ‡ ‡ The heuenlynge . Vraniskos , the Rodde that lygheth by Hipparchos . And agayne in these there be certayne starres that haue taken theym propre names . For the bryght starre that is in Prokyon , is called Prokyon . And the Glysterynge starre that is in the Dogges mouth , for that she is thought to cause more feruent heate , is called the Dogge , euen by the name of the whole sygne . The Starre that shyneth in the toppe of the starne of Argo , is named Canopus , and this is vneth sene in the Rodes , excepte it be from hygh places . But in Alexandria , she is not sene at all , where the .iiij. parte of the sygne , doth scantly appeare aboue the Horizon .

¶ FINIS .