CHAP. I. Shewing the Definition of Chyrurgery , the qualifications of a Chyrurgion , and Anatomy of the simple Members .

CHyrurgery is derived , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which is as much as to say a hand working ; so that Chyrurgery is a working of the hand in the body of man , in cutting or opening those parts that be whole , in healing those parts that be broken or cut , and in taking away that which is superfluous , as Warts , Wens , Scurfula's , and the like : To the cure of every disease belongeth four things ; the first and principall is God , the second the Chyrurgion , the third the Medicine and fourth the Patient : Therefore the Chyrurgion ought to be Religious . Ingenious , Learned , and Expert , both in Theorick and in Practick ; he must be skilfull in the Anatonay , else he will be like a blind man to carve an Image ; he must be secret and private , as a Confessour to his Patient , not discouraging any , nor setting a certain day of his recovery , as Mountebanks doe , for that is not in their power , oportet seipsum non solum , neither let them backbite others nor vaunt and praise themselves , that will redound more to their shame then credit , for their own workes will get credit enough .

Of the simple members there be 11. and 2. superfluities , viz. Bones , Cartilages , Nerves , Pannicles , Ligaments , Cords , Arteries , Veynes , fatnesse , flesh , and skin ; the superfluities be haires and nailes ; the bones be the foundation and hardest member of the body ; it is a consimile member , simple and spermatick , cold and dry of complexion , insensible and inflexible , and hath divers formes in mans body , for the severall operations thereof , and diversity of helpings ; the gristle is a member simple and spermatick , next in hardnesse to the bone and is of complexion cold and dry , and insensible .

The Ligament is a member consimple , simple , and spermatick , next in hardnesse to the gristle , and of complexion cold and dry , flexible and sensible , and binds the bones together .

The sinew is a consimile member , simple and spermatick , mean between hard and soft , strong and tough , having his beginning from the braine , or from minuca , which is the marrow of the back , and from the braine cometh seven paire of Nerves sentative , and from minuca cometh seven pair of Nerves motive , and one that is by himselfe that springeth from the last spondell .

A Cord or Tendon is an officiall member compounds and spermatick , sinowy , strong , and tough , meanly between hardnesse and softnesse , and sensible and flexible , cold and dry .

An Arterie is a member simple and spermatick , hollow and sinowy , having his beginning from the heart , and bringeth from the heart to every member , spirit , and life , it is of complexion cold and dry ; and all these Arteries have two coates , except one that goeth to the lungs , and he hath but one coat , that spreadeth abroad in the lungs , and bringeth to the lungs bloud and spirit of life , and sendeth from thence ayre to temper the famous heat that is in the heart : A veyne is a simple member , in complexion cold and dry , and spermatick like to the Arterie , having his beginning from the liver , nutritive bloud to nourish every member of the body with ; and the Arterie is a vessell of bloud spirituall or vitall , and a veyne a vessell of bloud nutrimentall ; the flesh is a simple member not spermatick , ingendred of bloud , in complexion hot and moist : There is three kindes of flesh , the one soft and pure , the second musculus , hard or brawny , the third is grandulus , knotry or kurnelly : Next is fatnesse , whereof likewise is three kindes , pinguedo , which is made of a subtill portion of bloud , congealed by cold ; it is cold and moist , insensible and intermedled amongst the parts of the flesh ; the second is adeppes , of the same kind as the other , but is parted from the flesh besides the skin , and is as an oyle healing the skin , and moistning it ; the third is au xingia , parted from the flesh about the kidneys and entrails .

The skin is a member officiall , partly spermatick , strong and tough , flexible and sensible , thin and temperate , one covereth the outward members , and the other the inward , which is called a pannicle .

The haires are superfluities made of the grosse fume or smoake passing out of the viscous matter , and thickned to the form of hair .

The nailes likewise are superfluous humours , engendred of earthly fume , waxing through the naturall heat of humours to the extremity of the fingers and toes , in complexion cold and dry , and is softer then the bone and harder then the flesh , &c.

CHAP. II. Of the compound members : 1. Of the head .

THe head is the habitation or dwelling place of the reasonable soule of man , as , homini sublime dedit ; it is raised up by God as a watch tower over all the body ; it is composed of hair , skin , flesh , veines , Pannicles , and bones ; the hair defendeth the braine from too much heat , and too much cold , it beautifieth and adorneth the head and face , and by it the fumosity of the braine are purged ; the skin of the head is more lazartus and thicker then any other of the body , defendeth the braine , and keepeth it warme , and bindeth and keepeth the bones of the head fast together ; the flesh is musculus or lazartus lying upon pericranium without means .

Next followeth pericranium , or the covering of the bones of the head , between the flesh , and which passeth a veine and an arteir , that nourisheth the utter part of the head , passeth through the skul and nourisheth the pannicles of the braine , and hereof is made dura mater , which is nearer the braine then pericranium , and under the skull .

Next is the bone or pot of the head , whereof there be seven in number in the pan or skull ; the first is the Coronall Bone , in which is the holes of the eyes , and reacheth from the browes to the midst of the head , where it meeteth with a second bone of the hinder part of the head called the noddell of the head , which two bones be divided by the comissaries in the midst of the head ; the third and fourth bones be called Parietales , and they be divided by the comissaries from the two former ; the fifth and sixth be called Petrosa or mendosa , on each side of the head one , wherein are the holes of the eares ; the seventh and last is called Paxillary or Bazillary , which bone as a wedge doth fasten the rest together . These are the parts of the head containing , next followeth the parts contained : The first is dura mater , then pia mater , then the substance of the brain , vermi formes & rete mirabile ; the Pannicle dura mater is made of the vein & arterie spoken of before , which passeth through the seames of the head , which dura mater is seperated from the bone of the skull , the better to defend the pia mater ; the next is the pannicle called pia mater , which is tender and soft over the brain and in it are contained a great number of veines and arteries , giving unto the brain both spirit and life , from the heart and from the liver nutriment ; this pannicle circumvolveth all the substance , and there the spirit is made animall ; these pannicles be cold and dry , spermatick ; next unto this pannicle is the brain it selfe , which is divided into three ventricles , the formost which is most , the middlemost lesse , and the hindmost which is least , and from each to other be issues and passages conveying spirit of life ; and every ventricle is divided into two parts : in the formost ventricle God hath placed the common senses , in the one part thereof is contained the fansie , in the other part the imaginative vertue , which receiveth the forme of sensible things , representing them to the memory : in the middle sell or ventrickle there is placed the contemplative or cogitative virtue ; and in the third or last the virtue memorative , out of whose lower parts springeth Mynuca , or marrow of the Spondels : Further , from the formost ventrickle there springs seven paire of sinewes , produced to the eyes , ears , the nose , the tongue , and the stomack , and to divers other parts of the body : About the middle ventrickle is the place of vermi formis , with curnelly flesh that filleth , and rete mirabile , that wonderfull net or caule under the pannicles of small arteries only comming from the heart , and there the spirit of feeling hath his first creation , and from thence passeth to other members ; the brain is a member cold and moist , thin and meanly viscous and spermatick , continually moving and ruling all other members of the body , giving them feeling and moving : And Aristotle saith , that it followeth the course of the Moon ; in the waxing of the Moon it followeth upwards and in the wane of the Moon it discends downwards , and is lesse in substance of virtue , and is not so obedient to the spirit of feeling , as it appears in lunaticks , and such as have the falling sicknesse , who are most grieved in the beginning of the new Moon , and in the wane of the Moon ; therefore if the brain be either too dry or too moist , it cannot worke its kind , whereby the spirits of life melt and art solve away , and then followeth sicknesse and feeblenesse of the wits and other members , and in the end death , and thus much of the head .

CHAP. III. Of the face .

THe first part on the face is the forehead , which containeth skin and musculus flesh , the pannicle under it is of pericranium , and the bone Coronall , which passeth from one eare to another with a musckle , which keepeth up the eye brows which are called supercilium , and under them is the eye lids called cilium , which defend the eyes from annoyances , and are set and adorned with haires ; the eares are griftly , the organ or instrument of hearing cold and dry , the sinews whereof spring from the brain , and through them is received the sound , and conveyed to the common wits : The eyes be next of nature unto the soule wherein is seen the passions of the soule , as joy gladness , love , wrath , &c. They are the instruments of sight compounded of seven tunicles o● roles , and three humours , and these sinewes be hollow as a reed , that thereby the visible things might passe to the sight ; now these sinews go out from the substance of the brain , passing through pia mater , where he taketh a pannickle , and these are called nervi optici , and are joyned in one before they come into the eye , that if any disease happen in one eye the other should receive the visible spirit , and that one sinew might stay and help the other : Now the three humours are placed in the middle of the eyes , the first is the vitriall humour like glasse , liquid and thin , and is innermost next to the brain , and he compasseth the christalline humour , untill he meeteth the humour Albuginus , which is set in the uppermost part of the eye , and in the midst of these humours is placed the christaline humour , in which is the principall fight of the eye ; and these humours be involved with the pannicles , between every humour a pannicle , and thus is the eye made ; the next unspoken of in order is the nose ; from the braine cometh two sinews to the holes of the brain pan , where doth begin the concavity of the nose , and these two be the organs or instruments of smelling , they have heads like teats or paps , and receive the smelling conveying it to the common senses ; over these two is colatorium , the nosthrils between the eyes , and through them passeth the spirit of smelling unto the instrument of smelling , and by them the superfluities of the brain are cleansed , and from his concavity there passeth two holes down into the mouth , whereby ayre passeth too and free into the lungs , and when these are stopped then one is sayd to speak in his nose ; it is made of skin and lazartus flesh , and of two bones standing triangle wise , joyned to the coronall bone , and it hath two gristles that hold up the nose , and two muskles to help the working of his office : The cheekes are the sideling parts of the face , and they containe in them musculous flesh with veines and arteries ; about these parts be many muskles , Guido saith seven about the cheekes and upper lip , and Haly Abbas , that there be twelve that move the nether jaw in opening and shutting , that passe under the bones of the temples , they are called temporals , and they be sensitive , and whose hurt is dangerous : Then there be also other muskles for to grinde and to chew , and to all these muskles cometh nerves from the brain , and there cometh unto them many arteries and veins , and chiefly about the temples , the angles or corners of the eyes and the lips ; in the checks is the chiefe beauty , thereby the complexion is most known , and ( as Avicen saith ) they shew also the affections and passions of the heart , waxing pale or red at the suddain joy or dread of the heart : of the face be two bones , two of the nose outwardly two of the upper mandible , one of the nether , three of the nose within , in all ten . The parts of the mouth are five , the lips , the teeth , the tongue , the uvula , and pallat of the mouth ; and first the lips are members official of musculous flesh , serving to the mouth as doores to an house , and helping the pronounciation of the speech ; the teeth are likewise officiall , the hardest of all members , and are fastned to the cheek bones , serving to chew the meat and helping the pronountiation of the speech : They that have the whole number have two and thirty ; the tongue is a carnous member , compound , of many nerves , ligaments , veines and arteries , receiveth the tast , and pronounceth every speech , the flesh of the tongue is white , and hath in him nine muskles , the root of him is glandulous , wherein are two wels containing spettle to temper and keep moist the tongue ; the uvula is of spongeous flesh , hanging down from the end of the pallate over the gutter of the throat , and is cold and dry , and oftentimes when there falleth rawnesse or much moistnesse into it from the head , then it hangeth down into the throat , and letteth a man to swallow ; it helpeth the sound of the speech , the prolation of vomits , and tempereth the ayre that passeth to the lungs , and guideth the supersluities of the brain , which come from the coletures of the nose .

The pallate of the month is a carnous pannicle , and the bones that be underneath it have two divisions , one along the pallate , from the division of the nose , and from the opening of the other mandible , under the neither end of the pallate , lacking halfe an inch , and there it divideth overthwart and the first division is of the mandible , and the second is of the bone called Paxillary or Bazillary , that sustains and bindeth all the other bones of the head together ; the skin of the pallate of the mouth is of the inner part of the stomack , and of Myre and Isofagus , that is the way of the meat unto the stomack ; also in the mouth is ended the uppermost extremity of the Wesand , which is called Mire or Isofagus ; and with him is contained Trachia Arteria , viz. the passage of the ayre or breath , whose holes be covered with a lap like unto a tongue , and is gristly , that the meat and drink might slide over him into Isofagus , which is reared up when a man speaketh and covereth the way of the meat , and when a man swalloweth , then it covereth the way of the ayre , so that when one is open the other is covered ; and thus much shall suffice for the Anatomy of the head and face , which is under the celestiall signe Aries .

CHAP. IV. Of the Neck .

THe neck followeth next to be spoken of , which is contained between the head and the shoulders , and between the chin and the breast ; in the neck be seven spondels , the first joyned unto the lower part of the head , and every spondell in like manner , the last of the seven is joyned unto the ridge of the back , and the ligaments that keep these spondels together are not so hard and tough as the ligaments of the back , but more feeble and subtle , because of the often moving of the neck ; out of these seven spondels there spring seven pair of sinews , which be divided into the head , the shoulders and the armes : The muskles of the neck ( as Gallen saith ) are twenty , moving the head and the neck ; the third part of the neck is called gutter , which is the standing out of the throat bell , the fourth part gula , and the hinder part cernix so called , because of the marrow that commeth to the ridge bones , and it is ( as it were ) a servant to the brain , and receiveth of the brain the virtue of moving , and sendeth it by sinews to all the members of the body : Here also observe , that the way through which the meat passeth , or Isofagus stretcheth from the mouth to the stomack , and is fastned to the spondels of the neck untill he come to the first spondell , and extendeth forward to the breast , and endeth at the mouth of the stomack ; this we sand is compound , consisting of two tunicles or coats , the inner and the outer ; the outer tunicle is simple , the inner is compound of musculous longitudinall will , whereby he draweth the meat into the stomack ; also it is to be understood that the great veins which passe by the sides of the neck , to the upper part of the head , are called vena organices , of which the incision is dangerous ; thus you see the neck is composed of skinny flesh , ligaments , and bones , and is under the dominion of the sign Taurus .

CHAP. V. Of the Armes and Shoulders .

IN the shoulder there be two bones , the shoulder bone and the cannell bone , the first is os spatula , or blade bone of the shoulder , whose hinder part declineth toward the chin , and in that end it is broad and thin , and in the upper part it is round ; wherein in a concavity , called the box or coope of the shoulder , and which entereth the adjutor bones of the armes , and they are bound together with strong flexible sinews , and are contained fast with clauicula , or the cannell bone , which bone extendeth to both the shoulders , one end to one shoulder , and another to the other , and there they make the composition of the shoulders ; the bones of the armes from the shoulder to the fingers ends be thirty ; the first is the adjutor bone of the arm , the upper end whereof entereth into the box of the shoulder bone , it is hollow and full of marrow , and extendeth to the elbow , where it hath two knobs in the juncture of the elbow , entering into a concavity proportioned , in the uppermost ends of the two fosell bones , the lesse whereof goeth from the elbow to the thumb , by the upper part of the arme , and the greater neathermost from the elbow to the little finger ; and these bones be joyned and bound together with the adjutor bone with strong ligaments , and likewise with the bones of the hand ; the bones of the hand are eight , four uppermost and four neathermost , and in the palme of the hand five called ossa patinis , unto them are joyned the bones of the fingers and thumbes , in every finger three bones , and in the thumbe two ; so that there is in the fingers and thumbe of every hand fourteen bones called ossa digitorum , in the palme of the hand five called patinis , and between the hand and the wrist eight , and from the wrist to the shoulder three bones , which in the whole numbred together are thirty , in each hand and arme , likewise there cometh from Minuca , and the spondels of the neck four sinews , one cometh along the upper part of the arm , another passeth under the arme , one in the inner side , and another in the outer side of the arme , which bring unto the armes feeling and moving from the brain and minuca ; now to speak of the veins and arteries of the arme , from venakelis springeth two branches , one runneth to one arme pit , the other to another , and there the branch is divided into two parts , or other branches , one goeth along the innerside of the arme , untill it commeth to the bought of the arme , and there it is called Bazillica or Epatica , and then goeth down the arme , till it come to the wrist , where it turneth to the back of the hand , and goeth between the little finger and the next , and there is called salvatella ; the other branch in the arme hole spreadeth to the utter side of the shoulder , where he divideth in two , the one goeth up spreading in the carnous part of the head and passeth through the bone into the veine ; the other branch runneth along the outward side of the arme , and there is divided into two also , the one part endeth at the hand , the other part foldeth about the arme , and in the bouget of the arme is called Sephalica , from thence it goeth to the back of the hand , appeareth between the thumbe and the forefinger , and is there called Sephaelica occulario ; there are in the arme five principall veines from each of the two branches that I speak of , which bee divided in the hinder part of the shoulders , springeth one vein , and those two meet together in the bought of the arme , and there is called Mediana , or Cordialis , or Commine , and of vena Sephalica springeth vena oculoris , and of vena Bazilita ariseth vena Salvatella , and of the two veins that meet there springeth vena mediana ; and from these five principall veins there spring innumerable other small veins , but of them the Chyrurgion hath not so great charge ; further you shall understand , that wheresoever there is found a vein , there is an Artery under him , if it be a great vein , there is a great Artery ; and contrariwise , a little vein a little Artery , for wheresoever there goeth a vein to carry nutrimentall bloud , there also goeth an Artery , conveying the spirit of life . Therefore the Arteries lye deeper in the flesh then the veins do , and carry in them more pure and precious bloud , therefore he is further from outward danger then the veine , and is covered with two coats , the vein only with one : and thus much for the arms and shoulders , which are governed by the signe Gemini .

CHAP. VI. Of the Breast , Heart , and Back .

THe Breast or Thorax is the Ark or Chest of the spirituall members , where there are four parts containing , and eight contained ; the foure containing are the skin , musculous flesh , the paps , and bones ; the parts contained are , the Heart , the Lungs , Panicles , Ligaments , Nervs , Veins , Arteries , Myre , or Isophagus . Of the skin and the flesh it s spoken of before , but you must observe that the flesh of the paps differeth from the other flesh of the body , for it is white , glandulus , and spongeous ; and there is in them both Nerves , veins , and Arteries , & by them they have Coligaves with the heart , the liver , and brain , and the generative members . Also there is in the breast 80 or 90 Muckles , some of them common to the neck , some to the shoulders , some to the Midriffe ; some to the Ribs , some to the Back , and some to the Breast it selfe ; and in man the paps defend the spirituals from outward annoyance ; and by their thicknesse they comfort the naturall heat ; and in women there is the generation of milk , which commeth from the matrix to their breasts through many veins , that bring into them menstrual bloud , which is turned ( by the digestive virtue ) from red into white , like the colour of the paps , even as the stones turn the bloud into sperme of the same nature and colour of themselves so is the chile comming from the stomack to the Liver turned into the colour of the Liver : Now the bones of the breast are said to be triple or threefold , and they be numbred , seven in the breast before , and their length is according to the breadth of the breast , and their ends be gristly , as the ribs be , and at the upper end of Thorax , is a hole or Concavity in which is set the foot of the Cannell bone , and at the lower end of Thorax against the mouth of the stomack , is a gristle called Ensi-forme , which defendeth the stomack from outward hurt ; and giveth place to it in time of fulnesse when need requireth . Now to speak of the parts of the back behind , there are twelve spondels , through whom passeth minuca , of whom springeth 12 paire of Nerves , which bring feeling end moving to the muskles of the breast , and in each side there be twelve Ribs , seven true , and five false , which five are shorter then the other seven ; and therefore called false Ribs . Of the parts that be inward , the heart is the principal , first , and beginner of life , he is the primum vivens , & ultimum moriens , and he is seated severally by himselfe , in the midst of the breast as Lord and King over all the members , and all the members receive their bloud of life from the heart ; the substance of the heart is as it were Lazartus flesh , an officiall member spermatick , sending forth to every Member spirit of breath and heat , by his moving and stirring . The heart hath the shape and forme of a Pine-apple , the broad end thereof is upwards , and the sharp end downwards , depending a little towards the left side . Also the heort hath bloud in his substance , wheras all other members have it but in their veins and Arteries ; and the heart is bound with certaine Ligaments to the backe part of the breast , but they touch not the substance of the heart , but in the overpart they spring out of him , and is fastned as aforesaid ; further the heart hath two ventricles , or concavities , and the left is higher then the right , and in this hollownesse he keepeth the bloud for his nourishing , and the ayre to abate and temper the great heat he is in ; likewise here observe , that to the right ventricle of the heart commeth a vein from venakelis that receiveth all the substance of bloud from the Liver to nourist the heart with , and the residue of it is made subtill through the vertue of the heart and then it passeth through the Concavity of the heart , and ther● is made hot and pure , and then it passeth into th● left ventricle , and there is ingendred in it a spirit that is cleare , bright , and subtile , and a meane between the body and the soule ; further it is to b● noter , that from the left ventrickle of the hear● springeth two Arteries , the one having but on● Coat , and is called Arteria venalis , which Arter● carrieth bloud from the heart to the Lungs to giv● them nutriment , and bringeth ayre from the Lung● to the heart to refresh him with . The other Arter● hath two Coats and is called vena Arterialis , an● of him springeth all other Arteries that spread 〈◊〉 every member of the body ; and the spirit that 〈◊〉 retained in them is the Instrument or treasure 〈◊〉 the soule , and at the braine he receiveth a further digestion , and there is made animall , and at the liver nutrimentall , and at the testicles or stones generative , and this Artery is also called the pulsative vein , or the beating veine . Also there is in the heart three pellicks , opening and closing the going in of the heart , bloud , and spirit ; the heart hath likewise two little ears through whom passeth the ayre from the Lungs : The heart is also covered with a strong pannicle called Pericordium , unto which commeth nerves , as unto the other members , and this pannicle springeth of the upper pan-pannicle of the midriffe . And from him springeth another pannicle which parteth the breast in the middle , and is called Mediastricum , and keepeth the Lungs that they fall not over the heart ; there is also another Pannicle that covereth the Ribs inwardly of whom the midriffe hath his beginning . And thus much of the Breast and Heart , which are under the signes Cancer and Leo.

CHAP. VII . Of the Lungs , Bowels , and Belly .

THe Lungs is a member Spermatick of his first Creation , in his naturall complexion coid and dry , and accidentally cold and moyst , lapped in a nervous pannicle , that it might gather together the softer substance of the Lungs ; In the Lungs is three kinds of substance , one is a veine comming from the Liver , bringing the crude or raw part of the chile to feed the Lungs ; another is arteria venalis comming from the heart , bringing with him the spirit of life to nourish him with ; the third is , Trachia arteria , that bringeth in ayre to the Lungs .

The Lungs is also divided into five Lobs , or Pellicles , viz. three on the right side , and two on the left ; so that if there fell any hurt to one , the other might supply his Office ; so that the Lungs as a paire of Bellows draw cold winde and refresh the heart , change alter , and purifie the Ayre , and do receive from the heart the superfluities which he putteth forth by his breathing . Behind the Lungs passeth Isofagus of whom it s spoken before , and there passeth also veins and Arteries , and all these with trachia arteria do make a stoke repleat unto the gullet , with Pannicles , strong Ligaments , and glandulus flesh to fulfill the voyd places . And last of all is the Midriffe , which is an officiall member made of two Pannicles , and Lazartus flesh , and is placed in the midst of the body overthwart under the region of the spirituall members , parting them from the matrix ; and it divideth the spirituals from the nutrales , and keepeth the malicious fumes from ascending upwards to annoy the spirituals or vitall . Next followeth the womb which is the Region of all the intrailes , and reacheth from the midriffe down to the share inwardly , and outwardly from the reines or kidneyes downe to the bone Pecten , about the privy parts ; and this wound is compound made of two things , viz of Syfac and Myrac : Syfac is a member spermatick , officiall , sensible , sinnowy , cold and dry , and hath his beginning at the inner Pannicle of the Midriff , and it containeth and bindeth together all the intrails , defendeth the musculus , so that he oppress not the naturall members : Myrac is compound , and made of foure things , viz of skin outwardly , of fatnesse , of a carnous Pannicle and of musculus flesh , and all the whole from Syfac outward is called Myrac , and in this Myrac , or outer part of the womb , there is noted eight Muskles , two longitudinals , proceeding from the shield of the stomack unto os pecten , two Longitudinalls comming from the backwards to the womb , and four transverse , two whereof spring from the ribs on the right side , and go to the left side to the bones of the Haunches , or of pecten ; and the other two spring from the ribs on the left , and come over the womb to the right parts . Here note , that by the musculus longitudinall , is made perfect the virtue attractive , and by the musculus transverse , the virtue retentive , and by the musculus latitudinall the virtue expulsive , and by the virtue attractive is drawn downe to the intrailes all the superfluities , both water , winde , and dirt ; by the virtue retentive all things are holden and kept untill nature hath wrought his kinde ; and by the vertue expulsive is put forth all things when nature provoketh any thing to be done . Now to come to the parts contained within : first that which appeareth next under the Syfac is omentum or Zirbus , which is a pannicle covering the stomack and intrails , implanted with many veins and arteries , and fatnesse to keep moyst the inward parts . This Zirbus is an officiall member , and is compound of a veine and an Artery , which entreth and maketh a line of the utter tunicle of the stomack , unto which tunicle hangeth the Zirbus and covereth all the guts down to the share ; next to Zirbus appeareth the intrails or guts , which convey the drosse of the meat and drink , and cleanse the body of their superfluities : There be six portions of one whole gut , which beginneth at the neither mouth of the stomack , and continueth to the end of the fundament : neverthelesse he hath divers shapes and formes , divers operations , and divers names . And as the stomack hath two tunicles , so have all the guts two tunicles ; the first portion of the guts is called Duodenum , he is twelve inches of length , and covereth the neither part of the stomack , and receiveth all the drosse of the stomack : the second is called Jejunium , for he is evermore empty , for to him lyeth the chest of the gall , and beateth him sore , and draweth all the drosse out of him , and cleanseth him : the third is called Yleon , or small gut , and is in length fifteen or sixteen Cubits ; in this gut oftentimes falleth a disease called Yleaca passio : the fourth gut is called Monoculus , or blind gut , and seemeth to have but one hole or mouth , one neare unto the other , for by the one all things go in , and by the other they go out again ; the first is called Colon , and receiveth all the drosse comming from all profitablenesse , and there commeth not to him any veins miseraices as to the other : the sixth and last is called rectum or longam , and endeth in the fundament , and hath in his nether end foure muscles , to hold , to open , to shut , and to put out , &c. Next to be noted is Misenterium , which is a texture of innumerable veines miseraices , ramefied of one veine called Porta Epates , covered and defended of pannicles and ligaments comming to the intrails , with the backe full of Ligaments , and grandulus flesh .

The stomack is compound and spermatick , sinowy and sensible , and therein is made the first digestion of Chile ; for if it faile in his working , all the members of the body shall corrupt ; wherefore Gallen saith , that the stomack should be to all the members of the body as the earth is to all that are ingendred of the earth , viz. that it should desire meat for all the body , and that it should be as a sack or chest to all the body for meat , and as a Cooke to all the members of the body ; it is made of two pannicles , the inner is nervous , and the outer carnous ; this inner pannicle hath musculus longitudinals that stretcheth along from the stomack to the mouth , whereby he draweth meat and drink to him as it were with hands ; and he hath transverse will to with-hold or make retention ; and the outer pannicle hath latitudinall will to expulse and put out , and by his heat helpeth the digestive virtue of the stomack , and by other heats given him of his neighbour , as the Liver on the right side , chasing , and heating him with his lobs or figures , the spleene on the left side sending to him melancholly to excercise his appetites , and about him is the heart quickening him with his Arteries ; also the braine , sending to him a branch of nerves , to give him feeling ; and he hath on the hinder part descending of the parts of the back many ligaments , with the which he is bound to the spondels of the back .

The forme of the stomack is in likenesse of a Gourd , crooked ; both holes be in the upper part of the body of it , because there should be no going out unadvisedly of those things that be received into it . The stomack is subject to many passions , and the nether mouth thereof is narrower then the upper for three causes . 1. Because the upper receiveth meat great in substance , and there being sine and subtill , pasieth easier into the nether , 2. By it passeth all the chilosity of the meat from the stomack to the Liver . And 3 through him passeth all the drosse of the stomack into the guts . And thus much for the stomack which is likewise under the signe Cancer , and the Bowels under Virgo .

Next followeth the Liver to be spoken of , which is a principall member , officiall , spermatick , compleat in quantity of bloud , of himselfe insensible , but sensible by accidents , and in him is made the second concoction ; he is inclosed in a sinnewy pannicle , and cruded , turneth the chile , that runneth from the stomack to the Liver , into the colour of bloud . In the Liver is ingendred all nutrimentall : the seat of the Liver is under the false Ribs in the right side ; the form thereof is bunchy in the backside , and it is somewhat hollow like the inside of an hand plyable to the stomack as an hand is to an apple , and doth comfort the digestion thereof , heating the stomack as a fire doth a pot or Chauldron that hangeth over it : like wise the Liver is bound with Pellicles and strong Ligaments to Diafragma or the Midriffe ; also he hath Colligaves with the stomack , intrails , with the heart , reigns , testicles , and other members ; and in him are sive pellicles like sive fingers : Gallen calleth the Liver Mesasanguinaria and here are the places of the foure Humours , viz Bloud , or sanguine in the Liver , Choller in the Gall , Melancholly in the Spleen , and Flegme in the Lungs ; the watry superfluities to the Reins and these four humours are thus distributed , from the spermatick matter of the Liver are ingendred two great veins , the greatest is called Porta , of whom springeth the miseraick veins , which are to vena Porta , as the branches of a tree are to the tree it selfe , some of them be contained with Duodenum , some with Jejunium , some with Yleon , some with Monoculus , or Saccus ; and from all these guts they bring to vena porta the succosity of chile , going to the stomack , distributing it to the substance of the Liver , and in these miseraick , veins are begun the second concoction , which is ended in the Liver So that this vena porta , spreading it sefe through the gibbous part of the Liver , meet all in one , and there maketh the second great veine called Concava , or vena Ramosa , and he with his branches draweth all the bloud ingendred from the Liver , and with his branches conveys it to all the members of the body , wherein is made perfect the third concoction . Now to speake of the Chest or Gall , it is an officiall member , spermatick and sinowy , as a purse or panniculer vesicke , in the holownesse of the Liver , about the middle pericle or lob , ordained to receive the cholerick superfluities ingendred in the Liver : and in the purse or bag of the Gall are contained three holes , the first receiveth the Cholerick substance of the bloud , that the bloud be not hurt by the choler ; the second sendeth Choler to the bottome of the stomack to further the digestion ; and by the third neck he sendeth to the guts choler to cleanse them of their superfluities and drosse ; next is the Spleen , or the milt , which is spermatick , and is the receptacle of the melancholy superfluities ingendred in the Liver ; he is placed on the left side transversely linked to the stomack , he is thin of substance , and purifieth the nutritive bloud from the drosse of melancholy .

And next it is to be observed , that within the Region of the Nutrites , backwards , the kidneys are ordained , to cleanse the bloud from the watry superfluities , they have in each of them two passages , by the one is drawne the water from Venakelis , by two veins , called vena emulgentes , by the other the same water is conveyed to the bladder , and is called poros urithides . The substance of the Kidneys is Lazartus , longitudinall , placed behind on each side of the spondels , they are two in number , the right Kidney lying higher then the left , and are bound to the back with Ligaments , they are full of hard concavities , therefore the sores of them are difficult to cure ; there commeth also from the Heart to the Kidneys an Artery bringing with him bloud , heat , spirit and life ; and a vein from the Liver , bringing bloud nutrimentall to nourish them withall .

The fat of the Kidneys is made or congealed of thin bloud of gre●t quantity , serving to temper the heat of the Kidneys , which they have by the sharpnesse of the Urine . And thus much sufficeth to speake of the Reins and Bowels , the one being ruled by the signe Libra , the other under the dominion of Virgo .