A practial grammar, or, The easiest and shortest way to initiate young children in the Latin tongue by the help whereof, a child of seven years old may learn more of the grounds of that language in three months, than is ordinarily learn'd in one year's space by those of greater age, in common grammar schools / Published for the use of such as love not to be tedious. To which are added, tables of Mr. Walker's Particles by the assistance where of young scholars may be better enabled to peruse that excellent and most useful treatise by J. Philomath. Philomath, J. This text is an enriched version of the TCP digital transcription B09308 of text R227245 in the English Short Title Catalog (Wing J1). Textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. The text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with MorphAdorner. The annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). Textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. This text has not been fully proofread Approx. 280 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 49 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. EarlyPrint Project Evanston,IL, Notre Dame, IN, St. Louis, MO 2018 B09308 Wing J1 ESTC R227245 62369339 ocm 62369339 187960 2240864055

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 Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 2, no. B09308) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 187960) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English Books, 1641-1700 ; 2850:23) A practial grammar, or, The easiest and shortest way to initiate young children in the Latin tongue by the help whereof, a child of seven years old may learn more of the grounds of that language in three months, than is ordinarily learn'd in one year's space by those of greater age, in common grammar schools / Published for the use of such as love not to be tedious. To which are added, tables of Mr. Walker's Particles by the assistance where of young scholars may be better enabled to peruse that excellent and most useful treatise by J. Philomath. Philomath, J. Walker, William, 1623-1684. Treatise of English particles. [4], 89 p. Printed by Henry Hills, for Thomas Cockerill, at the Three Leggs, over against the Stocks-Market, London : 1682. Reproduction of original in: British Library. eng Latin language -- Grammar -- Early works to 1800. Latin language -- Study and teaching -- Early works to 1800. eebo A practial grammar, or, the easiest and shortest way to initiate young children in the Latin tongue. By the help whereof, a child of seven years old m Philomath, J 1682 97 30516 45 0 0 0 0 0 14.75 C The rate of 14.75 defects per 10,000 words puts this text in the C category of texts with between 10 and 35 defects per 10,000 words. 2012-01 Assigned for keying and markup 2012-02 Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2012-03 Sampled and proofread 2012-03 Text and markup reviewed and edited 2012-05 Batch review (QC) and XML conversion

A Practical Grammar , OR , The Easiest and Shortest WAY TO Initiate Young CHILDREN IN THE LATIN TONGVE .

By the Help whereof , a Child of Seven Years old may learn more of the Grounds of that Language in Three Months than is ordinarily learnt in an Year's space by those of greater Age in Common Grammar Schools .

Published for the Vse of such as love not to be Tedious .

To which are Added TABLES of Mr. Walker's PARTICLES , by the Assistance whereof Young Scholars may be the better enabled to Peruse that Excellent and most useful Treatise .

By J. Philomath . Master of a Free-School .

LONDON : Printed by Henry Hills , for Thomas Cockerill , at the Three Leggs , over against the Stocks-Market . 1682.

Kind Reader ,

AFter various Essays , and several Methods , proposed to facilitate the Teaching and Learning of the Latin Tongue , this Little Piece adventures to present it self to thy View ; not to challenge Preheminence of All that have gone before , but to submit it self to the impartial Scrutiny of thy Candid Judgment , which it the more boldly craves , as due to a Minor ; being the Issue of some Years Observation , whereby ( without Impeachment of any preceding Overtures in this kind ) Experience hath sufficiently confirmed , That short Rules , and pat Examples , Instruct better and faster than long winded Notions and perplex'd intricate Sentences , too difficult to be comprehended by Children : for the Benefit of whom these ensuing Collections are principally intended . The Age we now live in expects a more early Product , and quicker Improvement of Youth than heretofore , not to say ( tho' dearly experimented to the great Trouble and Dissatisfaction of many Teachers in this Kingdom ) a laudable Advancement of such to a competent Knowledge in that Language , as our Predecessors deemed either altogether uncapable thereof , or , by reason of their tender years , unfit to be taken into their Tuition . And indeed it seems almost impossible , at least extremely difficult , to satisfie those craving Expectations by circuiting in the old obscure Rote of the Common Grammar , whose Compilers have freely expressed themselves , in their Introduction , so far from attributing a compleat Perfection or Self-sufficiency to that Model , that they declare it imposed , not with Intent to put a stop to the Industry of succeeding Generations , in tracing out a more exact Method , or accommodating the same to different Ages and Capacities , but to prevent the grand Inconveniencies of worse ; there being then so much Distraction in the Multiplicity of Forms , that it occasioned great Confusion . Now as their sagacious Fore-sight suggested hopes of further Improvement of their Labours by Posterity , so we trust no unprejudiced person will charge this small Breviary of what was then delivered , with envious Suggillation or Pragmatic Novelty , since it seems only to design a Confirmation of their well-grounded Presages , That from those very Foundations a more Expedite Way would one day be found out to lay them . How far this Elementary And if this find Acceptance , a Greek Grammar may be produced much easier than any that hath been yet Extant . performs that Task , I conceive it not a proper undertaking to indeavour here to determin , since it is now become the Object of Common Censure , and may be approved or disliked , used or rejected at pleasure . Much less shall I go about to direct the Intelligent how it ought to be used , being so plain and easie , that every one that can read English , and understand Common Sense , may at first sight discern how to proceed , and by due Advertence Instruct himself and others . I shall only add , that if it hath gained the least Advantage to the Ends proposed , it must be acknowledged due to the afore-cited Preface , which gave the first occasion of farther search into these Particulars . The whole is left to thy Discretion to imbrace what thou thinkest useful , to Correct what thou findest amiss , and to Supply what thou apprehendest wanting , a service likely to prove no less beneficial to the tender and more indocile Infantry in Public Schools , than grateful to their Instructors , whose Obligations will bind them to return deserved Thanks for the Favor .

A Practical Grammar . PArts of Speech are Eight ; 1. Four declined : Noun , To all which belongs , 1. Two Numbers , Singular , Plural . 2. Three Persons . Pronoun , Verb , Participle . 2. Four undeclined : Adverb , Conjunction , Preposition , Interjection .

OftheTwoNumbers. 1. The Singular Number speaketh but of one . a pen a boy an hare an Ox the World an hand a bird an hart a man the King a book a nail an hair a chick the Queen 2. The Plur. speaketh of more than one , & ends in s , & in some words in n , as pens boys hares oxen worlds hands birds harts men Kings books nails hairs chicken Queens

ThereareThreePersons,both Singular . Plural . 1. I , Ego . We , Nos . 2. Thou , Tu. Ye , Vos . 3. All other Nouns , Pronouns and Participles are of the third Person , Singular or Plural , except ipse , idem , and qui , which are joined to all Persons .

Moreover , There do belong to Nouns , Pronouns , and Participles , 1. Six Cases , the Nominative , Genitive , Dative , Accusative , Vocative , Ablative , Known by these Signs , a , an , the , before the Verb. Of ( usually ) after a Noun . To or for ( the use of one ) and before a Noun . a , an , the , after the Verb. O. In , with , from , by , out of , and of after a Verb passive . II. Three Genders , the 1. Masculine , Hic . 2. Feminine , Haec . 3. Neuter , Hoc .

Singulariter Pluraliter Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. V. Abl. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. V. Abl. Masc . Hic Hunc Hoc Hi Horum Hos Fem. Haec Hujus Huic Hanc Hâc Hae Harum His Has His Neut. Hoc Hoc Hoc Haec Horum Haec

There be two sorts of Nouns which use to be joyned together in Speech :

1. Substantives , which have a Plural Number ( ending commonly in s , sometimes in n , ) and for the most part a , an , or the , before the Singular . 2. Adjectives , which have no Plural ending , nor ( if alone ) a , an or the before them : but may receive after them one of these words , Man , or Thing .

TherebeFiveDeclensionsknownbytheEndingoftheNominativeCase,asinthefollowingExamples: Singulariter Pluraliter Nom. a an the Gen. of Dat. to for Acc. a an the Voc. O Abl. from Nom. a an the Gen. of Dat. to Acc. a an the Voc. O Abl. from 1 a ae ae am a â ae arum is as ae is 2 er ir us um i o um er ir e um o i orum is os i is 3 a c e i l n o r s t x is i em a c e i l n o r s t x e es um ium ibus es es ibus 4 us u ûs ui um us u u us uum ibus us us ibus 5 es eï eï em es e es ērum ēbus es es ēbus

1. Nouns of the first Declension end in a , and are of the Feminine Gender . A Man , Vir. A Pen , Penn. a. A Lord , Domin - us . A Bean , Fab - A Finger , Digit - A Rule , Norm - A Ring , Annul - A School , Schol - The World , Mund - A Woman , Faemin - The Wind , Vent - Fortune , Fortun - Water , Aqu - A Kingdom , Regn - um . Joy , Laetiti - An Apple , Pom - 2. Nouns of the 2 d Declension in er , ir and us are Masculines , in um Neuters . A Word , Verb - Study , Studi - Loss , Damn - A Book , Lib - er . A Field , Ag - A Boy , Pu - A Goat , Cap -

3. Nouns of the third Declension , if Substantives , are , 1. Masculines , which end in an , anis . Titan , the Sun . in , inis . Delphin , a Dolphin . o , ōnis . Ligo , a Spade . on , ōnis . Damon . ŏnis . Canon , a Rule . er , ēris . Crater , a Cup. ĕris . Passer , a Sparrow . ter , tris . Venter , a Belly . ex , ēcis . Vervex , a Weather . ĕcis. Codex , a Book . or , ōris . Viator , a Traveller . ŏris . Rhetor , a Rhetorician . os , ōris . Honos , Honour . ōis , Heros , a Nobleman . il , ĭlis . Mugil , a Mullet . ul , ŭlis . Consul , a Consul . ans , antis . Quadrans , a Farthing . ens , entis . Tridens , a Mace . unx , uncis . Septunx , seven Ounces . 2. Neuters ending in a , atis . Poema , a Poem . e , is . Rete , a Net . i , is . Sinapi , Mustard . al , alis . Capital , a Coif . ar , āris . Calcar , a Spur. en , ĭnis . Nomen , a Name . ur , oris . Jecur , a Liver . uris . Guttur , a Throat . us , oris . Pectus , a Breast . eris . Vulnus , a Wound . ut , ĭtis . Caput , an Head . 3. Almost all others are Feminines , especially such as end in as , ātis . Vanitas , Vanity . ădis. Lampas , a Lamp . ax , ācis . Fornax , a Furnace . es , is . Sedes , a Seat . ētis . Quies , Rest . ēdis . Merces , a Reward . io , iōnis . Natio , a Nation . Lectio , a Reading . ix , īcis Radix , a Root . Nutrix , a Nurse . inx , ingis . Syrinx , a Flute . anx , ancis . Lanx , a Platter . do , dĭnis . Rubedo , Redness . go , gĭnis . Imago , a Picture . ux , ucis . Crux , a Cross . is , inis , is Masc . as Sanguis , Blood . is . Fem. as Avis , a Bird. 4. Nouns of the fourth Declension in us are Masculines , in u Neutters : as , A Step. Grad - us . A Wave , Fluct - An Army , Exercit - An Uproar , Tumult - Food , Vict - Fruit , Fruct - A Knee , Gen - u. An Horn , Corn - 5. Nouns of the fifth Declension are all Feminines , except Meridies and Dies . A Face , Faci - es . A Kind , Speci - A Thing , R - Faith , Fid - Hardness , Duriti -

So much of Substantives ; next follows Declination of Adjectives , which are either of the first and second Declensions , as durus , or of the third alone , as tristis .

Dur╌us Bon╌us Tard╌us Alo╌us Crud╌us Alt╌us Pulch╌er Pig╌er Nig╌er Integ╌er Sat╌ur .

Singulariter Pluraliter Masc . Fem. Neut. Masc . Fem. Neut. Nom. us er a um i ae a Gen. i ae i orum arum orum Dat. o ae o is is is Acc. um am um os as a Voc. e er a um i ae a Abl. o â o is is is

In like manner are declined all Participles in tus , sus , xus , rus and dus : 〈◊〉 , tuus , suus , noster , vester : Likewise totus , solus , unus , ullus , 〈◊〉 , alter , 〈◊〉 , neuter , nullus ; saving that these Nine make the Ge●●tive Singular in ius , and the Dative in i. x Meus makes mi in the Vocative Case , and ●●lius , aliud , in the Neuter Gender : x And the Six last lack the Vocative Case .

Trist╌is Lev╌is Util╌is Mo●╌is Auda╌x Supple╌x Feli╌x Atro╌x Am╌ans Ing╌ens Obedi╌ens Dur╌ior Lev╌ior Pulchr╌ior Nigr╌ior .

Singulariter Pluraliter Masc . Fem Neut. Masc . Fem. Neut. Nom. is x ans ens ior e x ans ens ius es ia Gen. is um ium Dat. i ibus Acc. em e x ans ens ius es ia Voc. is x ans ens ior e x ans ens ius es ia Nostras , âtis . Vestras , âtis . Gujas , âtis . Abl. e i ĭbus

N. B. Such as end in x , ans and ens , are of all three Genders in the ●ominative Case singular , and increase in the Genitive . These with Comaratives , make the Ablative singular both , in e and i. Others only in i , ●nd increase not in the Genitive Case , ( except Vetus . ) Note also , That Comparatives in the Nominative , Accusative and the Vocative Plural , form the Neuter Gender in a , and the Genitive in um , the rest in i● , ium .

There be three Degrees of Comparison , the 1. Positive . 2. Comparative . 3. Superlative . Hard , Dur╌us . Bold , Aud╌ax . us ax more , or er most , or est Light , Levis . Lowly , Suppl╌ex . is ex - ior Loving , Am╌ans . Happy , Fel╌ix . ans ix - ius issimus Great , Ing╌ens . Fierce , Fer╌ox . ens ox Fair , Pulch╌er . Sick , Aeg╌er . er - ior rimus Black , Nig╌er . Slow , Pig╌er . - ius Fiery , Igneus . Watry , Aqueus . eus Godly , Pius . Ungodly , Impius . ius magis maxime Stout , Strenuns . High , Ardnus . uus

ExceptfromtheseRules,thesethatfollow: Good , better , best , Bonus , melior , optimus , Bad , worse , worst , Malus , pejor , pessimus , Great , greater , greatest , Magnus , major , maximus , Little , less , least , Parvus , minor , minimus , Much , more , most , Multus , plurimus , Multum , plus , plurimum , Old , elder , eldest , Vetus , veterior , veterrimus , Senex ; senior , maximus natu , worse , worst of all , deterior , deterrimus , Long ago , former , first , Pridem , prior , primus , After , later , last , Post , posterior , postremus , Above , higher , highest . Supra , superior , supremus . summus . Below , lower , lowest . Infra , inferior , infimus . Within , inward , inmost . Intra , interior , intimus . Without , more outward , outmost . Extra , exterior , extimus . extremus . on this side , nigher hither , nighest hither . citra , citerior , citimus . beyond , farther off , farthest . ultra , ulterior , ultimus . near to , nearer , nearest . prope , propior , proximus . naughty , naughtier , naughtiest . nequam , nequior , nequissimus . A great while , longer , very long . diù , diutiùs , diutissime . often , oftener , very often . saepe , saepius , saepissime . lite , very lately . nuper , nuperrimè . rich , richer , very rich . dives , ditior , ditissimus .

Adjectives not Compared are , Cicur , claudus , canus , calvus , Degener , dispar , almus , salvus , Egenus , memor , magnanimus , mirus , Jejunus , crispus , unicus , delirus , Canorus , balbus , ferus , vetulus , Silvestris , mediocris , edentulus . Also , 1. Gentiles , Romanus , Graecus , &c. 2. Possessives , Fraternus , herilis , &c. 3. Numerals , Septimus , ternarius , &c. 4. Diminutives , Tenellus , tantillus , &c. 5. Materials , Aureus , aereus , lapideus , ligneus . 6. Temporals , Matutinus , hesternus , biennis . 7. Compounds of gere and fero , Salutifer , Corniger . And Words ending in 1. 〈◊〉 . Moribundus , cunct abundus . 2. imus . Bimus , trimus , maritimus . 3. ivus . Deliberativus . 4. plex . as Duplex , triplex . 5. ster . Campester , sylvester . Pronouns are these : 1. Substantives , 1. In English , 2. In Latin , I , me , we , us . Ego , nos . Thou , thee , ye , you . Tu , vos . He , she , it , him , her . Ille , iste , ipse . They , them . Illi , isti , ipsi . Self . Sui .
2. Adjectives . My , thy , or thine , his , their : Meus , tuus , suus . Our , your : Noster , vester . This , these , that , those : Hic , is . Which , whose , whom , what , who : Qui , quis .

Ego , tu , sui , ille , ipfe , iste , is , qui and quis , are thus declined :

N. Ego , I. G. Mei , of me . D. Mihi , to me . A. Me , me . V. Caret . A. à me , from me . Pluraliter nos , we . nastrâm , of us . nostri , nobis , to us . nos , us . à nobis , from us Singulariter tu , thou . tui , of thee . tibi , to thee . te , thee . O tu , O thou . à te , from thee . Pluraliter vps , ye . vestrûm , of you . vestri , vobis , to you . vos , you . O vos , O ye . à vobis , from you N. caret . himself , or themselves . G. sui , of D. sibi , to A. se , V. A. à se , from Singulariter N. is , ea , id , that . G. ejus . D. ei . A. eum , eam , id . V. A. eo , eà , eo . Pluraliter N. ii , eae , ea , those . G. eorum , earum , eorum . D. iis , veleis . A. eos , eas , ea . V. A. iis , vel eis . He , she , that . N. iste , ista , istud . G. istius , of . D. isti , to . A. istum , istam , istud . V. A. isto , istâ , isto , from . Pluraliter they , those . N. isti , istae , ista . G. istorum , istarum istorum . D. istis . A. istos , istas , ista . V. A. istis .

So are declined ille and ipse , saving that ipse maketh ipsum , not ipsud in the Neuter Gender .

N. qui , quae , quod . G. cujus . D. cui . A. quem , quam , quod . V. A. quo , quâ , quo vel quî . Pluraliter N. qui , quae , quae , G. quorum , quarum , quorum . D. quibus vel queis . A. quos , quas , quae . V. A. quibus vel queis . Masc . Neut. N. quisquis , quicquid . Ac. quicquid . Abl. quoquo , qu●quâ , quoquo .

So is quis declined , but that it hath quid in the Neuter Gender ; and also these that follow :

nam , piam , quam , que , putas . dam , vis , libet , cunque . Ec╌quis , Ne╌quis , Ali╌quis , Nun╌quis , Si╌quis .
Exceptions from the Rules concerning Nouns and the Declensions .

1. ALi Neuters make the Nominative , Accusative and Vocative the same in both Numbers , and in the Plural end all in a.

2. Filia and nata make the Dative and Ablative Plural in is or abus ; Dea , mula , equa , liberta in abus only .

3. In the Second Declension , if the Nominative Case 1. Ends in us , the Vocative shall end in e , except Voc. O Deus , fili , geni . 2. Be a Proper Name in ius , it makes the Vocative in i. 4. Ambo and Duo are thus declined : Plural . Amb - Du - o orum obus os obus ae arum abus as abus o orum obus o bous .
5. To the three first Declensions do belong certain Greek Nouns which end in the 1st . in as , es , e. These usually make the Acc. sing . in n ; but eus makes ea , and its Gen. eos : Also e the Gen. es , and o , ûs ; es the Voc. & Abl. e or a. whose Accusative singular ends in a , Plural in as ( except Neuters ) Gen. sometimes in dos , eos , ios , yos . 2 d. in eus , os , on . 3 d. a , as , an , ir , i , is , in , on , us , o ,
Nouns that differ variously in the Terminations from the common road .

OF the first Declension , Filia , nata , dea , liberta , equa , mula , serva , conserva , asina , socia , anima , make is , and abus , Dat. Pl.

Nouns in us of the second Declension make the Vocative in e ; Deus and other Nouns ending in us are Atticisms .

The Accusative singular of the third Declension ends in em , but these in im :

Vis , ravis , sitis , charybdis , tussis , Mephitis , cannabis , Magudaris , amussis , Praesepis , syrtis , opis , pelvis , buris , Sinapis , cucumis , Leucaspis , securis , Albis , Fabaris , Baetis , Tanais , Tigris , Araris , Athesis , Ligeris , Tiberis , Tibris .

em and im these ;

Aqualis , cutis , turris , vestis , navis , Sementis , puppis , bipennis , febris , clavis and strigilis .

Ablatives singular of the third Declension ends in e ; but ,

1. Neuters in al , er , e , make i , but far , hepar , jubar , nectar , make ● .

2. Adjectives with e in the Neuter , Names of Months in is and er , memor , immemor , make i in the Ablative : Affinis , rivalis , familiaris , contubernalis , popularis , sodalis , aedilis , annalis , biremis , natalis , bipennis , used Adjectively i , Substantively e.

Nouns in im in the Accusative make i only in the Ablative , but Baete , site are read .

Some make i and e in the Ablative : as

They that make im and em in the Accusative : Adjectives of one Termination : Participles and Participials in ns , ( unless put ) absolute : Verbals in trix taken Substantively , together with victrix and ultrix : Adjectives of the Comparative Degrees , par , the Adjective i : Substantive e : and compar , impar , uber , degener , dives , locuples , Arpinas .

And also ,

Classis , collis , finis , fustis , Ignis , imbris , vectis , postis , Orbis , ovis , civis , avis , Unguis , pars , furfur , navis , Occiput , sors , supellex , sordes , Pus , Carthag● , Sidon , Lacedaemon , Tibur , Anxur , and sycyon .

Neuters of the third Declension make a , or ia ;

a , whose Ablative singular ends only in e : ia , whose Ablative singular ends only in i , or e and i , but vetus , uber , bicorpor , tricorpor , versicolor , unicolor , make a.

Also Comparatives have a , except plus , plura vel pluria .

1. The Genitive Plural of the third Declension ends in um ; but

They that make i only , or i and e in the Ablative singular make ium in the Genitive Plural , except Comparatives , words ending in fex , from facis , memor , immemor , inops , uber , compos , impos , impuber , puber , dives , degener , congener , tricorpor .

2. Nouns not increasing of the third Declension make ium , but juvenis , panis , canis , and words of three sillables make um .

3. Words only Plurals have the Genitive in ium , but opes , primores , lemures , caelites , celeres , luceres , and proceres , make ium .

4. Words of one sillable ending in a liquid Consonant , as par , parium , but ren , splen , and fur , make um .

5. All words ending in the Nominative singular in two Consonants , or a double Consonant make ium , but caelebs , consors , hyems , judex , senex , gryps , lynx , sphinx , prex and frux , out of use , make u● : So Nouns from capio , as auceps , forceps , manceps , &c. And words that end in 〈◊〉 in Greek , as Arabs , Aethiops , Chalybs , Cyclops , Phalanx , make um .

Lastly , These Monosillables , as , mas , vas , bes , lis , glis , dis , vis , cos , dos , os , and mus , make ium , but pes , praes , mos , flos , thus , crus , sus , grus , lans , fraus , bos , make um .

The Dative Plural of the third Declension ends in ĭbus , but bos makes bobus and bubus , and Cicero has suibus for subus .

The Dative Plural of the fourth Declension ends in ibus , but specus , artus , lacus , tribus , portus , make ubus ; acus and quercus , have no Dative Plural ; but ficus has ficis in Pliny , &c. Quaestus , portus , genu and veru , make both ibus and ubus .

Rules for Genders of Noun-Substantives . 1. Proper , towit , Names of 1. Heathen Gods , Men , and other Male-Creatures , are all Masculines , howsoever they end . 2. Countries , Islands , Trees , Heathen Goddesses , Women , and other Females , all Feminines . 2. Common of the 1. First and fifth Declension are of the Feminine Gender . 2. Second and fourth , such as end in er , ir and us , are of the Masculine , in um and u of the Neuter . 3. Of the third Declension Nouns ending in 1. an , in , on , er , ter , ex , or , os , il , ul , o , ans , ens , unx , are , for the most part , Masculines . 2. as , es , is , ax , ix , ux , s , or x after a Consonant , i● , d● , go , most Feminines . 3. ma , e , al , ar , el , en , ur , us , ut , almost all Neuters .
Except from these general Rules : I. Names of Trees . 1. Masculines , spinus and oleaster . 2. Neuters , siler , suber , thus , robur , acer . II. Of the first Declension . 1. Masculines , such as denote the Actions or Offices of Men , and Males : as Poeta , scriba , &c. 2. Commons : Auriga , dama , talpa , verna , and Compounds in a , derived of a Verb. III. Of the second Declension in us . 1. Feminines . 1. Such as betoken the Relations , Actions , or Offices of Females . 2. Many Greek Nouns in us , ( not eus . ) 3. Humus , domus , alvus , ●●lus , vannus . 2. Neuters : Virus , pelagus , vulgus , penus . IV. Of the fourth Declension : Ficus , acus , porticus , tribus , manus , idus , all Feminines . V. Of the fifth Declension : Dies of the Common Gender , and Meridies of the Masculine . Masculines in 1. on . Sindon , gorgon , icon , ●mazon , Feminines . 2. er . Verber , iter , tuber , uber , ver , cadaver , spinter , zinziber , laser , cicer , piper , papaver , siser , Neuters . 3. ens . Mens , gens , lens , dis , tis , Feminines ; Nefrens , Common . 4. ex . Feminines , Supellex , carex , pellex , vibex . Commons , Senex , judex , vindex , imbrex , opifex , forfex , aruspex , and other Compounds ending in fex or spex ; also Pumex , cortex , obex , silex , index . 5. il . Strigil , Neuter . 6. ul . Praesul , exul , Commons . 7. or 1. Arbor , Fem. and autor , Com. 2. Cor , aequor , ador , marmor , Neuters . 8. os . 1. Feminines , Dos , cos , Eos , arbos . 2. Commons , Custos , nepos , bos , sacerdos . 3. Neuters , os , oris , a mouth . ossis , a bone . 9. ans . Glans , f. infans , c. 10. ● . Caro , f. homo , nemo , c. Feminines in 1. as . Vas , vădis , mas , ăris , gigas , elephas , adamas , Agragas , G●ramas , Masc . an as , ăt is , Com. vas , vasis , Neut. 2. ax . Some Greek Nouns . 3. es . 1. Masculines , Bes , Cres , praes , pes , tapes , verres , Cures , lebes , magnes , aries , paries , fomes , limes , stipes , termes , poples , ames , cespes , palmes , trames , gurges , tudes . 2. Commons , Haeres , Antistes , Miles , interpres , pedes , comes , hospes , ales , praeses , eques , obses , vates . 4. ix . Varix , fornix , calix , natrix , ĭcis , Mastix , ĭgis , Onyx , bombyx , Masculines . 5. io . Senio , ternio , curculio , opilio , mulio , and others in io , denoting a body , Masculines . 6. is . Masculines . Mascula sunt amnis , natalis , aqualis , ab asse Nata , ut centussis : quibus adde lienis , & orbis , Callis , caulis , follis , collis , mensis , & ensis , Fustis , funis , panis , penit , crinis , & ignis , Cassis , fascis , torris , sentis , piscis , & unguis , Hisce lapis , vermis , vectis , cum postis , & axis , Et sanguis , vomis , cucumis , glis , mugilis , addas . Communis generis cenchris sunt atque sodalis , Commons . Torquis , & extorris , patruelis , perque duellis , Affinis , juvenis , testis , civis , canis , hostis ; His jungas corbis , clunis , cum reste , canalis , Atque semis , finis , samuis , pulvis , cinis , anguis . 7. ax . Conjux and dux , with its Compounds , Common . 8. s and x after a Consonant , except Mons , pons , fons , M. calx , C. Neuters in 1. al. Annibal , M. sal , M. and N. 2. ar. Lar and salar , M. 3. en . Pecten , lien , ren , splen , lichen , atagen , tibicen , tubicen , hymen , M. Siren , F. Cornicen , C. 4. ur . Furfur , vultur , turtur , M. fur , Ligur , augur , C. 5. us . Mus , lepus , Masc . Opus , untis , pecus , ŭlis , and such as increase long in Feminines . udis , uris , utis ,
Of Irregular Nouns out of the Westminster - Introduction .

IRregular Nouns are such as vary from the common way of Declining , and either

1. Have too much in

1. The Nominative , as

Baculus , um , a Staff . Acetabula , um , a Saucer . Aranea , eus , a Spider . Antidotus , um , an Antidote . Alabaster , strum , Alabaster . Cepa , e , an Onion . Postulatio , atum , a Postulation . Concursio , sus , a Concourse . Attagen , ena , a Snite . Hebdomas , da , a Week . Lampas , ada , a Lamp . Juventus , ta , Youth . Senectus , ta , Old Age. Avarities , tia , Covertousness . Materies , ia , Matter .

Some Proper Names which have both the Greek and Latin Termination , as

Ulysses , eus . Adonis , eus . Agamemnon , o. Amazon , o. Evander , drus . Geta , tes . Ligur , gus . Menander , drus . Palemo , on . Perses , eus . Simo , on . Thimber , brus . Ode , da.

2. Other cases ; as Ancil╌ia , ium & iorum , Saturnal╌ia , ium , & iorum , jecur , oris & inoris , the Liver . And these Names following which retain the Greek Termination with the Latin in the Genitive .

Orestes , e , is . Orontes , e , is . Laches , ae , etis . Calchas , ae , an t is . Paschas , ae , & at is . Sequester , i , tris . Oedipus , i , & odis . Polipus , Glomus , i , eris . Mulciber , eri , eris . And other Neuters , especially Names of Feasts .

Likewise Neuters in ma make the Dative and Ablative Plural in matis and matibus ; as Dog╌ma , Poe╌ma , Quinquatr╌ia , is & ibus .

3. Declension ; as Laurus , pinus , colus , cornus , which make the Genitive singular , the Nominative , Accusative and Vocative Plural in us the Ablative singular in u of the fourth , other Cases of the second Declension .

S. N. Domus , P. N. Domus , G. i , ûs , G. orum , uum , D. ui , D. ibus , Ac. um , Ac. os , us , V. us , V. us , A. o. A. ibus

II. Have too little , and want

1. Number , either

1. Singular . Names of 1. Feasts : as

Saturnalia . Parentalia . Bachanalia . Orgia . Dionisia . Compitalia . Vinalia . Ithmia . Pythia . Olympia . Nemea , Palaria . Batualia .

And 2. some Cities : as

Bajae . Faesulae . Fregellae . Gades . Gabij . Locri. Athenae . Artaxata . Bactra . Susa .

3. Certain particular Nouns here mentioned :

Acta , Deeds . Adversaria , Postingbooks , Journals . Aedes , an House . Alpes , the Alps. Ambages , Preambles . Annales , Chronicles of things done from year to year . Antes , the uttermost ranks of Vines . Antiae , Womens Forelocks . Apinae , Trifles . Argutiae , Smartness or Briskness . Arma , Weapons . Bellaria , Junkets . Bigae , a Cart with two Horses . Blanditiae , Fair Words . Caulae , Sheepcots . Caelites , Heavenly Inhabitants . Calendae , Calends of the Months . Cancelli , Lattices . Carceres , bounds whence Race-Horses started . Castra , a Camp . Cete , a Whale . Clitellae , a Pannel or Pack-saddle . Codicilli , Epistles , Letters Patents of a Prince . Comitia , an Assembly . Compita , Cross Ways . Crepundia , Rattles . Cunabula , Cradles . Cunae , Cradles . Decimae , Tythes . Dirae , Curses . Divitiae , Riches . Donaria , Offerings to the Gods . Dryades , Goddesses of the Woods . Esquilliae , a Mountain in Rome . Eumenides , Furies . Excubiae , Watches and Wards . Exequiae , Ceremonies performed at Funerals . Exta , Intrails of Beasts . Exuviae , things that we put off . Fasces , a bundle of Rods carried before the Roman Consuls , as Ensigns of Authority . Fasti , Registers Books . Fauces , Jaws . Feriae , Holy-days . Fines , the Borders of a Country . Fores , Doors . Furfures , the Scurff of the Head . Gemini , Twins . Gerrae , Hurdles made of Twigs . Gesta , famous Exploits . Hiberna , Soldiers Winter Quarters . Id●s , Ides of a Month. Ilia , the Guts . Induciae , Truce . Indigetes , Demy Gods . Ineptiae , Foolery . Inferiae , Sacrifices performed to Devils . Lectes , small Guts . Lamentae , Lamentations . Lares , Houshold Gods . Lautia vel Lautiae , Allowances for the Maintenance of Foreign Embassadors . Lemures , Hobgoblins . Liberi , Children . Latterae , Learning . Lustra , Dens of wild Beasts . Magalia , Magaria , Mapalia , Majores , Ancestors . Magmata , Pomanders , Wash-balls . Magnalia , great and wonderful Works . Minutiae , Mites . Multitia , fine Clothes . Minae , Threatnings Nonae , Nones . Nugae , Trifles . Nares , Nostrils . Oblivia , Forgetfulness . Opes , Riches . Optimates , Grandees . Phalerae , Horse-Trappings . Plagae , Hunters Nets . Plerique , Many . Plures , More . Posteri , Posterity . Primores , Nobles . Proceres , Peers . Parapherna , all things that Women bring their Husbands , besides a Portion . Praebia , Amulets or Charms hung about Childrens Necks . Praecordia , Midriff . Primitiae , First-fruits . Quadrigae , a Cart with four Horses . Quirites , Romans . Quisquiliae , the refuse of things . Rapicia , the tender Leaves of Rapes . Reliquiae , Relicks . Rostra , Pulpits . Sales , Jests . Salebrae , rough places . Scalae , Stairs . Scopae , a Besom . Scruta , old Raggs . Singuli , each . Stativa , a standing Camp . Spolia , Spoils . Superi , the Gods above . Suppetiae , Aid or Help . Symplegades , the Name of two Islands . Taphrae , the Name of a City . Tenebrae , Darkness . Tesqua , rough places . Thermae , Baths . Tonsillae , the Glanders . Tricae , Gugaws . Valvae , folding Doors . Verbera , Stripes . Vergiliae , the seven Stars . Verenda , the privy Parts of a Man or a Woman . Vindiciae , an Assertion of ones Liberty . A Rejoynder in Law . Vinacea , Grape-stones . Vitalia , Vitals .

2. Plural . 1. Proper Names . 2. Most Names of Corn , Spices , Liquors , Metals , Arts , Vices , Virtues , Diseases and Ages , Except Fabae , Lupini , Zizania , Avenae , Pices , Cerae , Cardui , Urticae , Malvae , Cicutae , Papavera , Rosae , Lilia , Aquae , Vina , Musta , Aera , Orichalca , Electra , with these other particular Nouns here mentioned , that follow , that either want the Plural , or have such Cases as are here set down , or else have it very seldom .

Adeps , Fatness . Aevum , a , an Age. Aer , the Air. Album , a Muster-roll. Allium , a , Garlick . Arena , Sand. Barba , a Beard . Bilis , Melancholy . Caestus , ( r. ) Woman's Belt . Callum , Brawny skin . Cancer , ( r. ) a Prison . Clavus , ( r. ) a Door-nail . Cholera , Choler . Crocus , Saffron . Cruor , es , ( r. ) Blood . Cutis , ( r. ) Skin . Fama , as , Fame . Fames , Hunger . Far , rra , Bread-Corn . Fascinum , a bewitching . Fel , lla , Gall. Fimus , Dung . Forum , a , a Market-place . Fuga , as , a flight . Fumus , Smoke . Galla , Galls , or Shoemakers Auls . Gaza , Riches . Genius , an attendant Angel , good or bad . Gloria , as , Glory . Gluten ; Glue . Halec , the Pickle of an Herring . Hara , an Hoggs-stye . Hepar , a Liver . Hilum , the black speck of a Bean. Hordeum , a , Barley . Humus , the Ground . Indoles , towardliness . Jubar , a Sun-beam . Justitium , a Vacation . Juventus , Youth . Lac , Milk . Lethum , Death . Limus , Mud. Lues , a Murrain . Luculentia , fine speeches . Lutum , a , Clay . Lux , Light . Macellum , a Butcher's Stall , Shambles . Mel , lla , Honey . Meridies , Noon-day . Metus , us , ( r. ) Fear . Muscus , Moss . Mustum , a , Metheglin . Mundus , Womens Decking . Nihilum , Nothing . Nitrum , Salt Petre. Oblivio , Forgetfulness . Pallor , ( r. ) Paleness . Paupertas , ( r. ) Poverty . Pax , Peace . Pelagus , the Sea . Penum , Meat and Drink . Pituita , Flegm , or Rheum . Plebs , the Common People . Pontus , the Sea . Proles , es , an Off-spring . Prosapia , a Pedigree . Pubes , es , ripeness of Age. Pudor , es , ( r. ) Shame . Ros , es , ( r. ) Dew . Rus , ra , the Country . Sal , es , ( r. ) Salt . Salum , the salt Sea . Salus , Health . Sanies , an ulcerous Corruption . Senium , Old Age. Senectus , tes , ( r. ) Old Age. Siler , an Osier . Silex , ces , Flint . Sitis , Thirst . Sitûs , us , Scituation . Soboles , an Off-spring . Solum , a Soil . Sol , es , ( r. ) the Sun . Solium , a , ( r. ) a Throne , or Chair of State . Sopor , Sleep . Tabes , a Consumption . Talio , like for like . Tellus , the Earth . Thus , ra , Frankincense . Timor , ( r. ) Fear . Tussis , Cough . Valetudo , Health . Velocitas , Swiftness . Ver , the Spring-time . Vigor , Liveliness . Vinum , a , Wine . Virus , Poison . Viscum , Birdlime . Vita , Life . Vitrum , Glass . Vulgus , Common-People .

2. Case , as

1. Aptots , which have 1. the same ending in all Cases in singular only .

2. Both Numbers , Gummi , frugi , pondo , nequam .

3. The Plural only , Tempe , tot , quot , and all Cardinal Numbers from quatuor to centum .

2. Monoptots , which have one Case only , as Noctu , natu , jussu , injussu , astu , promptu , permissu , inficias , incitas , nauci , expes .

3. Diptots , which have two Cases only , as Fo rs , forte , impetis-te , tabi , tabo , repetund-arum-is , suppeti-ae-as .

4. Triptots , which have three Cases :

1. Of one ending , viz. Nom. Acc. and Voc. as Cete , fas , nefas .

2. Of two endings , as Nom. Acc. Tantundem , Gen. tantidem .

5. Tetraptots , which have four Cases only , as

N. Nemo , Vesper , D. Nemini , Vesperi , Acc. Neminem , Vesperum , Abl. Nemine . Vespere .

G. Precis , D. Preci , Acc. Precem , Abl. Prece .

III. Change their

1. Gender , and are of one Gender in the Singular Number , and another in the Plural .

Singular . Plural . Masc . Sibilus , Masc . Neut. Pangaeus , a. Infernus , Jacus , Locus , i , a. Neut. Rastrum , Fraenum , Capistrum , Filum , Caelum , i. Siser , es . Neut. Pergamus , Neut. Hierosolyma , a. Carbasus , Neut. Nundinum , Fem. Epulum , Balneum , ae Delicium ,

2. Manner of Declining , as

Singular . Plural . Vas , vasis , vis , vasa , vasorum . vires . Iter , itineris .

3. Both Gender , and Flection , as Supellex , supellectilis , Plur. supeliectilia .

A VERB hath

I. Four Conjugations , known by the first person singular , which ends in the

1. First in o with a Consonant next before o. [ Except some few in eo , and more in io , to be learn'd by Use . 2. Second in eo . 3. Third in o , to be learn'd out of a Book . 4. Fourth in io .

Whichmakethe Preterpl . Supines . abi , atum , atu . ui , i , um , u. ivi , itum , itu .

1. Indicative , which hath five Tenses ,

Signs . 1. Present-tense , Active , do , dost , doth . Passive , am , art , is , are . 2. Preterimperfect-tense , Active , did , didst . Passive , was , wast , were . 3. Preterperfect-tense , Active , have , hast , hath . Pass. have been , hast been , hath been . 4. Preterpluperfect-tense , Active , had , hadst . Passive , had been , hadst been . 5. Future-tense , Active , shall or will , shalt or wilt . Pass. shall or will be , shalt or wilt be .

2. Imperative , Active , let . Passive , let be . 3. Potential , Signs . May or can in the Present - Tense , in the Passive , be . Future - Might , would , could , should , or ought in the Preterimperf . alone , Preterperf . have , in the Passive , been . Preterplup . had , 4. Infinitive , 1. Active , 1. Pres . and Preterimperf . to . 2. Preterperf . and Preterpluperf . to have or had . 3. Future-tense , to hereafter . 2. Passive , 1. Pres . and Preterimperf . to be . 2. Preterperf . and Preterpluperf . to have or had been . 3. Future-tense , to be hereafter .

N. B. The Potential Mood is called Subjunctive when it hath the Indicative Signs , and is joyned with Quamvis , quanquam , ne , cúm , quod , uti , licet , ut , si , &c. utinam ne , quin.

N. 2. To the Infinitive belong also four Cases singular of the Participle dus , called Gerunds , and besides two Supines , viz , the

1. Genitive in di , as amandi of loving , set after certain Substantives and Adjectives which govern a Genitive Case . 2. Ablative in do , as amando in loving , put either alone or after one of these Prepositions , A , ab , de , e , ex , cum in pro. 3. Nominative 4. Accusative in dum , Put alone or absolutely with the Verb est . put after Ad , ob , propter , inter , ante . Two Supines ending the 1. First in um , to ; as amatum , to love . 2. Second in u , to be ; as amatu , to be loved .
Of Participles there are four kinds , one of the

1. Present-tense , whose English ends in ing , his Latin in ans or ens ; as loving , am╌ans ; read╌ing , leg╌ens .

2. Preter perfect-tense , whose English ends in d , t , or n , his Latin in tus , sus , xus ; as lov╌ed , ama╌tus ; knit , ne╌xus ; seen , vi╌sus .

3. Future , in rus , to or about to ; as Lecturus to read , or about to read .

4. Future in dus , to be ; as legendus , to be read .

N. B. Certain Verbs in or are Englished with Active Signs only , and called Deponents ; some with either Active or Passive , and therefore called Commons . Others in o , with Passive Signs only , thence termed Neuter Passives : Of which three sorts ,

1. In Termination , as maereo , maestus , to mourn .

2. In Signification , as vapulo , to be beaten .

3. In Termination and Signification , gaudeo , gavisus , to be glad .

The Formation of Verbs from their Radical Tenses .

From Amo are formed Ama bam , Pr. Im. bo , Future . re , Pr. Inf. ns , Par. pr. From Ama╌vi , Preter-Perf . veram , Pr. pl. Ind. verim , Pr. pot . vissem , Pr. pl. po. vero , Fu. po. From Doceo are formed Doce bam , Pr. Imp. bo , Fut. Ind. re , Pr. Inf. ns , Par. pr. From Docu╌i , Preter-Perf . eram , Pr. pl. In. erim , Pr. pot . issem , Pr. pl. pot . ero , Fu. po. From Lego are formed Leg - — cbam , Pr. Im. am , Future . ere , Pr. Inf. ens , Par. pr. From Leg╌i Preter-Perf . eram , Pr. pl. In. erim , Pr. pot . issem , Pr. pl. po. ero , Fut. po. From Audio are formed Audi ebam , Pr. Im. am , Fut. re , Pr. Inf. ens , Par. or . From Audiv╌i Preter-Perf . earm , Pr. pl. In. erim , Pr. pot . issem , Pr. pl. po. ero , Fut. po.

Tenses . Conj . 1. I. 2. Thou 3. He 1. We 2. Ye 3. They Signs do dost doth do do do Am - love Present Tense . 1. o as at amus atis ant Doc - teach 2. eo es et emus etis ent Leg - read 3. o is it ĭmus ĭtis unt Aud - hear 4. io is it īmus ītis iunt Signs did didst did did did did Rog - ask Preterimperfect Tense . 1 abam abas abat abamus abatis abant Ten - hold 2 ebam ebas ebat ebamus ebatis ebant Em - buy 3 ebam ebas ebat ebamus ebatis ebant Ernd - instruct 4 iebam iebas iebat iebamus iebatis iebant Signs have hast hath have have have Land - praise Preterperfect Tense . 1 avi avisti avit avimus avistis averunt avere Mon - warn 2 ui uisti uit uimus uistis uerunt uere Defend - defend 3 i isti it imus istis erunt ere Pun - punish 4 ivi ivisti ivit ivimus ivistis iverunt ivere Signs had hadst had had had had Not - observe Preterpluperfect Tense . 1 averam averas averat averamus averatis averant Terr - fright 2 ueram ueras uerat ueramus ueratis uerant Occid - kill 3 ĕram ĕras ĕrat eramus eratis erant Imped - hinder 4 iveram iveras iverat iveramus iveratis iverant

Persons 1. I. 2. Thou 3. He 1. We 2. Ye 3. They The Passive Voice . am art is are are are or aris are atur amur amini antur eor eris ere etur emur emini entur or ĕris ĕre ĕtur ĕmur imini untur ior iris ire ītur īmur imini iuntur was wast was were were were abar abar abare abatur abamur abamini abantur ebar ebaris ebare ebatur eabmur ebamini ebantur ebar ebaris ebare ebatur ebemur ebamini ebantur iebar iebaris iebare iebatur iebamur iebamini iebantur have been hast been hath been habe been atus us sum vel fui us itus es vel fuisti est vel fuit i. sumus vel fuimus estis vel fuistis sunt , fuerunt vel fuere had been hadst been had been had been atus us eram vel fueram us itus aras vel fueras arat vel fuerat i. eramus vel fucramus eratis vel fueratis erant vel fuerant

Tenses . Conj . 1. I 2. Thou 3. He 1. We 2. Ye 3. They Signs shall or will shalt or wilt shall or will &c. Serv - keep Future Tense . 1. abo abis abit abimus abitis abunt Detin-detain 2. ebo ebis ebit ebimus ebitis ebunt Vert-turn 3. am es et emus etis ent Vest-cloth 4. iam ies iet iemus ietis ient Imperative Mood Signs Let Let let Present Tense . 1. a ato et ato emus ate atote ent anto 2. e eto eat eto eamus ete etote eant ento 3. e ĭto at ĭto amus ĭte itote ant iunto 4. i ito iat ito iamus ite itote iant iunto Potential Mood . Signs may or can maist or canst may or can &c. Present Tense . 1. em es et emus etis ent 2. eam eas eat eamus eatis eant 3. am as at amus atis ant 4. iam ias iat iamus iatis iant Signe might would should ought or could Preterimperfect Tense . 1. arem ares aret aremus aretis arent 2. ērem ēres ēret ēremus ēretis ērent 3. ĕrem ĕres ĕret eremus eretis erent 4. irem ires iret iremus iretis irent

Persons 1. I 2. Thou 3. He 1. We 2. Ye 3. They shall or will be shalt or wilt be shall or will be The Passive Voice . abor aberis abere abitur abimur abimini abuntur ebor eberis ebere ebitur ebimur ebimini ebuntur ar eris ere etur emur emini entur iar ieris iere ietur iemur iemini ientur be thou let him be , be he be we or let us be be ye be they or let them be are ator etur ator emur amini aminor entur antor ere etor eatur etor eamur emini eminor eantur entor ĕre ĭtor atur ĭtor amur imini iminor antur untor ire itor iatur itor iamur imini iminor iantur iuntor may or can be maist or canst be may or can be &c. er eris ere etur emur emini entur ear earis eare eatur eamur eamini eantur ar aris are atur amur amini antur iar iaris iare iatur iamur iamini antur might would should ought or could be arer areris arere aretur aremur aremini arentur erer ereris erere eretur eremur eremini erentur ĕrer ereris erere eretur eremur eremini erentur irer ireris irere iretur iremur iremini irentur

Tenses . Conj . 1. I 2. Thou 3. He 1. We 2. Ye 3. They Signs might would should ought or could have Preterperfect Tense . 1. averim averis averit averimus averitis averint 2. uerim ueris uerit uerimus ueritis uerint 3. erim eris erit erimus eritis erint 4. iverim iveris iverit iverimus iveritis iverint Signs might would should ought or could had Preterplup . Tense . 1. avissem avisses avisset avissemus avissetis avissent 2. uissem uisses uisset uissemus uissetis uissent 3. issem isses isset issemus issetis issent 4. ivissem ivisses ivisset ivissemus ivissetis ivissent Signs may or can hereafter maist or canst hereafter Future Tense . 1. avero averis averit averimus averitis averint 2. uero ueris uerit uerimus ueritis uerint 3. ero eris erit erimus eritis erint 4. ivero iveris iverit iverimus iveritis iverint

Infinitive

Present are to ēre ere ire Gerunds , 1 andi , of . ando , in . andum , to . 2 3 endi , of . endo , in . endum , to . 4 iendi , of . iendo , in . iendum , to . Preterper . & Preterplup . avisse To have or had . uisse isse ivisse Supines , 1. atum . 2. 3. um . 4. itum . Supines 1. atu 2. 3. u. 4. itu . Future aturum esse To here after urum urum iturum Participles , 1. ans . ing . 2. 3. ens , 4. iens , 1 aturus To or about to . 2 3 urus 4 iturus

1. I 2. Thou 3. He 1. We 2. Ye 3. They might would should ought or could have been . atus us us itus sim sis sit simus sitis sint vel vel vel vel vel vel fuerim fueris fuerit fuerimus fueritis fuerint sim sis vel sit vel simus sitis sint fuerim fueris fuerit fuerimus fueritis fuerint might would should ought or could had been atus us us itus essem esses esset essemus essetis essent vel vel vel i. vel vel vel fuissem fuisses fuisset fuissemus fuissetes fuissent may or can be hereafter maist or canst be hereafter atus us us itus ero eris erit erimus eritis erunt vel vel vel i. vel vel vel fuero fueris fuerit fuerimus fueritis fuerint

Mood .

Present . ari To be . eri i iri Preterperf . atum esse To have or had been vel fuisse 2 3 um itum Participle of the Preter . atus 2 3 us d , t , n. itus Future Tense , atum iri vel andum esse To be hereafter . um iri vel , endum esse um iri vel endum esse itum iri veliendum esse Fut. in dus andus 2 3 endus to be . iendus

Indicative Mood . Sum fui esse futurus , to be . Persons I Thou He We Ye They Pref. Sum es est sumus estis sunt am , art , is , are Preterimperf . eram eras erat eramus eratis erant was , wast , were Pref. Fui fuisti fuit fuimus fuistis fuerunt fuere have been , hast been , hath been Plusq . perf . fueram fueras fuerat fueramus fueratis fuerant had been , hadst been Fut. Ero eris erit erimus eritis erunt shall or will be , shalt or wilt be Imperative Mood . Sum es est sumus estis sunt am , art , is , are sis as esto sit esto simus sitis este estote sint sunto be thou be he or let him be be we or let us be be ye be they or let them be Potential Mood may or can be maist or canst be , may or can be . sim sis sit simus sitis sint essem esses esset essemus essetis essent might , would , should , ought or could be fuerim fueris fuerit fuerimus fueritis fuerint have been fuissem fuisses fuisset fuissemus fuissetis fuissent had been fuero fueris fuerit fuerimus fueritis fuerint may or can be hereafter Infinitive Mood . Pres . and Preterp . esse to be Preterp . and Preterplup . fuisse to have or had been Fut. fore vel futurum esse to be hereafter

Of certain Irregular Verbs .

Praes. Praeterperfect Tense Infinitive Mood . Participle . Possum potui posse potens . to may or can : or to be able Volo volui velle volens : to be willing Nolo nolui nolle no●ens : to be unwilling . Malo malui malle malens : to be more willing . Fero tuli ferre latum : to bear or suffer . Feror latus sum fieri latus : to be Born or suffered . Fio sactus sum fieri factus : to be made or done .

Eo , is , ivi , ire , eundi , eundo , eundŭ , itŭ , itu , iens , iturus to go , likewise Queo .

Indicative Mood .

I Thou He We Ye They. Praes. Possum potes potest possumus potestis possunt may or can . Imperf. Poteram , as Eram might or could Future Potero , as Ero may or can .

Potential Mood .

Praes. Possim possis possit possimus possitis possint may or can . So Velim , nolim , matim . Imperf. Possem posses posset possemus possetis possent might or could . So Vollem , nollem , mallem .

Infinitive Mood , — Posse to be able .

Indicative Mood .

Praes. Volo vis vult . volumus vultis volunt am willing . Nolo nonvis nonvult . nolumus nonvultis nolunt am unwilling . Malo mavis mavult malumus mavultis malunt had rather or am more willing .

Fut. Vol╌am es et e●●s etis ent shall be willing . Nol╌am shall be unwilling . Mal╌am shall be more willing .

Imperative Mood .

Noli do not Nolito thou , nolite do not nolitote ye , Velle to be willing . Nolle to be unwilling . Malle to be more willing .

These Verbs in all other Tenses of all Moods are varied like Verbs of the Second Conjugation .

Indicative Mood .

Pres. I Thou He We Ye They Fero fers fert . ferimus feritis ferunt , bear or suffer Feror ferris ferre fertur . ferimur ferimini feruntur are bornb or suffered .

Imperat.

Pres . bear or let him Let us Bear or let them suffer bear or bear of suffer bear or thou suffer . suffer . ye suffer , Fer ferat Feramus fer●e ferant ferto ferto ferrote . ferunto . be thou Let him Be we Be ye Let them born or be born born or born or be born suffered or suffered suffered suffered or suffered Ferre feratur Feramur ferimini ferantur fertor fertor feriminor . feruntor .

Potential .

might would should , &c.

Imperf. Ferrem ferres ferret ferremus ferretis ferrent bear or suffer Ferrer ferreris ferrere ferretur . ferremur ferremini ferrentur be born or suffered .

Infinitive .

Pres . Ferre to bear or suffer . Ferri to be born or suffered .

These Verbs in all other Moods and Tenses are of the third Conjugation , and so is Edo throughout , saving that Es , est , estis , esto , este , estote . Essem , esses , esset , essemus , essemus , essemus , essetis , essent , and esse are sometimes used for the same Tenses and Persons of Edo . Fio is a Neuter Passive of the fourth Conjugation exactly , except Fierem , fieres , fieret , fieremus , fieretis , ficrent and Fieri .

Pres . Eo is it . imus itis eunt go Imperf. Ibam ibas ibat . ibamus ibatis ibant Future . Ibo ibis ibit . ibimus ibitis ibunt

Ambio to go about makes ambiam in the future .

go thou , let him go . let us go ye . let them I eat go . ite go . ito ito eamus itote eant eunto .

The Gerunds and oblique cases of the Partic. of the Present Tense use eun for ien as Per╌iens per╌euntis eunti eundo &c , Except ambiéns .

Of the Preterperfect Tense and Supine of Verbs of the four Conjugations .

1. Verbs of the first Conjugation make their Preterperfect Tense in avi and Supine in atum .

Except. Present . Pret. Supine to lotum Wash . la╌vo lavatum Ju╌vo jutum help . Crep╌o ui crepitum crack Cub╌o cubitnm ly down Dom╌o domitum tame Mic╌o shine Nec╌o nectum kill Fric╌o frictŭ rub Son╌o sonitum sound Ton╌o tonitŭ thunder Vet╌o vetitŭ forbid Sec╌o sectum cut Dinic╌o ui avi discrepitŭ fight Discrep╌o discerepatŭ differ Increp╌o increpitŭ chide increpatŭ caen╌o avi atus sum cenatŭ sup Jur╌o juratŭ swear Pot╌o potum drink Titub╌o titubatŭ stumble Do dedi datum give Sto fteti statum stand - A╌sto a╌stiti astitum stand by

II. Verbes of the second conjugation make the Pret. in ui and the Supine in itŭ .

Pres . Pret. Supine To Frend╌eo i. frenum gnash Sed╌eo sessum sit Strid╌eo Vid╌eo visum see Cens╌eo ui . censum think Doc╌eo doctum teach Lat╌eo latitum ly hid Mise╌eo mistum mixtum mingle Sorb╌eo sorptum sup Ten╌eo tentum hold Torr╌eo tostum rost Abol╌eo evi abolitŭ abolish Adol╌eo aduliŭ grow Exol╌eo exolerŭ decay Inol╌eo inolitum grow bigger Obsol╌eo obsoletŭ grow out of use Ci╌eo citum stir up Del╌eo deletum blot out Fl╌eo fletum weep N╌eo netum spin Pl╌eo pletum fill Vi╌eo vietum bind Jub╌eo jussi jussum command Al╌geo si be cold Ar╌deo arsum burn Ful╌geo glister Hae╌reo baesum stick to Indul╌geo indultŭ cocker Man╌eo mansum tarry Mul╌ceo mulsum asswage Mul╌geo muletŭ milk Ri╌deo ris●pi laugh Sua╌deo suasum perswade Ter╌geo tersum wipe Tor╌queo torsum wrest Tur╌geo swell Vr╌geo enforce Ca╌veo vi . cautŭ be war Fa╌veo fautŭ favor Fer╌veo be hot Fo╌veo fotŭ cherish Mo╌veo motŭ move Pa╌veo fear Au╌geo xi . auctum increase Fri╌geo be cold Lu╌ceo shine Lugeo luctum lament Spondeo spospondi sponsum betroth Tondco totondi tonsum clip Mordeo momordi morsum bite Pendeo pependi pensum hang Placeo placui placitus please Careo carui cassus sum want Prandeo prandi pransus sum dine Mereor merui meritus sum deserve Audeo - ausus sum be bold Gaudeo - gavisus rejoice

III. Verbs of the third Conjugation are here ennumerated with their Preterperf . Tenses and Supines .

Pres . Pret. Supine To Bib╌o i bibitum drink Lamb╌o lick Scab╌o scratch Ic╌o ictum smite Abscond╌o absconditŭ hide Accend╌o accensum kindle Cud╌o cusum forge Defend╌o defensŭ defend Ed╌o esum eat Frend╌o fressum gnash Mand╌o mansum eat Pand╌o passum pansum set open Prebend╌o prebensŭ catch Occid╌o occasum die Occĭd╌o occisum to kill Rud╌o to bray scand╌o scansum climb Sid╌o sink down strid╌o gnash Deg╌o live Leg╌o lectum read Psall╌o sing Refell╌o refute Sall╌o salsum salt Em╌o emptum buy succurr╌o succursŭ help Incess╌o invade verr╌o versum brush Vet╌o versum turn Lav╌o lautum wash Solv╌o solutum loose Volv╌o volutum roll Glu╌bo psi gluptŭ flea Nu╌bo nuptum be married Scri╌bo scriptum write Com╌o comptum kemb Dem╌o demptŭ takeaway Prom╌o promptŭ draw Sum╌o psisumptum take Tem╌no temptŭ despise Car╌po carptum crop Re╌po reptum crawl Scal╌po scalptŭ scratch Scul╌po sculptŭ grave Ser╌po serptum creep Clau╌do si clausum shut Divi╌do divisum divide Lae╌do laesum hurt Lu╌do lusum play Plau╌do plausum clap hands Ra╌do rasum shave Ro╌do rosum gnaw Tru╌do trusum thrust Va╌do vasum go Mer╌go mersum drown Spar╌go sparsum sprinkle Vi╌so visum visit Mi╌ito missum send Ce╌do ssi cessum give place Pre╌mo pressum press Ge╌ro gestum carry V╌ro ustum burn Quatio quassum shake Percutio percussum smite Compesc╌o refrain Dispesc╌o drive Beasts from pasture Al╌o altum alitum nourish Col╌o cultum till Consul╌o consultŭ counsel Excell╌o excelsŭ excel Praecell╌o praeceisŭ surpass Mal╌o haverather Mol╌o molitum grind Nol╌o be unwilling Occul╌o occultŭ hide Volo be willing Frem╌o fremitŭ roar Gem╌o Gemitŭ groan Trem╌o tremble Vom╌o vomitŭ vomit Accin╌o accentŭ to sing to a Cano Strep╌o strepitum make a noise Ser╌o sertum layin order Pins╌o pistum bake Stert╌o short Tex╌o textum weave Desip╌io doat Rap╌io raptum snatch Ac╌uo ui acutum sharpen Ann╌uo yield unto Arg╌uo argutŭ reprove Congr╌uo agree to Dil╌uo dilutum Imb╌uo imbutŭ season Ingr╌uo invade L╌uo luitum pay Met╌uo fear Min╌uo minutum diminish Ren╌uo refuse Resp╌uo R╌uo rutum ruitum rush Sp╌uo sputum sspit Stat╌uo statutŭ appoint Stern╌uo sternutŭ sneeze S╌uo sutum sow Trib╌uo tributŭ give Di╌co xi dictum speak Du╌co ductum lead Au╌go perplex Cin╌go cinctum gird Clang╌o sound Fi╌go ficum fasten Fin╌go fictum feign Fli╌go flictum beat frixum Fri╌go parch frictum Jun╌go junctum joyn Lin╌go linctum lick Min╌go mictum piss Meio Mun╌go munctum shite Nin╌go snow Pin╌go pictum paint Plan╌go planctŭ lament Re╌go rectum govern Rin╌go rictum grin Su╌go suck Strin╌go strictum bind Stin╌go Stin╌guo stinctum extinguish Te╌go tectum cover Tin╌go tinctum colour Vn╌go unctum anoint Tra╌bo tractum draw Ve╌bo vectum carry Co╌quo coctum boil Fle╌cto flexum bend Vi╌vo victum live Flu╌o fluxum flow Stru╌o structŭ build All╌icio exi allectum allure Dil╌igo dilectum loue Intell╌igo intellectŭ understand Negl╌igo neglectŭ neglect Dir╌igo directŭ direct Insp╌icio inspectŭ look into &c. a specio & rego Ab╌do didi abditum hide Ad╌do additum add Con╌do conditŭ build Cre╌do creditŭ believe De╌do deditum yieldup E╌do editum publish In╌do inditŭ put in Ob╌do obditŭ put agst . Pro╌do proditŭ betray Red╌do redditŭ restore Tra╌do traditŭ deliver Ven╌do venditŭ sell No╌sco vi notum know Igno╌sco ignotŭ forgive Pa╌sco pastum feed Quie╌sco quietŭ rest Sci╌sco scitum determine Sue╌sco suetum accusto Cre╌sco cretum grow Cal╌vo bald Cerno crevi fee Sperno sprevi spretŭ despise Ster╌no stravi stratum strow Tero trivi tritum wear Quaero quaesivi quaesitŭ seek Sero sevi satum plant Sino sivi situm suffer Arcess╌o ivi arcessă go to call Lacess╌o Lacessit Pet╌o petitum ask Cup╌io cupitum desire Vinco vici victum overcome Quinisco quexi nod Fido fijussum trust Findo fidi fisum cleave Fundo fudi fusum pour out Scindo scidi scissum cut Ago egi actum do Satago sategi satactum perform Perago peregi Peractum finish Cogo coegi coactŭ compel Frango fregi fractum break Pergo perrexi perrectum go forward Surgo surrexi surrectŭ rise Percello perculi perculsŭ strike Recello reculi recuisŭ pull back Tollo sustuli sublatŭ take away Gigno genui genitum beget Pono posui positum put Rumpo rupi ruptum break Linquo liqui lictum leave Fero tuli latum bear or suffer Plecto plexui plexum punish Meto messui messum mow Sisto stiti statŭ make to stand Facio feci factŭ do Jacio jeci jactŭ cast Fodio fodi fossum dig Fugio fugi fugitŭ fly Capio cepi captă take

Such as double the Preterperprovoke fect Tense are ,

Pref. Pret. Supine To Cado cecidi casum fall Coedo cecidi coesum beat Cano cecini cantŭ sing Curro cursum run De Curro cucurri decursŭ un down Ex╌curro excursŭ run out Prae╌curro Praecursŭ runbefore Disco didici learn Falso fefelli falsum deceive Pario peperi partŭ bring forth Pedo pepedi peditŭ fart Pello pepuli pulsum drive out Pendo pependi pensum weigh Posco poposci require Tango tetigi tactum touch Tendo tetendi tensum tentum stretch out Tundo tutundi tunsum knock

These following have two of used in Composition only . three Preterperfect Tenses .

Capess╌o i capessitum go to take Facess╌o ivi facessitum go to do Lino lini livi levi litum besmear Necto nexui nexi nexum knit Pecto pexui pexi pectŭ pexum kemb Pango perpegi panxi pactŭ bargain join Parco peperci parsi spare Pluo plui pluvi plutum rain Pungo punxi pupugi punctŭ prick Sapio sapui sapivi be wise Vello velli vulsi vulsum pluck Verro verri versi versum brush

These Preterperfect Tenses are

Cellui , plevi from cello , pleo Quassi , crevi quatio , cerno Cubui , levi cumbo , leo Nivi , lexi niveo , lacio Sorpsi , spexi vasi sorbeo , specio vado

IV. Verbs of the fourth Conjugation make their Preterperfect Tense in ivi , and Supine in itum , Except .

Singultio ivi singultum sob Sepelio sepultum bury Comperio compertŭ find Reperio repertum Farcio farci fartum stuff Refercio si refertum stuff Sarcio sartum patch Fulcio fultum prop Raucio rausum be hoarse Sepio septum hedge Haurio haustum draw Sentio sensum perceive Aperio ui apertum open Operio opertum cover Amicio amictum cloath Sal╌io╌ui & ij saltum leap Sancio sanxi sancivi sanctum sancitŭ establish Venio veni ventum come Fio factus sŭ be made or done Veneo venivi venum be sold Eo ivi itum go Queo quivi quitum may or can

Of Compounds .

The Preterperfect Tense is doubled is these only .

didici from disco Poposci posco

makes didi venundo dedi Applico make ui or avi Complico Explico Implico Increpo Discrepo pessurdo circundo satisdo abscondo di 3ae except stiti olevi except redoleo ui . suboleo

These Verbs in Composition change the first Syllable .

1. Of both Present Tense and Preterperfect Tense in

e i except Ad Damno Habeo post-habeo Per Lacto Salio In Sacro Statŭo Inter Fallo Cado Trans Arceo Laedo Praester Tracto Cano Post Fatiscor Quaero Ob Partio Caedo Ante Carpo Tango a ab Patro Egeo de Scando Teneo e Spargo Taceo remaneo ex Pario Maneo permaneo Pro Farcio Sapio Prae Capto Rapio Sub jacto Super From Placeo Displiceo only . Di dis Cando re Gradior se con Exc. Atlacto

Pasco compesc╌o ui dispesc╌o Pario comperio peri reperio Juro dejero only pejero mando commendo Halo anbelo Patior perpetior

II. Of the Present Tense , and such as come of that only

i. Exec. Frango Rego pergo Scalpo makes sculpo Calco culco surgo Salto sulto Sedeo supersedeo Claudo cludo Emo coĕmo Quatio cutio Capio depango Lavo luo jacio oppango Causo cuso circŭ ăgo plaudo plodo Pango repango Lacio circumago Specio perago From Lego Ago satago Colligo Premo dego Deligo cogo Eligo legi Seligo

Facio — Its Compounds with satis bene male , or a Noun .

Diligo lexi Negligo Intelligo The rest change not :

So these Supines in Composition change thus .

c tunsum becomes tusum captum ruitum rutum factum saltum sultum jactum sutum situm raptum datum ditum cantum statum stitum Partum sparsum Congnosco makes cognitum carptum Agnosco agnitum fartum Adoleo adultum

The Compounds of Edo , make esum — But comedo both estum and esum .

Irregular Futures in rus .

From To Orior oriturus rise Morior moriturus die Pario pariturus bring forth Arguo arguiturus argue Eruo eruiturus root up Nosco nosciturus know Nascor nasciturus be born Fuo futurus be

These want the Preterperfect Tense and Supines .

To Ambigo doubt Aveo desire Cerno see Clueo be counted Fatisco gape Fero suffer Ferio strike Furio rage Glisco glow Liquor melt Medeor heal Meio piss Maelreo mourn Polleo be able Reminiscor remember Renideo glister Rigor grin Tollo lift up Vergo bend Vescor eat

And Passives , whose Actives want the Supines . Also Inceptives in seo and Meditatives

except Partur╌io itum Esur╌io

Such as want the Supines only , are before set down in their Order , to which add

To Absilio ui leap away Prosit╌io leap forwards Cl╌uo be famous Gestio desire Incesso invade Prodigo squander

And also all Neuters of the second Conjugation in eo , except

Caleo calitum be warm Doleo dolitum be troubled Lateo latitum lie hid Noceo nocitum hurt Oleo olitum smell Pareo paritum obey Placeo placitum please Taceo tacitum be silent Valeo valitum be in health

Verba Deponentia .

1. Conjugationis jmoe .

A To Abominor Abhor or hate Adminiculor Help or stay Adulor Flatter Adulteror Commit Adultery Aelitimor Oversee a Church Aemulor Imitate Affor Speak to Aginor Buy or sell small Wares Altercor Wrangle Alumuor Nourish or foster Amplexor Embrace Ampullor Speak big words Ancillor Serve Apricor Sit Sunning Aquor Water Arbitror Think Architector Build Argumentor Dispute Argutor Speak sharply Ariolor Prophesy or foretell Aristor Glean Aspernor Despise Assentor Flatter Aucupor Hawk , or go about to Auguror Prophesy Aversor Abhor Aurigor Drive a Coach Auspicor Begin a matter Auxilior Help or aid B Baccbor Play the Debau Bellor War or Fight Bubulcitor Play the Herdsmă C Cacbinnor Laugh aloud Calumnior Accuse falsely Caprificor Dress wild figtrees Cavillor Cavil or reason craftily Cauponor Sell for gain Causidicor Plead an excuse Causor Except against Comessor Feast together Comittor Accompany Commentor Devise Concionor Preach Conflictor Fight Conor Endeavour per╌ceive Conspicor Behold or Contemplor Consider Contemptor Despise often Contor Sound to the bottom Convitior Rail at Cornicor Chat like a Daw Criminor Accuse Cunctor Delay D Delector Take delight Despicor Despise Digladior Fight withSwords Dignor Vouchsafe Dominor Rule E Essor Speak out Emacror Make or wax lean Epulor Feast Execror Curse Exequior Execute Funerals F Fabricor Invent or Build Fabulor Talk Foeneror Borrow , Acc. to lend on usury , Dat. Famulor Serve Fari Speak Fatuor Play the Fool Ferior Keep Holyday to float Fluctuor Rise in Waves : Focillor Nourish or Comfort Fornicor Commit fornicatio Frumentor Provide Corn Frustror Deceive Furor Steal G Gesticulor Leap for joy Glorior Boast Groecor Be merry as a Greek Grassor Rob or flay Gratificor Gratify Grator Give thanks to Gratulor Rejoice in ones behalf H Hallucinor Mistake or err Helluor Eat much or devour Hortor Exhort Hospitor Lodg or entertain I Jaculor Shoot darts Imaginor Imagine Imitor Imitate Inficior Deny Inimicor Hate or be an Enemy Injurior Wrong Insidior Ly in wait Interpretor Expound Jocor Jest Joculor Jest Jurgor Chide Juvenor Play youthful pranxs L Lacrymor Shed tears or weep Loetificor Rejoice Loetor Rejoice Lamentor Bewail Latrocinor Rob Lenocinor Practice Bawdry : or intice or assure Libidinor Lecher it Licitor Cheapen or set to sale Limitor Bound Litor Sacrifice Loquitor Speak much or often Lucror Gain Luctitor Struggle Luctor Wrastle Ludificor Mock Lurcor Eat ravenously Lustor Haunt Bawdy houses Luxurior Riot M Machinor Devise or Plot Moecbor Whore Manticulor Steal craftily Manuor Filch or Steal Mastupror Frigg Medicor Heal or cure Meditor Muse or meditate Mentior Ly Mercor Buy Meretricor Play the Harlot Meridior Sleep at Noon Metor Set bounds Minitor Threaten Minor Miseror Be sorry for Moderor Govern Modificor Measure Modulor Model or tune Moror Delay Moror Play the Fool Multor Punish Muneror Reward or give gifts Mutuor Borrow N Naviculor Go out on water in a Boat Negotior Exercise Merchădise Nepotor Live and spend riotously Nictor Wink , twinkle it , flatter Nidulor Make a Nest Novercor Play the Mother in Law Nubilor Make Cloudy Nugor Trifle or delay Nundinor Buy or sell Nutricor Nurse or Nourish O Oblector Delight or recreate Obsidior Lie in wait for Odoror Smell Ominor Prophesy or bode Operor Labor or give himself to Opinor Think Opilulor Help Opsonor Provide victuals Oscitor Gape for want of sleep Osculor Kiss P Pabulor Go a foraging , also to feed and serve Cattel Palor Straggle Palpor Handle gently Pandiculor Stretch Parasitor Cog , lie and flatter Patrocinor Defend or plead for Peculor Rob a common Peregrinor Wander as a stranger , ( Treasury or to Travel abroad Periclitor Be in danger Periculor Make Tryal Perplexor Twist together Philosopher Study , profess , or ( teach philosophy Pignoror Take a pledge Pigror Be slow or loiter Piscor Fish Pollicitor promise often Popinor Tipple , or be sottish Populor Destroy , Precor Pray Proedor Take away plunder Proelior Fight in Battel Proemior Reward or recompence Proestolor Abide or tarry for Pressor Press hard Pro●●mior Begin a Speech Propitior Appease or sacrifice To Inform for a 4th Q Quadruplor part of the Penalty Queritor plain Quiritor Call for the help of the Romans R Radicor Take root or grow Ratiocinor Reason Recordor Remember Refragor Gainsay , or resist Reliquor Be in arrears Rimor Search diligently Rixor Brawl or scold Ructor Belch or spew Ruminor Chew the Cud Rutor Dwell in the Country Ruspor Scrape Rusticor Lead a Country life S Sciscitor Enquire Scitor Ask or demand Scortor Go a whoring Scurror Jest saucily Sector Follow or Chase Sermocinor Talk or Commune Siliquor Grow in a husk Solor Comfort Spatior Walk abroad Speculor Spy Stabulor Stand in a Stall Stipulor Bargain or require performance of a Covenant Stomachor Stomach at Suavior Kiss sweet Subsidior Help , if need be Suffragor Vote for to favour Suppetior Aid or help Suspicor Conjecture or suspect Sycophantor Forge false Accusations T Tergiversor Turn ones back Testificor Bear witness Testor Witness Tricor Trifle or dally Trutinor Weigh or examine Tumultuor Storm Tutor Defend V Vador Take security , or appoint a day of appearance Vagor Wander Varicor Go stradling Vaticinor Prophesy Velificor Hoise Sail Velitor Skirmish Veneror Worship Venor Hunt Verecundor Be ashamed or abashed Vermiculor Breed Worms Versor Be with often , or conversant Viaticor Provide necessaries for a Journey Villicor Busie about Husbandry Visceror distribute raw meat Vitulor Play the Calf Vociferor cry aloud Vsitor Dive or duck Vsitor use oft Vulpinor Play the Fox II. Conjugationis secundae Censeor Enroll , reckon or account Fateor Confess Liceor set the price higher Medeor Heal or cure Mereor Deserve Misereor Take pity on Polliceor Promise Reor Suppose Tueor Defend Vereor Reverence , doubt , fear or dread III. Conjugationis Tertiae . Aedituor Over-see a Church Adipiscor Get , gain or obtain Ampleotor Embrace Avertor Abhor Calzor Disappoint Comminiscor Invent contain Complector Comprehend or Expergiscor Awake Fruor Enjoy Fungor Exercise a Duty or Gradior Go by steps Office Irascor Be angry Labascor Fail , decay or faint Labor Slide , slip or fall Liquor Dissolve or drop Loquor Speak Morior Die Nanciscor Get or obtain Nascor Be born , grow , spring , breed , be ingendred or to rise Nitor Endeavour or strive Obliviscor Forget Pacisoor Bargain Pascor Feed Patior Suffer Proficiscor Go forward Queror Complain Redipiscor Recover or get again Reminiscor Remember Ringor Grin , fret or chafe Sequor Follow Tuor Behold Vescor Eat or feed on Vlciscor Be revenged Vtor use IV. Conjugationis Quartae . Assentior Accord , consent or agree to Crinior Have a bush of hair Experior Try Largior Give liberally Mentior Ly Metior Measure , set out , esteem , judg consider Molior Move , endeavor , attempt , labour , build Operior Look or stay for Ordior Begin Orior Arise Partior Divide Potior Obtain or enjoy Sortior Cast lots

I Thou He We Ye They Praes Aio ais ait aiunt Imperf. Aie bam bas bat bamus batis bant Praes. Inquam is it imus iunt Imperf. inquiebat inquiebant Perf. inquisti Fut. inquies inquiet Imperat. inque ito Aus-im Fax╌o is it sint Salv╌e eto Av╌e et etoie Salve╌bo bis bit Infin . salvere Quaeso Quaesumus

Apage apagite . Cedo Explicit Infit . ovac ovans . Pres . or a for . Imperat. sci fi are not used .

An Adverb sheweth the Circumstances of signification in other words ; as How ? When ? Where ? Whither ? Whence ? How long ? How oft ? How much ? After what manner ? Whether or no ? Why ? and other like circumstances ; and ends commonly in o , e , um , or ter in Latine ; In English for the most part in ly . Others are best known by use , and so are Conjunctions , which differ in use not from Adverbs , only they are joined to a Subjunctive Mood . An Interjection is a word of Passion , as ●eu ! alas ! voWo !

Of a Preposition out of Westminster Introduction .

A Preposition is either set before Cases to govern them , or those and other words to compound them ; they govern

1. An Acc. Case these thirty .

1. Ad , to , at , about , towards , into , according to , even to , as to before , by , near to ; in , until , against , on upon , for , amongst ; besides , with , after .

2. Adversus - sum : against , to , towards , over against , before , according to .

3. Ante ; before , to .

4. Apud , at , among , before , by or near to , within , under .

5. Circa , about , round about , about , the time of , by , near to , concerning , in , against .

6. Circiter , about , almost , nigh to .

7. Circum , about , to .

8. Cis , citra , on this side , within , short of , afore . Also Citra , without , besides .

9. Contra , against , over against , to the face of .

10. Erga , towards , against .

11. Extra , without , forth , out of , besides .

12. Infra , beneath , under .

13. Inter , between , amongst , in , into at , of .

14. Intra , within , in , short of , as far as , amongst .

15. Juxta , nigh to , next after , together , with or by , as well as .

16. Ob , for , against , before .

17. Penes , in , in my power , possession .

18. Per , by , through , over , about , for , because of , in , at , in the time of , for the sake of , as to , among , between , afore , under , with .

19. Pone , behind , after .

20. Post , after , since , from , behind .

21. Proeter , besides , above , by , beyond , without , against , before , near to .

22. Prope , nigh , hard by .

23. Propier , for , because of , near to , nigh .

24. Secundum , according to , nigh to , next to , next after , about , concerning , for , in .

25. Secus , near to , by .

26. Supra , above , over , beyond , besides , upon , morethan .

27. Trans , beyond , over , on the other side .

28. Versus , towards , by .

29. Vltra , beyond , above , more , besides .

30. Vsque , up to , well nigh , until , besides .

II , An Ablative Case , these Ten.

1. A , ab , abs , by , after , at , from , of , out of , for , against , on , over , through , with .

2. Absque , without , but for .

3. Coram , before , in presence of .

4. Cum , with , amongst , by , in , at .

5. De , of , concerning , from , for , on , upon , as to , by , in , at , after .

6. E , ex , of , out of , from , amongst , for , according to , by , on , above , after , in , with .

7. Palam , in sight of , before .

8. Proe before , for , because of , in comparison of , in .

9. Pro , for , instead of , in defence of , as , as it were , at , in , upon according to , as to .

10. Tenus , to , up to , down to , nigh to , as to , only in , as far as , within compass of . Tenus serves also a Gen. Case Plural .

III. Both an Accusative and Ablative , these six .

1. Clam unknown to .

2. Procul , far of , far from , without .

3. Subter , under , in .

1. Acc. Into , to . afore , until , towards , upon , against , about , at , near to . 2. Abl. In , by , concerning , with , at . 3. Acc. and sometimes an Abl. after , for , on , upon , among . 1. Acc. 1. With a Noun of time ; about , a little afore , towards . 2. With a Noun of Action , after or upon . 3. After a Verb of motion ; to , unto , under . 2. A bl . Under , in , at , by , hard by , forthwith , or upon , in the time of . 1. Acc. Beyond , above , over and above , besides , amidst , at . set over or belonging to [ in Office . ] 2. Abl. Concerning , for about , or at . Acc. or Abl. upon ,

These are used in Composition only 3 am an about , con together . Di , dis , se apart . Re , again or against , un , ve , without .

Some in Composition change 2 , lose 3 , or take a Letter for the better sound . p. 222

Aos before f , is made au , as aufero .

In before b , p , change n into im . con Ad - Ob - Sub In before c , f , g , l , n , p , r , s , t. Change their last letter into the Consonant of the word following , as . Accurro Opprimo Suggero Illudo Corrigo Pellucco Intelligo Effero c , f , g , p. c , f , g , m , p. l , m , r. l , sometimes . Con Per Inter Ex before f. Ad sometimes before a Consonant lose a Letter ; as , Aperio Omitto Trajicio Divello Ob Traens Dis , &c. Con , always before a Vowel , as coemo .
Construction or Syntax hath two general Parts , Agreement and Government .

IN Latin Speech there are 3 Agreements or Concords between the

I. Nominative Case and the Verb.

II. Substantive and the Adjective .

III. Antecedent and the Relative .

I. The Nominative Case hath a , an , or the , ( and sometimes no sign before it , but ( most commonly ) cometh before the Verb with which it agrees in Number and Person , as , P raceptor legit , vos negligitis . Frater studet . P ater dormit .

Yet between the Nom case and the Verb may stand 1. A Genitive Case or a Gerund in di ; as Facundia Ciceronis celebratur . Studium discendi me tenet . 2. An Adjective or Participle ; also Conjunctive or Relative Clauses ; as , vir doctus studiis addictus , si gloriam appctat , & sceleratos oderit , merito amatur . Sometimes the Nominative Case is set after the Verb , if . 1. A question be asked , as Amas tu ? Venitne Rex ? 2. The Verb be of the Imperative Mood ; as Amito ille . Legat petrus . Taceant coeteri . 3. The Signs It or There , nor or neither , come before the English of the Verb ; as Est liber mcus , venit quidam .

II. A Noun Adjective cannot stand by it self , but must have a Substantive [ expressed or understood ] with which it agrees in Number , Case and Gender ; as Amicus certus magni nomin●s cum ingenti Satellitio bue venit . Homo armatus . Rara avis . Ager colendus . Meus berus .

III. The Relative rehearseth another word going before , ( called the Antecedent ) with which it agrees in Gender , Number and Preson ; and is always placed first in the sentence ; such are which whom , what , whose , who and that put for which

This Relative must be 1. The Nominative Case to the Verb when there cometh no other between it and the Verb ; as vir sapit , qui tacer . Qui nocent , docent . 2. Such Case as the Noun , Verb. Participle or Adverb , which after , or the Preposition next before it do govern , when the Nominative Case comes between it and the Verb ; as Hîc est , quem tu quoeris , Ancilla est , quam accersisti . En marcum , cui studeo , cujus causâ boec scribo . Hi sant libri , quibus utor . Quod statui , saciam . Illam , quem tu colis , amo , prae quo ceteri sordent .

N. B. The Substantive is often understood , and then the Adjective supplies its place , and may be the Nominative Case to the Verb , or Substantive to another Adjective , or governed of another word in the sentence ; and if Things be joined with it , or understood , it shall be put in the Neuter Gender , and may govern a Genitive case ; as Omnes mortales sunt miseri . Semperavarus eget . Minimum hinc acceler lucri . P auca inveniuntur his similia . Quantum babes nummorum tantum & fidei .

To find the Nominative Case to the Verb. Substantive to the Adjective or Antecedent to the Relative , you must ask the Question Who or What , and the word that answereth , shall be the Nominative Case Substantive or Antecedent .

The Adjective [ in English ] stands before the Substantive ; The Substantive follows the Adjective .

All casual words are governed of the word that goes next before them [ in plain sense ] according to the sign ; ( by which the Case is known ) or of some Preposition . Except they have which , who , whom , what , whose , and that for which joined with them , for then they are governed of the word following .

To confirm this general Rule , take these following ; Any Substantive is governed of another of the same Case going next before by Apposition , if both belong to one thing ; as Tullius Orator . Naso P oeta . Domirus Deus Creator Mundi , novi Simonem virum egregium , patrem tuum , Lydiae fratrem .

1. It is an Adjective , which agrees with the Nominative Case before the Verb , in Number , Case and Gender ; as Loquor frequens Taceo multus . Scribo rarissimus . 2. It follows . 1. Verbs Substantives . Sum forem , fio , existo ; as , Fama est malum . Deus est summum Bonum . 2. Certain Passives ( especially of calling : as , Dicor , vocor Salutor , appellor , babeor , existimor , videor , nuncupor , &c. as Croesus vocatur dives . Alexander appellatur magnus .

2. The Genitive Case is known by the token of after a Noun [ expressed or understood ] and is governed of

1. A Substantive betokening another thing going next before ; as Facundia Ciceronis . Amator studiorum . Dogma Platonis . Amor nummi . Laudis cupido . 2. Adjectives . 1. Signifying desire , knowledg , remembrance , ignorance , forgettirg , care , fear , and such like passions of the mind ; as , Cupidus auri . P eritus belli . Ignarus omnium . Dubius mentis . Memor praeteriti . Immemor sui . Metuens tui . 2. Ending in ax , and derived of Verbs ; as , Aulax animi . Protositi tenax . Pecuniarum petax . 3. Having after them the English of or among , whether Partitives , Interrogatives , Nouns of Number , Comparatives , or Superlatives ; as Aliquis nostrûm Quis fratrum ? Quatnor judicum . Sapientûm octavus . Manuum sortior . Hominum nequissmus . Romanorum ultimus . 4. Made of Participles ; as , Alieni appetens , sui profusus . Cupientissimus tui . Inexpertus belli . Indoctus piloe . 3. Verbs . 1. Betokening to Esteem or regard ; as Fit parvi virtus , permagni nummus babetur . P lurimi fit pecunia . 2. Of warning , accusing . condemning , acquitting , and the like , which three last often change it into an Ablative ; as , Furti se accusat vel furto . Monuit me errati Infamiâ notatur , poenâ liberatur . 3. Satago , misereor , miseresco ; as Rerum suarum satagit , miscrere mei Deus . The two last have sometimes also a Dative . 4. Reminiscor , obliviscor , Recordor , memini , which govern also an Accasative Case ; as , Reminiscor historiae , Oblivisco , carminis , Recordor pueritiam , Obliviscor lectionem , Meminitui de te . 5. Sum , when it signifieth Possession , or belonging to a thing , as a Property or Duty ; as , bac Domus est patris . Regis est benefacere . Timidi est optare neccm . Except that meus , tuus , suus , noster , vester bumanum belluinum , and such like are used in the Nominative Case ; as , Hic codex est meus , nostrum est pati . Humanum est irasci . 6. Impersonals , Interest and refert ; as , omnium interest , P arvi refert ; except meâ , tuâ , suâ , nosirâ , vesirâ , cujâ ; as meâ interest , tua refert , &c. in the Ablative Case . 4. Adverbs of Quantity , Time and Place , with Instar ; as multum lucri . Tunc temporis . Vbique locorum . Instar omnium .

3. The Dative Case is known by the token To , before a Noun , and is governed of

1. Signifying profit or disprofit , likeness or unlikeness , pleasure , submitting or belonging to any thing , and Adverbs derived of them ; as , Vtilis bello . Paci gravis . Idoneus patriae . Aequalis Hectori . Mihi proprium , utiliter tibi , vivis . 2. In bilis and dus , derived of Verbs , and signifying pasfively ; as , Flebilis , flendus omnibus . Formidabilis formidandus bosti . 1. Having after them [ expressed or understood ] the tokens to or for [ the use of any one ] ; as , Tibi babeo . Mihi seritur . 2. Betokening Profit or Disprofit , Anger and Threatening , Obedience and Resistance , Comparison and Trust , Commanding and Shewing , Promising and Paying , Giving and Restoring ; as , Bonis nocet . Malis prodest . Irascor tibi . Minatur fratri . Sibi servit . Deo repugnat . Hero solvit , cui promiserat . Mihi librum reddidit , cui mutuo dedi . 3. Sum with all its Compounds , except Possum ; as also Suppetit ; as , Hoc tibi prodest , aliis obest . Sum tibi praesidio , cui suppetit pecunia . Haec res est mibi voluptati . 4. Compounded with Proe , ad , con , sub , super , inter , ob , ante , in , post . Satis , bene , male ; as , Vrbi praesidet , cui beneficit . Convixit nobis , quibus obstrepit . Pecuniae famam post-posuit . Ingruit sociis , quib us maledixerat . Adbaeret nemini . Votis tuis satisfaciam . Bello pacem antefero . 5. Certain Impersonals , viz. Accidit , certum est , libet licet , pater , liquet , constat , placet , expedit , prodest , &c. as , Tibi licet , Mihi dolet . Patri accidit . Vobis benefit . 6. Passives [ of the Doer ] which have oftener an Ablative with the Preposition à or ab ; as , Mihi [ à me ] laudatur . Tibi [ à te ] fama petituar .

4. The Accusative Case followeth the Verb , and answereth to the Question Whom or What made by the Verb , and is governed of

1. Signifying high , long . broad or thick , which have sometimes also an Ablative , seldom a Genitive ; as Turris alta centum pedes . Area lata tres ulnas . Liber crassus tres ●ollices , vel tribus polli ibus . 2. Exosus & Perosus , signifying actively , for they have a Dative when they signify Passively ; as , Exosus saevitiam . Perosus Deo . Exosus bonis . Pertaesus hath an Accusative or a Genitive ; as Pertaesus vitam or vitae . 1. Transitives , whether Active , Common or Deponent ; as , Avarus nihil largitur , Nummos miratur , quaerit opes , quas prodigat haeres . 2. Neuters of the same signification ; as Gaudeo gaudiu . Vivo vitam , which have often an Ablative ; as Ito rectâ viâ . 3. Actives of Naming , Teaching and Araying , which may have two Accusative Cases ; as , Voco te Petrum . Doces me literas . Posce Deum veniam . Induit se calceos , quos exuerat . 4. Impersonals , Delectat , Decet , Juvat , oportet ; as , Tedelectat . Nos juvat . Me oportet . Illum decet .

5. The Vocative Case is always governed of some Interjection .

1. Sometimes put alone by it self , or Absolute , ( when the word hath before it , Whilst , when , if tho , after that , where , ) with a Participle [ being or some other ] expressed or understood ; as , Rege veniente , me Duce . Hoc audito . Vrbe deditâ . p 355. 2. Commonly joined with some Particle or Preposition , of which 't is governed ; as also of 1. Of any sort when it signifies an Instrument [ wherewith ] Cause [ Why ] or manner [ How ] a thing is done ; as , Ferit eum gladio . Taceo metu . Dolis me ludit . 2. Of Plenty , Scarceness , Filling , Emptying , Loading or unloading , &c. as Affluis opibus . Cares virtute . Expleo te fabulis . Oneras me nugis . Pondere se levat . And the three former may also have a Genitive . Impletur vini . Indigeo patris . 3. Of Price [ namely of buying , selling , prising , valuing , &c. ] which a thing is worth , costs , or valued at ; as Emit aureo , vendidit asse . Denario constitit . Exc. Tanti , quanti , pluris , minoris quantivis , quantiliber , quanticunque , tantivis , tantidem . Genitives when put alone without Substantives . 4. Of Comparing or Exceeding ; as , Gradibus multis bunc robore praestat . Dignitate me praeis . 5. Certain Neuters and Deponents ; as , Prosequor afficio , &c. Prosequor te honore . Afficis me dolore . Vescor pane quo delector . Vestra fruor amicitiâ , quâ loetor . Gaudeo sociis quibus utor . 1. Comparatives and their Adverbs , having than , by , or in , after them ; as , Frigidior glacie . Pede altior . Melle dulcior . Tanto Doctior . 2. Signifying fulness , emptiness , Plenty or wanting , &c. which govern a Genitive Case also ; as , Spe or spei plenus Dives opium or opibus Vacuus irâ or iroe . Copiis abundans . expers fraudis . corpus inane animoe or animâ . 3. Buying and Selling ; as , Asse carus . Vilis aureo . Gemmis venale . 4. Signifying some Property or Passion of Body or Mind , as sauciue fronte or frontem . Aeger pedibus . Crine niger . 5. Dignus , indignus , praeditus , capto , contentus , extorris , fretus , Natus , Prognatas , Satus , cret●● , creatus , ortus , editus , opus & usas for need , as Dignus bonore . Captus oculis . Virtute praeditus . Paucis contentus . Extorris patriâ . Diis fret●● . Ancillânatus . Mari ortus . Terrâ editus . Opus est mibi numais .

8. Gerunds , Supines and Participles govern such cases as the Verbs which they come of , and are Construed as followeth .

di do is put after . 1. Substantives and Adjectives which govern a Genitive Case ; as , Studium videndi Romam . Spes vincendi bostes . Ratio scribendi literas . 2. Prepositions serving to the Abl. case a , ab , de , e , ex , cum , in , pro , or alone , when it signifies the cause or manner of doing as , Ab amando . De edendo , in apparando . Coesar dando , sublevando ignoscendo gloriam adeptus est . 3. Prepositions serving to the Accusative case ad , ob , propter , inter , aat , as , ad consulenau tibi , Ob redimendum 〈◊〉 or Absolately with the Verb est as vigilanlum est . Abcunaam est . dum 1. First in um follows Verbs and Participles of motion , as , Eo cubitum Spectatum admissi ludos . Veni auditum Poetas . 2. Latter in u follows certain Adjectives , as , Facile factu . Turpe dictu , Indignum relatu . 1. Common places , as , ad Vrbem , in foro , 2. Great Places : as , 1. Parts of the World . 2. Kingdoms 3. Countreys . 4. Provinces . 5. Iselands , as , ex , Angliâ veni per Galliam in Italiam . are governed of a Preposition . 3. Lesser Places , as Cities , Towns , Streets , Villages , &c. are used without a Preposition thus . 1. If the Noun be of the first or second Declension , and the Singular Number , it shall be the Genitive Case , as , Natus Londini . Vixit Oxonia . Studuit Lutetia . So bumi , domi , militiae , belli , as Domi bellique clarus . 2. If it be the Plural Number , or the third Declension , it must be the Dative or Ablative Case , as Athenis docuit . Cartbagine obijt .

To a place always in the Accusative , as Eo Romam . Neapol m profectus est . So rus & domum ; as , Ite domum .

From By A place always in the Ablative ; as Cantuariâ , Londino , Eboracum itur . So rure & domo : as abiit domo

1. When ? are put in the Ablative Case ; as nocte vigilas . Luce Dormis . 2. How long ; commonly in the Accusative , yet sometimes in the Ablative , as , Decennium vixit vel decennio . Noctes atque dies studuit . Biennium vel biennio languit .

II. The Question and Answer must be of the same Case and Tense , as , Quid agis ? Lego virgilium . Cujus est bic puer ? Xantbi . Quem ad caenam vocasti ? Petrum . Except the word which answers be put in annother Case by some other Rule : as , Quanti constitit ? deuario . Cujus est bic Codex ? Meus . cujum pecus ? Melibai , furtine accusas an bomicidij ? ' utroque .

Some words govern two cases .

1. An Ecce 1. Of shewing a Nominative , as , En Priamus . 2. Of upbraiding an Accusative , as , En habitum , 2. Sum , do , dono , babeo , duco , verto , accipio , puto and such like admit two Datives [ besides an Accusative ] as , Do tibi vestem pignori . vertit boc mibi vitio . Hoc sibi laudi ducit . 3. Poenitet , toedet miseret , miserescit , pudet , piget , an Accusative of the person and Genitive of the thing , as Senectutis eum non poenituit . Toedet me vita . Illum pudet negligentiae . Nati te misereat , oro . Fratrem tui piget .

These Particles , Et , que , quoque , ac , atque , nec neque , tanquam , item , itidem , cum , tum , ni , nisi , quasi sed , an , aut , ve , vel , seu , sive , quam , praeterquam , &c. couple like Cases and Moods ; as , Rex & Regina beati . Nec tacet , nec sapit . Except a former rule requires another Case , as , Studui Romoe & Athenis , Liber meus & statris , quem emi centussi & pluris .

Of Signs of Words .

CASES are known by Signs . Their Signs are of the

1. Nominative a an the before the Verb and many times no Particle at all . after the Verb 2. Accusative . 3. Genitive . 1. ANoun , except 1. dignus , in dignus , opus & usus , for need which govern an Ablative . 2. Of before mine , thine , his , ours , yours , theirs &c. where 't is made by meu● , tuus , suus , &c. 2. These Verbs admonish , accuse , condemn , acquit , or am , which four last often put it in an Ablative , and Passives in a Dative .

N. B. Of , after a Verb or Participle is made by a Preposition .

1. To , before a Noun — Except it follows , 1. Words of motion and readiness . 2. Verbs of exhorting , provoking , inclining , calling , belonging , as atinet pertinet spectat & loquor . Where t is made by ad . 2 For 1. Before a person , [ for the use of . ] 2. After , good , fit , profitable , lawful , ready , &c.

Abl.

With. Except it notes together with ( cum● or comes after Verbs of Comparing Contending , Meeting and being Angry , where 't is made by the Dative . By 1. Before the Instrument [ wherewith ] manner ( how ) and words of Time . 2. Before Name , Birth , Country or a Noun of measure or space . 3. After Comparatives and Superlatives . For after Words of Buying and Selling , and before the word of Price , otherwise 't is a Dative . At or on before Time , age , game . So at Table , at Night , at first fight , at first coming . Also on after nitor vescor . From is usually expressed by a Preposition , a , ab , abs . Of 1. Denoting a part after an Adjective or Verb , signifying Passively . 2. After sick , weary , born , descended , worthy , unworthy , and opus & usus put for need . 3. After Verbs , of filling , emptying , easing , depriving , ridding , spoiling , unburdening . Than , after a Comparative , otherwise quam which makes the two Nouns compared agree in Case .

These Signs and many more , as , against , afore , before , after , between , upon , over , &c. oftentimes belong to the foregoing word , of which the Case is governed without their Latin , as to admit ( of ) to wish ( for ) to wonder at , &c.

The English Infinitive Mood To with a Verb is Latined after 1. Another Verb of the Infinitive Mood as Cupio discere . 2. A Noun that governs a Genitive Case by the Gerund in di . 3. Verbs of provoking , inviting , applying , acting , calling , &c. Also the Person , matter or Instrument , and some Adjectives , as ready , flow , &c. by a Gerund in dum . 4. A Verb of motion by the first Supine , Gerund in dum , or Participle in rns . 5. Sum by a Participle in rus to , dus to be . 6. Certain Adjectives , facilis , dignus , indignus , turpis , foedus , &c. by the latter Supine to be . 1 Becomes a Substantive when it 1. Admits of a Plural number by adding s. 2. Hath a , an , or the before it , and of after it . 3. Immediately follows an Adjective agreeing with it . 2. Is rendred after . 1. Verbs of motion by the first Supine in um . 2. A Noun governing a Genitive Case , by the Gerund in di . 3. Of , from , by , within , by the Gerund in do . 4. To , because of , between , before , by the Gerund in dum . 5. Am , art , are , was , were , &c. by its own Verb. 6. Of , for that , For for because , by quod . 7. Of , or From , for lest that , by ne . 8. A Verb importing to cease , leave or give over , by an Infinitive Mood , or a Substantive with a Preposition a or an . 3. Having is rendred by the 1. Participle preter of a Deponent , as having , spoken , gotten . 2. Preterpluperfect Tense of the Subjunctive Mood with cum . 3. Ablative Case Absolute with a Participle of the Preter Tense in tus , sus , or xus , as having heard this . Hoc audito .

N B. That between two Verbs is put away , and the latter made the Infinitive Mood with an Accusative Case before it , instead of a Nominative in English . Again sometimes the English Infinitive is Latined by quod or ut , and a Subjunctive Mood .

The Prosodia , or Rules to know the quantities of Syllables in the Latine Tongue .

OF the 22 Letters in Latin there are two general sorts .

I. Vowels five a , e , i , o , u ,

II. Consonants all the rest which are twofold .

1. Mutes b , c , d , f , g , p , q , t , j and v , Consonants . 2. Semi-vowels . 1. Liquids four l , m , n , r. 2. Double Consonants two , x , z.

N. B. S is a Letter of a peculiar validity , and not reducible to any of the foregoing sorts , and y , k , and z , are Greek Letters , never used in Latine words .

H , is no Letter but only a note of Breathing .

A Letter or Element is the most simple or least part of which a word is compounded . Of Letters are made Syllables

A Syllable is a perfect and articulate sound , consisting of one Letter or more .

The Quantity of Syllables is twofold

1. Long marked thus ā , ān , ās , pān , &c.

2. Short , marked thus , as lĕ╌gĕ╌re .

Of Syllables are made feet .

A foot is the joining together of two Syllables or more , according to their quantity and the use of Poets .

Of Feet two sorts are most usual .

1. A Dactyl consisting of three Syllables , the first long , and the two following short , as dīcĕrĕ tēndĕrĕt porrĭgĭt .

2. A Spondee , consisting of two Syllables , both long , as vīr╌tūs cāu╌tē fōr╌nāx .

A Verse is the Collection of a certain number of Feet , according to proper Ruler . Of Latin Verses the two most usual sorts are these .

1. A long or Heroick Verse , consisting of six feet , the four first Dactylls or Spondees , the fifth usually a Dactyl , the sixth always a Spondee .

2. A short or Elegiac Verse , consisting first of two feet either Dactyls or Spondees , and then a long syllable , next two Dactyls and a long Syllable .

The last Syllable of a Verse is always common .

To know what Syllables are long , and what short take these directions .

1. Observe the Vowel which gives the sound to the syllable , which

1. If it comes before 2 Consonants or x or z in the same word , or one Consonant ending the former word , and another beginning the next following 't is long by Position . Except that a short Vowel set before one of the Mutes l or r , immediately following is held common .

2. If it comes before another Vowel , 't is always short . Except . 1. When e in Genitive and Dative case singular of the 5th Declension comes between 2 Vowels . as faciēi . 2. In these Genit . Cases illius , ipsius , istiu , uniu , nullius , ullius , neutrius , solius , totius , i. is common , in alterius i is always short , in alius always long . 3. Fi in fio is always long , except in fierem , fieres , fieret , &c. fieri . 4. A Vowel before another in Greek words is most commonly long , as Rhodopēïus , Orpbēus .

II. Every Dipthong in Latin is long , as aūt , baūd , aērts , eū ge , except a Vowel immediately follows , as praealtus , praeibis , praeustus .

A Dipthong is a sound made of 2 Vowels joyned together in one syllable , of which there are five , ae , oe , au , ei , eu

III. Derivative and Compound keep the same quantity as the Primitive and simple ones of which they come , as ămo , ănator , ămabilis , redămo ; except innŭba , prenŭba of nūbo , and dejĕro , pejĕro , of jūro.

IV. Of Prepositions these are always long , ā , ē , dē , sē , except a Vowel follows next after . Dī also is long , except in dĭ╌imo & dĭsertus . And Prō , except in these following Procella , profugus , protervus , pronepos , propago , profanus , profueor , profuna●s , proficiscor , profari , propero , profugio , profecto , Propheta , propino , in all which pro is short . In procurro , profundo , propello , propulso , propago , as pro is common . All other Prepositions are short , except Position makes them long .

V. In all Preterperfect tenses and Supines of two syllables , the former is long , as vīdi , lēgi , lōtum — Except fĭdi of findo [ not fido ] bĭbi , dĕdi scĭdi , stĕti , tŭli , & Supines quĭtum , sĭtum , ĭtum , lĭtum . cŭtum , rătum , dătum , sătum & cĭtum of cieo .

NB. The first syllable of all . double Preterperfect tenses is always short , such as pĕpendi , tŏtondi , mŏmordi , pĕpedi , rŭtudi , fĕfelli , tĕtigi , dĭdici , cĕcidi of cado , and cĕcidi of caedo to beat .

VI. Adjectives in nus and ōsus are always long — Except diutĭnus , crastĭnus , pristĭnus , perendĭnus , bornotĭnus , serotĭnus , oleagĭnus . fagĭnus , cedrĭnus , carbasĭnus — and others which denote matter whereof a thing is made , as Chrystallĭnus , Myrrhĭnus , Hiacinthĭnus , Adamantĭnus ;

VII . Of Conjugations the mark letter is to be observed ,

1. In the first ā is always long , as ābam , ābas , āveram , āveas , ābo , ārem , āre , &c. 2. In the second ē is always long , as ēmus , ēbamus , ēbimus , ē ēmus ē ē-e Except a vowel follows next after e , as ĕam , ĕas , ĕat , ĕamus , ĕatis , ĕant . 3. In the third ĕ is short before r , as ĕram , ĕrem , ĕrim , ĕro , ĕre , excepting ērunt , ēre in the Preterperfect tense active , and ēris , ēre in the Fut. tense passive of the Indicative Mood , if not before r 't is always long , as ēbam , ēbar , ēmur , ēmini . 4. In the fourth ī is always long , as īmus , īvi , īveram īto , ītem , īre , except a Vowel immediately follows , as ĭebam , ĭam , ĭamus , ĭar , ĭatur , &c.

VIII . Almost all other syllables except final , are long or short by Use or Authority — and so is ,

IX . The encreasing syllable of the Genit . case which for the most part is ,

I. Long in such as increase in

— ā — Except ācis — A few Greek nouns & fax āis — Annibal & Sal ānis ā●is — Jubar , hepar , par , nectar , baccar . āsis ātis from as — Anas . — ē — ēcis — nex ēdis — Pes and his Compounds ēgis — grex . ētis — Aries , abies , paries , bebes , interpres , teges , seges , and all ending in es short . ēais — ī — īcis from trix — natrix , varix , fornix , filix , ix — appendix , calix , bistrix , coxendix . īris — ō — ōcis — praecox , and names of Country-men . ōlis — Tripos , &c. ōnis — certain foreign & Gr. Nouns which increase by little o ōris from os or — arbor , marmor aequor , ador , robur , memor , & certain gr Nouns increasing by little o ōtis — compos , impos . — ū — ūlis — pecus ūris — augur , murmur , furfur , cicur , ligur , vultur . ūtis —

II. Short in such as increase in

— a — Except ăbis ălis ătis from a — ĕ — ĕmis ĕri ĕris — Verb and some Greek Nouns besides aer and aether . — ĭ — ĭcis from ex ĭdis — Psophis crenis ĭgis ĭus ĭnis — Salamis , Trachis , Delphis . ĭps ĭri ĭtis — Samnis ; Quiris ĭvis — ŏ — ŏbis ŏgis ŏpis — Hydrops , Cenops , Cyclops , Cercops , ŏris from ur us ŏvis — ŭ — ŭcis — Pollux ŭgis ŭlis ŭpis ŭris — y — ybis ycis — Bombyx ygis yris
Of the Quantity of ending syllables . These Terminations are long Except 1. Pută , ită , quiă . 2. All cases in a besides the Ablative singular of the first Declension , as musâ , pennâ bonâ . And Vocatives of Greek Nouns in as , as O Aeneā , O Thomā . 3. Nouns of number in ginta makes the last common . 1. Lăc , nĕc , donĕc , always short . 2. Fac and the Pronoun hic , which with hoc ( if it be not the Ablative case ) is always common . 1. Mihi , tibi , sibi , ubi , ibi , in which the last is common . 2. Nisĭ , and quasĭ always short . 3. Datives and Vocatives of Greek Nouns , as Dat. Phyllidĭ , ●allaabreve , Minoïdĭ , Vocat . Amaryllĭ , Alexĭ , Daphnĭ . 1. Forsăn , forsităn , ăn , tamĕn , attamĕn , veruntamĕn . 2. In with his compounds exĭn , subĭn , deĭn , proĭn . 3. Nouns in en that increase short in the Genitive case , as carmĕn , peciĕn , tibicĕn . 4. Words cut off by Apocope , as mĕn , viaĭn ' , nemŏn ' . 5. Greek words in on by ŏ short , in in by ĭ. in yn by y. also in an from the Nominative in a not in as . 1. Greek Nouns which make the Genit . singular in dos . as Arcă , and the Latin word Ană. 2. Accusatives plural of such as increase in the Genitive singular , as Heroă , Phyllidăs . 1. Nouns of the third Declension which increase short in the Gen. case sing as milĕs segĕs , divĕs . Except ariēs , abiē . parē , Ceres and pēs with his compounds . 2. Es the second person of sum with his Compounds , as potĕs , adĕs , abĕs , and the Preposition penĕ still short . 3. Neuters of the singular , and Nominatives and Vocatives plural of Greek Nouns . 1. Compŏ , impŏ , and ŏs ossis , for ōs ōris is long . 2. Greek words written by short ŏ as delŏ , logŏs , &c. Words are common that end in Except 1. Datives and Ablatives singular of the 2d . Declension , as dominō , bonō , magistrō which are always long . 2. Adverbs derived of Adjectives in o , as tantō , quantō , liquidō , falsō , primō &c. Except sedulo , mutuo , crebro , fero , common . Citŏ , moao , and quomodo , always short . Ambo , duo , ego and homo seldom long . 3. Words of one Syllable in o always long , as dō , stō , and ergō put for causà . 4. All Greek words by ω still long , as Sapphō , Didō. These Termiations are short Except 1. Ablatives singular of the 5th Declension , as fidē , glaciē . diē with its Compounds hodiē , quotidiē , pridiē , postridiē : And rē with its Compounds quarē , qua de rē , ea rē , &c. and famē . 2. Second persons singular of Verbs of the 2 d. Conjugation in the Imp. Mood active , as docē , movē , cavē . 3. Adverbs in e derived of Adjectives , as pulchrē certē , valdē , also fermē ferē : Except benĕ and maiĕ . 4. Monosyllables in e , as mē , tē , dē , se , Except quĕ , nĕ , vĕ inclitic's . 5. Greek Nouns written by ἠ or long e , as ethē , tempē . 1. Nīl made by contraction of nihīl and sōl . 2. Hebrew words , as Michaēl , Gabriēl , Raphaēl , Daniēl . 1. Fār , lār , nār , vēr , fūr , cūr , and sār with his compounds , as compār , impār . dispār . 2. Greek words , in ηρ or er long , as aēr , charactēr , aethēr , sotēr , Except pater and matĕr in which er is short . 1. Datives and Ablatives plural of the first and second Declension , as musīs , dominīs , templīs , and quīs for quibus . 2. Nouns increasing long in the Genitive case , as Samnīs , Samnītis , Salamis īnīs . 3. Monosyllables , as vīs līs , Except ĭs , quĭs , and bĭs . 4. Second persons singular in is whose second persons plural end in ītis , as audīs , velīs , dederīs , audītis , velītis , dederītis . 1. Nouns increasing long , as tellūs ūris , virtūs ūtis . 2. The Genit . sing . Nominat . Accusat . and Vocat . plural of the 4th Declension in us , as bujus manûs , hae manus , has manus , ô manus . 3. All Monosyllables as pūs , thūs , rūs , mūs , sūs , crūs , &c. 4. Greek Nouns ending with the Dipthong ους , as Panthū , Sapphū , Cliū . In scanning Verses certain Figures are used . viz. 1. A Vowel ends the former word . and another begins the following , the former is struck off by Synalaepha . 2. M ends the former and the following begins with a Vowel or Dipthong , the last syllable of the former word is cut off by Ecthiipsis . 3. Sometimes 1. Two syllables are drawn into one by Synaeresis , as aureū . alvēo . 2. One syllable is divided into two by Diaeresis , as voluïsse for volvisse , suëtus for suetus . 4. A short syllable in the end of a word , if it begins a foot , may be made long by Caesura , of which are 4 sorts , viz. when a short syllable is produced after , 1. The first foot by Triemimeris , as pectoribus inhians . 2. The first two feet by Penthemimeris , as Omnia vincit amor & nos cedamus amori . 3. The three first feet called Hepthemimeris , as Ostentans artem pariter arcumque sonantem . 4. The four first feet termed Eneemimeris , as Ille latus niveum molli fuliūs biacintho .
Mr. Walkers Particles in Tables accommodated to the Capacities and Memories of young Lads . A , an 1. Signs of Noun Substantives common . 2. Put for 1. One — unus . 2. Each or every — in with singulus , and sometimes without it . 3. Before 1. A Participle in ing 1. After a Verb of moving — made by the first Supine , a Participle in rus , or Gerund in dum . 2. Denoting present Action — made by a Verb. 2. Words of Time 1. After , once , twice , thrice , &c. Sign of the Ablative Case with in or w●●●out it . 2. Having a Participle in ing after them — by a V●●b . Above 1. In Order , height & place , generally super . supra — also . 2. More than , longer than — plus , amplius , majus , diutius . 3. Excelling , beyond — ante , prae , praeter , ultra , & supra . 4. Higher , in place or dignity — prior , superior . 5. After 1. Over — ad , extra , super . 2. From — superne , desuper . About 1. Concerning — de , super , Abl. circa , Accusat . 2. Near upon , more or less , over or under — quasi , ad , instar , plus , minus , praeter , propter . 3. Before 1. Time — sub , circa , circiter . 2. Place and Persons — circa , circum . 4. Or ready , a Participle in rus . 5. Belongs to the foregoing word and is omitted . About to be — futurum ut . 1. Out of doors , foris . 2. Moving out of doors , forás . 3. A f●r off , or at a distance , peregré . 4. In the open Air , sub dio 5. In open sight , in publico , in aperto , in propatulo . 6. All abroad , passim , laté . 7. Far abroad longé , latéque . 8. Asunder , apart , di , dis , in Composition . 1. To , ad , de , ex , secundum , pro. 2. As , prout , sicut , proinde ut .

Accordingly , juxtá , pariter , perinde .

1. Before 1. A Nominat . case , postquam , posteaquam , ubicum , or ur . 2. An oblique case , a , ab , ex , or post . 2. After 1. A Noun of time , post the Adverb , and quam if a Verb follow it . 2. A Verb belongs to it , and is omitted . 3. Signifying 1. According to , de , ad , and in Acc. also a sign of the Abl , case of the manner . 2. Nearness or degree , order , or succession , juxta , proxime , secundum , sub . 3. Afterwards , postea , exinde . 1. Once more , iterum , denuo , rursus , ab integro . 2. On the other hand , e , contra , invicem , vicissim . 3. Hereafter post , posthac , or postea . 4. Even , etiam , vel . 5. After Verbs , or back again , retro , or re in Composition .

Again and again , iterum atque iterum , etiam atque etiam .

To and again , ultro , citroque . As big again , dxplo major , &c.

1. Before 1. A Noun of time , in Accusat . 2. A Verb with its Nom. case . dum . 2. After . 1. A Verb of motion . ad , or in Acc. 2. Mind , thought , will , law , custom , right , just , good , &c. praoeter . 3. Signifying 1. Damage , or opposition , also cross or contrary , adversus , adversum , in , contra . 2. Defence or Preservation , a , ad , adversus , contra .

Over against , é regicne , ex adverso . To be against , adversor , repugno .

1. Whole , totus , integer , universus . 2. Every one , singulus , quisque . 3 , Only , solus , unus . 4. As much as , so much as , how much soever , whatsoever , quantumcunque , quod , quicquid , quantum , or quam for quantum 5. Otherwise , omnis , cunctus , universus .

No or none at all , nullus , omnino . Not at all , Non omninoy nequaquam , nullo modo . Nothing at all , nibil omnino , nibil prorsus , nihil quicquam . Never at all , omnino nunquam . No where at all omnino nusquam .

1. With a man or a thing , una . 2. Otherwise it 1. Is made by per or an Abl. case . 2. Belongs to the foregoing word . 1. Before a Verb or Participle [ in ing ] with a passive sign made by 1. A Verb with dum cum ubi or ut . 2. A Preposition , inter , super , and in an Ablative . 2. For 1. Which , quod , id , quod , qui , quoe , quod . 2. In this regard or respect , ut , quia . 3. Like as , even as , ut , sicut , velut , quomodo , quemadmodum . 4. According as ut , uti , sicut , ita , ut , pro , prout . 3. Answering to 1. Such , or such an one , qualis , qui. 2. So , or as great as , as much as as little as , &c. quantus , qui , quam or ut with a Superlat . 4. Doubled with an Adjective or Adv. betwixt , & put for 1. Tho , altho , quamvis . 2. Howmuchsoever , quantuscunque . 3. How little soever quantuluscunque . 5. Found 1. In the former part of a sentence , tam , non , minus , aque . 2. In the latter part , quara . 1. Next before not , autem . 2. If another word comes between and and not , nec , neque . 3. Before , yet , therefore , and if , omitted . 4. Otherwise , ac , atque , &c , necnon , que , tum . 1. Before 1. Time , Price , Manner , Instrument , Cause , Games , commonly sign of the Ablative case . 2. Common or great places 1. In a place , in with an Abl. case . 2. Nigh , near , or close by , ad . 3. Proper and small places 1. of the first or second Declension & singular Number in the Genitive case . 2 Of the third Declension , or the Plural Number in the Ablat . 4. A Participle in ing to be varied by when or after that , &c. cum with a Verb , or an Ablative case absolute . 2. To be at or present , intersum . At supper , inter , super coersam . 3. Near , nigh , close , ad . 4. Belongs to the foregoing word , and is omitted . 1. Get you gone , or fie , apage , apagite . 2. With , i e. abide or endure , fero , patior . 3. After a Verb is part of it and omitted . 4. Put for hence or from thence , it belongs to the next word . 1. It s meet , fit , or handsom , decet . 2. Is made , or proves to be , fio , evado . 3. Before of , fio , futurum est with a Dative , or de with an Ablative case . 1. For [ before that ] antequam , priusquam , 2. In time or place , ante . 3. In presence , coram . 4. In Comparison prae also 1. More than , plusquam . 2. Rather than , potius quam . 3. Sooner than , citius quam : 5. Written or spoken , supra , ante , prius . 6. Formerly , olim , quondam . 1. The same with 1. Since that , cum , quandoquidem ! 2. Presence in a place , prasentia . 3. To abide , continue , dwell , esse licet , 4. As being , utpote . 2. Before to with a Verb , a Participle in rus . 3. After far from , ut , and a Subjunctive Mood . 4. Often left out , and the word following sometimes in the 1. Ablative case absolute . 2. Same case as the word before by Apposition . 5. With a Verb or Participle , many times quod or quia . 1. By , or nigh to , prope , propter , juxta , secundum . 2. Except , save , but , Proerer , extra , praeter quam . 3. Moreover , surthermore , porro , praeterea . 4. More than , over and above , praeter , praterea . 5. Beyond , above , ultra , praeter , trans . 1. On the further side , trans , ultra . 2. Above , praeter , supra , extra , ultra . 3. To go beyond , or over-reach , circumvenio , fallo . 1. Spoken of two , ambo , uterque . 2. Answered by and , cum , tum , & , vel , and quia doubled : 1. After 1. The word nothing what , or what else , before 1. A Verb quam . 2. A Noun or Pronoun , quin or quod , non & nisi . 2. Cannot , non , or quin with a Subjunctive Mood . 3. Words of 1. Time , cum . 2. Denying , quin. 3. Not doubting , not hearing , not thinking , not questioning , &c. quin , or ne , non . 2. The same with 1. Only , tantum , solummodo , or modo . 2. Except , nisi , praeterquam . But for absque .

But that , ni , nisi , quod , or quod nisi . Not but that , non , quod non .

1. Before 1. The Instrument [ wherewith ] or the manner [ how ] and words of time , sign of the Ablative case . 2. Words of place , per or an Ablative case . 3. Participles in ing , sign of the Gerund in do . 4. Self or selves [ for alone ] per , solus . 2. The same with 1. Through , by means of , per. So in swearing , Protestaction , &c. 2. Before , ance , priusquam . 3. About , circiter , sub , ad . 4. Near , or nigh to , prope , juxta , propter , ad apud . 5. From , a , ab , abs , ex . 6. According to , de , ex , 7. Concerning , de , ex , 8. Indirect , evil , malus , sinister , inhonestus . 3. After 1. Comparatives , sign of the Ablative case . 2. Passives , a , ab , abs , or sign of the Dative . 4. Sign of an Adverb [ commonly in im ] as by stealth , furtim . man by man , viritim . Day by day , quotidie . &c. 5. Belongs to the foregoing word , and is omitted .

By reason of , per , ob , propter . By and by , mox , brevi . By the by , obiter .

By reason of that , or because of , propterea quod .

1. Slightly , obuer , cursim , perfunctorie , leviter , in transun . 2. In going , in itinere , in via . 1. One of the two , alteruter , utervis , uter , uterlibet . 2. Or , aut , vel . 1. For 1. Other , alius . 2. Otherwise , alioqui , aliter , alias , ni , ita : 3. More , further , praeterea , porro , adhuc , amplius . 4. Besides , praeterea with nemo . 2. After , or answering to 1. Either expressed or understood , aut or vel . 2. Whether , sive or an . 1. Not odd , par. 2. Smooth , level , plain , aquus , lavis . 3. Equal or as big , aqualis , par . 4. Namely , nempe , nimirum . 5. Also , etiam , quoque , vel . 6. Almost , ferme , fere . 7. With from before 1. Time , jam , inde , usque , a or ab . 2. Place [ i. e. as far as from ] usquc , a , or ab . 8. An Expletive is omitted . 1. For 1. Any [ before a or an ] nunquis , ecquis , ecquisnami 2. At any time , unquam , ecquando , siquando . 3. Always , continually , semper , oeternum , jugiter . 2. After 1. As redoubled with an Adjective or Adverb quam , or ut with a Superlative . 2. Or for before that , cum , nondum , ut ut . 1. All , omnis , universus . 2. Whole , ad , as ad quadrantem . 3. Each one , quisque , unusquisque . 4. Before words of time 1. Quot with an Ablat . case , as quotannis , 2. In with an Acc. case plural , as in horas . 1. Before - 1. A Substantive longinquus . 2. An Adjective or Adverb , multo , longe . 2. After a Verb

So sar from that , ita , non , ut ; Adeo non — ut ; Tantnm abest , ut or ue in the former clause , and nedum in the later .

To usque ad , So far that , eò , eò usque . From , ab usque , Far from , far off from , longe procui , multum . For Without , from Longe . Procul . Far off For 1. The same with 1. Instead , or in behalf , according to , considering . pro , gratiâ , causâ . 2. By reason of , for the sake of , propter , obprae , erga . 3. As , — in , pro as , in signum for a sign . 4. For all — per , for a time — ad , in , as in diem for a day . 5. On ones side , a , ab , pro. 6. As for , de , quod , ad , quantum ad . 2. Before 1. A Sentence , as touching , nam , enim , etenim . 2. Diseases ( against ) contra , ad , Except nought for 3. A person ( for the use of ) sign of the Dative case . 4. Words of price and wagers , sign of the Ablative case . 5. Part , pro , ex . 6. A Participle in ing denoting 1. Because that , quod , or qui with a Subj . Mood . 2. To the end that , causa , and a Geruncive with its Genitive case . 7. Profit and honour , e , ex . 8. Distributives , in Accusative case . 9. Purpose use , end , &c ad and in , Accusat . 10. An Infin . Mood later of two Verbs omitted . 11. A case with an Infin . Mood after it . 3. After good , fit , profitable , lawful , &c. sign of the Dat. case . From 1. Before 1. A common place , word of time , age or order , a , ab , abs . 2. A Participle in ing , a , ab , or ex , and the Gerund in do . 2. After 1. A word of motion , and before a proper name of a small place , sign of the Ablatcase without a Preposition . 2. Verbs of differing and taking away , sign of the Dat. or Abl. with a , ab , abs . 3. With , of , or out , de , e , ex . 4. Often belongs to the foregoing word , and is omitted . Hence 1. From this place , bine 2. Signifying the original or cause of any thing , hinc , ex hoc . 3. After words of time , ad , post .

Henceforth , posthac , quod superest , dein , porro .

Henceforwards , deinceps , quod reliquum est .

His , hers , theirs , it s before a Substantive 1. With own , suus . 2. Without own , illius , ipsius , ejus . Him , her , them , it with self in the 1. Nominative case , ipse , a , um . 2. Oblique cases , sui , sibi , se . Hither 1. Towards this place , horsum . 2. To this place , huc . 3. An Adjective , citerior . Hitherto 1. To this time , adhuc , usque adhuc . 2. To this place , or bound , thus far , bactenus . How 1. In what manner , quomodo . 2 Before 1. Adjectives and Adverbs come of them quam . 2. Verbs with admiration Much , and a Comparative degree , quo , quanto : 3. By what means , qui , unde . 4. Put with , or for that , quod . 5. For what or why ? quid . How far 1. In space or place quam longe . 2. In going forward , quatenas . 3. In degree of Exeess or Excellency , quanto .

How is it that ? or why ? quid ? quare ? cur ? quid est cur ? quid fit ut ?

Howbeit , at , tamen , attamen , veruntamen , autem .

However , ut ut , utcunque .

If 1. In the former part of a speech , si , in the latter , sin , 2. Put for whether , numsi . If not 1. Put for unless , ni , nisi , si non . 2. Having yet after it , si non , sin minus .

But if not , sin aliter , sin minus .

In 1. With , to , an Accusative case In 2. Without , to , an Ablative case 3. Before 1. Place , apud , ad , in . 2. Time , in , de , per , intra , inter . 3. Words of Price , sign of the Ablative case . 4. Put for inward , insitus . 5. Belongs to the foregoing word , and is omitted .

In Latin Latinè , in Greek Graecè , In English Anglicè .

It 1. Before 1. A Verb usually omitted , sometimes id or res . 2 Self , ipse . 2. After a Verb or Preposition , id , hoc , istuc . Last 1. Signifying 1. Time , postremus . 2. Order or Place , novissimus , extremus , ultimus , supremus , summus , or Adverbs come of them .

2. To last , perenno , duro .

3. A last , modulus , crepida .

At last , jam , tandem , aliquando , demum , denique , ad extremum .

Let 1. To hire , for Rent , Use , &c. loco , eloco . 2 : Alone , or to leave off , or pass by , mitto , or omitto . 3. To give leave , or to suffer , permitto , sino . 4. To hinder , obsto , impedio . 5. Delay or hinderance , mora , impedimentum . 6. Before another Verb , sign of the Inperative Mood ; but if the Verb be of the first person , of the Subjunctive . Lik● 1. An Adjective , par , similis , aequus . 2 A Verb , probo , gaudeo , cordi est . 3. Importing likelihood or probability , verisimile , probabile . 4. After the manner , way , or fash●●● made by some Adverb denoting that manner , way or fashion .

Like as , in like sort , in like manner , &c. Quemadmodum sicut , pariter ac , perinde ac , bujusmodi ,

Little before . 1. A Substantive . 1. Parvus , exiguus . 2. Sometimes a Diminutive , as agellus puella , ungula . 2. An Adjective Positive , aliquantum nonnibil . 3. A Comparative , aliquant . paul . 4. A Verb , paulum , nonnibil , parum , aliquantulum . 5. Time [ space or while understood . ] parumper , paulisper . Less . 1. With a Substantive — minor . 2. With a Verb , or no , nothing , never , much , little , &c. minus the Adverb . 3. Part of a Verb , as to make less — minuo . extenuo . Least 1. Referring to a 1. Substantive — minimus . 2. Verb — minimè . 2. Following at or the — minimùm , or minimè .

Lest , [ that ] — ne .

Long 1. An Adjective — longus . 2. To desire greatly — percupio . expeto . 3. Following all ( with something between ) — totus , omnis . 4. An Adverb — diu . 5. Denoting a 1. Fault — culpa , as sum in culpa , 't is long of me . 2. Good cause — causa — non eras in causa , 't was not long of you . Man . 1. No Child or Coward — vif . Any man , quis , aliquis . Every man , quisque , omnis . Vnus quisque . No man , nemo . 2. No Woman — mas , vir . 3. A Servant — Servus , famulus . 4. Often understood in Latin after certain Adjectives , viz. good , wise , just , &c. Much 1. With a Substantive — multus , plurimus . 2. With a Verb — multum , magnopere , vehementer . 3. Of value , price , or concernment — tanti , quanti , bujus , magni , parmagni , maximi , plurimi . 4. Before Comparatives and Superlatives — multò , longè . So How much , quò , quantò . So much , hoc eò , tantò . 5. Belongs to the foregoing Verb sometimes , and is omitted . More 1. From much — major , or plus with a Gen. Case . 2. From many — Plures , & plura . 3. Before an Adjective or Adverb , Sign of the Comparative Degree . 4. With Verbs of esteeming , valuing , buying and selling pluris . 5. For 1. Rather — magis . 2. Hereafter — post hac . 3. Further — amplius ultra . 4. Else or besides — praeteria , amplius . 5. More greatly — plus , magis . 6. Above — plus , amplius , magis , supra & super . The more 1. In the former part of a Sentence — quò , quantò . 2. In the latter — tantò , eò So these answer each other , Quot tot , quoties toties , qualis talis , quantum tantum , quantopere tantopere . Most with 1. An Adjective or Adverb Sign of the Superlat . Degree . 2. A Substantive , plexique . 3. A Verb — maximè , plurimùm . Must signifying 1. Necessity , necesse est . 2. Need , opus est . 3. Duty , oporter . Near 1. An Adjective — propinquus . 2. For almost — prope . 3. Belongs to the next Verb — near to , or unto — prope , juxta , propter . Next 1. An Adjective — proximus . 2. In Order . 1. Before a Case — juxtà , secundùm , post . 2. Without a Case — deinde , deinceps . 3. In Time — posterius , or some Adverb . 4. In Place — vicinus . Neither 1. Of the two — Neuter . 2. Answered by nor , nec , neque , neve . Never 1. No , none or not — nullus , non unus , non ullus . 2. At no time — nunquam , non unquam . 3. With the before a Comparative — nihilo . 4. A Note of forbidding — ne .

Never so , or never such , vel , ut , quamvis , quamlibet , etiamsi .

No 1. Without a casual word — ne , non . 2. Next before a Substantive — nullus nequis — nibil , nequid . 3. Before an Adjective and a Substantive — non , haud . 4. Person — nemo , nullus , nequis , non quisquam .

No more — non plus , non amplius , ne quid ultrà , nihil ultrà , nihil amplius .

Not 1. In denying — non , baud , minus , nec , neque . 2. In forbidding . 1. Non , with a future Tense of an Indicative Mood . 2. Ne , with an Imperat or a Subjunctive Mood . 3. Noli , with an Infinitive Mood . 2. After 1. Words of Caution , warning , &c. — ne with a Subj . Mood . 2. Words intreating or deprecating — ne or ut . 3. Verbs of fearing — ut or ne non . 3. In Questions — non , nonne , annon , & quc the inclitic . Now importing . 1. Time 1. Present — nunc . 2. Newly past — modò . 3. Instantly to come — jam . 2. Connexion — autem , jam . 3. Transition — deinceps . Of 1. The same with 1. Concerning , touching — de , super . 2. Out of , where of , noting matter — e , ex , de . 3. With or by — Sign of the Gerund in do . 4. From or by , most commonly after Passives — à , ab , abs , 2. Before The latter of two Substantives . Sign of the Gen. Case . 2. A Participle in ing , sign of the Gerund in di . 3. After 1. Nouns of desire , knowledg , remembrance , ignorance , forgetting , care , fear , &c. Many Participials and all Verbals in ax . Also Partitives and Comparatives and Superlatives put partitively . Also Verbs of accusing . condemning , warning , purging , acquitting , & paeultet , pudet , piget taedet . Sign of the Genitive Case . 2. Nouns and Verbs of plenty or wanting , filling , emptying , spoiling , disappointing , joy , pride , &c. also after the English of dignus , indignus , natus , cretas satus ortus editus prognatus creatus , & opus & usus for need ; Sign of the Ablative Case . 3. A Substantive & before mine . thine , ours , yours , his , and theirs is omitted — as amicus meus , a friend of mine . 4. Most Verbs , especially of inquiring or hearing — à , ab , è , ex , de .

What kind of ? What manner of — Qui , qualis .

On or Upon 1. Before 1. Words of Place for 1. Beside , near unto , toward which — ad , ab , à. 2. Above — in Abl. super . 2. Words of Time Sign of the Ablative Case . 3. Musical Instruments . 4. Words noting Food . 5. Condition . Terms . &c. 2. After Verbs . 1. Of Depending — à , ab , è , ex , de . 2. Of bestowing , spending , imploying , wasting , losing — in Acc. 3. Misereor , miseresco — Sign of the Gen. Case . 3. For after — super , as literae super literis or literas . 4. Belongs to the next word , and is omitted . Or 1. Alone , or noting Correction — ve , seu , sive . 2. Answering . 1. Whether — an , ne , seu , sive . 2. Either — aut , vel .

Over à super

1. Signifying 1. Beyond — ultrà . 2. Above — suprà . 3. Cross or overthwart — trans . 4. In Comparison — prae . 5 After or within — post , intra . 6. Concerning — de , super . 7. Too or too much — nimius , nimis , nimium . 2. After 1. A Noun of Rule , Power Command — in Acc. 2. A Verb , Sign of the Dative . 3. With Verbs of motion — per , trans . 4. Belongs to the next word , and is omitted — All over per , or an Abl. Ought or must 1. Oportet , debto . 2. The Gerund in dum with est .

Ought for any thing — quid , ecquid , siquid , res — for ought — quantum :

Out 1. From place or number — de , è , ex . 2. Away or of from — a , ab . 3. Not within — extra . 4. Belongs to the foregoing word , and is omitted .

Out of , for , by reason of , propter .

Own , suus , proprius . — Own self — ipse .

Self after a Pronoun , my , your , him , &c. ipse .

Self-same 1. Ipse with Ille , iste , hic , is , qui. 2. Idem — with ille , iste , quod or unus . Since for 1. Seeing that or because — cum , quando , siquidem , quandoquide . 2. From or after — à , ab , ex , post . Sometimes by ut , quòd , cum , & postquam 3. Ago , abhinc , antè , diu , dudum , olim pridem . So 1. In a former clause , and answered by as or that in a later — tam adeò perinde , sic , itâ . 2. In a later clause , and answering to as in a former — sic , ita . 3. For this , that , the same — id , idem .

So many tot — So often — toties . So much , so great — tantus — so that , modo , dum , dummodo — so — eu cunque , an Enclitier .

Such noting 1. Kind , sort or quality — talis , qualis , ejusmodi , and is for talis . 2. Nature , Disposition or Condition — sic , ita . 3. So great — tantus , ita magnus . 4. This , that , they or those : denoting quality — hic or is .

Such a — before a Noun — tam , adeo .

That 1. Before a Substantive ; ille , is , iste . 2. Which or who — qui , quis . 3. To the end that , or before , may , can , might , could , should , ought , &c. ut . 4. Betwixt a Comparative and a Verb is omitted . 5. Put with or for , because quòd . 6. Referring to something done or doing 7. After words of Opinion , knowledg relation or complaint . 8. After 1. Same — qui , ac , atque . 2. Words of care , endeavour , desire , intreaty , wishing , warning , counselling , commanding , obtaining , happening , permitting and affecting — ing at — which after volo , peto , censeo , jubeo , sino facio &c. is elegantly omitted . 3. So or such — ut . 4. Words of fear in Speeches 1. Affirmative — ●● . 2. Negative — ut or ne non .

Before that — antequam priusquam . After that — postquam , posteaquam .

Than after . 1. Comparatives . 1. Before a Noun ; Sign of the Ablative Case . 2. Before another word — quam . 2. Other or otherwise — ac , atque , quam . Then 1. At that time — tum , tunc . 2. Next or after that — tum , deinde . 3. Therefore or so then — ergo , igitur , tum postea , tum porrò . Thence 1. From that place — illinc , indè , istinc . 2. From that cause , occasion , or ground — exeo , inde , exinde . There 1. In that place — ibi , istic , illic . 2. Often Sign of the Verb to be set before the Nominative Case is omitted . 3. In Composition , with , about , after , at , by , from , in into of , on , out , upon , to , unto , with , withall , &c. ●● , iste , &c. The before a Comparative for 1. By how much — quô quantò . 2. By so much — eò tantò . Through applied to 1. Place — per. 2. Occasion , cause or means — ex , per. Till 1. Before a 1. Noun - in , usque , ad . 2. Verb - dum , donec , quoad . 2. For 1. Before a 1. Ante alone before a Noun of Time . 2. Antequam , or antea-quam before a Verb. 2. To allure or draw on - lacto , allicio . 3. To plow or order land - colo . To before 1. A Casual word . 1. And signifying . 1. To the use of - Sign of the Dat. case . 2. In comparison of - ad , prae . 3. Towards - in , erga , adversum . 4. Of , or concerning - ad , de . 2. Of Time , for until - in , ad . 3. Of that Person , to or before whom any person or thing is complained , accused , condemned or spoken of - apud 4. And following . 1 Words of motion , also Verbs betokening to apply , add , appertain , belong , call , exhort , provoke , invite , &c. And Adjectives of forwardness , readiness , fitness , inclinableness , &c. ac , 2. According - ad , de , ex , secundum , pro. 2. A Verb , sign of the Infinitive Mood , and may be rendred after . 1. Any Substantive or Adjective by the Gerund in dum with ad . 2. A Passive Sign , when necessity or duty is noted by a Gerund in dum ; when purpose or likelihood , by a Participle in rus . 3. Adjectives of worthiness , fitness , &c. By a Subjunctive Mood and qui. 4 Substantives that may be varied by who or which , with may , can , might , &c. To be 1. After . 1. A Passive Sign . or Noun or Verb Substantive . Sign of the Participle in dus . 2. An Adjective , the later Supine or Subjunctive Mood with qui. 3. Any other Verb , or an Acc. Case , the Infinitive Mood Passive . 2. Without a Sign , alone , or before a Substantive , Adjective or Preposition in the same clause - esse or us or qui with sum . Together 1. After words of Time - per. 2. After words of gathering or uniting - con in composition . 3. In Company , at the same time or place - unà , simul , inter . Too 1. For also - etiam quoque . 2. For over before an Adjective or Adv. nimis , nimium . 3. Sometimes by the Comparative degree with quam , qui or ut . Towards 1. For to noting , favor , reverence , duty , &c. in , ad , erga , versus . 2. Importing prospect or motion towards a place - ad , in , versus . 3 Denoting nearness in 1. Time - sub . 2. Place or situation ( without motion ) - a Very 1. Before a Substantive for 1. Meer , true , pure - merm , verus , purus , putus . 2. Even - vel , etiam . 3. Himself it self , or themselves , or with or for the word same - ipse . 2. Before an Adjective or Adverb - multum , valde , admodum , apprimé . Under 1. Referring to 1. Place , viz. below or beneath - sub . 2. Government , or time of Government - sub abl . 3. Dignity , honor , or order or degree - infra . 4. Colour , shew or pretence - per Acc. sub Abl. 5. Number , nothing short of , not so many as , fewer , than - infra , minor , minus . 2. For lower , an Adjective - inferior . What 1. For 1. That which - quod , and after , contrary to contra with ac , atque or quam . 2. To what pass , end or purpose - quorsum . 3. Partly - qua . 4. How - quam . 2. Before a Substantive on which it depends - qui , quis , qualis . 3. A question , or without a Substantive - quid . When 1. At what time , or at the time that - quum , ubi , quando . 2. While or whilst that - in , inter , cum . 3. After that , or assoon as - ubi , tum , ut , postquam . 4. In a question - Quando ? Whence 1. Any thing cometh or proceedeth - ex quo . 2. Or from what place - unde ? Where 1. In what or which place - ubi ? 2. Any thing began - unde . 3. By what or which place , or way - quà . 4. Compounded with at , by , from , of , on , in , to , upon , with , &c. is the same with by which , from which , or what , &c. quis , qui.

Any where - usquam , uspiam - no where - nusquam , nuspiam , Somewhere - alicubi .

Whether 1. In the former clause answer'd by or in the later seu sive 2. Which of the two - uter . 3. To what ( or which ) place - quò . 4. Whether or no , of asking or doubting - nè , utrum , num , ansi . Which 1. A Relative - qui. 2. A Question - quis , 3. For whether of the number - uter . While 1. Alone or after great or little - parumper , paulister , aliquantisper diu . 2. Before go or since - dudum . For 1. In the mean time or space that - dudum . 2. So long as - dum , quoad . 3. Until , so long till - donec , dum , tantisper dum . Who 1. In a Question - Quis ? 2. A Relative - qui. 3. An Indefinite - quis & qui.

What soever Quod cunque When Quando Where Vbi

With Before 1. The Cause Instrument or manner answering to the Question , Why ? Wherewith ? How ? sign of the Abl. Case . 2. Words that end in est , by 1. A Positive degree with nimium . 2. A Comparative with aequo or quam & decet . 3. A person with reference to a place , where one is , or to some power with him - apud , and sometimes ad & penes . 2. After 1. Verbs of comparing , contending , meeting , and being angry - Sign of the Dat Case . 2. Verbs of beginning put for at of from à , ab . 3. Noting Company or together with - cum - where note that in me╌cum , tecum , secum , nobiscum , vobis╌cum , quicum , quibus╌cum , the Preposition is set after its Case . Within before 1. A word of Place - intra , but if the place be not expressed in tus . 2. A word of time - cis , in , citra . Without 1. Not within - foris , extrà . 2. Not with sine , citra , extra also somtimes by 1. A Verb signifying to be vold - vaco , careo . 2. A Word compounded with ex , & in for non . 3. A word of contrary signification to that which follows without . 4. Negative Particles coming together with Nouns , Participles or Adverbs . 3. For unless or except - nisi . Worth noting 1. Dignity or Authority - dignitas , authoritas . 2. Price or value by a Verb of esteeming , and a Gen. case .

Worth ones labour , worth ones pains , care or while - operae pretium , curae pretium .

Yet 1. Answering to although . at , certe , tamen , attamen , veruntamen . 2. Joined with but. 3 For notwithstanding , or for all that . 4. Noting Correction - quanquam , etsi , tametsi . 5. For thither to this time in 1. Affirmative Speeches - adbuc . 2. Negative ones , with not , nothing , scarcely or hardly - nondum , necdum , nihil╌dum , neque╌dum , vix╌dum , haud╌du . 6. For still or at this time , adhuc , etiam - num etiam - nunc . 7. With or for more , i e. further - adhuc etiam . You and yours directed to 1. One person - tu , tuus . 2. More than one - vos , vester .

N B Sometimes Your is elegantly made by tibi for tuus , and My by mihi for meus .

When a Passive English comes before a Verb 1. Neuter ; for the Present Tense Passive make the Preterperfect Tense active , and for the Preterimperf . Passive , the Preterpluperf Tense active . 2. Deponent , change the English Passive by another English active , and so make it .

If the Sign of the Case be far from it , or from the Verb that governs it , reduce the words to their natural order , and so make them into Latin .

If an English seems hard , change it into some other of the like sense .

FINIS .