REASONS
that
Milled-Sheet-Lead
is
Better
and
Cheaper
than
Cast-Sheet-Lead
for
all
Uses
whatsoever
.
Milled
Lead
proved
to
be
better
than
Cast
Lead
.
1.
THE
thickness
of
the
Plumbers
most
usual
Covering
for
Buildings
hath
of
late
been
of
a
Size
,
pretended
to
be
8
or
9
l.
to
the
Foot-square
,
sometimes
7
l.
though
formerly
from
10
to
12
,
was
the
usual
thickness
;
pretended
is
said
,
because
truly
so
,
it
never
was
,
nor
can
be
,
being
Cast
upon
a
Superficial
Plain
of
Sand
,
made
,
smoothed
,
and
strook
by
Hand
,
always
subject
to
Errour
,
more
or
less
,
according
to
the
skill
and
care
of
the
Workman
.
2.
This
Inequality
is
of
great
moment
to
the
goodness
of
the
Covering
;
(
though
it
be
not
much
regarded
,
if
the
Square-measure
come
near
the
Size
desired
in
the
weight
of
the
whole
Sheet
:
)
For
if
the
Sun
be
the
cause
of
the
drawing
,
cockling
,
and
cracking
of
a
Lead-Covering
,
(
as
some
think
they
alledge
with
great
disadvantage
to
the
Milled
Lead
)
then
the
Beams
thereof
falling
with
equal
force
upon
an
unequal
Body
,
must
necessarily
draw
the
weaker
or
thinner
parts
more
than
the
stronger
,
and
consequently
be
one
chief
cause
of
the
Cast-Lead-Coverings
more
early
decay
,
though
there
are
many
more
Causes
that
contribute
to
it
,
which
the
Milled
Lead
is
not
liable
to
,
viz.
It
s
Roughness
,
Sand-holes
,
and
Blow-holes
,
which
are
contracted
in
the
Body
of
the
Lead
in
Casting
,
and
not
discoverable
to
the
Customer
,
as
not
appearing
in
the
Superficies
thereof
,
but
the
Mill
discovering
the
same
in
working
,
these
faults
cannot
pass
in
a
Milled
Sheet
.
3.
So
that
although
these
defects
are
(
some
or
all
)
constant
in
Cast-Lead
,
yet
if
the
Cast-sheet
could
be
made
exactly
equal
to
the
thinnest
part
thereof
,
it
must
be
granted
a
more
durable
and
better
Covering
,
than
that
which
is
thicker
in
one
place
than
in
another
.
And
that
all
Cast-Lead
is
more
or
less
so
,
none
will
deny
.
But
how
great
this
Inequality
is
,
is
left
to
the
Inspection
and
Observation
of
indifferent
Men
,
who
will
rarely
meet
with
a
Sheet
of
Cast-Lead
,
that
(
the
Burr
on
the
Edge
being
cut
off
,
or
any
one
part
of
the
Sheet
cut
and
compared
with
some
other
part
of
the
same
Sheet
)
is
not
apparently
unequal
,
when
as
a
Pound
or
two
in
a
Foot-Square
is
hardly
discernable
by
the
Eye
in
the
Sizes
abovementioned
.
4.
Wherefore
Milled
Lead
being
exactly
even
,
and
of
a
Size
equal
to
the
thinnest
part
of
Cast-Lead
,
must
be
allowed
to
be
a
better
Covering
in
that
respect
only
,
though
there
are
many
other
Advantages
in
Milled
Lead
in
respect
of
its
Solidity
,
Smoothness
,
Beauty
,
Lightness
of
Covering
,
&c.
For
this
Lead
being
first
Cast
above
40
l.
to
the
Foot
,
and
drawn
down
to
the
several
sizes
,
discovers
all
Blow-holes
and
other
faults
in
Casting
when
they
happen
,
and
must
render
the
Milled
Lead
sound
and
more
solid
,
as
well
as
smooth
and
equal
.
Milled
Lead
proved
to
be
cheaper
than
Cast
Lead
.
5.
As
the
Milled
Lead
is
thus
proved
to
be
a
better
Covering
,
so
is
it
demonstratively
much
a
cheaper
,
though
the
Companies
Rates
were
higher
than
they
are
,
as
may
appear
upon
Inspection
of
the
Table
,
calculated
to
avoid
the
trouble
of
Computation
,
Present
Prices
.
Per
Hund
.
The
thicker
sort
from
5
l.
upwards
at
—
16
s
.
Middle
sort
from
5
l.
to
near
3.
at
—
17
s
.
Thinner
sort
from
about
3
l.
and
all
under
at
—
18
s
.
But
at
the
Stilyard
and
Westminster
6
d
.
more
for
smaller
quantities
.
and
the
uncertain
Guesses
Men
usually
make
in
matters
of
this
kind
.
For
it
being
evident
that
Milled
Lead
which
is
more
Solid
,
Smooth
as
Glass
,
and
exactly
equal
,
must
be
better
than
Cast
Lead
,
some
certain
and
undeniable
degree
,
how
much
it
is
better
,
with
regard
to
price
goodness
and
plain
,
the
same
quantity
will
cover
,
ought
to
be
agreed
to
for
Computation
sake
;
and
if
the
least
disproportion
in
the
Sizes
,
that
can
be
granted
,
be
in
favour
of
the
Milled
Lead
,
at
the
Price
the
Company
sells
it
,
every
Man
is
left
to
his
own
reason
to
consider
from
this
Table
how
much
a
greater
disproportion
may
reasonably
be
admitted
,
than
that
which
makes
the
present
Prices
equal
.
For
Example
:
Let
us
suppose
Milled
Lead
of
6
l.
to
the
Foot
,
to
be
but
as
good
as
Cast
Lead
of
8
l.
(
Though
9
l.
may
very
well
be
admitted
by
any
one
that
will
but
impartially
observe
the
great
inequality
of
Cast
Lead
Coverings
,
which
he
will
often
find
to
be
much
above
a
third
part
thinner
in
one
place
than
in
another
.
)
Then
by
the
Table
,
if
the
Plumbers
Price
be
14
s
.
per
Hund
.
the
Milled
Lead
ought
to
be
18
s
.
8
d
.
per
Hund
.
If
13
s
.
the
Milled
Lead
should
be
17
s
.
4
d
.
and
if
but
12
s
.
6
d
.
the
Milled
Lead
ought
yet
to
be
16
s
.
8
d
.
per
Hund
.
which
if
Sold
for
16
s
.
it
is
plain
enough
that
Milled
Lead
is
cheaper
than
Cast
Lead
,
which
was
to
be
proved
.
The
TABLE
.
|
|
Lib
.
per
Foot
Square
.
|
|
Lib
.
per
Foot
Square
.
|
|
Plumbers
Rates
per
Hund
.
Weight
.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12
s
.
6
d
.
|
13
s
.
0
d
.
|
13
s
.
6
d
.
|
14
s
.
0
d
.
|
|
If
Milled
Lead
of
|
4
|
be
allowed
to
be
as
good
as
Cast
Lead
of
|
5
|
Then
according
to
the
Plumbers
Rates
above
,
the
Milled
Lead
price
per
Hund
.
weight
ought
to
be
,
viz.
|
15
7½
|
16
3
|
16
10½
|
17
6
|
|
6
|
18
9
|
19
6
|
20
3
|
21
0
|
|
7
|
21
10½
|
22
9
|
23
7½
|
24
6
|
|
5
|
6
|
15
0
|
15
7¼
|
16
2½
|
16
9
|
|
7
|
17
6
|
18
2½
|
18
11
|
19
7½
|
|
8
|
20
0
|
20
2½
|
21
0
|
22
5
|
|
6
|
7
|
14
7
|
15
2
|
15
9
|
16
4
|
|
8
|
16
8
|
17
4
|
18
0
|
18
8
|
|
9
|
18
9
|
19
6
|
20
3
|
21
0
|
|
7
|
8
|
14
3½
|
14
10¼
|
15
5
|
16
0
|
|
9
|
16
1
|
16
8½
|
17
4¼
|
18
0
|
|
10
|
17
10¼
|
18
7
|
19
3½
|
20
0
|
6.
And
because
it
is
objected
by
some
(
out
of
Interest
,
Prejudice
,
or
Ignorance
in
the
Goodness
thereof
)
that
the
Milled
Lead
is
thin
,
and
will
be
drawn
,
or
crackt
,
and
cockled
by
the
Sun
,
and
soon
wear
out
,
and
decay
by
trampling
,
or
walk
ng
thereon
,
without
due
consideration
what
thickness
may
well
be
allowed
,
and
yet
make
it
a
better
and
a
cheaper
Covering
than
Cast
Lead
,
and
how
little
occasion
there
is
for
such
trampling
or
walking
on
the
Top
of
an
House
,
or
the
real
danger
the
Lead
is
in
thereby
the
Boards
and
Platform
being
equal
and
even
as
it
ought
to
be
in
any
Lead
Covering
that
is
well
laid
)
this
Company
will
be
obliged
to
keep
any
Covering
that
shall
be
laid
with
their
Lead
of
b●●ween
5
l.
and
6
l
to
the
Foot-Square
in
good
and
constant
repair
,
from
any
cracking
,
leaking
,
or
damage
(
that
shall
happen
to
such
Covering
from
the
heat
of
the
Sun
,
or
any
such
walking
or
trampling
)
occasion●d
by
the
thinness
or
de
ect
in
the
Lead
it self
,
during
a
Lease
of
41
Years
at
the
Rate
or
5
s
.
per
Annum
for
all
Coverings
under
100
l.
Value
,
and
10
s
.
per Cent
.
per
Annum
for
a●
above
,
the
same
being
first
laid
by
their
own
Plumber
,
or
such
other
as
they
shall
approve
.
7.
As
to
the
Objection
that
some
make
,
(
out
of
Prejudice
,
or
want
o●
Consideration
)
that
the
Cast
Lead-Covering
being
heavier
,
will
yield
more
than
the
Milled
Lead
,
when
both
come
to
be
ripped
off
;
Let
us
suppose
the
Coverings
should
equally
last
(
which
ye
is
not
to
be
expected
from
their
different
Goodness
)
a
Lease
of
4.
Years
,
and
then
being
taken
off
,
the
old
Cast
Lead
should
yield
120
l.
and
the
old
Milled
Lead
but
100
l.
which
is
6
to
5
a
proportion
●ai●ly
to
be
admitted
,
as
may
be
seen
by
the
Table
;
When
the
present
Value
of
20
l.
to
be
paid
41
Years
hence
,
is
computed
,
it
will
not
appear
worth
the
notice
in
the
Covering
of
100
l.
Value
.
Some
of
the
many
Uses
that
are
and
may
be
made
of
the
several
Sizes
of
Milled
Lead
.
1.
THAT
Sheets
of
Milled
Lead
may
be
had
of
the
usual
breadth
between
3
or
4
Foo●
,
and
above
twice
as
long
as
they
can
be
Cast
,
o●
great
use
for
saving
Drips
and
complying
with
the
Length
of
Coverings
,
from
whence
and
the
many
other
Advantages
and
Price
consid●red
with
the
Charge
and
defects
of
other
Coverings
,
the
use
of
this
may
appear
more
cheap
and
practicable
than
those
which
are
often
out
of
Repair
;
for
if
the
Advantage
of
the
Rooms
,
(
the
Garrets
being
as
good
as
the
rest
)
the
Beauty
of
the
Building
,
the
pleasure
and
usefulness
of
a
Platform
,
and
the
lightness
of
the
Covering
(
all
which
augment
the
Value
and
Rent
of
the
House
)
be
duly
computed
,
it
may
appear
that
the
encreased
Value
will
much
more
than
Recompence
the
encreased
Charge
.
2.
That
the
thinner
sort
of
Milled
Lead
is
of
excellent
Use
,
and
cheap
to
line
Brewers
Backs
,
Milk-Trays
,
Coffins
,
Wooden
Cisterns
,
or
Boxes
for
the
Preservation
of
divers
sorts
of
Goods
for
Foreign
Voyages
,
as
Corn
,
Meal
,
Gunpowder
,
&c.
Which
was
Experimented
by
the
late
Earl
of
Carlisle
,
when
he
went
Governour
of
Jamaica
,
the
Corn
and
Meal
being
preserved
Sweet
in
those
Boxes
,
which
afterwards
served
him
for
Cisterns
,
whilst
the
same
sort
in
Cask
was
Musty
,
and
the
Gunpowder
of
a
Sixth
part
more
force
upon
Tryal
,
than
the
same
sort
carried
in
Barrels
,
as
was
certified
by
his
Lordship
,
Sir
Henry
Morgan
and
others
.
Also
for
lining
of
Walls
for
the
preservation
of
Hangings
and
Pictures
,
from
the
damage
they
receive
by
moisture
and
Salt
Peter
therein
,
or
for
Painting
thereon
,
or
on
Signs
or
Sign
Posts
covered
therewith
.
Also
this
thin
Lead
laid
upon
a
thin
Coat
of
Clay
,
and
covered
with
the
same
,
will
secure
vaults
under
Streets
,
Yards
,
or
Gardens
very
Cheap
and
Tight
against
Rain
or
Wa●er
soaking
through
,
which
such
Vaults
are
always
liable
too
.
3.
This
Lead
,
of
a
suitable
thickness
so
smooth
and
equal
,
must
needs
be
more
neat
and
plyable
to
wrap
Dead
Corps
in
,
and
Coffins
lined
,
or
covered
with
the
thinner
sort
between
2
and
3
Pound
to
the
Foot
,
or
on
both
sides
,
(
which
then
will
preserve
the
Board
,
and
make
it
a
more
neat
,
lighter
and
as
tight
and
durable
a
Lead
Coffin
as
a
great
deal
dearer
one
Cast
)
and
may
be
afforded
cheaper
than
a
good
ordinary
Elm
Coffin
with
Hinges
.
4.
The
thickest
Sizes
of
10
,
12
or
14
pound
to
the
Foot
being
more
solid
and
exactly
smooth
and
equal
,
must
be
much
better
than
Cast
Lead
for
Dyers
Fatts
,
Copperas
Works
,
&c.
REASONS
that
Milled
Lead
is
a
more
durable
,
better
and
cheaper
Sheathing
for
Ships
against
the
Worm
than
Boards
,
besides
many
other
Advantages
in
the
use
thereof
for
Furnaces
,
Scuppers
,
Bread-rooms
,
&c.
Lead-Sheathing
proved
to
be
better
than
Wood-Sheathing
.
1.
IT
is
evident
the
Worm
cannot
Eat
through
Metal
,
and
that
above
Twenty
of
His
Majesties
Ships
having
been
Sheathed
with
Milled
Lead
,
the
Sheathing
kept
their
sides
,
7
,
8
,
10
Years
and
more
,
free
from
the
Worm
,
(
which
was
the
first
and
true
intent
of
Sheathing
Ships
)
till
they
were
stript
to
repair
the
Plank
,
Calking
,
Iron
Work
,
&c.
and
not
for
any
defect
in
the
Sheathing
at
last
,
greatly
to
the
Preservation
of
their
Hulls
,
and
His
Majesties
Profit
;
Nevertheless
by
complaint
(
of
Men
Interested
,
or
Ignorant
o●
the
true
Cause
)
that
the
Lead
Sheathing
did
mightily
destroy
the
Rudder-Irons
,
Bolts
,
&c.
to
the
great
Damage
,
and
Hazard
of
the
Ship
at
Sea
,
concurring
with
differences
then
newly
arisen
amo●gst
the
Partner●
themselves
,
this
way
of
Sheathing
hath
for
sometime
been
neglected
and
discountenanced
in
the
Navy
,
after
all
former
Objections
,
(
as
to
Dearness
,
Sailing
,
Fouling
,
and
Difficulty
in
Cleansing
Galling
by
Cables
,
and
Rubbing
off
on
Ground
)
were
fully
answered
to
the
advantage
of
the
Lead-Sheathing
,
and
His
late
Majesties
full
Approbation
,
as
well
in
respect
of
Cheapness
as
the
Effectual
Preservation
of
His
Ships
against
the
Worm
,
declared
by
Himself
at
the
Admiralty
Board
,
and
by
the
then
Lords
of
the
Admiralty
signified
by
their
Letter
to
the
then
Commissioners
of
the
Navy
,
with
direction
to
Sheath
no
otherwise
for
the
future
,
without
express
order
from
that
Board
.
But
how
Groundless
this
last
complaint
hath
been
too
plainly
appears
to
be
disputed
:
For
if
Lead-Sheathing
be
the
cause
of
the
Rudder-Irons
greater
decay
,
then
all
Ships
Sheathed
with
Lead
,
to
which
equal
Accidents
of
time
in
Voyages
,
or
lying
in
Salt-Water
do
happen
,
must
necessarily
have
their
Rudder-Irons
decay
equally
;
but
it
is
evident
from
their
own
shewing
in
the
instances
they
bring
from
the
Rudder-Irons
decay
in
8
of
the
said
Ships
,
that
every
one
differs
considerably
in
the
times
of
decay
from
other
and
at
several
times
each
one
from
it self
,
one
lasting
sometimes
Twice
or
Thrice
as
long
as
another
;
So
that
it
is
very
unreasonable
to
charge
Lead-Sheathing
which
is
always
the
same
,
to
be
the
Cause
of
such
different
effects
,
but
rather
to
charge
the
guilt
of
this
different
decay
upon
the
different
Goodness
and
Composition
of
the
Iron
,
difference
in
Fire
,
time
and
labour
in
Welding
,
Working
,
&c.
For
this
being
impossible
to
be
equal
,
it
must
produce
Iron-Work
o●
very
unequal
Goodness
,
which
seems
to
be
the
true
Cause
of
such
unequal
decays
;
and
upon
impartial
enquiry
,
this
decay
in
the
Iron-Work
will
appear
always
to
have
been
common
and
unconstant
in
all
Ships
,
whether
Sheathed
either
way
,
or
not
Sheathed
at
all
.
However
,
if
this
charge
were
true
against
the
Lead-Sheathing
,
Capping
the
Bolts
(
the
same
as
in
Wood-Sheathing
)
but
carefully
they
are
preserved
,
and
a
new
set
of
Rudder-Irons
always
in
store
to
shift
in
any
Voyage
if
there
be
occasion
,
will
be
a
very
little
charge
to
be
mentioned
,
where
so
many
and
so
great
advantages
otherwise
accrue
.
Lead-Sheathing
proved
to
be
cheaper
than
Wood-Sheathing
.
2.
The
first
charg●●f
bringing
on
this
Lead-Sheathing
is
much
about
the
same
of
a
Streights
,
and
not
half
so
much
as
an
East-India
Sheathing
.
The
Graving
which
may
be
saved
in
the
time
the
Lead-Sheathing
may
lie
on
,
(
the
which
will
never
need
stripping
but
to
repair
the
Hull
)
may
amount
to
as
much
Money
as
the
Sheathing
cost
at
first
,
and
when
it
shall
be
stript
the
Sheathing
being
Metal
will
yield
its
Value
to
Melt
down
again
.
But
the
Wood
Sheathing
will
be
great
charge
in
Graving
,
besides
the
hazard
of
Fire
in
briming
,
last
but
a
Voyage
or
two
,
and
when
stript
is
worth
little
or
nothing
,
Demonstrations
plain
enough
that
the
Lead-Sheathing
with
regard
to
the
time
it
may
last
,
costs
nothing
in
comparison
of
Wood-Sheathing
:
Besides
there
are
many
other
considerable
advantages
in
Lead-Sheathing
,
viz.
1.
The
Sheathing
being
smoother
and
lying
on
th
inner
,
Many
other
Advantages
by
Lead-Sheathing
.
the
Ship
must
Sail
better
.
2.
By
using
the
long
scrubbing
Brushes
which
are
provided
to
keep
her
clean
but
once
in
two
or
three
months
as
opportunity
offers
,
the
Ship
may
keep
longer
at
Sea
,
and
need
not
put
so
often
into
Harbour
as
formerly
to
Grave
,
Wash
and
Tallow
.
3.
The
smalness
of
the
Nails
no
damage
to
the
Plank
when
stript
,
whereas
the
great
Nail
holes
of
a
Wood-sheathing
which
requires
spyling
up
,
must
somewhat
weaken
the
Plank
,
and
render
the
Ship
not
so
fit
for
future
service
without
Sheathing
.
4.
This
way
of
Sheathing
being
with
Materials
of
the
King's
own
Dominions
,
can
never
be
wanting
;
whereas
the
most
essential
parts
of
Wood-sheathing
being
of
Foreign
growth
,
they
are
many
times
by
reason
of
Wars
not
to
be
had
at
all
,
or
at
Prices
much
exceeding
the
ordinary
Rates
;
and
the
Consumption
of
our
own
Product
being
a
publick
Benefit
,
Lead-sheathing
ought
the
rather
to
be
encouraged
.
Houses
covered
with
Milled
Lead
.
ANy
one
may
receive
satisfaction
of
the
Beauty
and
Goodness
of
this
Covering
for
Houses
upon
view
of
several
this
way
done
divers
years
since
,
viz.
The
Lord
Crews
at
the
Corner
of
Greek-street
in
Sohoe-Square
,
Mr.
Graydons
in
Pall-Mall
,
the
Lady
Franklins
over
against
Mans
Coffee-house
at
Charing-Cross
,
two
Platforms
under
the
great
Sun-Dyal
in
Scotland-yard
,
Mr.
Foxes
in
Arundel
Buildings
,
Dr.
Chamberlains
in
Essex-street
,
Aldermanbury
Steeple
,
Mr.
Martins
in
Rood-lane
,
where
being
also
a
Covering
of
Cast
Lead
,
they
may
be
compared
together
.
Also
for
Brewers
Backs
at
Captain
Masons
Brewhouse
by
Wapping
Old
Stairs
,
Mr.
Symbals
Brewhouse
at
Battersea
,
Mr.
Trasilians
Stillhouse
at
Deptford
,
Mr.
Sanders
at
Tocting
,
and
divers
others
,
too
many
to
be
inserted
.
Patterns
to
be
seen
.
This
Milled
Lead
of
any
size
may
be
had
at
the
Lead-Mill
at
Deptford
,
at
Mr.
Edmond
Hemings
House
in
Campion-Lane
near
the
St●ll-yard
,
and
at
Mr.
Cowlys
a
Tobacco-Shop
over
against
Lindsey-House
in
the
Old
Palace
,
Westminster
.
Patterns
are
also
left
at
the
Temple-Coffee
House
,
at
the
Crown
and
Cush●on
at
Hyde-Park
Corner
,
and
the
Carpenters
Arms
in
Tyburn-Road
b●
St
.
Giles
Pound
Carpenters
.
And
at
these
Ironmongers
Shops
,
viz.
at
Mr.
Paul
Winkles
in
the
Pall-Mall
,
at
the
Dripping-Pan
in
St.
James
Market
,
the
White-Hart
at
Drury-Lane-end
in
the
Straud
,
Mr.
Humfrys
in
Fetter-Lane
,
at
Captain
Walkers
by
Newgate
,
at
Mr.
Hayes
in
Woodstreet
,
at
Mr.
Fincher's
in
Gracious-street
,
at
the
Kings-Head
at
White-Chappel-Bars
,
and
at
Mr.
Gores
a
Slopseller
at
●●ll●ngsgate
.
The
said
Mr.
Hemings
hath
●nvented
away
with
this
Lead
to
make
Flower
Pots
for
Houses
,
Balconies
or
Gardens
,
very
neat
,
light
,
durable
and
cheap
,
of
whom
any
one
may
receive
further
satisfaction
.
Mr.
Ha
e
a
Partner
,
the
Companies
Agent
,
may
be
spoken
with
by
any
one
that
has
occasion
at
L●uren●es
Coffee-House
in
Freemans-Court
by
the
Old
Exchange
in
Cornhil
every
Tuesday
and
Friday
from
Twelve
a
Clock
to
Two
,
where
Patterns
may
be
seen
.