AN
EXAMINATION
OF
Dr
WOODWARD's
ACCOUNT
OF
THE
DELUGE
,
&c.
THAT
the
Reader
may
have
a
true
Notion
of
Dr.
Woodward's
History
of
the
Deluge
,
he
may
take
the
following
Account
,
in
his
own
Words
.
1.
That
at
the
Time
of
the
Deluge
,
P.
1●4
.
the
Water
of
the
Ocean
was
first
born
forth
upon
the
Earth
;
that
it
was
immediately
succeeded
by
that
of
the
Abyss
,
which
likewise
was
brought
out
upon
the
face
of
the
Globe
.
P.
109.
How
this
Water
was
rais'd
at
the
Deluge
?
by
what
Issues
or
Out-lets
it
came
forth
?
what
succeeded
into
the
room
of
it
while
absent
?
the
Author
says
he
will
tell
us
in
his
larger
Work
.
2.
That
the
whole
Terrestrial
Globe
was
taken
all
to
pieces
,
Preface
.
and
dissolv'd
at
the
Deluge
;
the
Particles
of
Stone
,
Marble
,
and
all
other
solid
Fossils
dissever'd
;
their
constituent
Corpuscles
all
disjoin'd
;
their
Cohesion
perfectly
ceasing
;
p.
74.
that
the
said
Corpuscles
of
those
solid
Fossils
,
to
gether
with
the
Corpuscles
of
those
which
were
not
before
solid
,
such
as
Sand
,
Earth
,
and
the
like
;
(
he
means
the
lesser
Solids
,
for
Sand
and
Earth
are
not
Fluids
:
)
as
also
all
Animal
Bodies
,
and
Parts
of
Animals
,
Bones
,
Teeth
,
Shells
,
Vegetables
,
and
Parts
of
Vegetables
,
Trees
,
Shrubs
,
Herbs
,
and
,
to
be
short
,
all
Bodies
whatsoever
that
were
either
upon
the
Earth
,
or
that
constituted
the
Mass
of
it
;
if
not
quite
down
to
the
Abyss
,
yet
at
least
to
the
greatest
depth
we
ever
dig
:
(
that
is
,
if
not
to
the
Depth
of
two
thousand
Miles
,
at
least
of
two
hundred
Feet
)
but
the
rest
of
the
Hypothesis
,
and
the
former
Part
of
the
Paragraph
,
does
not
suffer
this
to
be
any
Doubt
:
for
the
whole
Terrestrial
Globe
was
dissolved
:
)
I
say
,
all
these
were
assum'd
up
promiscuously
into
the
Water
,
and
sustained
in
it
in
such
manner
,
that
the
Water
and
Bodies
in
it
together
made
up
one
common
confus'd
Mass.
p.
107.
What
was
the
immediate
instrument
or
means
where
by
the
Stone
and
other
solid
Matter
of
the
antediluvian
Earth
was
dissolv'd
;
why
the
Shells
,
Teeth
,
Bones
,
p.
108.
and
other
parts
of
Animal
Bodies
,
as
also
the
Trunks
,
Roots
,
and
other
parts
of
Vegetables
were
not
dissolv'd
as
well
as
the
Stones
and
other
mineral
Solids
of
that
Earth
,
the
Author
has
promised
a
Reason
in
his
larger
Work
.
3.
That
,
p.
75.
at
length
all
the
Mass
that
was
thus
born
up
into
the
Water
was
again
precipitated
,
and
subsided
towards
the
Bottom
;
that
this
Subsidence
happen'd
generally
,
and
as
near
as
could
possibly
be
expected
in
so
great
a
Confusion
,
according
to
the
Laws
of
Gravity
:
that
Matter
,
Body
or
Bodies
,
which
had
the
greatest
quantity
or
degree
of
Gravity
,
subsiding
first
in
order
,
and
falling
lowest
:
that
which
had
the
next
,
or
still
a
lesser
degree
of
Gravity
,
subsiding
next
after
,
and
settling
upon
the
precedent
;
and
so
on
in
their
several
Courses
.
p.
103.
But
the
Terrestrial
Matter
,
that
first
subsided
,
did
not
descend
down
quite
to
the
Centre
,
and
fill
up
the
Cavity
of
the
great
Abyss
,
but
stop'd
at
that
distance
from
it
,
forming
an
arch'd
Expansum
,
or
rather
a
Sphere
around
it
;
which
is
now
the
lowest
Stratum
and
Boundary
of
that
vast
Conceptacle
of
Water
.
Of
this
likewise
the
Author
will
assign
a
Reason
in
his
larger
Work
.
4.
That
the
Strata
of
Marble
,
p.
79.
of
Stone
,
and
of
all
other
solid
Matter
,
attain'd
their
Solidity
,
as
soon
as
the
Sand
,
or
other
Matter
whereof
they
consist
,
was
arriv'd
at
the
Bottom
,
and
well
settled
there
:
The
Reason
of
this
too
is
reserv'd
for
the
larger
Work
.
p.
109.
5.
That
this
very
various
Miscellany
of
Bodies
being
determin'd
to
Subsidence
in
this
order
,
p.
30.
meerly
by
their
different
specifick
Gravities
,
all
those
which
had
the
same
degree
of
Gravity
,
subsided
at
the
same
time
,
fell
into
and
compos'd
the
same
Stratum
;
so
that
those
Shells
and
other
Bodies
that
were
of
the
same
specifick
Gravity
with
Sand
,
sunk
down
together
with
it
,
and
so
became
inclos'd
in
the
Strata
of
Stone
,
which
that
Sand
form'd
or
constituted
;
those
which
were
lighter
and
but
of
the
same
specifick
Gravity
with
Chalk
,
in
such
places
of
the
Mass
where
any
Chalk
was
,
fell
to
the
Bottom
at
the
same
time
that
the
chalky
Particles
did
,
and
so
were
entomb'd
in
the
Strata
of
Chalk
;
and
in
like
manner
all
the
rest
:
that
accordingly
we
now
find
in
the
Sand-stone
of
all
Countries
(
the
specifick
Gravity
of
the
several
sorts
whereof
is
very
little
different
,
being
generally
to
Water
as
2
½
or
22
/
1●
to
1.
)
only
those
Conchae
,
Pectines
and
Cochleae
,
and
other
Shells
that
are
nearly
of
the
same
Gravity
.
viz.
2½
or
2
●
/
8
to
1.
But
these
are
ordinarily
found
inclos'd
in
it
,
in
prodigious
Numbers
;
whereas
of
Oyster
Shells
(
which
are
in
Gravity
but
as
about
2
⅓
to
1.
)
or
the
other
lighter
sort
of
Shells
,
scarce
one
ever
appears
therein
;
but
on
the
contrary
,
in
Chalk
,
which
is
lighter
than
Stone
,
being
but
as
about
2
●
to
1.
)
there
are
only
found
Echini
and
other
lighter
sort
of
Shells
,
&c.
6.
That
the
Strata
thus
sorm'd
,
〈◇〉
8●
.
whether
of
Stone
,
of
Chalk
,
of
Coal
,
of
Earth
,
or
whatever
other
Matter
they
consisted
of
,
lying
thus
upon
each
other
,
were
all
originally
Parallel
;
that
they
were
plain
,
even
and
regular
;
and
the
Surface
of
the
Earth
likewise
even
and
spherical
;
that
they
were
continuous
,
and
not
interrupted
or
broken
;
and
that
the
whole
Mass
of
the
Water
lay
then
above
them
all
,
and
constituted
a
fluid
Sphere
environing
the
whole
.
p.
80.
7.
That
after
some
time
,
the
Strata
were
broken
on
all
sides
of
the
Globe
;
that
they
were
dislocated
,
their
Situation
vary'd
,
being
elevated
in
some
places
and
depress'd
in
others
;
that
all
the
Irregularities
and
Inequalities
of
the
terrestrial
Globe
,
were
caused
by
this
means
;
that
the
Agent
or
Force
which
effected
this
dislocation
of
the
Strata
,
p.
1●9
was
seated
within
the
Earth
;
but
what
that
Agent
was
,
the
Author
has
promised
to
tell
us
in
his
larger
Work
.
8.
That
upon
the
Disruption
,
of
the
Strata
,
〈◇〉
16●
.
and
the
Elevation
of
some
,
and
Depression
of
others
of
them
which
follow'd
after
that
Disruption
towards
the
the
latter
End
of
the
Deluge
,
this
Mass
of
Water
fell
back
again
into
the
deprest
and
lower
Parts
of
the
Earth
,
into
Lakes
and
other
Cavities
;
into
the
Alveus
of
the
Ocean
,
and
thro'
the
Fissures
whereby
this
communicates
with
the
Ocean
,
into
the
Abyss
,
which
it
fill'd
till
it
came
to
an
Equilibrium
with
the
Ocean
.
The
Author
deduces
the
Water
of
Springs
from
the
great
Abyss
,
p.
121
by
subterranean
Heat
,
which
evaporates
and
elevates
its
Water
,
buoying
it
up
indifferently
on
every
side
.
Here
indeed
as
the
Doctor
says
,
p.
82.
We
see
a
mighty
Revolution
,
and
that
attended
with
Accidents
very
strange
and
amazing
;
a
change
so
exceeding
great
and
violent
,
that
the
very
Representation
is
enough
to
startle
and
shock
a
Man
:
but
of
the
five
or
six
surprising
Alterations
here
describ'd
,
the
Doctor
has
only
given
us
the
Philosophy
of
one
;
he
has
baulk'd
our
Expectation
in
the
most
material
Points
;
viz.
What
brought
the
Water
of
the
Abyss
upon
the
Surface
of
the
Globe
?
What
succeeded
in
its
room
?
What
dissolv'd
the
Fossils
?
and
at
the
same
time
spared
the
Animal
and
Vegetable
Substances
?
What
stopt
the
precipitated
Matter
in
the
Descent
,
so
that
it
did
not
fill
up
the
Cavity
of
the
great
Abyss
?
by
what
means
the
Strata
attain'd
their
Solidity
so
soon
as
the
Matter
whereof
they
consisted
,
was
arriv'd
at
the
Bottom
?
What
effected
the
Disruption
of
the
Strata
?
All
these
the
Doctor
has
tickt
for
;
putting
us
off
at
this
time
only
with
the
Reason
why
the
Strata
ranged
themselves
in
their
present
Order
;
viz.
the
different
Gravity
of
the
Matter
whereof
they
consist
.
I
wish
at
the
same
time
he
had
not
told
us
things
of
less
moment
.
But
whatever
his
Reasons
may
be
for
deferring
to
explain
himself
in
these
Particulars
,
I
will
so
far
contribute
to
the
making
the
larger
Work
more
perfect
,
as
to
give
the
Doctor
an
Opportunity
of
clearing
some
Difficulties
which
seem
to
me
to
lie
in
his
way
.
To
begin
then
;
The
Alterations
of
the
Earth
,
here
describ'd
,
appear
to
be
all
of
them
above
the
Power
,
and
contrary
to
the
Laws
of
Nature
,
and
consequently
exclude
the
Philosophy
of
Second
Causes
.
First
,
the
Water
of
the
Abyss
is
brought
upon
the
Surface
of
the
Earth
,
contrary
to
its
natural
Gravity
;
this
I
think
can
only
be
done
two
ways
;
either
by
Pulsion
of
Attraction
.
The
first
is
made
use
of
by
the
Learned
Author
of
the
Theory
,
who
raises
the
Water
by
the
falling
in
of
the
external
Crust
:
but
it
is
plain
the
Doctor
makes
use
of
no
such
Instrument
,
since
his
Dissolution
of
the
Earth
happen'd
after
its
being
cover'd
with
the
Water
.
p●
6●
.
For
the
Water
was
all
out
upon
the
Surface
of
the
Earth
,
before
ever
the
Terrestrial
Parts
stir'd
.
The
latter
,
(
I
mean
the
Attraction
of
a
heavenly
Body
)
is
made
use
of
by
a
late
ingenious
Writer
;
but
,
besides
that
the
Doctor
seems
to
take
no
notice
of
it
,
this
will
not
do
the
business
after
his
manner
.
It
must
be
acknowledg'd
that
almighty
Power
can
do
this
and
much
more
;
and
as
Steno
says
,
Prod
.
transl
.
p.
103.
If
the
Motion
of
an
Animal
can
effect
that
,
according
to
Pleasure
,
Places
that
are
now
overwhelm'd
with
Water
shall
be
render'd
dry
;
and
by
and
by
be
drowned
again
by
new
Waters
;
why
should
we
not
be
ready
to
grant
to
the
first
Mover
of
all
things
the
like
Liberty
?
But
then
I
would
no
more
undertake
to
explain
this
,
than
how
the
Dead
are
rais'd
.
The
second
Difficulty
is
,
the
making
a
Body
lighter
than
Water
descend
into
the
Cavity
of
the
great
Abyss
in
the
place
of
the
Water
which
had
ascended
:
what
Body
this
was
,
is
a
Secret
the
Doctor
did
not
think
us
ripe
for
as
yet
;
however
we
may
be
allow'd
to
guess
.
There
is
a
Body
somewhere
about
the
Earth
,
it
is
neither
any
part
of
the
Solids
,
nor
the
grosser
Fluids
of
the
terraqueous
Globe
;
what
Body
is
that
?
I
dare
not
be
positive
,
but
I
'll
lay
an
even
wager
't
is
Air
:
so
far
is
certain
,
it
must
be
lighter
than
Water
,
and
so
the
Difficulty
remains
.
The
next
Miracle
is
,
the
Dissolution
of
all
Solids
(
except
Vegetable
and
Animal
Substances
)
into
their
constituent
Parts
;
of
this
the
Dr.
says
he
will
assign
a
plain
Physical
Reason
.
I
must
beg
his
pardon
if
I
think
it
cannot
be
very
plain
.
I
will
not
trouble
my self
any
more
with
guessing
,
but
this
I
know
,
if
any
Man
besides
the
Doctor
should
have
pretended
to
such
a
Secret
,
it
would
have
found
the
same
Credit
as
the
Philosophers
Stone
,
Circular
Shot
,
Perpetuum
Mobile
,
or
some
such
Chimera
.
But
against
the
Dissolution
of
Solids
.
I
have
these
two
Objections
.
1.
If
the
Cohesion
of
all
Solids
perfectly
ceas'd
,
and
their
constituent
Corpuscles
were
disjoin'd
,
why
were
not
those
of
Sand
,
Gravel
,
and
Earth
so
too
?
for
they
are
little
Solids
,
and
have
their
constituent
Parts
as
well
as
the
larger
;
and
what
dissolves
the
one
will
dissolve
the
other
.
2.
Had
this
Earth
been
so
dissolved
only
as
far
as
the
Roots
of
the
greatest
Plants
reach
,
we
must
have
lost
most
of
the
Species's
of
Plants
which
were
before
the
Deluge
.
The
Doctor
tells
us
,
That
after
the
Subsidence
,
p.
78.
Trees
,
and
the
other
more
under
Vegetables
,
Shrubs
and
Herbs
would
rot
and
Decay
;
but
the
Seeds
of
all
kinds
of
Vegetables
being
by
this
means
repos'd
,
and
,
as
it
were
,
planted
near
the
Surface
of
the
Earth
,
in
a
Convenient
and
Natural
Soil
,
amongst
Matter
proper
for
the
Formation
of
Vegetables
,
would
germinate
,
grow
up
and
replenish
the
Earth
.
But
the
Seeds
of
all
kinds
of
Vegetables
could
not
be
preserved
,
for
some
Plants
had
not
as
yet
seeded
at
the
time
of
the
Deluge
,
or
at
least
had
seeded
so
long
before
as
to
have
made
some
Progress
in
Vegetation
;
which
I
think
,
being
the
tenderest
Vegetables
must
have
rotted
and
decayed
after
the
Waters
were
off
.
Now
,
the
Deluge
happening
,
according
to
the
Doctor
,
in
the
Month
of
May
,
few
Plants
must
have
remain'd
,
but
such
as
were
seeded
the
beginning
of
that
Month
,
or
the
latter
end
of
April
,
which
are
but
a
small
part
of
the
whole
in
most
places
of
the
Earth
.
I
said
,
Few
must
have
remain'd
,
and
will
not
be
so
cruel
as
the
Doctor
to
cut
All
off
;
for
perhaps
one
Plant
of
a
thousand
might
be
so
hardy
,
after
it
had
settled
upon
the
Ground
,
to
spring
up
again
;
and
it
is
possible
to
preserve
Seeds
at
a
great
depth
in
the
Ground
:
but
the
Propagation
of
all
Vegetables
could
not
be
trusted
to
such
Accidents
.
But
further
,
let
us
consider
that
those
Seeds
which
were
ripe
at
the
Deluge
,
floated
for
a
considerable
time
in
Water
,
among
dissolv'd
Minerals
,
enough
to
spoil
their
Texture
,
so
as
to
render
them
for
ever
unfit
for
Vegetation
.
I
believe
the
Barly
,
after
the
Waters
were
off
,
would
have
made
better
Malt
than
Seed
Corn
;
and
Noah
might
have
made
merry
with
Strong
Beer
rather
than
staid
so
many
Years
till
Vines
grew
up
.
The
Fishes
in
my
Mind
must
have
fared
no
better
than
the
Plants
.
We
might
have
had
store
of
Eels
left
us
,
and
other
Fishes
that
can
live
in
Mud
;
but
since
,
according
to
the
Doctor
,
p.
61.
the
far
greatest
part
of
all
kings
of
Fish
suffer'd
under
the
Fury
of
the
Deluge
,
I
cannot
see
but
whole
Kinds
as
well
as
Individuals
,
must
have
perish'd
without
a
new
Miracle
:
but
then
the
same
Providence
that
would
make
use
of
extraordinary
Means
to
preserve
Fishes
amongst
Mud
,
could
have
sav'd
the
no
less
innocent
Land
Animals
in
Water
.
Upon
the
whole
,
if
Matters
had
been
so
carried
on
,
I
cannot
see
why
,
amongst
other
Stowage
,
Noah
ought
not
to
have
had
a
Green-House
and
Fish-pond
.
I
come
now
to
the
fourth
miraculous
Change
,
which
is
the
assuming
up
,
and
sustaining
the
Solids
in
Water
.
I
am
aware
that
a
Menstruum
will
dissolve
a
small
Quantity
of
Metal
hea●ier
than
it self
,
and
sustain
it
;
that
Water
will
dissolve
some
things
heavier
,
such
as
Salts
and
Gums
,
till
it
is
saturated
;
and
that
Sand
and
Mud
thrown
into
it
in
small
Quantities
,
will
sink
at
leisure
;
especially
if
it
be
agitated
with
a
violent
Motion
;
but
that
the
Water
should
take
up
,
and
sustain
the
whole
Mass
of
heavy
Solids
,
down
to
the
Cavity
of
the
great
Abyss
,
most
of
which
exceed
it
so
much
in
specifick
Gravity
seems
to
me
as
miraculous
as
the
swimming
of
Elisha's
Ax
;
and
as
little
the
Subject
of
Reasoning
and
Philosophy
.
Yea
,
some
of
them
were
not
only
sustained
,
but
carried
many
hundreds
of
Miles
in
a
horizontal
Line
,
such
as
the
heavier
sorts
of
Shell
Fishes
,
that
could
not
transport
themselves
thither
by
their
Animal
Motion
.
Yea
,
these
Kinds
which
are
called
{αβγδ}
,
and
,
according
to
the
Doctor
,
are
never
removed
,
by
the
greatest
Storms
,
from
the
Bottom
of
the
Ocean
.
N.
H.
P.
86.
This
plainly
follows
from
what
the
Doctor
says
,
for
p.
253.
the
Sea
was
of
the
same
Bigness
and
Capacity
before
the
Deluge
as
now
,
and
of
the
same
Form
also
;
that
there
was
Sea
in
or
near
the
same
Parts
of
the
Globe
.
But
against
this
Mixture
of
Solids
and
Fluids
,
there
lies
another
scurvy
Objection
.
The
Doctor
tells
us
,
p.
163.
that
to
put
a
Stop
to
the
Insults
and
Detractions
of
vain
Men
,
[
who
will
not
be
satisfied
there
was
Water
enough
to
over-top
the
highest
Mountains
]
in
one
of
the
Sections
of
the
Third
Part
of
his
larger
Work
,
he
enquires
what
Proportion
the
Water
of
the
Globe
bears
to
the
Earthy
Matter
of
it
;
but
there
being
so
great
an
Apparatus
of
things
only
previous
,
which
must
be
adjusted
before
he
could
come
to
the
Calculation
,
&c.
he
could
not
then
descend
to
Particulars
,
lest
he
should
carry
that
Discourse
beyond
all
reasonable
Bounds
.
I
think
this
Enquiry
ought
to
have
been
previous
to
all
others
:
the
Doctor
should
have
calculated
the
Proportions
of
his
Drugs
before
he
mix'd
them
.
The
chief
thing
to
be
adjusted
here
,
is
,
In
a
Mixture
of
a
Fluid
and
dry
Solids
,
what
Proportion
the
Fluids
ought
to
bear
to
the
Solids
,
so
as
to
make
the
Compositum
attain
a
certain
Degree
of
Fluidity
?
I
may
venture
to
say
that
this
Aquae
Q.
S.
will
be
at
least
triple
of
the
Solid
Matter
,
so
as
to
make
it
attain
any
reasonable
Degree
of
Fluidity
.
At
first
view
I
found
this
would
press
the
Doctor's
Hypothesis
with
a
great
Difficulty
;
but
I
went
on
,
and
putting
the
case
in
the
fairest
Extreme
,
suppos'd
,
in
the
Mixture
of
the
Deluge
,
the
Quantity
of
Water
equal
to
that
of
the
Terrestrial
Matter
,
(
I
mean
not
in
Weight
but
in
Bulk
;
)
then
at
the
time
p.
261.
when
the
Water
was
upon
the
Face
of
the
Earth
,
and
before
the
Terrestrial
Parts
had
stirr'd
.
Let
the
inward
Sphere
whose
Diameter
is
CA
,
represent
the
Cavity
of
the
great
Abyss
,
now
deserted
by
it
,
and
fill'd
with
some
unknown
Matter
:
the
Anulus
whose
Thickness
is
AB
,
the
solid
Crust
:
and
the
Annulus
whose
Thickness
is
BD
,
the
Water
above
,
(
I
leave
the
outward
Inequalities
of
the
Surface
of
the
Earth
,
and
the
inward
of
the
Cavity
of
the
Abyss
,
to
compensate
one
another
.
)
These
three
by
Supposition
are
equal
(
bating
the
small
Addition
of
the
Water
which
was
before
upon
the
Surface
of
the
Globe
)
viz.
the
Water
,
the
Space
where
the
Water
was
,
and
the
Solid
Matter
.
Then
the
Sphere
whose
Diameter
is
CA
will
be
1
;
that
whose
Diameter
is
CB
will
be
2
;
and
that
whose
Diameter
is
CD
will
be
3
;
consequently
CA
,
CB
,
and
CD
,
will
be
as
1
,
.
in
round
Numbers
,
as
100
,
126
,
144.
Therefore
AB
equal
to
26
,
and
BD
equal
to
18
,
and
supposing
CD
in
this
case
to
be
equal
to
3600
Miles
(
whereas
it
will
be
much
more
)
BD
,
the
height
of
the
Water
above
the
Surface
of
the
Earth
will
be
450
miles
:
so
that
the
Doctor
needs
not
be
much
concern'd
to
find
Water
to
cover
the
Earth
if
he
had
enough
to
dissolve
it
:
but
,
on
the
other
hand
,
if
you
suppose
the
Water
to
rise
only
15
cubits
above
the
Tops
of
the
highest
Mountains
,
it
will
not
make
1
/
240
of
the
Solid
Matter
,
which
is
too
little
to
make
the
Earth
into
an
Electuary
,
nay
hardly
into
a
Pill
.
Here
it
must
be
remember'd
,
that
Dr.
Woodward
asserts
,
that
the
Aequilibrium
is
kept
between
the
Terrestrial
Parts
and
the
Water
,
and
that
there
is
no
Transmutation
of
the
one
into
the
other
.
p.
40.
But
the
strangest
thing
,
and
,
if
I
may
so
speak
,
the
Miracle
of
all
Miracles
is
,
that
the
Water
and
Solid
Matter
now
mixt
together
,
should
either
float
upon
a
Vacuum
,
or
the
Subtil
Matter
that
came
in
place
of
the
Water
of
the
Abyss
;
for
in
the
internal
Sphere
whose
Diameter
is
CA
,
there
is
neither
Water
nor
Solid
Matter
,
but
it
must
be
left
as
it
is
for
the
Solid
Matter
to
form
the
Arched
Expansum
upon
.
This
is
turning
Nature
outside
inward
;
the
Bottom
of
the
Ocean
is
now
supported
by
Water
,
and
the
Water
by
the
Air
.
Well
,
if
the
Dr.
gives
a
Reason
for
this
too
,
adieu
Hydrostaticks
.
I
am
now
come
to
the
Subsidence
of
the
Matter
of
the
Strata
,
and
the
ranging
them
in
the
present
Order
:
and
this
presents
us
with
a
most
surprising
Effect
,
which
the
Dr.
has
promised
us
the
Reason
of
;
viz.
Why
the
Terrestrial
Matter
that
first
subsided
,
did
not
descend
dowm
quite
to
the
Centre
,
and
sill
up
the
Cavity
of
the
great
Abyss
?
First
here
must
be
Matter
exactly
of
the
same
Specifick
Gravity
,
to
make
it
descend
with
the
same
Celerity
,
and
arrive
at
the
same
distance
from
the
Centre
in
the
same
instant
.
Next
,
all
these
loose
Particles
,
as
by
a
Confederacy
,
must
stop
short
;
then
when
they
had
sunk
quite
down
into
the
Water
,
the
denser
Fluid
,
they
halt
at
the
Confines
of
the
subtiler
Fluid
,
now
lying
about
at
the
Centre
;
They
all
harden
into
a
Crust
in
the
same
instant
,
and
form
an
Arch
of
at
least
2500
miles
diameter
;
This
Arch
is
neither
broke
by
its
own
weight
,
nor
that
of
the
succeeding
Strata
.
God
forbid
I
should
limit
Omnipotency
,
but
as
to
the
Second
Causes
,
I
must
remain
an
Infidel
till
the
Doctor's
larger
Work
appears
.
I
am
sure
Steno's
Rule
of
forming
the
Strata
is
more
conformable
to
the
known
Laws
of
Nature
.
At
the
time
that
any
Bed
was
formed
,
Prod
.
p.
42.
there
was
another
Body
under
the
same
Bed
,
which
did
hinder
the
farther
Descent
of
that
dusty
Matter
,
and
consequently
at
the
same
time
that
the
lowest
Bed
was
formed
,
there
was
under
it
either
another
solid
Body
;
or
,
if
some
Fluid
was
there
,
it
was
both
of
a
different
nature
from
the
upper
Fluid
,
and
heavier
than
the
Solid
Sediment
of
the
superiour
Fluid
.
But
this
Notion
of
the
Subsidence
performed
according
to
the
different
Degrees
of
Specifick
Gravity
,
being
the
only
piece
of
Philosophy
the
Dr.
has
gratified
us
with
at
present
,
I
shall
consider
it
more
fully
.
And
First
,
I
say
,
Observations
of
the
Specifick
Gravity
of
Bodies
in
the
Circumstances
required
,
and
to
the
Nicety
pretended
,
seem
altogether
impracticable
.
For
we
must
remember
that
the
Medium
in
which
the
undissolved
Substances
were
floating
,
was
not
common
Water
,
but
a
Medium
(
by
reason
of
the
mixture
of
Solid
Matter
)
of
an
unknown
Density
,
perhaps
thicker
than
a
Quagmire
.
This
I
believe
will
appear
pretty
clear
from
what
has
been
hinted
above
,
about
the
Proportion
of
the
Fluids
and
Solids
.
Next
,
it
is
extremely
hard
to
find
the
Specifick
Gravity
of
Bodies
reduced
into
small
Particles
,
such
as
Sand
and
Earth
.
Now
,
the
Minerals
,
when
dissolved
,
were
reduced
either
into
their
Elements
or
Powders
.
If
the
latter
,
I
cannot
so
well
apprehend
how
,
by
a
mixture
with
Water
,
they
could
form
Masses
of
the
same
Mineral
again
:
for
I
think
if
Powder
,
Chalk
,
Flint
,
Marble
,
or
any
of
those
things
of
which
the
Strata
are
compos'd
,
should
be
mixed
with
Sea
water
,
they
will
not
be
bak'd
again
into
a
Mass
of
the
same
Nature
as
soon
as
they
arrive
at
the
bottom
;
but
if
the
Solids
were
reduced
into
their
Elements
,
which
I
think
the
Dr.
means
by
their
constituent
Parts
,
it
is
hard
to
tell
what
Specifick
Gravity
those
would
have
:
it
is
probable
not
the
same
with
their
Composita
,
which
require
a
Mixture
of
heterogeneous
Matter
to
make
them
up
.
Then
it
is
very
difficult
to
find
the
Specifick
Gravity
of
Shells
,
and
I
must
crave
leave
to
say
,
Somebody
has
imposed
upon
the
Dr.
in
pretending
to
distinguish
between
2
¾
and
2
⅝
(
that
is
,
to
the
Nicety
of
5
/
26
)
in
the
Gravity
of
Conchae
,
Pectines
and
Cochleae
;
and
because
Oyster-shells
are
but
1
/
15
lighter
than
those
,
they
must
not
be
admitted
into
Sand-stone
:
on
the
contrary
,
I
dare
aver
,
it
is
impossible
to
determine
the
Specifick
Gravity
of
Cochleae
,
for
example
;
and
let
a
Man
weigh
twenty
of
them
,
he
shall
have
near
as
many
different
Proportions
to
determine
their
relative
Gravity
upon
.
For
let
us
only
consider
,
that
all
of
them
having
a
Cavity
which
is
never
quite
full
of
Water
(
at
least
it
would
never
be
so
upon
a
casual
Subsidence
,
)
unless
this
Cavity
,
the
Quantity
of
Matter
in
the
Crust
,
and
the
whole
Bulk
should
bear
exactly
the
same
Proportion
in
them
all
,
they
must
weigh
differently
in
proportion
to
Water
.
Then
we
must
consider
that
,
when
those
sunk
,
the
greater
part
had
their
Animals
in
them
;
which
will
make
a
greater
Difference
than
what
is
here
mentioned
:
yea
,
the
Animals
being
dead
or
alive
will
make
some
Alteration
.
But
Secondly
,
There
is
no
such
Rule
for
the
Subsidence
of
Solids
in
Fluids
as
the
Dr.
pretends
;
for
all
Bodies
descend
with
equal
Celerity
,
abstracting
from
the
Resistence
of
the
Medium
through
which
they
fall
.
In
Air
he
may
try
it
,
and
he
will
find
that
a
Leaden
Bullet
,
and
a
Wooden
Bullet
let
fall
from
the
top
of
the
Monument
at
the
same
time
,
will
likewise
arrive
at
the
Ground
both
together
,
only
making
the
Wooden
Bullet
bigger
than
the
Leaden
one
:
and
in
Water
,
where
the
Resistence
of
the
Medium
is
very
great
,
the
Descent
will
be
regulated
as
much
according
to
the
absolute
as
relative
Gravity
:
that
is
,
the
greatest
and
biggest
Bodies
will
descend
with
the
greatest
Celerity
;
for
example
,
a
Stone
of
an
hundred
weight
will
fall
sooner
to
the
bottom
,
than
the
Powder
of
the
same
Stone
:
And
,
generally
speaking
,
of
the
Solids
heavier
than
the
Fluid
,
those
which
contain
a
greater
Quantity
of
Matter
,
in
respect
of
their
Surface
,
will
descend
fastest
;
as
a
Globe
of
Gold
sooner
than
the
same
Quantity
in
Leaf
:
and
a
Globé
of
Stone
sooner
than
a
less●r
Globe
of
Gold
,
if
it
contain
a
greater
Quantity
of
Matter
,
in
respect
of
its
Surface
,
than
the
Globe
of
Gold
;
and
yet
the
Gold
has
the
same
Specifick
Gravity
in
Leaf
and
in
a
Globe
,
and
the
Stone
a
less
Specifick
Gravity
than
the
Gold
.
The
Consequence
of
this
will
be
,
that
the
Parts
of
Animals
,
which
were
the
greater
Solids
,
could
never
be
buried
in
Matter
of
the
same
Specifick
Gravity
with
themselves
:
Yea
,
throw
an
Oyster-shell
into
Water
,
and
at
the
same
time
the
constituent
Parts
of
the
heaviest
Metals
,
the
Shell
will
fall
soonest
to
the
bottom
;
and
where
the
Depth
was
some
hundreds
of
Miles
,
as
at
the
general
Subsidence
,
the
difference
would
be
considerable
.
By
the
same
Rule
,
the
larger
Grains
of
Sand
would
fall
lower
than
the
imperceptible
constituent
Parts
of
other
Fossils
.
Thirdly
,
Granting
the
Doctor's
Rule
to
be
true
,
it
was
not
observed
;
I
do
not
deny
but
the
Strata
near
the
Surface
of
the
Earth
look
like
a
Sediment
,
where
something
of
the
Laws
of
Gravity
are
observ'd
.
But
they
will
not
answer
the
Doctor's
Theory
,
so
far
down
as
he
talks
of
.
There
is
in
Varenius
an
account
of
the
Strata
,
as
they
were
found
,
p.
46.
to
the
Depth
of
132
Feet
,
on
the
sinking
of
a
Pit
at
Amsterdam
,
viz.
|
Feet
|
Garden
Mould
|
7
|
Turf
|
9
|
Soft
Clay
|
9
|
Sand
|
8
|
Earth
|
4
|
Clay
|
10
|
Earth
|
4
|
Sand
,
in
which
the
Piles
for
the
Amsterdam
Buildings
are
sixed
.
|
10
|
White
Gravel
|
4
|
Dry
Earth
|
5
|
Mud
|
1
|
Sand
|
14
|
Sandy
Clay
|
3
|
Sand
mixt
with
Clay
|
5
|
Sand
mixt
with
Sea
shells
.
|
4
|
A
Clayey
Bottom
to
the
depth
of
|
102
|
Gravel
|
31
|
Here
it
is
plain
,
they
are
not
plac'd
according
to
their
different
Gravities
;
for
sometimes
the
heavier
lies
uppermost
;
the
same
Strata
(
after
the
interposition
of
both
lighter
and
heavier
ones
)
are
repeated
;
and
sometimes
the
Order
is
retrograde
.
I
think
it
is
very
probable
they
are
the
Sediment
of
a
Fluid
,
but
not
precipitated
at
the
same
time
,
and
determin'd
to
Subsidence
in
this
Order
,
merely
by
their
different
specifick
Gravities
;
on
the
contrary
their
Diversity
and
Order
seems
rather
to
persuade
that
they
were
compiled
by
little
and
little
,
and
at
different
times
;
which
,
considering
the
Scituation
of
the
Country
,
is
no
hard
matter
to
conceive
.
Something
analogous
to
this
I
rightly
remember
is
to
be
found
in
Ramazzini's
Description
of
the
sinking
of
the
Wells
of
Modena
.
But
supposing
those
were
rang'd
,
as
the
Doctor
would
have
them
,
what
is
that
to
a
Crust
1000
Miles
thick
?
Here
it
were
endless
to
enumerate
all
the
Particulars
wherein
the
Doctor's
Rule
is
violated
,
these
following
are
obvious
;
1.
The
Precipitation
of
the
lighter
vegetable
terrestrial
Matter
,
Nat.
Hist
.
90.
and
burying
it
among
the
Strata
,
leaving
only
so
much
near
the
Surface
,
as
might
sufficiently
supply
the
Wants
of
humane
Nature
.
Thus
the
principal
intention
of
Providence
in
the
Dissolution
of
the
Earth
,
was
brought
to
pass
by
a
Violation
of
the
Law
of
specifick
Gravity
.
2.
The
heaviest
Bodies
,
we
know
,
are
near
the
Surface
of
the
Earth
many
hundreds
of
Miles
from
the
lowest
Stratum
,
which
could
not
have
happen'd
had
the
Celerity
of
their
descent
kept
any
manner
of
proportion
with
their
specifick
Gravity
.
3.
Bodies
of
different
specifick
Gravities
are
found
buried
in
the
same
Stratum
;
as
Shells
and
Flint
in
Chalk
.
And
here
I
must
take
notice
,
that
it
seems
hard
to
bury
Plants
under
ground
after
the
Doctor's
manner
,
who
does
it
by
affixing
Mineral
Matter
to
them
:
For
upon
the
general
Dissolution
,
the
Plants
would
get
a-top
of
the
Water
,
and
if
any
should
fall
in
among
Minerals
,
that
would
buoy
them
up
so
much
the
more
:
For
example
;
I
cannot
imagin
how
a
Plant
that
was
swimming
in
Water
should
sink
in
a
Mass
of
Quicksilver
.
I
shall
conclude
with
this
general
Remark
;
It
is
strange
that
the
Laws
of
Gravity
,
which
have
been
violated
in
so
many
particulars
,
in
raising
the
Water
of
the
Abyss
,
and
making
a
lighter
Body
,
descend
in
its
room
;
in
sustaining
Minerals
in
Water
,
and
stopping
them
in
their
Descent
before
they
reach'd
the
Centre
;
in
placeing
the
heaviest
Solids
in
the
upper
Strata
,
&c.
I
say
,
it
is
strange
the
same
Laws
of
Gravity
should
place
a
few
Shells
with
as
much
Nicety
,
as
the
Doctor
does
in
his
Collection
,
not
transgressing
so
far
as
a
fifteenth
part
.
I
come
now
to
the
effect
of
this
Subsidence
,
which
is
the
Plainness
,
Parallelism
,
and
spherical
Figure
of
the
Strata
;
I
say
none
of
these
could
be
true
;
first
,
They
could
not
be
plain
;
for
a
spherical
Surface
cannot
be
so
;
however
,
that
is
a
Mistake
of
a
Word
,
which
should
be
pardon'd
.
Secondly
,
They
could
not
be
spherical
:
pag
.
225.
The
Doctor
acknowledges
the
Earth
to
be
a
Spherois
prolatus
(
and
there
is
a
great
difference
between
a
Sphere
and
a
Spharoid
)
and
if
a
Sphaeroid
,
the
Strata
could
not
be
parallel
.
I
shall
beg
leave
to
add
one
reason
why
I
think
they
could
not
be
smooth
a-top
,
and
it
is
this
;
The
terrestrial
parts
(
according
to
the
Doctor
)
settled
down
in
or
near
the
same
places
from
which
they
were
before
taken
;
pag
.
261.
but
to
make
them
smooth
,
each
solid
Column
,
or
to
speak
more
properly
,
each
truncated
Sector
must
have
been
of
the
same
bulk
,
and
the
Matter
of
the
same
density
;
of
the
same
bulk
,
else
there
would
have
been
outward
or
inward
Inequalities
,
where
there
was
a
difference
in
Extension
;
and
of
the
same
Density
,
else
the
several
Columns
could
not
balance
themselves
exactly
in
the
subsidence
,
but
one
would
have
been
higher
than
another
;
both
these
would
have
produc'd
Mountains
and
Vallies
.
Now
since
there
were
antediluvian
Mountains
,
it
would
seem
that
the
Columns
of
the
Earth
had
not
been
made
up
of
Matter
with
both
the
foremention'd
Properties
.
And
if
from
the
first
Fluid
at
the
Creation
,
the
Matter
had
settl'd
with
the
inequalities
of
Mountains
and
Vallies
,
I
cannot
see
why
it
should
not
have
done
so
from
the
Fluid
at
the
Deluge
.
However
this
is
only
a
Conjecture
.
I
have
done
with
Four
parts
of
the
Operation
;
there
are
infund
.
Misc
.
dissolv
.
praecipit
.
And
now
comes
the
Fifth
,
sublimetur
;
I
mean
,
the
Dislocation
of
the
Strata
.
Here
I
shall
remark
,
First
,
That
it
must
have
been
a
prodigious
force
that
could
dislocate
a
Crust
1000
Miles
thick
at
least
(
as
will
follow
from
my
former
Reasoning
,
concerning
the
Proportion
of
the
Cavity
of
the
great
Abyss
to
the
solid
Annulus
)
.
Secondly
,
It
seems
wonderful
that
the
Shell
of
the
Bomb
should
be
only
crackt
and
not
shatter'd
to
pieces
.
Thirdly
.
It
is
next
to
Impossible
,
that
an
Agent
seated
within
the
Cavity
of
the
great
Abyss
,
at
the
depth
of
1000
Miles
,
should
have
been
the
cause
of
so
many
minute
Alterations
upon
the
Surface
:
Many
of
the
Ruins
that
appear
to
us
,
seem
to
point
at
Agents
far
less
remote
.
Fourthly
,
It
is
more
miraculous
still
,
that
this
Globe
should
be
crack'd
into
the
same
Figure
it
had
before
the
Deluge
,
into
equal
Cavities
and
Eminencies
,
and
alike
scituated
with
those
it
had
then
.
I
grant
that
the
steady
Hand
of
the
Almighty
Creator
could
do
this
,
and
much
more
;
but
where
was
the
necessity
of
such
a
Miracle
.
The
Doctor
indeed
wants
it
,
else
it
is
impossible
to
solve
the
Identity
of
the
ante-diluvian
and
post-diluvian
Geography
which
Moses
supposes
.
Gen.
c
.
2.
There
mu●●
be
Pison
,
Gihon
,
Hiddekel
,
and
Euphrates
watering
the
same
Countries
,
as
well
after
the
Deluge
as
before
;
and
yet
this
will
not
agree
with
the
Doctor's
Hypothesis
;
for
this
post-diluvian
Gihon
is
not
numerically
the
same
as
Moses
asserts
,
Gen.
2.13
.
but
a
River
sprung
up
near
the
same
place
.
I
wish
the
Compilers
of
Theories
would
have
more
regard
to
Moses's
Relation
,
which
surpasses
all
the
accounts
of
Philosophers
as
much
in
Wisdom
,
as
it
doth
in
Authority
.
The
Doctor
is
not
singular
in
this
,
it
is
but
too
common
a
Fault
now
a-days
.
Now
,
I
believe
it
will
be
hard
to
reconcile
the
Doctor's
History
of
the
Deluge
with
that
of
Moses
,
for
these
Reasons
;
First
,
Moses
describes
the
greatest
height
of
the
Water
above
the
Surface
of
the
Earth
,
to
have
been
after
the
Inundation
,
by
telling
us
it
was
15
Cubits
above
the
highest
Mountains
.
According
to
the
Doctor
,
its
greatest
height
was
,
after
the
Subsidence
and
Disruption
of
the
Strata
when
the
whole
Mass
of
Water
lay
above
them
,
constituting
a
fluid
Sphere
,
and
then
to
be
sure
it
was
higher
by
all
the
height
of
the
Mountains
:
But
by
what
has
been
said
before
,
it
will
be
found
to
exceed
450
Miles
.
Secondly
,
Moses
seems
to
attribute
a
great
part
of
the
Inundation
to
Rain-Water
,
which
was
not
worthy
to
be
nam'd
in
respect
of
the
whole
Mass
of
Fluids
,
enough
to
dissolve
the
terrestrial
Globe
.
Thirdly
,
Moses
and
the
Doctor
differ
,
as
to
the
manner
of
the
decreasing
of
the
Waters
;
Gen.
c
8.1
,
2.
for
Moses
tells
us
,
That
God
made
a
Wind
to
pass
over
the
Earth
,
and
the
Waters
asswaged
;
and
that
the
Fountains
of
the
deep
were
stop'd
;
the
Doctor
ought
to
read
open'd
.
Moses
says
the
Fountains
of
the
Abyss
were
stopt
,
that
there
should
no
more
Water
come
upon
the
face
of
the
Earth
;
and
the
Doctor
says
that
they
were
opened
by
the
Disruption
of
the
Strata
,
to
let
that
which
was
already
upon
the
face
of
the
Earth
,
fall
back
again
.
Moses
tells
us
the
Waters
asswaged
by
a
Wind
,
and
the
Doctor
by
their
retiring
into
the
Cavity
of
the
great
Abyss
.
Fourthly
,
According
to
Moses
,
the
ante-diluvian
Plants
were
standing
rooted
in
the
ground
after
the
Deluge
;
at
least
,
one
Olive-Tree
was
so
.
This
is
so
inconsistent
with
the
Dissolution
of
the
very
uppermost
Strata
,
which
tore
up
all
.
Plants
by
the
roots
;
that
there
was
an
Olive
standing
,
is
plain
,
else
a
Leaf
pluckt
off
from
it
by
the
Pigeon
,
could
be
no
sign
to
Noah
of
the
abatement
of
the
Waters
;
for
it
was
impossible
to
tell
by
the
Leaf
whether
it
was
floating
or
not
.
I
might
here
add
,
that
it
seems
strange
,
that
of
five
great
Alterations
Dr.
Woodward
describes
,
Moses
should
mention
only
the
first
;
and
,
after
such
a
particular
Account
of
the
Creation
of
the
Earth
,
should
not
take
any
notice
of
its
no
less
miraculous
second
Creation
.
That
there
should
not
be
so
much
as
a
word
of
the
wonderful
Changes
that
were
transacted
under
Water
:
How
the
Mountains
had
been
taken
away
,
and
at
the
end
of
150
days
restored
again
.
Nay
,
quite
the
contrary
,
Moses
seems
to
find
the
Mountains
just
where
he
lest
them
.
They
never
stir'd
out
of
their
Place
,
from
the
time
that
they
were
overflow'd
with
the
Water
15
cubits
,
till
the
Ark
rested
upon
them
.
I
have
one
Difficulty
remaining
concerning
the
Doctor's
Original
of
Fountains
produced
by
Subterranean
Heat
,
which
evaporates
and
elevates
the
Matter
of
the
Abyss
,
buoying
it
up
indifferently
on
every
side
,
p
121.
and
towards
all
parts
of
the
Surface
of
the
Globe
.
It
seems
hard
to
make
Vapour
pervade
a
Crust
1000
miles
thick
.
To
this
the
Dr.
answers
,
That
it
is
perforated
,
and
the
Water
of
the
Abyss
fills
up
all
these
Fissures
as
far
as
the
Level
of
the
Ocean
,
with
which
it
communicates
.
But
this
throws
us
into
a
greater
Inconveniency
;
for
there
being
Fountains
in
every
place
,
to
say
the
solid
Crust
is
so
perforated
,
is
little
better
than
to
say
it
is
so
thin
;
or
,
which
is
worse
,
there
would
be
an
Arch
of
1000
miles
thick
in
some
places
,
and
hardly
three
in
others
:
I
am
afraid
such
a
one
would
soon
tumble
.
The
Dr.
must
consider
that
this
Cupola
of
his
has
a
prodigious
Diameter
,
and
ought
to
have
a
proportionable
Thickness
and
Solidity
.
When
it
has
so
,
the
Attraction
of
the
Matter
above
will
be
considerable
.
Another
thing
to
be
observed
is
,
that
the
Water
of
the
Abyss
being
in
one
Vessel
,
the
Heat
will
diffuse
it self
uniformly
through
it
all
.
And
a
swinging
Quantity
of
Heat
it
must
be
,
that
will
set
such
a
Kettle
a
boyling
.
But
then
the
Consequence
is
,
that
the
Water
of
the
Sea
will
be
heated
to
,
since
that
is
one
with
the
Water
of
the
Abyss
:
For
,
according
to
the
Doctor
,
the
Channel
of
the
Ocean
,
the
Cavity
of
the
great
Abyss
,
and
the
Fissures
by
which
they
communicate
,
make
but
one
Vessel
,
like
a
Bottle
with
a
long
Neck
,
and
a
Funnel
join'd
to
the
top
of
it
;
and
I
believe
it
would
be
difficult
to
heat
one
part
of
the
Water
in
such
a
Vessel
without
the
rest
.
It
may
be
a
just
prejudice
against
the
Solidity
of
the
foregoing
Objections
,
that
Steno
a
famous
Mathematician
and
Philosopher
is
commonly
reckon'd
the
Author
of
this
Hypothesis
;
to
take
off
which
,
I
shall
prove
that
in
those
parts
that
are
most
exceptionable
,
the
Doctor's
Philosophy
is
different
from
Steno's
.
This
I
cannot
do
better
than
by
comparing
both
their
Performances
,
they
being
the
most
remarkable
Philosophers
that
have
appear'd
upon
this
Subject
.
First
,
Steno's
dissertation
was
a
Prodromus
to
a
greater
Work
as
well
as
the
Doctor's
;
and
he
tells
you
,
That
it
was
a
succinct
,
Prod
.
p.
109.
not
to
say
a
tumultuary
Relation
of
the
chief
things
which
in
the
Dissertation
it self
he
intended
to
explain
more
distinctly
and
more
largely
;
together
with
a
Description
of
the
Places
where
he
had
observed
every
particular
.
But
that
the
Reader
may
the
better
perceive
in
what
they
differ
,
and
in
what
they
agree
,
I
thought
sit
to
put
those
few
Passages
,
which
I
had
leisure
at
present
to
pick
out
of
both
their
Writings
,
in
two
different
Characters
,
Steno's
in
Roman
,
the
Doctor's
in
Italick
.
STENO
.
In
this
Argument
the
Ancients
were
exercised
with
one
only
Difficulty
,
Prod
.
p.
10.
which
was
,
how
Marine
Bodies
came
to
be
left
in
places
remote
from
the
Sea
:
nor
was
it
ever
made
a
Question
amongst
them
whether
such
Bodies
came
from
any
place
else
than
the
Sea
.
Dr.
Woodward
.
The
Antients
never
made
any
question
but
that
they
were
the
Exuviae
of
Shell-Fish
,
p.
67.
and
that
they
once
belonged
all
to
the
Sea
.
But
the
Difficulty
was
,
how
they
came
thither
,
and
by
what
means
they
they
could
ever
arrive
to
places
oftentimes
so
remote
from
the
Ocean
.
STENO
.
Those
Bodies
not
only
resemble
one
another
,
Cani●
c●r
.
p.
116.
but
also
the
Parts
of
the
Animals
to
which
they
belonged
:
nor
is
there
any
difference
in
the
tendency
of
the
Striae
,
the
Composition
of
the
Lamellae
,
the
Whirls
and
Windings
of
the
Cavities
,
or
in
the
Joinings
and
Hinges
of
their
Bivalves
.
In
some
Places
there
are
found
several
dissimilar
Oyster-shells
,
and
sticking
together
,
after
the
manner
they
are
found
at
Sea
.
ibid
.
p.
132.
If
some
Shells
are
found
broken
,
the
Edge
of
the
Fragment
demonstrates
that
the
other
was
formerly
joined
to
it
,
which
likewise
is
sometimes
found
near
the
same
place
.
Since
it
is
so
easie
to
observe
when
more
regular
Bodies
recede
from
their
usual
Figure
,
how
much
easier
must
it
be
to
find
Defects
in
Bodies
of
a
much
more
composed
Figure
;
such
as
those
are
which
imitate
the
Parts
of
Animals
.
In
his
Prodromus
he
is
more
particular
.
Dr.
Woodward
.
The
Tendency
of
the
Fibres
and
Striae
the
same
:
the
Composition
of
the
Lamellae
,
p.
22.
constituted
by
those
Fibres
,
alike
in
both
:
the
same
Vestigia
of
Tendons
(
by
means
whereof
the
Animal
is
fastened
and
joined
to
the
Shell
)
in
each
:
the
same
Papillae
:
the
same
Sutures
and
every
thing
else
,
whether
within
or
without
the
Shell
,
in
its
Cavity
,
or
upon
its
Convexity
,
in
the
Substance
or
upon
the
Surface
of
it
.
Besides
,
these
Fossil
Shells
are
attended
with
the
ordinary
Accidents
of
the
Marine
ones
,
ex
.
gr.
they
sometimes
grow
to
one
another
,
the
Lesser
Shells
being
fixed
to
the
Larger
.
STENO
.
The
Shells
that
lie
under
ground
may
be
reduced
to
three
sorts
.
Prod
.
p.
81.
The
first
is
of
those
that
are
so
like
the
true
ones
(
which
he
had
before
most
ingeniously
described
)
as
an
Egg
is
to
an
Egg
;
forasmuch
as
the
Shells
themselves
are
resolved
into
little
▪
Shells
,
and
the
little
Shells
into
Threads
;
as
also
the
same
Position
or
Site
.
That
these
Shells
were
once
the
parts
of
Animals
living
in
a
Fluid
;
tho
there
never
had
been
seen
any
Testaceous
Marine
Creatures
,
the
very
View
of
the
Shell
it self
evinceth
,
as
may
be
made
evident
by
the
instance
of
Bivalve
Cockle-shells
.
P.
82.
From
the
Condition
of
which
,
he
draws
several
Conclusions
about
the
manner
of
their
Formation
,
by
a
Sagacity
peculiar
to
himself
.
Dr.
Woodward
.
That
there
are
vast
Multitudes
of
Shells
contained
in
Stone
,
&c.
free
from
any
Mineral
Contagion
;
which
are
to
be
match'd
by
others
at
this
day
found
upon
our
Shores
,
and
which
do
not
differ
in
any
respect
from
them
,
being
of
the
same
Size
that
these
are
of
,
and
the
same
Shape
precisely
;
of
the
same
Substance
and
Texture
;
as
consisting
of
the
same
peculiar
Matter
:
and
this
constituted
and
disposed
in
the
same
manner
as
it
that
of
their
respective
Fellow
Kinds
at
Sea
,
&c.
STENO
.
The
second
Sort
,
p.
83.
is
of
those
Shells
,
which
in
the
rest
are
like
to
the
lately
described
ones
,
but
differ
from
them
only
in
Colour
and
Weight
;
in
regard
that
some
of
them
are
found
too
light
,
others
too
heavy
:
for
as
much
as
these
have
Pores
filled
up
with
an
adventitious
Juice
,
but
the
Pores
of
those
are
widened
by
the
expulsion
of
the
lighter
Parts
.
Dr.
Woodward
.
They
meet
with
some
that
were
in
all
appearance
Shells
:
p.
18.
that
were
of
the
same
Bigness
,
Figure
and
Texture
with
the
common
Echini
,
Scallops
and
Periwinkles
;
but
had
notwithstanding
Flint
,
Native
Vitriol
,
Spar
,
Iron
Ore
,
or
other
metallick
or
mineral
Matter
,
either
adhering
firmly
in
Lumps
to
the
Outsides
of
them
,
or
insinuated
into
their
Substance
,
into
their
Pores
and
inner
parts
,
so
as
to
disguise
them
very
much
,
and
give
them
a
Face
and
Mien
extremely
unlike
to
that
of
those
Shells
which
are
at
this
day
found
at
Sea
.
That
for
the
metallick
and
mineral
Matter
which
sometimes
adheres
to
the
Surface
of
these
Shells
,
p.
21.
or
is
intruded
into
their
Pores
,
and
lodged
in
the
Interstices
of
their
Fibres
,
't
is
all
manifestly
adventitious
;
the
mineral
Particles
being
plainly
to
be
distinguished
from
the
testaceous
ones
,
or
the
Texture
and
Substance
of
the
Shell
,
by
good
Glasses
,
if
not
by
the
naked
Eye
.
That
there
were
found
certain
Bodies
that
bore
the
Shape
and
Resemblance
of
Cockles
,
p.
18.
Muscles
and
other
Shells
,
which
yet
were
not
really
such
,
but
consisted
entirely
,
some
of
them
of
Sand
stone
,
others
of
Flint
,
and
others
of
Spar
,
or
some
other
mineral
Matter
.
p.
20.
That
the
abovementioned
Bodies
,
which
consist
of
Stone
,
of
Spar
,
Flint
,
and
the
like
;
and
yet
carry
a
Resemblance
of
Cockles
,
Muscles
,
and
other
Shells
;
were
originally
formed
in
the
Cavities
of
Shells
of
those
kinds
which
they
so
resemble
;
these
Shells
having
served
as
Matrices
or
Moulds
to
them
.
STENO
.
Prod
.
p.
84.
The
third
sort
is
of
such
as
in
their
Figure
alone
resemble
those
that
were
newly
discoursed
of
,
but
for
the
rest
,
totally
differ
from
them
;
seeing
that
in
them
are
to
be
found
neither
the
little
Shells
nor
the
Threads
,
much
less
the
Diversity
of
the
Threads
.
Of
these
,
some
are
aereal
,
some
lapideous
of
either
a
black
or
yellow
Colour
,
others
Marbly
,
others
Crystalline
,
others
of
other
Matter
.
The
Production
of
all
which
I
explain
in
manner
following
,
Where
the
penetrating
Force
of
Juices
hath
dissolved
the
Substance
of
the
Shell
,
the
same
Juices
being
either
drank
up
by
the
Earth
,
have
left
the
spaces
of
Shells
void
(
which
I
call
aereal
Shells
)
or
being
alter'd
by
new
adventitious
Matter
;
have
,
according
to
the
Variety
of
that
Matter
,
filled
up
the
same
spaces
of
Shells
either
with
Crystal
,
with
Marble
,
or
with
Stone
,
&c.
Then
he
gives
an
account
of
a
great
many
Rarities
of
that
Kind
,
and
concludes
,
What
hath
been
said
of
Shells
,
p.
87.
the
same
may
be
said
of
other
Parts
of
Animals
,
and
of
the
Animals
themselves
buried
under
ground
;
of
which
number
are
the
Teeth
of
Sea-Dogs
,
the
Teeth
of
the
Fish
Aquila
,
Fishes
Back-bones
,
all
sorts
of
whole
Fishes
Skulls
,
Horns
,
Teeth
,
Thigh-bones
,
and
other
Bones
of
Terrestrial
Animals
.
And
What
is
said
of
Animals
and
their
Parts
suiteth
likewise
with
Plants
,
p.
93.
and
the
Parts
of
Plants
,
whether
they
be
digged
out
of
Earthen
Beds
,
or
lodg'd
within
stony
Substances
.
Of
these
Dr.
Woodward
observes
,
N.H.
p.
275
That
He
has
never
met
with
so
much
as
one
Plant
that
is
peculiar
to
any
other
Season
of
the
Year
than
May
.
From
all
which
,
and
a
great
deal
more
that
I
might
add
,
it
is
plain
,
1.
that
Steno's
Observations
about
those
Bodies
,
have
been
both
very
full
and
true
,
being
confirmed
by
those
of
Dr.
Woodward
;
made
perhaps
from
the
best
Collection
of
such
Curiosities
,
that
has
yet
been
seen
any
where
.
2.
That
Steno
was
very
much
persuaded
that
those
were
the
real
Exuviae
of
Animals
,
and
has
made
use
of
fit
Arguments
to
convince
others
.
Dr.
Woodward
mentions
two
indeed
,
which
I
do
not
find
in
Steno
:
1.
That
those
Shells
answer
Chymical
Tryals
:
And
2.
have
the
same
Effect
in
Medicine
when
inwardly
administrated
to
Animal
Bodies
.
The
first
of
these
the
Learned
Dr.
Hook
mentions
in
his
Micrography
,
p.
110.
which
was
published
before
Steno's
Prodromus
,
and
contains
a
most
accurate
Description
of
those
marine
Bodies
.
As
to
the
second
,
I
think
it
of
so
little
weight
in
respect
of
any
of
the
former
,
that
I
wonder
the
Doctor
should
break
his
Collection
to
try
those
Shells
upon
his
Patients
,
which
he
was
satisfied
were
genuine
before
by
ocular
Inspection
;
and
I
am
still
more
in
the
dark
how
he
could
have
discovered
by
the
Difference
of
the
Effect
,
if
they
had
not
been
genuine
.
As
to
the
Theories
devised
to
solve
this
Appearance
of
marine
Bodies
lodg'd
in
the
Strata
,
Steno
and
the
Doctor
differ
chiefly
in
these
two
things
:
1.
Steno
is
not
so
positive
as
the
Doctor
;
Can
.
135.
for
what
he
has
delivered
in
his
Canis
Carchariae
dissectum
caput
he
calls
only
Conjectures
,
and
tells
us
,
that
while
he
shews
his
own
Opinion
to
be
probable
,
he
does
not
charge
the
Patrons
of
the
contrary
one
with
mistake
;
that
the
same
Appearance
may
be
solved
different
ways
,
and
that
Nature
attains
her
ends
in
her
operations
by
different
means
;
that
it
were
a
very
imprudent
thing
to
admit
only
one
as
true
,
and
condemn
all
the
rest
.
Dr.
Woodward
on
the
contrary
affirms
,
Nat.
Hist
.
p.
74.
that
,
in
his
Treatise
of
the
Natural
History
of
the
Earth
,
he
has
described
no
Alterations
of
this
Globe
,
for
which
we
have
not
an
absolute
and
demonstrative
Certainty
.
The
second
Difference
is
,
that
Dr.
Woodward
extends
the
several
Branches
of
Steno's
Theory
,
and
makes
them
more
universal
.
Both
these
will
appear
by
what
follows
.
First
,
as
to
the
TIME
when
those
marine
Bodies
were
lodg'd
there
.
STENO
.
That
there
is
nothing
hinders
,
Can
.
117.
but
that
we
may
believe
the
Earth
,
where
these
marine
Bodies
are
found
,
was
formerly
covered
with
Water
.
That
from
Sacred
Writ
we
learn
,
That
at
the
beginning
of
the
Creation
and
the
time
of
the
Deluge
,
all
things
were
so
.
He
proves
it
could
not
be
the
former
,
Pr.
p.
99.
since
that
fluid
was
aqueous
at
the
time
when
there
were
yet
no
Animals
nor
Plants
.
That
't
is
certain
that
the
Production
of
many
Shells
were
meet
with
in
our
days
,
Pr.
p.
90.
is
to
be
referr'd
to
the
Times
coincident
with
the
general
Deluge
.
Dr.
Woodward
.
That
they
were
not
left
behind
at
the
beginning
of
the
World
,
when
the
Sea
over-spread
the
whole
Globe
,
Nat.
Hist
42.
till
its
retreat
into
its
assign'd
Channel
;
and
that
the
Waters
were
gathered
together
into
one
place
,
the
third
Day
from
the
commencement
of
the
Creation
.
Nat.
Hist
.
72.
That
those
marine
Bodies
were
born
forth
of
the
Sea
by
the
universal
Deluge
;
and
that
upon
the
return
of
the
Water
back
again
from
off
the
Earth
,
they
were
left
behind
at
Land
.
That
they
could
never
have
been
put
into
the
condition
we
now
find
them
,
ibid
.
40.
by
any
such
short
and
partial
Agents
as
those
proposed
by
other
Authors
.
The
Difference
between
the
Doctor
and
Steno
in
this
particular
is
,
That
though
Steno
admits
the
Deluge
as
one
,
he
does
not
with
the
Doctor
exclude
other
partial
Agents
,
as
Inundations
by
Earthquakes
,
&c.
Next
,
as
to
the
MANNER
of
the
Deluge
.
STENO
.
It
may
be
explained
,
Pr.
104.
if
we
place
about
the
Fire
in
the
middle
of
the
Earth
a
Sphere
of
Waters
,
or
at
least
certain
Receptacles
of
them
,
whence
without
the
motion
of
the
Center
,
the
powring
forth
of
the
included
Water
may
be
deduced
:
That
the
Water
which
is
undoubtedly
in
the
Bowels
of
the
Earth
,
Pr.
105.
was
,
by
the
force
of
the
acknowledged
subterranean
Fires
,
partly
driven
toward
the
Springs
,
and
partly
thrust
forth
through
the
Pores
of
the
not
yet
drowned
Earth
into
the
Air
.
Dr.
Woodward
.
That
there
is
a
mighty
collection
of
Water
inclosed
in
the
Bowels
of
the
Earth
,
constituting
an
huge
Orb
in
the
interiour
or
central
Parts
of
it
;
Nat.
Hist
.
117.
upon
the
Surface
of
which
Orb
of
Water
,
the
terrestrial
Strata
are
expanded
That
this
is
the
same
which
Moses
calls
the
great
Deep
,
or
Abyss
.
The
antient
Gentile
Writers
Erebus
and
Tartarus
.
This
at
the
Deluge
was
brought
out
upon
the
Surface
of
the
Globe
.
Nat.
Hist
.
164.
The
Difference
between
Steno
and
the
Doctor
in
this
particular
,
is
,
1.
That
the
first
endeavours
to
explain
how
the
Water
that
was
included
in
the
Bowels
of
the
Earth
,
might
be
brought
upon
its
surface
;
the
other
raises
the
Water
of
Springs
much
after
the
same
manner
,
but
has
not
yet
told
us
how
he
raises
the
Water
of
the
Deluge
.
2.
The
Doctor
places
his
subterranean
Fire
above
his
Waters
;
but
Steno
his
Waters
above
the
Fire
.
As
to
the
dissolution
of
the
solid
Matter
in
which
those
marine
Bodies
are
included
,
that
it
was
in
a
state
of
fluidity
at
the
time
of
their
being
lodg'd
there
,
is
an
evident
Proposition
,
supposing
them
to
be
genuine
;
but
the
different
Opinions
of
the
Two
Philosophers
,
as
to
this
matter
,
are
as
follows
.
STENO
I
hinted
in
the
foregoing
Proposition
,
that
the
Earth
,
in
which
those
Bodies
are
found
,
might
have
been
formerly
covered
with
Water
;
now
I
proceed
to
prove
,
That
the
same
Earth
might
have
been
likewise
mingled
with
the
Water
.
Can's
Cor
.
p.
122.
That
Land-Floods
and
the
Agitation
of
Waters
by
Wind
,
demonstrate
that
Sand
and
Earth
may
be
mix'd
with
Water
;
and
that
it
were
not
hard
to
prove
,
that
Sand-earth
,
Sand-stone
,
and
all
other
kinds
of
Solids
,
are
oftentimes
contain'd
in
standing
and
clear
Water
.
That
there
are
two
ways
how
Solids
may
be
contained
in
Water
,
viz.
Either
in
the
Powder
or
Elements
;
the
former
way
all
sorts
of
Salts
are
combin'd
with
it
.
That
the
Elements
of
Solids
may
be
latent
in
Water
two
ways
,
either
really
as
they
are
in
themselves
,
or
Bodies
;
which
putting
on
another
Figure
,
are
transform'd
into
these
Solids
.
Ibid
.
11●
.
That
it
is
easie
to
find
the
places
whence
those
Solids
might
have
been
communicated
to
the
Water
which
covered
the
Earth
where
those
marine
Bodies
are
found
.
And
since
it
is
so
,
we
need
not
wonder
,
if
either
the
Powder
or
Elements
of
Clay
,
Gravel
,
Sand-stone
,
and
other
sorts
of
Stone
,
were
formerly
mixed
with
,
and
contained
in
the
Water
.
Dr.
Woodward
.
That
at
the
Time
of
the
Deluge
(
when
these
Shells
were
brought
out
upon
the
Earth
,
Nat.
Hist
.
p.
29.
and
reposed
therein
in
the
manner
we
now
find
them
)
Stone
,
and
all
other
solid
Minerals
,
lost
their
Solidity
;
and
that
the
sever'd
Particles
thereof
,
together
with
those
of
the
Earth
,
Chalk
,
and
the
rest
,
as
also
Shells
,
and
all
other
animal
and
vegetable
Bodies
were
taken
up
into
,
and
sustained
in
the
Water
.
And
,
ibid
.
p.
74.
in
a
Word
,
That
all
Fossils
whatever
,
that
had
before
obtain'd
any
Solidity
,
were
totally
dissolv'd
,
and
their
constituent
Corpuscles
all
disjoin'd
,
their
Cohesion
perfectly
ceasing
.
Preface
.
That
the
whole
terrestrials
Globe
was
taken
all
to
pieces
,
and
dissolv'd
;
at
the
Deluge
.
But
what
was
the
immediate
Instrument
or
Means
whereby
the
Stone
and
other
solid
Matter
of
the
antediluvian
Earth
was
dissolved
and
reduced
to
the
Condition
mentioned
;
the
Doctor
has
promis'd
to
tell
us
in
his
larger
Work
.
Nat.
Hist
.
p.
108.
The
Reader
may
easily
perceive
,
that
Dr.
Woodward
is
1.
more
particular
as
to
the
Time
of
this
Mixture
of
Solids
and
Fluids
.
2ly
.
That
he
has
made
it
more
universal
as
to
the
Subject
,
extending
it
to
the
whole
Mass
of
Solids
that
constitute
the
Globe
;
this
I
must
needs
say
is
the
Parent
of
the
numerous
Difficulties
which
press
the
Doctor's
Hypothesis
.
3ly
.
Steno
has
given
us
the
Philosophy
of
his
Mixture
,
but
we
still
impatiently
expect
the
Doctor's
.
As
to
the
Subsidence
,
their
Opinions
are
;
STENO
.
That
the
Bodies
which
made
the
Water
turbid
,
Can
.
Car
.
p.
12●
.
the
violent
motion
ceasing
,
must
have
sunk
to
the
bottom
.
That
they
were
not
all
of
the
same
gravity
:
whence
it
came
that
the
heaviest
subsided
first
;
the
less
heavy
subsiding
next
after
;
and
the
lightest
floated
longest
of
all
nearest
the
bottom
,
before
they
joyned
themselves
to
it
:
whence
,
from
the
same
Sediment
there
would
be
formed
different
Strata
.
Dr.
Woodward
.
That
at
length
,
all
the
Mass
that
was
thus
born
up
the
Water
,
Nat.
Hist
.
p.
75.
was
again
precipitated
,
and
subsided
towards
the
bottom
.
That
the
Subsidence
happened
generally
,
and
as
near
as
possibly
could
be
expected
in
so
great
a
Confusion
,
according
to
the
Laws
of
Gravity
:
that
Matter
,
Body
or
Bodies
which
had
the
greatest
quantity
or
degree
of
Gravity
subsiding
first
in
Order
,
and
falling
Lowest
:
that
which
had
the
next
,
or
a
still
Lesser
Degree
of
Gravity
,
subsiding
next
after
,
and
setling
upon
the
precedent
:
and
so
on
their
several
Courses
;
that
which
had
the
least
Gravity
sinking
not
down
till
last
of
all
,
setling
at
the
surface
of
the
Sediment
,
and
covering
all
the
rest
.
That
the
Matter
subsiding
thus
,
formed
the
Strata
of
Stone
,
of
Marble
,
of
Coal
,
of
Earth
,
&c.
Here
indeed
the
Doctor
in
resining
upon
Steno
,
has
fallen
into
a
grievous
Mistake
;
he
will
have
the
Subsidence
ordered
meerly
by
specifick
Gravity
;
whereas
Steno
does
not
exclude
absolute
Gravity
:
for
speaking
of
the
Subsidence
,
he
says
,
Can
.
Car
.
p.
130.
Sive
enim
in
aquae
superficie
ceremoris
instar
concrescens
saxea
cuticula
,
ubi
gravior
reddita
fuerit
,
fundum
petat
.
I
wonder
,
as
I
hinted
before
,
the
Doctor
did
not
see
that
a
Stone
of
a
100
pound
weight
could
fall
sooner
to
the
bottom
than
the
Powder
of
the
same
Stone
,
and
for
the
same
reason
Gravel
sooner
than
small
Sand
,
tho
they
have
the
same
specifick
Gravity
.
Another
difference
between
the
Doctor
and
Steno
in
this
particular
is
,
that
the
former
asserts
his
marine
Bodies
to
have
subsided
at
the
same
time
with
the
Matter
in
which
they
were
intomb'd
:
Whereas
the
latter
asserts
,
they
were
covered
by
the
Sediment
.
Now
come
we
to
the
Doctrine
of
the
Strata
;
in
which
Steno
has
been
more
particular
;
he
tells
us
,
STENO
.
That
the
Earth
in
many
places
is
composed
of
Strata
of
different
colours
lying
one
upon
another
;
Can
.
Car
.
p.
1●4
.
yea
,
in
those
very
places
where
the
Earth
is
of
one
colour
,
the
diversity
of
the
Strata
may
be
observed
.
That
these
Strata
invite
us
to
believe
,
that
they
are
the
Sediment
of
a
Fluid
;
Which
in
his
Prodromus
he
proves
by
several
Arguments
;
P●
.
p.
27.
First
,
Because
it
appears
not
that
the
dusty
Matter
of
the
Beds
can
have
been
otherwise
reduced
into
that
Figure
,
if
it
had
not
by
being
commixed
with
some
Fluid
,
and
falling
thence
by
its
own
weight
,
been
made
plain
by
the
motion
of
the
same
incumbent
Fluid
.
2ly
.
Because
the
greater
Bodies
contained
in
the
same
Beds
,
do
for
the
most
part
observe
the
Laws
of
Gravity
,
both
as
to
the
site
of
each
Body
by
it self
,
(
that
is
parallel
to
the
Horizon
,
unless
where
the
situation
is
varied
by
that
of
the
Bed
)
and
as
to
the
site
of
various
Bodies
among
themselves
,
(
that
is
,
ranged
according
to
their
different
degrees
of
Gravity
)
.
Dr.
Woodward
Tells
us
,
Nat.
Hist
.
pag
.
9.
from
his
Observations
upon
all
the
Terrestrial
Matter
,
That
it
is
naturally
disposed
into
Layers
or
Strata
;
such
as
our
common
Sandstone
,
Marble
,
Coal
,
Chalk
,
all
sorts
of
Earth
,
Marl
,
Clay
,
Sand
,
Gravel
,
with
some
others
of
this
various
Matter
thus
formed
into
Strata
,
of
which
the
far
greater
part
of
the
terrestrial
Globe
consists
from
its
surface
downwards
to
the
greatest
depth
were
ever
dig
or
mine
.
STENO
.
That
when
any
Bed
was
formed
,
〈…〉
.
the
superiour
Surface
was
,
as
far
as
was
possible
,
parallel
to
the
Horizon
;
so
that
all
Beds
,
except
the
lowest
,
were
contain'd
in
two
Plains
parallel
to
the
Horizon
.
That
he
had
observed
the
Strata
in
some
places
divided
by
perpendicular
Fissures
.
Dr.
Woodward
.
That
the
Stone
is
divided
into
Strata
by
means
of
horizontal
and
perpendicular
Fissures
;
Nat.
H●st
.
●
.
●●
.
which
he
calls
so
,
not
so
much
with
respect
to
the
present
site
of
the
Strata
,
as
to
its
original
Situation
.
STENO
.
That
when
the
Earth
had
been
dryed
after
the
Deluge
,
Prod
.
p.
106.
its
Face
did
shew
vast
Plainnesses
;
that
Nature
demonstrates
that
those
Plainnesses
did
exist
,
and
the
Scripture
contradicts
it
not
.
Dr.
Woodward
.
That
the
said
Strata
,
Nat.
Hist
.
p.
79.
whether
of
Stone
,
of
Chalk
,
of
Coal
,
of
Earth
,
or
whatever
other
Matter
they
consisted
of
,
were
all
originally
parallel
.
That
they
were
plain
,
even
,
and
regular
,
&c.
As
to
these
Propositions
,
there
are
several
Differences
between
the
Doctor's
Philosophy
and
Steno's
.
The
Doctor
confines
himself
to
the
time
of
the
Deluge
for
the
Formation
of
his
Beds
;
whereas
Steno
tells
us
,
there
are
some
extant
which
have
been
formed
before
,
Prod
.
p.
41.
and
some
which
have
been
formed
since
.
That
there
are
Beds
of
simple
Matter
obvious
in
all
Mountains
,
which
were
formed
when
the
other
Beds
were
not
yet
extant
;
but
all
were
covered
with
a
Fluid
,
destitute
of
Planis
and
Animals
The
Original
of
these
he
dates
from
the
Creation
,
and
gives
admirable
Rules
for
the
determining
,
from
the
Matter
which
the
Beds
contain
,
The
Time
and
Manner
of
their
Formation
;
if
they
were
extant
at
the
Creation
,
or
formed
since
;
if
made
by
the
Sea
,
Rivers
,
or
Earthquakes
,
&c.
Steno
asserts
,
There
were
great
Plainnesses
after
the
Deluge
,
the
Doctor
,
That
the
Earth
was
all
plain
.
Can
.
Car
.
p.
125.
Steno
says
,
The
Diversity
of
the
Strata
almost
,
if
not
altogether
,
persuade
us
,
that
they
were
compiled
by
little
and
little
:
But
the
Doctor's
Strata
were
formed
all
at
the
same
time
,
as
far
down
as
the
Surface
of
the
great
Abyss
.
The
Doctor
lays
on
his
Strata
spherically
,
or
at
least
spheroidically
,
all
over
the
Surface
of
the
Globe
,
well
enough
observing
so
far
the
Laws
of
Gravity
.
But
tho
Steno's
Strata
,
being
but
small
Portions
of
that
spherical
Surface
,
may
properly
enough
be
called
horizontal
,
this
Epither
will
by
no
means
agree
to
the
Doctor's
;
for
when
they
made
entire
spherical
Surfaces
,
they
could
no
more
be
denominated
horizontal
with
respect
to
that
Situation
,
than
Meridional
or
Vertical
,
or
by
any
other
great
Circle
of
the
Sphere
.
As
to
the
changed
Situation
of
the
Beds
,
STENO
.
That
hence
a
Cause
may
be
given
of
that
Inequality
,
Prod
.
p.
45.
on
the
Surface
of
the
Earth
,
which
occasions
many
Controversies
.
That
the
changed
Situation
of
Beds
,
is
the
chief
Original
of
Mountains
.
His
Arguments
for
this
are
not
only
convincing
,
but
elegant
and
fine
.
viz.
That
there
are
vast
Plains
upon
the
Tops
of
some
;
many
Beds
parallel
to
the
Horizon
;
on
their
Sides
various
Beds
variously
inclined
to
the
Horizon
;
in
the
opposite
Sides
of
Hillocks
the
Faces
of
the
broken
Beds
shewing
the
perfect
resemblance
of
Matter
and
Shape
,
&c.
That
the
perpendicular
Fissures
of
the
Strata
shew
that
they
had
been
violently
shaken
,
and
broken
upon
the
falling
back
.
Dr.
Woodward
.
That
after
some
time
the
Strata
were
broken
on
all
Sides
of
the
Globe
.
Nat.
Hist
.
p.
90.
That
all
the
Irregularities
and
Inequalities
of
the
Terrestrial
Globe
were
caused
by
this
means
.
That
the
natural
Grotto's
and
Rocks
,
and
those
Intervals
of
the
Strata
,
which
in
his
Observations
he
calls
the
Perpendicular
Fissures
,
are
nothing
but
these
Interruptions
or
Breaches
of
the
Strata
.
That
the
more
eminent
Parts
of
the
Earth
,
Mountains
and
Rocks
,
are
only
the
Elevations
of
the
Strata
.
STENO
.
That
what
did
happen
in
the
Surface
of
the
Earth
,
Prod
p.
105.
whilst
it
was
covered
with
Water
,
neither
Scripture
nor
Nature
declareth
;
this
only
we
may
affirm
from
Nature
,
that
deep
Valleys
were
then
produced
;
because
a
Return
was
then
to
be
opened
for
the
Waters
into
the
deeper
Parts
of
the
Earth
.
Dr.
Woodward
.
That
upon
the
Disruption
of
the
Strata
,
Nat.
Hist
.
p.
164.
and
the
Elevation
of
some
and
the
Depression
of
others
of
them
,
which
followed
after
that
Disruption
,
towards
the
latter
end
of
the
Deluge
;
this
Mass
of
Water
fell
back
again
into
the
depressed
and
lower
parts
of
the
Earth
.
In
all
these
Particulars
,
1.
The
Doctor
has
delivered
his
mind
more
positively
and
fully
than
Steno
.
2.
Steno
produces
some
Mountains
,
the
Doctor
all
,
at
the
Deluge
.
3.
Steno's
are
produced
by
partial
Agents
feated
near
the
Surface
;
the
Doctor's
by
one
feated
within
the
Cavity
of
the
great
Abyss
.
4.
Steno
tells
us
what
his
Agents
are
;
but
the
Doctor
keeps
his
as
a
Secret
.
I
have
not
leisure
to
compare
their
Dissertations
in
other
things
,
such
as
the
Origine
of
Springs
,
which
they
both
bring
from
the
Sea
penetrating
into
the
Hollowness
of
the
Earth
;
but
more
fully
explained
by
Dr.
Woodward
;
Nat.
Hist
.
p.
133.
nor
their
History
of
the
Effects
of
Earthquakes
,
Prod
.
p
48.
which
the
Reader
may
consult
at
his
Leisure
.
From
the
Specimen
I
have
given
(
wherein
I
have
made
use
of
the
English
Translation
of
Steno's
Prodromus
)
it
is
plain
,
1.
That
Steno's
Hypothesis
is
not
burthened
with
all
the
Difficulties
of
Dr.
Woodward's
;
I
will
not
say
it
is
liable
to
none
.
2.
That
as
Nature
shews
the
same
Face
to
every
Man
,
sagacious
Persons
will
jump
strangely
as
to
their
Conjectures
about
her
.
3.
That
tho
Dr.
Woodward's
Hypothesis
seems
to
be
liable
to
many
just
Exceptions
,
the
whole
is
not
to
be
exploded
;
there
are
a
great
many
things
which
I
question
not
but
he
will
make
out
beyond
all
contradiction
;
and
if
he
takes
off
the
Objections
I
have
proposed
,
I
'll
promise
him
,
I
am
not
in
the
least
disposed
to
cavils
;
only
I
cannot
forbear
to
wish
that
People
were
more
diligent
in
observing
,
and
more
cautious
in
System-making
.
First
,
the
World
is
malicious
,
and
when
they
write
for
an
Opinion
it
spoils
the
credit
of
their
Observations
.
They
have
then
taken
their
Party
,
and
may
be
suspected
for
partial
Witnesses
.
In
the
next
place
,
Mankind
,
in
these
Matters
,
is
naturally
too
rash
,
and
apt
to
put
more
in
the
Conclusion
than
there
is
in
the
Premises
.
Yea
,
some
there
are
so
fond
of
an
Opinion
,
that
they
will
take
pleasure
to
cheat
themselves
and
would
bring
every
thing
to
fit
their
darling
Hypothesis
.
Then
only
we
may
expect
to
succeed
in
compiling
of
Theories
,
when
we
build
upon
true
and
decisive
Observations
;
and
survey
the
Works
of
Nature
with
the
same
Geometry
(
tho
in
a
more
imperfect
Degree
)
by
which
the
divine
Architect
put
them
together
.
FINIS
.
A
Vindication
of
an
Abstract
of
an
Italian
Book
concerning
Marine
Bodies
which
are
found
petrified
in
several
Places
at
Land
,
written
by
Agostino
Scilla
,
and
abridged
in
the
Philosophical
Transactions
for
the
months
of
January
and
Febr
.
169
5
/
6.
To
Dr
ARBUTHNET
.
SIR
,
SINCE
you
have
at
last
been
prevailed
upon
to
oblige
the
Publick
with
your
Thoughts
upon
one
of
those
Questions
which
have
so
long
and
so
warmly
exercised
the
Philosophical
part
of
Mankind
amongst
us
;
you
will
not
be
surprized
to
see
an
account
of
an
incidental
Controversie
,
which
I
have
been
unawares
engaged
in
,
and
which
was
first
occasioned
by
that
Book
which
you
have
undertaken
to
examine
.
You
may
remember
,
Sir
,
that
about
two
Years
ago
,
there
was
an
Abstract
of
an
Italian
Book
written
by
Agostine
Scilla
,
printed
in
the
Philosophical
Transactions
.
It
is
usual
for
those
Papers
which
are
printed
in
the
Transactions
,
to
be
first
read
before
the
Royal
Society
;
according
to
which
Custom
that
Account
of
Scilla
's
Book
was
read
before
them
,
and
they
did
me
the
honour
so
far
to
approve
of
it
,
as
to
order
its
Publication
.
This
I
suppose
they
did
the
more
willingly
,
because
the
Controversie
which
Scilla
undertakes
to
decide
was
at
that
time
the
Subject
of
most
of
the
Philosophical
Conversations
of
the
Virtuosi
about
the
Town
.
For
Dr.
Woodward
,
a
Member
of
the
Royal
Society
,
had
not
long
before
printed
An
Essay
towards
the
Natural
History
of
the
Earth
,
as
a
Specimen
of
a
larger
Work
;
wherein
,
amongst
other
things
,
he
undertakes
to
demonstrate
that
all
those
Shells
,
which
are
found
in
the
Bowels
of
the
Earth
,
are
Exuviae
of
once-living
Animals
.
The
proving
of
which
Proposition
being
likewise
the
Design
of
Scilla's
Treatise
,
a
Book
then
very
little
known
in
England
,
I
thought
a
large
Account
of
it
would
not
be
unacceptable
to
the
Society
,
and
therein
,
to
my
great
Satisfaction
,
I
was
not
deceived
,
which
I
gladly
take
this
occasion
to
acknowledge
with
Thankfulness
.
Now
it
so
happened
,
as
it
always
does
when
Men
start
new
Notions
much
out
of
the
common
Road
,
that
not
long
after
Dr.
Woodward's
Book
appeared
,
several
Persons
,
some
one
way
,
some
another
,
contradicted
his
Hypothesis
.
Among
other
things
,
some
objected
to
him
that
he
stole
from
several
Writers
who
had
appeared
already
upon
the
same
Subject
,
and
from
Scilla
amongst
the
rest
.
To
obviate
therefore
the
Prejudices
which
these
Men's
Writings
might
raise
against
Dr.
Woodward's
Hypothesis
,
Mr.
Harris
,
a
Member
of
the
Royal
Society
likewise
,
has
lately
printed
Remarks
on
some
late
Papers
relating
to
the
Universal
Deluge
,
and
to
the
Natural
History
of
the
Earth
.
Herein
he
falls
upon
Mr.
Robinson's
Additional
Remarks
to
his
Observations
on
the
Natural
History
of
this
World
of
Matter
,
and
this
World
of
Life
,
because
he
does
there
accuse
Dr.
Woodward
of
stealing
from
Scilla
,
and
begs
pardon
of
the
World
for
referring
several
Hypotheses
and
Observations
to
Dr.
Woodward
,
whereas
it
seems
he
had
taken
them
from
others
,
amongst
whom
Scilla
is
there
reckoned
up
for
one
Additienal
Remarks
p.
1.
.
Mr.
Harris's
Words
are
these
,
Remarks
p.
160.
Then
,
for
the
Philosophical
Transactions
that
you
cite
here
,
in
it
is
given
indeed
a
sort
of
an
Abstract
(
such
a
one
as
it
is
)
of
Scilla's
Book
,
but
would
any
judicious
Person
charge
a
Gentleman
with
being
a
Plagiary
from
Scilla
,
by
seeing
only
an
Abstract
of
his
Book
,
and
an
Abstract
too
,
liable
to
so
many
just
Exceptions
,
as
I
can
prove
that
is
?
This
Charge
of
Mr.
Harris's
put
me
,
Sir
,
upon
the
necessity
of
reviewing
what
I
had
formerly
published
concerning
Scilla's
Book
▪
and
of
comparing
it
once
more
with
the
Original
.
I
know
the
Respect
which
●ow
to
the
Royal
Society
too
well
to
impose
upon
them
,
and
as
in
the
Preamble
of
my
Abstract
I
had
said
nothing
of
Dr.
Woodward
or
his
Performance
,
but
what
was
respectful
,
so
I
could
not
see
how
he
or
any
of
his
Friends
could
have
any
pretence
to
be
disturbed
at
it
.
Whether
therefore
I
have
presented
the
Royal
Society
with
such
a
fallacious
Abstract
,
I
shall
now
enquire
,
and
then
,
Sir
,
leave
it
to
your
determination
.
I
need
not
tell
you
,
Sir
,
I
am
sure
,
who
are
so
throughly
versed
in
all
parts
,
of
useful
Learning
,
when
an
Abstract
of
a
Book
that
treats
of
Philosophical
Subjects
is
faulty
,
and
when
't
is
not
.
You
know
,
Sir
,
that
an
Abstracter
ought
to
lay
his
Author's
chief
Design
fully
and
clearly
before
his
Reader
;
if
his
Author
digresses
,
to
take
notice
of
it
,
if
his
Digressions
be
new
and
curious
,
to
dwell
longer
upon
them
than
if
they
are
mean
and
trivial
,
in
a
word
so
to
follow
him
,
as
that
he
may
be
represented
by
his
Abstracter
in
as
fair
and
full
a
view
as
he
possibly
can
.
This
(
if
the
Abridger
writes
not
in
his
Author's
Language
)
he
may
do
in
his
own
Words
,
without
confining
himself
to
a
Verbal
Translation
:
if
his
Author
be
obscure
,
verbose
,
or
immethodical
,
he
may
give
his
Abstract
with
Perspicuity
and
Method
,
still
remembring
that
his
Author's
Notions
not
his
Words
are
the
things
to
which
he
ought
strictly
to
confine
himself
.
The
Philosophical
Transactions
,
and
the
Leipzick
Acta
Eruditorum
,
will
afford
numerous
Instances
of
such
Abstracts
as
these
which
I
have
here
described
.
Since
therefore
Scilla's
Design
was
to
prove
the
Shells
of
all
sorts
,
found
in
the
Bowels
of
the
Earth
,
to
be
only
Exuviae
of
living
Animals
,
I
thought
it
was
enough
for
me
to
set
down
the
principal
Arguments
by
which
he
proved
it
,
with
a
short
Account
of
the
Motives
which
led
him
to
make
this
Enquiry
,
and
herein
to
be
sometimes
longer
sometimes
shorter
,
as
the
Matter
required
it
.
His
long-winded
Civilities
,
were
only
to
be
hinted
at
,
and
that
Prolixity
which
made
his
Book
tedious
to
me
was
carefully
to
be
avoided
,
lest
my
Account
might
have
proved
tedious
to
those
who
might
ever
have
thought
it
worth
their
while
to
look
into
it
.
For
that
Reason
I
omitted
Scilla's
Citations
out
of
Strabo
,
p.
16
,
17.
who
had
observed
Shells
,
and
pieces
of
Ships
found
near
the
Temple
of
Jupiter
Hammon
,
as
also
his
long
Disputes
with
Crollius
and
Guillandinus
,
together
with
those
Postulata
which
every
Body
is
agreed
about
,
and
are
of
course
presupposed
in
all
sorts
of
Philosophical
Disputes
;
such
as
these
.
That
we
ought
to
stand
to
our
Senses
,
Not
to
give
our selves
to
Hypotheses
,
Not
to
prescribe
to
Nature
,
and
the
like
.
In
one
place
indeed
Phisos
.
Trans
.
no
.
219.
p.
184
I
mention
the
Calabrian
for
the
Catanian
Coast
,
but
that
I
suppose
will
be
allow'd
of
both
sides
to
be
a
small
Oversight
,
not
worth
taking
notice
of
.
Neither
have
I
set
down
every
Proof
which
Scilla
produces
for
his
Opinion
,
and
yet
at
the
same
time
I
dare
appeal
to
Mr.
Harris
,
wherein
I
have
omitted
any
one
Argument
of
moment
,
upon
which
Scilla
himself
lays
any
stress
.
Thus
,
for
instance
,
I
omit
what
he
says
of
the
difference
of
the
shape
of
the
Glossopetrae
,
which
had
been
urged
as
an
Argument
why
they
could
not
be
real
Teeth
,
since
,
if
they
had
been
real
Teeth
,
they
would
have
been
more
alike
;
because
what
I
had
said
of
the
different
morticing
of
the
Shark's
Teeth
into
one
another
,
so
that
a
Man
might
be
able
to
tell
,
at
first
sight
,
which
Tooth
belonged
to
which
Side
or
Jaw
,
as
also
That
he
had
observed
every
one
of
these
things
in
his
Glossopetrae
,
ibid
.
p
190.
which
punctually
answer
in
every
part
to
the
several
Ranks
of
the
Teeth
of
Living
Sharks
,
had
sufficiently
taken
in
the
Argument
so
far
as
I
was
obliged
by
my
Design
to
take
notice
of
it
.
And
his
Argument
drawn
from
the
different
Teeth
of
a
Pesee
V●●c●
[
a
Fish
,
before
undescribed
by
Naturalists
,
of
the
Dog-kind
]
was
throughly
exemplified
in
the
2d
,
3d
,
4th
,
5th
and
6th
Figures
in
that
Transaction
,
which
I
got
copy'd
from
Scilla's
Draughts
,
that
I
might
shew
how
wonderfully
different
the
Teeth
of
the
same
Fish
may
be
,
as
Age
and
Position
may
alter
them
.
Scilla's
Hesitancy
about
the
Objection
,
of
Shells
being
found
in
the
Heart
,
Renes
Su●●●●turiali
,
and
Bladder
in
human
Bodies
,
was
not
proper
to
be
observ'd
:
What
an
Author
does
not
well
know
how
to
explain
,
can
be
no
proper
Subject
for
an
Abridger
to
dwell
upon
;
especially
when
it
had
so
little
influence
upon
his
main
Design
.
But
if
I
have
done
Scilla
an
Injustice
,
in
omitting
this
part
of
his
Book
,
I
fear
Mr
Harris
has
done
him
a
greater
,
in
misrepresenting
it
:
Scilla
was
bashful
,
and
had
too
great
an
imbecillitas
frontis
,
positively
to
deny
what
so
many
grave
Authors
had
asserted
,
and
therefore
is
willing
to
recur
to
some
inexplicable
Plastick
Power
of
Nature
in
Animal
Bodies
,
tho'
when
he
had
said
all
he
could
upon
the
Subject
,
't
is
plain
he
disbeliev'd
the
Matter
of
Fact
,
otherwise
he
would
never
have
said
at
last
,
That
he
could
not
bring
himself
to
believe
,
that
the
Figure
of
those
Shells
which
are
found
in
Animals
,
does
exactly
correspond
with
that
of
the
Turbens
and
Conchae
of
the
Sea
.
Non
posso
da●mi
a
e●●dere
nelle
dette
●●machine
quella
essati●●ima
,
e
correspondente
l●ttura
,
che
nel
Guscio
d'un
Turbinetto
,
overo
Lumachina
di
Mare
godiamo
,
p.
76.
This
was
an
easie
way
of
denying
the
positive
Assertion
of
his
Antagonist
:
So
that
I
cannot
see
how
Scilla
can
upon
this
account
be
reasonably
charged
with
being
a
Person
whose
Easiness
and
Credulity
put
him
upon
the
Solution
of
that
which
in
all
likelihood
was
intended
only
to
banter
and
abuse
him
Harris's
Remarks
,
p.
226.
For
it
is
plain
by
the
words
just
now
cited
,
that
it
was
not
Scilla's
Easiness
and
Credulity
which
put
him
upon
the
Solution
of
a
Sham-Phoenomenon
,
but
his
good
Breeding
,
of
which
he
is
never
sparing
,
and
which
is
peculiar
to
the
Gentlemen
of
that
Countrey
,
which
would
not
suffer
him
flatly
to
deny
what
his
Adversary
had
directly
affirmed
.
Perhaps
Mr.
Harris
may
object
,
that
I
use
the
Expression
The
Deluge
,
when
I
enquire
into
the
Reason
why
Shells
of
one
sort
are
,
generally
speaking
,
mostly
sound
together
;
which
I
pretend
that
Scilla
solves
by
the
Motion
into
which
the
Waters
were
put
during
the
Deluge
Pl●●l
.
Tran●
.
n
.
21●
.
p.
18●
.
whereby
he
may
pretend
,
that
I
would
insinuate
,
that
Scilla
refers
every
thing
to
Noah's
Flood
,
which
says
Mr.
Harri
,
the
Author
never
dream'd
of
Harris's
Remarks
,
p.
228.
Now
besides
that
it
is
plain
that
I
cannot
be
so
understood
,
since
I
call
it
only
a
Deluge
in
another
place
,
where
I
say
from
my
Author
in
the
same
Page
,
that
the
repeated
flowings
and
ebbings
of
the
Water
happened
during
some
one
very
great
Inundation
,
the
Time
whereof
,
or
its
Cause
he
does
not
determine
Phil
.
Trans
.
n
.
219.
p.
191.
.
I
say
,
besides
this
,
which
sufficiently
vindicates
my
use
of
the
word
Deluge
,
which
is
no
Term
of
Art
appropriated
to
Noah's
Flood
,
but
signifies
any
great
Inundation
,
unless
the
Sense
or
some
limiting
Epithet
determines
it
so
to
be
understood
;
Mr.
Harris
seems
inconsistent
with
himself
,
when
in
one
Page
he
says
,
't
is
plain
that
Scilla
never
dream'd
of
the
universal
Deluge
,
and
in
the
very
next
Page
introduces
Scilla
saying
,
That
he
does
not
know
whether
these
Shells
were
reposited
in
the
Earth
in
the
universal
Deluge
,
or
in
some
other
particular
Inundations
Harris's
Rem
.
pag
.
229.
.
This
brings
me
to
the
mighty
Charge
,
to
that
Exception
,
(
just
or
unjust
)
which
Mr.
Harris
takes
at
my
Abstract
of
Agostino
Scilla
;
and
that
is
,
my
using
the
Expression
Specifick
Gravity
,
which
our
Author
no
where
uses
,
nor
the
thing
design'd
by
it
ib
.
p.
236.
,
(
if
we
may
believe
Mr.
Harris
)
in
all
his
Book
.
And
here
,
Sir
,
I
do
willingly
acknowledg
,
that
Scilla
never
applys
the
Term
Specifick
to
Gravity
;
nay
,
I
am
not
sure
whether
he
knew
the
difference
between
Absolute
and
Specifick
Gravity
;
which
last
is
an
Epithet
which
has
not
been
long
of
frequent
use
,
and
was
(
as
I
believe
)
first
brought
into
fashion
upon
the
introducing
Hydrostaticks
into
Natural
Philosophy
,
which
necessarily
obliged
Men
to
consider
not
barely
the
absolute
or
simple
Weight
of
Bodies
,
when
tryed
in
a
pair
of
Scales
,
but
their
relative
Weight
,
which
they
have
when
compared
with
one
another
.
Scilla
seems
to
have
been
unacquainted
with
the
new
Authors
and
Discoveries
in
Physicks
,
and
so
't
is
no
wonder
if
he
uses
not
their
Terms
.
But
since
this
is
so
common
a
Term
,
and
so
well
understood
,
I
could
not
imagin
how
I
should
do
either
Scilla
,
or
any
body
else
,
any
wrong
,
if
I
used
it
in
my
Abstract
,
provided
the
Thing
designed
by
it
were
also
designed
by
my
Author
.
You
know
very
well
,
Sir
,
that
Specifick
,
when
apply'd
to
Gravity
,
is
an
improper
word
,
not
signifying
what
at
first
sight
it
seems
to
import
:
For
thereby
the
comparative
and
relative
Gravity
of
Bodies
is
usually
understood
.
Water
being
a
Body
very
manageable
,
and
easily
to
be
come
at
is
the
usual
Standard
by
which
the
relative
or
specifick
Gravity
of
other
Bodies
is
tryed
;
and
the
difference
of
a
Body's
weight
in
Air
and
Water
being
equal
to
the
weight
of
a
quantity
of
Water
equal
in
bulk
to
the
Body
weighed
;
the
proportion
of
the
weight
of
this
Body
to
that
of
Water
is
hereby
determined
;
if
the
Proportion
which
the
weight
of
Water
bears
to
that
of
Gold
,
be
as
1
to
19
,
and
the
Proportion
of
the
weight
of
Water
to
that
of
Silver
be
as
1
to
10
,
5
;
then
by
the
Proportion
which
Gold
and
Silver
bear
to
Water
,
we
know
the
Proportion
they
bear
to
one
another
;
by
which
Proportion
we
know
their
Specifick
Gravity
;
Tho
in
mathematical
strictness
this
Term
is
egregiously
mis-applyed
;
for
Species
being
only
a
Logical
Term
,
and
every
individual
,
having
its
peculiar
Texture
as
well
as
its
peculiar
Subsistence
,
it
may
be
question'd
,
whether
there
be
two
Lumps
of
any
species
of
Metal
or
Mineral
drawn
from
different
Mines
or
Quarries
,
which
have
exactly
the
same
Specifick
Gravity
.
Mr.
Collins
has
given
us
the
Comparative
Gravity
of
eight
pieces
of
Gold
,
and
three
pieces
of
Brass
,
which
he
weighed
himself
,
all
which
differed
very
considerably
from
one
another
Phil
.
T.
n
.
199.
p.
694.
Had
these
eleven
pieces
all
of
a
bulk
been
put
together
into
a
Mass
of
fluid
Mud
,
and
there
jumbled
with
a
confused
violent
Motion
,
this
Mass
upon
the
ceasing
of
the
motion
,
which
kept
it
in
its
fluid
state
,
would
have
let
fall
all
those
heterogenous
Bodies
which
were
heavier
than
it self
;
and
then
these
metalline
Lumps
would
have
subsided
in
order
,
according
to
their
different
Gravities
,
if
the
Figure
of
every
piece
would
have
allow'd
it
.
Tho
,
Sir
I
do
own
,
that
what
Scilla
says
is
not
inconsistent
with
the
Laws
of
Absolute
Gravity
;
since
it
is
certain
,
that
if
two
Bodies
be
alike
specifically
heavy
,
but
of
a
different
Absolute
Gravity
,
the
absolutely
heaviest
Body
supposing
their
Figures
to
be
similar
,
will
descend
with
the
greatest
Celerity
:
But
yet
this
does
not
at
all
exclude
that
difference
in
Subsidence
,
which
Specifick
Gravity
would
also
cause
;
for
of
Bodies
of
the
same
bulk
and
figure
,
and
of
,
different
Specifick
Gravities
,
that
Body
which
has
the
greatest
Specifick
Gravity
,
will
also
descend
the
fastest
:
So
that
Scilla's
Account
will
strictly
include
Specifick
Gravity
,
and
consequently
I
did
him
no
wrong
so
to
express
his
Description
of
the
Messinese
Hills
,
as
would
in
common
speech
be
best
understood
.
Mr.
Harris
ought
not
to
have
excepted
to
what
I
had
said
▪
since
Dr.
Woodward
says
the
very
same
thing
that
I
have
done
,
[
Essay
p.
75.
]
This
Subsidence
,
says
he
,
happen'd
generally
,
and
as
near
as
possibly
could
be
expected
in
so
great
a
Confusion
,
according
to
the
Laws
of
Gravity
:
That
Matter
,
Body
or
Bodies
,
which
had
the
greatest
quantity
or
degree
of
Gravity
[
i
.
e
.
the
heaviest
]
subsiding
first
in
order
,
and
falling
lowest
:
[
i
corpi
di
maggior
peso
sotto
]
that
which
had
the
next
,
or
a
still
lesser
degree
of
Gravity
,
subsiding
next
after
,
and
settling
upon
the
precedent
:
[
i
meno
gravi
sopra
]
that
which
had
the
least
Gravity
sinking
not
down
till
last
of
all
,
settling
at
the
surface
of
the
Sediment
,
and
covering
all
the
rest
.
[
sopra
di
questi
i
piu
leggieri
]
It
's
true
,
the
Doctor
restrains
this
Subsidence
afterwards
merely
to
Specifick
Gravity
,
wherein
he
is
mistaken
;
but
had
he
kept
to
Scilla's
general
Expression
(
which
fully
includes
it
)
it
had
been
more
Philosophical
.
Since
therefore
I
explained
what
had
been
alike
expressed
both
by
Scilla
and
Dr.
Woodward
,
after
Dr.
Woodward's
manner
,
(
only
not
directly
excluding
the
Laws
of
Absolute
Gravity
,
which
Scilla
takes
in
joyntly
with
those
of
Specifick
)
the
Doctor's
Defender
has
no
reason
to
find
fault
with
my
Account
:
At
least
,
if
it
may
in
strictness
be
thought
defective
,
it
cannot
be
said
to
be
erroneous
.
It
is
plain
therefore
,
that
when
Scilla
talks
of
Bodies
subsiding
in
a
Fluid
,
according
to
their
weight
,
he
may
by
this
weight
be
probably
supposed
to
mean
Specifick
Gravity
,
as
't
is
commonly
called
in
opposition
to
Absolute
;
for
if
they
were
of
the
same
Specifick
Gravity
with
Water
,
they
would
lie
in
any
part
,
top
,
middle
,
or
bottom
where
they
were
placed
at
first
;
and
the
reason
why
one
thing
immers'd
in
Water
sinks
sooner
than
another
,
is
,
because
being
not
only
heavier
than
Water
specifically
but
absolutely
at
least
,
if
not
specifically
heavier
than
that
other
Body
that
swims
along
with
it
,
it
proportionably
gravitates
more
,
and
is
less
hindred
in
its
descent
by
the
Resistance
of
the
ambient
Water
,
than
that
other
Body
is
.
If
therefore
Scilla
says
that
the
heaviest
Bodies
lay
lowest
,
it
implies
that
Bodies
of
a
different
Gravity
,
absolute
or
specifick
,
once
swam
together
in
the
Water
,
and
tho
he
may
not
understand
the
several
Acceptation
of
the
Terms
Absolute
and
Specifick
,
when
applyed
to
Gravity
,
yet
he
means
the
same
thing
with
those
that
do
,
and
would
have
expressed
himself
in
the
same
manner
had
it
been
the
fashion
.
Wherefore
when
Scilla
positively
distinguishes
from
his
own
Observation
between
the
Ranges
of
the
Strata
of
the
Gravel
and
Sand
in
the
Hills
about
Messina
,
and
when
he
directly
says
that
the
Heaviest
fell
lowermost
,
he
is
thus
to
be
understood
Scilla
,
(
p.
166
)
gives
this
Description
of
the
Hills
near
Messina
:
Sono
eglino
per
lo
più
questi
nostri
monti
di
Ghiaie
,
rene
Mezzane
,
e
minutissime
,
rialzatè
a
tale
segno
,
che
sovrastano
modestamente
alla
Città
,
che
vagamente
coronano
:
●'Ordine
della
loro
Composizione
è
questo
,
cioè
un
suolo
di
Ghiaie
,
à
cui
s'aggiugne
l'altro
di
Rene
ordinarie
,
e
sopra
di
questo
il
Terzo
di
minutissime
rene
;
e
cio
con
ordinanza
continuata
,
perciocche
di
nuovo
sopra
la
sottile
Rena
scorgesi
rassetrata
la
Ghiaia
,
e
Susseguentemente
sino
alla
Sommità
—
Quel
che
oss●rvo
con
istupore
,
si●è
,
il
vedere
replicato
più
e
più
volte
●'Ordine
delle
Rene
grosse
,
mezzane
,
e
minute
:
Ed
e
forza
conchindere
,
che
con
piu
cappate
di
Materia
forestiera
fossero
〈◇〉
alla
Grandezza
,
che
li
Veggiamo
,
Which
Description
I
●●●●dged
thus
;
(
Transact
.
p.
191.
)
The
Mountains
near
Messina
consist
of
Strata
,
which
ly
in
this
order
,
first
Gravel
,
then
midling
Sand
,
then
very
fine
Sand
.
—
That
after
three
Layers
of
Sand
and
Gravel
of
different
finenesses
,
come
three
other
Layers
in
the
same
order
with
the
former
;
first
Gravel
,
then
coa●ler
,
then
finer
Sand
again
,
and
so
on
several
times
one
after
another
.
The
manner
how
they
came
to
be
thus
formed
,
Scilla
describes
thus
,
(
p.
127.
)
Eglino
[
i
torrenti
]
secondo
la
Piena
dell
'
Acqae
,
portano
con
esso
loro
quel
,
che
incontrano
;
in
luoghi
però
ove
possono
dilatarsi
,
perdendo
la
ferocia
del
Corso
loio
le
acque
,
posano
e
discaricano
i
corpi
involti
in
quel
fluido
,
e
strascinati
dal●
Impeto
,
ma
con
un'Ordine
necessario
,
cioè
,
i
corpi
di
magg●or
peso
sotto
,
i
meno
gravi
sopra
,
e
sopra
di
questi
i
piu
leggieri
;
il
qual
Ordine
sarà
replicato
dalla
cagione
medesima
più
,
e
più
volte
,
secondo
le
pioggie
,
che
con
intervailo
mancano
,
e
ricominciano
.
Or
,
da
cio
Jo
cavo
la
ragione
di
determinare
la
materia
,
sorestiera
che
le
nostre
Montagne
compone
;
e
certamente
elle
piontate
furono
nel
sito
in
cui
le
scorgiamo
,
da
una
qualche
grandissima
inundazione
,
la
quale
secondo
la
Piena
,
ed
il
Reposo
,
avesse
portato
,
e
rilasciato
il
Peso
più
,
e
più
volte
ondeggiando
.
This
I
gave
in
short
in
English
thus
,
(
p.
191.
)
This
he
supposes
to
have
proceeded
from
repeated
Tides
;
from
whence
he
concludes
,
that
the
Water
coming
with
great
violence
,
sustained
whatsoever
came
in
its
way
;
but
upon
its
going
off
,
the
force
abating
,
it
let
fall
the
terrestrial
Matter
that
subsided
according
to
its
specifick
Gravity
;
and
that
these
repeated
Flowings
and
Ebbings
of
the
Water
happen'd
during
some
one
very
great
Inundation
,
&c.
What
Scilla
says
,
was
▪
done
by
a
necessary
Order
,
that
is
to
lay
,
The
weightest
Body
lowermost
,
the
less
weighty
above
them
,
and
the
lightest
uppermost
,
I
render
was
done
by
Specifick
Gravity
,
which
,
to
any
Man
that
knows
what
Specifick
Gravity
means
includes
the
self-same
thing
.
Only
I
must
own
,
that
what
I
call
Repeated
Tides
,
should
have
been
rendred
Repeated
Floods
.
:
That
these
Particles
of
Sand
and
Gravel
subsided
at
all
,
was
due
to
their
being
specifically
heavier
than
the
Water
wherein
they
were
rolled
,
but
that
they
should
observe
a
determinate
Order
in
their
Subsidence
,
which
Order
,
Scilla
himself
observes
,
was
probably
due
to
their
being
some
specifically
heavier
than
others
;
and
had
the
middling
and
very
fine
Sand
been
absolutely
aequiponderant
with
the
Gravel
,
they
would
have
been
casually
interspers'd
.
Mr.
Harris
is
so
very
sensible
of
the
Truth
of
this
Reasoning
,
that
after
he
had
positively
declared
that
Scilla
has
not
the
thing
designed
by
specifick
Gravity
once
in
all
his
Book
;
p.
236.
he
says
in
the
same
page
that
Scilla's
Notion
of
the
largest
and
most
ponderous
Bodies
settling
lowest
is
so
gross'd
Mistake
,
that
't
is
strange
he
could
ever
fall
into
it
.
First
he
says
Scilla
never
intended
to
assert
,
That
the
Subsidence
in
the
Inundations
he
speaks
of
was
according
to
specifick
Gravity
,
and
then
he
wonders
how
Scilla
could
ever
assert
that
it
was
,
the
thing
it self
being
so
gross
a
Mistake
.
This
,
Sir
,
needs
not
to
be
enlarged
upon
And
with
this
I
shall
conclude
what
I
had
to
say
in
defence
of
the
Abstract
of
Scilla's
Book
,
which
was
never
designed
for
a
just
Translation
.
I
dare
appeal
to
you
,
Sir
,
whether
Scilla
did
not
resolve
the
Subsidence
of
the
Strata
,
by
that
which
you
and
I
,
Sir
,
know
does
not
exclude
the
specifick
Gravity
of
those
severall
Bodies
that
composed
them
.
Yea
,
tho
the
Grav●l
,
middling
Sand
,
and
fine
Sand
,
are
here
in
England
,
as
far
as
Mr.
Harris
has
tryed
them
,
alike
specifically
heavy
,
which
I
will
not
dispute
;
yet
it
proves
nothing
against
what
Scilla
has
asserted
.
Mr.
Harris
knows
every
thing
is
an
Individual
in
Nature
;
unless
he
had
weighed
the
Messinese
Sand
,
he
could
not
be
positive
:
and
tho
Scilla
be
no
Philosopher
,
yet
he
is
a
Painter
,
and
such
Men
usually
have
pretty
quick
Eyes
,
and
can
tell
whether
fine
Sand
or
Gravel
lies
uppermost
,
when
they
view
the
broken
Cliff
of
a
Hill
.
The
other
Dispute
which
Mr.
Harris
is
engaged
in
is
nothing
to
my
purpose
:
whether
Dr.
Woodward
has
taken
from
Scilla
or
no
concerns
not
me
,
who
never
said
he
did
.
Perhaps
he
never
saw
the
Book
till
after
he
had
seen
the
Abstract
.
Those
that
have
read
his
Essay
and
Scilla
,
even
in
this
Abstract
,
will
be
able
to
judge
how
useful
Scilla
might
have
been
to
him
had
he
consulted
him
.
Our
Italian
clearly
proves
that
the
various
Echini
,
Glossopetrae
,
Bastoncini
di
San
Paolo
,
Oyster-shells
,
Cockles
,
Turbens
,
Scallops
,
&c.
which
were
found
in
the
Hills
of
Sicily
and
Calabria
,
and
in
Malta
,
were
actually
Exuviae
and
Spoils
of
those
Marine
Bodies
which
they
resembled
:
and
this
he
shews
by
comparing
them
with
their
Originals
with
great
Niceness
.
To
a
Man
who
lives
in
England
,
where
many
of
those
Animals
are
rarely
if
ever
seen
,
such
Hints
are
of
great
use
.
And
tho
an
Author
is
doubtful
and
reserved
in
his
Solutions
of
these
perplex'd
Phoenomena
;
yet
when
he
is
sure
of
his
Conclusions
,
and
gives
good
and
substantial
Reasons
why
he
is
so
,
his
Observations
will
be
valuable
to
all
those
who
write
upon
that
Argument
,
let
their
own
Stock
of
Observations
be
never
so
great
.
If
Dr.
Woodward
received
his
first
notice
of
Scilla
from
my
Abstract
,
(
as
I
had
then
reason
to
believe
,
since
he
never
quoted
nor
named
him
in
his
Essay
)
I
shall
think
I
did
him
a
Kindness
;
and
tho
Mr.
Harris
seems
to
insinuate
the
contrary
,
yet
I
shall
suppose
that
Dr.
Woodward
himself
thinks
I
have
obliged
him
,
because
he
will
be
sensible
that
he
is
not
singular
,
and
it
is
a
Pleasure
to
every
inquisitive
Man
to
find
that
other
Men
,
by
the
same
Assistances
of
Nature
and
Observation
,
have
made
the
same
Conclusions
with
himself
.
I
am
SIR
,
Your
most
affectionate
Friend
,
and
humble
Servant
W.
W.
Dec.
1.
1697.