THE
MIRROR
OF
Fortune
.
BOOK
I.
CHAP.
I.
Of
Fortune
.
THE
Ancients
,
who
gave
to
Fortune
the
same
power
which
Atheists
are
wont
to
give
to
Nature
,
could
not
forbear
venerating
of
her
;
they
dedicated
Temples
to
her
,
and
adored
her
as
the
first
principle
of
all
things
,
and
as
the
universal
cause
of
good
and
evil
.
Thus
their
Ignorance
was
the
reason
of
their
Worship
;
they
employ'd
all
their
Moral
Philosophy
to
find
out
a
false
Religion
;
and
of
their
greatest
Errors
they
made
high
Mysteries
;
and
at
last
they
could
comprehend
no
other
Deity
but
that
which
they
thought
blind
,
worthy
of
their
Sacrifices
.
Among
the
Greeks
,
Vulpa
was
the
first
Man
who
erected
a
Statue
to
her
in
the
City
of
Smirna
;
she
was
represented
with
the
Poles
upon
her
head
,
and
a
Horn
full
of
Plenty
in
her
Hand
,
to
shew
her
power
in
Heaven
and
Earth
;
that
she
gave
to
Bodies
the
same
motion
and
life
,
which
Aristotle
attributed
since
to
spiritual
powers
;
and
that
it
was
by
her
liberality
,
that
Men
use
to
enrich
themselves
.
Aucus
Martius
,
Grand-son
to
Numa
Pompilius
,
was
the
first
of
the
Romans
that
built
her
a
Temple
;
many
since
imitated
his
folly
,
thinking
to
imitate
his
adoration
,
and
sought
out
in
the
golden
Mines
,
and
in
the
marble
Pits
,
all
that
which
could
set
forth
the
magnificence
and
glory
of
their
zeal
and
worship
to
her
.
They
made
of
this
Fortune
a
Woman
,
and
then
a
Man
;
they
call'd
her
Liberal
sometimes
,
and
sometimes
Covetous
;
she
had
as
many
several
dresses
,
as
there
was
opinions
amongst
them
:
and
we
read
that
they
had
no
sooner
represented
her
like
one
of
the
Graces
,
but
they
represented
her
like
a
Fury
.
When
Coriolan
to
revenge
himself
of
his
banishment
,
and
of
the
ingratitude
of
his
Countrey
,
brought
with
the
Volsques
the
ruine
of
Rome
;
his
enemies
,
who
feared
his
wrath
,
began
to
be
sensible
of
it
:
those
whose
justice
he
had
implored
without
effect
,
implored
his
mercy
;
and
there
was
not
one
of
his
Judges
who
was
not
glad
to
receive
their
pardon
of
him
whom
they
had
condemned
.
The
overthrow
of
Rome
,
the
death
of
his
friends
and
kindred
,
and
the
outcries
of
his
wife
and
children
,
were
too
feeble
objects
to
move
him
;
they
were
forced
to
make
use
of
the
tears
and
eloquence
of
his
mother
,
to
moderate
his
resentments
.
And
as
Coriolan
could
not
yield
to
Reason
,
so
he
could
not
resist
to
natural
Affections
,
but
raised
the
Siege
which
he
had
laid
before
his
own
City
,
and
shewed
his
goodness
where
they
expected
nothing
but
his
vengeance
.
The
joy
was
so
great
at
Rome
,
that
the
Romans
thought
themselves
obliged
to
leave
some
marks
of
this
adventure
to
those
in
after-ages
;
and
because
they
imagin'd
that
it
was
necessary
to
make
appear
their
acknowledgments
,
as
soon
as
their
good
fortune
,
they
built
her
another
Temple
:
she
received
another
in
the
same
Garden
which
Caesar
made
the
Romans
heirs
of
,
as
if
it
was
by
her
means
that
this
great
Man
made
himself
Master
of
so
many
hearts
and
Countries
,
and
as
if
she
had
had
the
greatest
hand
in
his
felicities
and
victories
.
Sylla
,
to
set
forth
his
good
fortune
,
said
that
he
was
her
Lover
;
and
Servius
Tullius
had
her
in
such
veneration
,
that
he
said
she
came
and
lay
with
him
every
night
,
and
dedicated
a
Temple
to
her
in
the
Capitol
,
under
the
name
of
Fortune
the
eldest
;
and
another
in
the
name
of
favorable
and
obedient
:
in
this
place
she
was
Fortune
of
adversity
,
and
in
the
other
of
hope
.
Upon
Mount
Palatine
she
was
Fortune
private
,
and
in
other
places
a
Virgin
;
and
the
Heathens
superstition
was
so
ridiculous
,
that
they
made
her
a
Beard
,
and
were
of
opinion
that
those
young
men
who
worshipped
her
,
should
have
a
well-grown
Beard
;
and
those
who
should
scruple
at
it
,
should
have
as
little
as
an
Eunuch
.
Some
Men
being
minded
to
make
a
Moral
representation
of
her
,
have
made
her
without
feet
,
and
not
without
hands
and
wings
;
others
have
made
her
of
glass
,
to
signifie
that
as
there
is
nothing
finer
,
so
there
's
nothing
more
brittle
.
Archilochus
put
fire
in
her
right
hand
,
and
water
in
her
left
,
to
no
other
end
,
but
to
persuade
us
that
as
those
two
Elements
are
almost
the
whole
support
of
life
,
so
she
disposeth
absolutely
of
all
those
things
which
are
needful
for
us
,
and
that
she
alone
was
worthy
of
our
acknowledgments
and
praises
.
But
let
us
come
from
Sculpters
and
Limners
to
our
Poets
;
Boccace
feigns
her
with
ardent
eyes
,
with
an
horrible
face
,
and
hair
hanging
over
her
mouth
,
with
an
hundred
arms
and
hands
,
to
bestow
and
ravish
Presents
from
Men
,
to
cast
down
and
to
raise
them
again
.
Others
make
her
a
smiling
countenance
,
as
that
of
a
Mermaid
,
to
allure
and
surprize
us
,
with
a
lock
of
hair
upon
her
forehead
,
to
learn
us
how
to
make
use
of
her
.
Some
have
placed
her
upon
a
Globe
,
with
a
horn
of
plenty
in
one
hand
,
and
a
scourge
in
the
other
,
to
instruct
us
that
it
is
in
her
power
to
reward
and
punish
;
that
she
bestowed
and
took
away
all
things
,
and
that
it
was
she
alone
we
ought
to
hope
in
,
and
fear
.
Pausaunias
did
not
think
fit
she
should
be
alone
,
he
associated
her
with
Love
;
and
as
he
had
(
may
be
)
read
that
it
was
by
Love
that
the
world
began
,
so
he
would
have
it
govern'd
by
Fortune
:
but
the
opinion
he
had
of
her
power
,
was
not
a
particular
sentiment
.
Salustus
and
Virgil
have
made
her
a
Sovereign
,
who
penetrates
in
all
the
orders
of
Nature
;
and
the
Romans
,
above
all
Nations
,
went
so
far
in
their
Idolatry
,
that
they
built
her
to
the
number
of
600
Temples
.
It
was
a
custom
to
put
her
Statue
in
the
Emperors
Presence
Chamber
;
and
as
soon
as
he
was
dead
,
it
was
carried
to
the
Conclave
of
his
Successor
,
to
let
him
understand
that
she
was
still
above
him
;
that
she
gave
Scepters
and
Crowns
,
and
bestowed
Honours
and
Dignities
;
that
she
was
the
Arbitrator
and
Mistress
of
his
Life
;
and
that
her
Decrees
of
all
things
were
irrevocable
.
Some
,
to
raise
her
power
,
have
chained
her
to
Destiny
,
thinking
by
that
means
to
attain
to
the
design
they
had
to
persuade
Men
that
she
was
above
all
the
Deities
:
That
's
the
reason
that
in
Homer
,
Jupiter
complains
of
the
murther
of
his
son
Sarpedon
whose
death
he
could
not
prevent
;
and
that
he
asketh
his
daughter
in
Ovid
,
If
she
alone
thinks
to
avoid
the
inevitable
Destiny
?
And
this
is
the
cause
that
she
is
represented
on
Horse-back
pursued
by
Destiny
with
a
Bowe
and
Arrow
in
his
hand
.
But
because
we
alledge
these
Examples
but
as
so
many
Errors
,
which
we
reject
and
that
we
point
at
them
but
by
the
same
reason
that
we
point
at
Shelves
and
Rocks
in
the
Sea
,
to
make
Mariners
avoid
them
,
it
is
time
to
come
from
darkness
to
light
,
and
from
error
to
verity
.
The
Stoicks
gave
to
that
Destiny
which
brought
all
things
to
a
certain
point
,
the
revolution
of
things
.
And
Democrites
,
who
was
one
of
the
famous
Men
of
the
Sect
of
Epicures
,
attributed
it
to
that
which
we
call
sometimes
Chance
.
Plato
saith
,
That
this
general
change
is
a
cause
by
accident
in
that
which
happens
in
the
counsels
of
Men
.
And
his
Disciple
Aristotle
assures
us
,
That
it
is
the
same
Cause
which
is
performed
for
some
End
which
is
not
apparent
,
but
hidden
.
But
to
speak
more
intelligibly
without
leaving
his
opinion
,
I
understand
by
this
word
Fortune
nothing
else
but
something
whose
End
hath
not
answered
the
expectation
of
him
who
intended
it
:
And
thus
every
accident
is
a
Fortune
,
as
well
to
him
who
should
find
a
Treasure
hid
in
his
field
,
who
had
no
other
End
but
to
Till
it
,
as
him
who
should
be
stung
with
a
Serpent
;
though
they
have
both
divers
subjects
,
the
one
of
joy
,
and
the
other
of
grief
.
But
we
must
not
conclude
that
all
things
are
done
by
Chance
;
as
an
Elder
hath
it
,
that
the
wheels
of
Fortune
had
Eyes
:
we
must
be
persuaded
that
all
things
that
fall
out
by
Chance
,
are
accidents
against
Mens
expectation
;
but
that
doth
in
no
wayes
diminish
the
Prescience
of
God
.
When
we
have
said
all
,
Fortune
is
nothing
but
a
Chimera
,
't
is
to
our
fancy
that
she
oweth
her
power
.
We
make
her
partake
in
Burning
and
Shipwracks
,
though
she
neither
knows
Fire
nor
Water
.
We
bring
her
in
Combats
,
and
give
her
thanks
for
Victories
,
though
she
is
without
arms
or
sentiment
.
And
to
speak
in
right
terms
of
her
,
't
is
a
shadow
wherewith
weak
Souls
are
kept
in
awe
,
a
Being
without
subsistence
,
an
operation
of
our
Idea
,
and
a
Monster
,
of
whom
we
think
we
receive
favors
and
disgraces
.
But
since
I
treat
of
this
Subject
more
like
an
Historian
,
than
like
a
Philosopher
;
and
that
I
am
less
understood
by
reasoning
,
than
by
examples
,
I
must
describe
the
effects
,
without
discovering
the
nature
of
it
;
and
that
reason
is
not
more
essential
to
Man
than
misery
;
that
he
begun
almost
as
soon
to
complain
,
as
to
speak
.
To
prove
this
strongly
,
it
is
requisite
to
lead
our
wits
by
certain
degrees
,
and
to
consider
overthrown
Empires
,
and
Abysses
where
great
Cities
stood
in
times
past
.
Then
we
will
pass
from
dead
things
,
to
living
.
We
will
shew
that
the
highest
situations
of
Men
are
but
precipices
;
that
the
fairest
dayes
are
sometimes
followed
by
tempestuous
nights
;
and
that
the
most
eminent
lives
are
not
alwayes
the
happiest
;
thus
we
shall
confess
that
the
greatest
glory
is
but
a
dream
;
that
Oak-trees
are
oftner
beat
down
by
the
Thunder
,
than
Bushes
;
that
Misfortunes
hang
over
great
mens
heads
,
as
the
Thorn
amongst
Roses
;
and
that
all
the
felicity
of
this
world
is
no
solid
happiness
.
CHAP.
II
.
Of
the
Ruine
of
the
first
World
,
and
of
the
Empire
of
the
Assyrians
.
THE
first
Men
abandoned
themselves
so
entirely
to
Evil
,
that
each
action
they
committed
was
a
Patricide
,
and
each
word
a
Blasphemy
.
They
were
not
content
to
add
Pride
to
Ingratitude
,
the
joined
Insolence
to
both
;
and
made
use
of
their
liberty
,
as
of
an
instrument
fit
to
execute
their
Passions
,
and
to
make
their
power
seen
in
their
Crimes
;
as
if
all
the
waters
of
the
world
had
not
been
capable
to
cover
the
horrors
,
and
take
away
the
memory
of
them
.
God
,
after
he
had
preserved
Mankind
in
eight
persons
,
rained
other
waters
for
the
space
of
40
dayes
;
and
this
Deluge
was
so
great
,
that
Men
,
Birds
and
Beasts
perish'd
by
a
common
death
,
and
all
the
world
became
a
dreadful
Sea
.
Those
which
God
preserved
from
this
universal
Inundation
,
began
to
serve
their
Maker
,
and
to
fear
him
,
knowing
that
this
general
confusion
was
a
work
of
his
Justice
,
and
their
life
was
as
good
as
't
was
happy
;
and
to
condemn
their
Divertisements
,
a
man
must
condemn
Innocence
.
Their
Age
was
call'd
the
Golden
Age
,
whose
beauty
resembled
the
Spring
,
as
well
as
its
continuance
.
As
this
people
grew
in
number
,
they
increased
also
in
malice
;
the
rest
which
they
possest
was
burthensom
to
them
,
and
ambition
was
the
principal
cause
of
their
change
and
ruine
.
Nembrot
,
to
whom
Pride
and
Diffidence
were
natural
,
did
soon
diminish
the
felicity
of
this
Age
;
he
employ'd
men
about
a
work
as
ridiculous
as
it
seem'd
commendable
;
he
began
the
building
of
the
Tower
of
Babel
,
to
begin
their
Misfortunes
;
and
would
have
raised
it
to
Heaven
,
thinking
to
carry
his
Pride
there
.
Temerity
was
soon
follow'd
by
Ambition
.
Bellus
,
the
son
of
Nembrot
,
carried
by
an
insatiable
desire
he
had
to
possess
all
,
and
to
reign
alone
,
envied
Sabarius
Saga
his
fortune
,
whose
sirname
was
Saturn
,
whom
Noah
had
made
King
of
Armenia
.
He
engaged
Ninus
in
his
enterprize
,
and
made
use
of
policy
and
arms
to
attack
and
surprize
him
.
The
success
answer'd
their
hopes
,
Sabatius
was
weaker
or
less
fortunate
than
his
Enemies
;
he
was
forced
to
refugiate
himself
with
his
Grandfather
Noah
,
to
defend
himself
of
their
Tyrannies
,
and
to
seek
his
safety
in
his
flight
.
Some
Men
are
not
of
opinion
that
the
first
Wars
were
begun
by
this
Bellus
,
first
King
of
the
Assyrians
,
they
say
it
was
by
Ninus
his
son
,
who
made
himself
so
insupportable
after
the
building
of
Ninive
,
that
he
declared
War
against
Babylon
;
and
could
not
suffer
that
those
who
should
publish
his
magnificence
,
should
not
likewise
publish
his
courage
.
He
marched
against
them
with
a
resolution
to
fight
them
.
He
raised
as
many
Soldiers
as
he
thought
there
were
Inhabitants
in
Babylon
,
and
was
not
at
all
surprized
at
their
defence
and
resistance
,
but
rather
made
use
of
their
stubbornness
,
to
sharpen
his
ambition
and
his
courage
.
He
fell
upon
the
first
he
met
withall
;
he
cast
a
fright
in
all
hearts
,
and
left
everywhere
bloody
marks
of
his
strength
and
fury
.
The
Babylonians
troubled
at
this
,
seeing
that
their
own
defence
was
to
no
purpose
,
grew
fearful
,
as
they
grew
weak
;
they
left
their
Town
in
the
night
,
and
abandoned
it
to
the
mercy
of
their
Conqueror
,
for
fear
of
his
cruelty
and
insolence
.
Ninus
went
in
it
the
next
day
,
proud
of
his
victory
;
his
Men
found
no
body
to
oppose
their
plundering
,
and
every
one
might
satisfie
their
ambition
and
avarice
.
The
Assyrians
,
by
a
long
process
of
time
,
made
themselves
redoubtful
,
and
especially
by
the
malice
of
the
Medes
,
who
they
had
made
their
Subjects
:
but
these
at
last
finding
their
obedience
shameful
,
and
that
they
thought
themselves
mighty
enough
to
contend
for
authority
with
their
Masters
,
they
put
themselves
in
a
posture
to
usurp
from
their
Prince
,
that
which
they
had
conquer'd
for
them
,
and
took
from
them
that
which
they
had
suffered
them
before
to
take
.
Arbaces
knowing
that
Sardanapalus's
Table
did
empty
all
the
Treasures
of
the
State
,
and
that
his
Luxury
was
greater
than
his
Revenue
,
could
not
live
any
longer
under
the
Reign
of
a
Prince
who
signalized
himself
but
by
his
debauches
;
and
thought
himself
not
obliged
to
obey
him
,
who
never
had
the
power
to
command
himself
.
This
bold
Captain
,
to
clear
his
doubts
,
inquired
and
sought
for
him
,
and
at
last
found
him
amongst
a
company
of
Women
.
He
saw
he
had
taken
their
habit
,
as
well
as
their
effeminacy
;
that
he
had
no
other
Counsellors
but
Misses
;
and
no
other
arms
than
a
spinning
stick
.
He
ran
immediately
to
his
companions
,
and
recites
to
them
the
sight
he
had
.
He
persuaded
them
that
they
owed
no
obedience
to
him
,
who
thought
he
ow'd
nothing
to
their
services
;
that
they
might
change
their
condition
,
since
he
had
changed
his
Sex
;
and
that
every
way
their
Rebellion
would
be
more
commendable
than
his
Infamy
.
He
is
made
Head
of
the
Party
,
and
draweth
as
many
Men
to
him
as
he
thought
generous
,
and
consults
with
them
the
loss
of
the
King
,
whose
Vices
he
could
not
bear
,
and
for
whose
Crown
he
had
an
infinite
esteem
.
He
is
followed
by
every
one
of
them
,
and
they
all
promise
to
imitate
him
.
He
conducts
and
encourages
them
,
and
carries
his
Arms
and
Victories
so
far
,
that
Sardanapalus
was
constrained
to
burn
himself
with
all
his
riches
;
and
shew'd
less
cowardize
in
his
last
action
,
than
he
had
shew'd
in
all
his
life
before
.
During
this
Reign
,
several
Kingdoms
were
overthrown
by
Wars
;
That
of
the
Caldeans
,
amongst
the
most
remarkable
,
was
overthrown
by
the
Israelites
;
That
of
the
Ethiopians
,
by
the
Ancients
Kings
of
Egypt
;
That
of
the
Trojans
,
by
the
Greeks
;
That
of
the
Amazons
,
by
Hercullus
and
Thessus
;
That
of
Cholcos
,
by
Jason
;
That
of
Israel
and
Juda
,
by
Nebuchadnezar
;
and
some
others
,
of
which
Historiographers
and
Poets
can
give
us
a
perfect
knowledge
.
But
because
that
the
most
Learned
doth
not
look
upon
the
Reign
of
the
Babylonians
and
Medes
as
a
Monarchy
,
but
as
a
particular
power
;
it
is
only
necessary
to
know
that
Astiages
was
their
last
King
,
and
that
it
was
impossible
for
to
avoid
his
ruine
,
what
industry
soever
he
used
.
He
having
dreamed
one
night
,
that
out
of
his
daughters
Womb
,
came
forth
a
Vine
,
which
covered
all
Asia
,
sends
for
all
those
who
had
a
repute
in
divination
;
he
enquired
of
them
the
meaning
of
his
dream
,
being
uncertain
whether
it
would
turn
to
his
glory
or
to
his
shame
.
The
Wise
men
answer'd
him
,
That
his
daughter
should
have
a
son
,
who
would
spoil
him
of
his
Kingdom
,
and
whose
actions
should
surpass
his
birth
.
Astiages
,
to
turn
away
the
misfortune
that
threatned
him
,
married
his
daughter
to
Cambyses
,
who
was
not
at
that
time
very
considerable
,
neither
for
his
virtue
,
nor
his
family
;
thinking
thereby
to
smother
the
greatness
of
his
Grandchild
,
by
the
meanness
of
his
birth
;
and
make
his
ambition
cease
,
by
the
consideration
of
his
low
fortunes
.
To
come
from
diffidence
to
cruelty
,
he
fancies
that
the
Child
must
no
sooner
be
in
the
World
,
but
he
must
be
sent
out
of
it
;
and
that
he
must
meet
with
a
grave
,
instead
of
a
Cradle
.
And
for
this
effect
,
as
soon
as
his
daughter
was
deliver'd
,
the
infant
was
given
charge
of
to
Harpagus
,
who
did
the
most
important
affairs
of
the
Kingdom
,
and
who
was
the
most
judicious
of
all
his
Counsellors
;
but
he
was
not
at
this
time
the
most
faithful
.
This
Man
,
fearing
that
the
Mother
,
who
was
to
be
one
day
his
Soveraign
,
should
revenge
the
murther
upon
her
Subject
,
that
she
could
not
do
upon
the
King
,
chose
rather
to
disobey
the
King
,
than
to
be
a
Murtherer
;
and
secure
himself
by
deceit
,
than
hazard
himself
by
a
crime
.
Therefore
he
caused
this
young
Child
,
whose
name
was
Cyrus
;
to
be
brought
up
by
a
Shepherd
,
who
had
an
extraordinary
care
of
him
;
and
who
,
to
appear
no
less
pitiful
than
a
Bitch
had
been
who
suckled
him
,
when
he
himself
was
abandon'd
of
all
the
World
,
did
out
of
compassion
,
that
which
another
would
have
done
out
of
interest
,
and
was
for
a
certain
time
a
Father
and
Governor
to
him
.
Astiages
having
notice
of
Harpagus's
Treason
,
took
his
son
,
and
commanded
him
to
be
killed
in
his
presence
,
and
forced
Harpagus
to
eat
him
;
that
is
to
say
,
to
eat
his
own
flesh
,
and
to
drink
the
blood
which
was
issued
out
of
his
own
veins
.
Harpagus
,
in
whom
the
horror
of
this
action
had
not
changed
his
countenance
apparently
,
altered
his
humor
extremely
;
from
regret
,
he
fell
to
revenge
;
and
made
so
good
use
of
the
occasion
,
that
he
discovered
all
the
business
to
Cyrus
,
who
at
that
time
dwelt
with
the
Persians
:
he
acquainted
him
with
the
diffidence
and
cruelty
of
Astiages
,
and
represented
to
him
Royalty
so
glorious
,
that
Cyrus
resolved
to
perish
,
or
to
make
himself
great
.
Seeing
then
that
the
Throne
was
not
so
high
but
he
might
scale
it
,
he
raised
a
potent
Army
,
gave
Battel
,
and
won
it
;
took
Astiages
,
and
devests
him
of
his
Kingdom
,
and
made
himself
so
powerful
and
absolute
amongst
the
Medes
,
that
he
became
at
last
the
Master
of
the
first
Empire
of
the
World
.
And
thus
it
is
very
apparent
,
that
Fortune
makes
use
of
the
same
steps
to
descend
,
as
to
ascend
.
She
casts
down
from
the
Throne
a
lawful
King
,
and
exalts
upon
it
an
ambitious
Man
.
She
takes
a
Childs
part
against
him
whose
Will
alone
should
be
powerful
enough
to
restrain
the
greatest
power
,
and
at
last
it
appears
,
that
to
command
,
and
to
obey
,
are
two
extremes
,
between
which
there
's
no
more
distance
,
than
between
joy
and
sorrow
.
Here
ends
the
Empire
of
the
Medes
,
by
the
generous
ambition
of
one
Man
,
who
begins
another
.
But
it
is
necessary
to
know
that
as
Empires
as
well
as
days
have
their
Sunset
,
as
well
as
their
Sun-rising
;
and
that
the
fairest
beginnings
have
not
alwayes
the
best
success
.
CHAP.
III
.
Of
the
Empire
of
the
Persians
.
AS
long
as
Empires
flourish
,
and
subsist
by
their
own
Forces
,
they
weaken
those
whom
they
have
made
Tributaries
;
and
they
make
themselves
Masters
of
those
,
whose
alliance
at
first
would
have
contented
them
:
they
do
no
less
than
the
fire
,
which
consumes
all
that
which
is
fuel
for
it
.
But
if
the
same
vigour
which
they
confided
in
,
begins
to
decay
,
they
are
ruined
by
the
same
Maxims
which
they
ruined
others
.
Their
weakness
is
the
principle
of
their
confusion
and
disorder
,
and
all
that
they
can
do
,
is
to
employ
for
their
security
the
same
Arms
which
they
made
use
of
to
exalt
themselves
.
The
growing
and
uniting
of
Provinces
,
are
the
first
seeds
of
War
,
saith
Sir
Francis
Bacon
;
and
as
soon
as
a
State
becomes
too
powerful
,
and
of
too
great
an
extent
,
one
may
compare
it
to
a
great
River
,
which
is
often
subject
to
some
remarkable
floods
and
inundations
.
The
Persians
,
who
under
the
Reign
of
Cyrus
,
of
Cambyses
,
of
Darius
and
Artaxerxes
,
had
laid
waste
the
Kingdoms
of
Lydia
,
of
Babylon
,
of
Syria
,
of
Judea
,
of
Arabia
,
of
Egypt
,
of
Phrygia
,
and
of
Grece
,
had
all
that
which
carried
terror
and
submission
in
the
hearts
of
their
Neighbours
;
they
had
no
Enemies
left
but
secret
ones
,
but
yet
powerful
:
and
they
acknowledged
at
last
to
their
confusion
,
that
all
Empires
had
their
Bounds
,
as
well
as
their
Extent
;
and
that
time
brought
an
end
to
all
things
.
Alexander
was
made
King
of
Macedonia
,
the
same
year
that
Darius
the
son
of
Arsanus
,
the
14th
King
of
Persia
,
was
made
Emperor
of
Asia
;
and
as
if
one
Kingdom
could
not
suffice
this
ambitious
young
Prince
,
he
was
minded
to
shew
that
the
execution
was
as
easie
to
him
as
the
undertaking
of
great
things
;
and
that
he
was
to
be
the
Master
of
those
who
were
his
Rivals
;
and
that
it
would
not
be
amiss
to
count
his
Conquests
as
soon
as
his
Enterprizes
.
In
effect
,
after
he
had
gotten
some
advantage
over
the
Greeks
,
he
came
to
Thebes
,
which
he
intended
to
preserve
;
but
as
soon
as
he
knew
that
the
Inhabitants
had
railed
against
all
their
friends
and
all
their
gods
,
and
counted
him
a
Tyrant
,
he
turned
his
patience
into
fury
;
he
storm'd
it
,
and
destroy'd
it
with
the
sword
and
fire
,
and
made
a
Desart
of
one
of
the
finest
Cities
in
the
World
.
He
signalized
his
ambition
by
other
actions
which
were
no
less
considerable
;
and
because
that
he
was
of
opinion
that
there
should
be
but
one
King
upon
earth
,
as
the
Heavens
have
but
one
Sun
,
he
passed
into
Asia
with
an
Army
which
saw
no
danger
,
where
there
was
Plunder
;
and
who
desired
nothing
more
than
Combats
,
because
it
had
no
greater
desire
to
enrich
it self
.
Alexander
knowing
the
forwardness
of
all
his
Soldiers
,
makes
use
of
such
a
fair
occasion
;
he
attack'd
the
Persians
,
took
from
them
Sardus
,
Milletus
,
and
Tyr
:
and
considering
the
number
of
his
enemies
less
than
his
own
glory
,
gives
battel
to
Darius
,
and
won
the
field
.
This
,
Darius
did
not
so
much
look
upon
for
the
loss
,
as
for
the
disgrace
.
He
made
a
second
attempt
,
to
smother
the
number
of
the
Conquest
which
Alexander
had
by
his
death
,
and
in
that
of
all
his
men
:
he
tells
them
that
they
ought
to
defend
their
lives
and
liberties
,
and
animates
them
to
the
revenge
of
their
companions
,
and
persuades
them
that
the
Macedonians
fought
with
less
valor
than
despair
;
and
that
it
was
better
their
burying
places
were
theirs
,
than
their
Countrey
.
These
exhortations
which
were
not
without
zeal
,
were
nevertheless
without
fruit
;
the
second
Combat
was
as
unfortunate
to
him
as
the
first
,
and
nothing
was
left
to
him
,
had
he
lost
courage
or
his
hopes
.
He
did
not
alter
his
resolution
,
though
his
condition
was
alter'd
;
he
lookt
upon
his
defeat
,
with
the
same
countenance
as
he
would
have
done
his
victory
;
he
thought
it
better
to
make
good
use
of
ill
Fortune
,
than
to
grieve
at
it
;
and
never
did
any
King
turn
greater
Philosopher
in
his
disgraces
:
Not
that
he
was
insensible
,
and
ignorant
of
the
chains
which
were
preparing
for
him
;
but
he
always
hoped
to
break
through
them
,
and
thought
that
he
was
still
to
be
fear'd
,
though
he
was
to
be
lamented
.
Alexander
,
to
overcome
him
by
Courtesies
,
as
well
as
by
Arms
,
sollicits
him
to
yield
,
and
promises
him
his
friendship
,
so
he
will
acknowledge
him
to
be
his
Master
,
and
not
use
him
as
an
Equal
;
and
let
him
understand
,
that
this
was
the
only
condition
upon
which
he
could
cease
to
be
unhappy
,
and
his
sister
and
daughters
slaves
.
Darius
refuseth
him
that
superiority
;
misery
was
pleasanter
to
him
than
subjection
;
he
had
much
rather
yield
to
necessity
,
than
to
the
offers
of
an
Usurper
;
and
remit
to
Destiny
,
rather
than
to
an
Enemy
,
the
choice
of
his
loss
or
safety
.
Alexander
at
the
hearing
of
this
,
neither
gives
him
time
to
consider
,
nor
to
defend
himself
;
he
tells
his
Soldiers
that
those
who
they
were
to
fight
,
were
the
same
who
they
had
so
lately
vanquish'd
;
that
they
were
not
strengthned
in
their
flight
;
and
that
it
was
not
the
beauty
of
Arms
in
which
victory
did
consist
,
but
in
virtue
.
In
that
persuasion
the
Macedonians
charged
the
Persians
,
amongst
which
some
fled
,
and
the
rest
followed
soon
their
example
;
and
as
Alexander
pursued
them
,
an
Asian
met
with
Darius
in
a
Horse-litter
wounded
in
several
places
;
who
knowing
the
man
by
his
habit
and
language
,
Go
,
said
he
,
to
Alexander
,
tell
him
from
me
,
that
I
dye
his
debtor
,
for
giving
liberty
to
my
mother
and
children
;
and
that
my
friends
who
had
received
of
me
whole
Provinces
,
have
kill'd
me
;
that
he
hath
used
me
rather
like
a
King
,
than
a
Tyrant
;
and
that
death
hath
not
taken
away
my
resentments
of
his
favours
:
if
my
voyce
is
but
strong
enough
to
be
heard
of
the
gods
,
I
'll
beg
of
them
to
make
all
the
world
his
Empire
,
and
to
make
him
as
great
as
he
is
generous
;
and
all
the
favour
I
beg
of
him
now
,
is
only
a
burying
place
.
These
were
the
last
words
of
Darius
:
which
when
Alexander
heard
,
and
that
he
saw
him
dead
,
he
lamented
his
misfortune
with
unfeigned
tears
;
he
was
sorry
for
his
victory
,
and
caused
him
to
be
buried
with
a
pomp
more
like
a
Triumph
,
than
a
Funeral
.
Some
say
that
Alexander
saw
him
dye
,
and
that
Darius
had
the
satisfaction
to
hear
him
utter
these
words
:
O
too
magnanimous
and
too
generous
Prince
,
I
confess
that
he
who
hath
caused
thy
misfortunes
,
begins
to
lament
them
,
and
thou
hast
struck
thine
enemies
heart
with
a
brotherly
compassion
.
I
will
take
more
care
for
thy
mother
and
daughters
,
doubtless
than
thy
friends
have
done
for
thee
;
they
shall
praise
my
Clemency
,
though
they
cannot
my
Arms
;
and
as
it
is
not
in
my
power
to
do
more
for
the
present
,
know
that
I
partake
of
thy
sorrows
,
though
I
cannot
partake
of
thy
wounds
.
It
was
this
way
that
Alexander
conquer'd
the
Empire
of
the
Persians
;
and
because
good
Fortune
is
never
accompany'd
with
diffidence
,
and
those
who
have
good
success
are
undaunted
,
he
went
further
in
his
Conquest
,
and
usurped
all
Asia
.
Who
would
have
thought
that
a
King
of
Macedon
could
have
vanquish'd
one
in
so
little
time
,
who
commanded
17
Provinces
,
besides
those
which
he
had
made
Tributaries
to
himself
;
that
184
ships
should
have
cleared
the
whole
Ocean
of
Conquerors
and
Pyrates
;
and
that
36500
men
should
have
so
prodigiously
increased
a
little
Kingdom
;
that
it
had
no
other
bonds
than
those
of
the
world
:
nevertheless
't
is
a
publick
truth
.
't
is
the
sentiment
of
all
the
world
,
that
Alexander
acted
great
things
by
small
means
;
and
that
he
raised
himself
to
that
heighth
of
glory
,
to
which
no
other
man
could
ever
attain
;
and
that
he
left
but
little
ground
unconquered
which
was
known
to
him
:
notwithstanding
as
the
same
earth
produceth
poyson
and
aliments
,
so
it
came
to
pass
that
the
same
Fortune
who
raised
the
Greeks
to
their
glory
,
brought
them
also
to
their
shame
and
confusion
;
and
that
their
Empire
for
all
its
advantages
,
had
none
particular
as
for
its
continuance
;
and
it
was
no
more
remarkable
for
its
growth
,
than
for
its
overthrow
.
CHAP.
IV
.
Of
the
Empire
of
the
Greeks
.
WHEN
Alexander
saw
that
there
remained
nothing
for
his
Arms
to
conquer
,
he
resolved
to
go
to
Babylon
to
crown
all
his
exploits
and
felicities
,
choosing
this
famous
City
to
celebrate
the
triumphs
and
victories
he
had
gained
over
all
the
rest
.
He
proposed
to
himself
to
make
some
stay
in
it
,
to
taste
some
rest
after
so
many
labours
,
that
he
might
judge
which
of
the
two
was
the
sweetest
,
the
tempest
,
or
the
calm
.
Certain
wise
men
opposed
his
design
by
their
predictions
;
they
represented
to
Alexander
,
that
the
stars
had
some
ill
aspects
for
him
in
that
place
,
and
that
he
should
rather
end
his
life
there
than
his
enterprizes
;
for
this
cause
he
lost
at
that
time
the
thoughts
of
Babylon
,
and
carried
them
upon
Byrsia
,
which
was
situated
upon
the
banks
of
Euphrates
,
which
had
been
formerly
an
agreeable
Desart
.
In
this
ancient
solitude
,
Alexander
had
some
conference
with
Anaxarcus
the
Philosopher
,
and
demanded
of
him
whether
the
opinions
of
the
Astrologers
were
an
effect
of
their
ignorance
,
or
of
their
malice
?
Anaxarcus
replied
,
That
there
were
certain
fatalities
which
prudence
ought
not
to
oppose
;
and
that
foresight
could
not
alter
destiny
;
that
it
was
impossible
to
man
to
avoid
it
,
and
to
the
most
judicious
to
make
a
discovery
of
it
.
He
persuaded
him
that
this
Science
was
as
uncertain
,
as
it
was
unprofitable
;
and
that
it
was
better
for
pastime
,
than
for
the
mind
to
be
taken
up
with
;
that
it
was
by
it
that
falshood
had
been
first
authorized
.
Alexander
after
this
,
was
persuaded
that
the
greatest
knowledge
of
the
wise
men
was
nothing
else
but
doubts
;
he
fancied
that
to
seek
truth
out
of
their
mouths
,
or
in
their
writings
,
was
to
seek
for
light
in
darkness
;
and
that
to
believe
them
,
was
to
deceive
ones
self
.
He
had
no
sooner
entertain'd
these
thoughts
,
and
fallen
in
that
opinion
,
but
he
took
the
way
to
Babylon
:
and
though
he
had
lost
the
memory
of
his
former
debauches
,
yet
he
resolved
to
follow
them
again
,
and
make
once
more
a
tryal
of
Wine
,
that
's
to
say
of
the
greatest
enemy
to
his
glory
and
reason
.
All
his
repasts
were
riotings
,
and
there
was
not
so
much
Wine
drank
for
thirst
,
as
out
of
excess
;
and
this
great
Conqueror
made
his
felicity
of
the
ruine
of
his
rest
,
and
of
his
life
.
Some
who
thought
themselves
suspitious
to
him
,
thought
this
too
fair
an
occasion
to
lose
,
and
made
advantagious
use
of
it
,
not
considering
whether
it
was
not
a
disgrace
for
them
to
secure
themselves
by
a
crime
.
Antipater
,
amongst
the
rest
,
who
feared
Alexander's
greatness
,
and
who
never
looked
upon
him
without
trembling
,
took
up
all
his
mind
to
lay
ambushes
for
him
,
and
carried
on
his
design
with
so
much
prudence
and
industry
,
that
those
who
Alexander
did
most
confide
in
,
were
the
first
who
wrought
his
ruine
.
He
had
no
sooner
drank
half
of
the
Wine
that
his
Steward
gave
him
,
but
he
was
constrained
to
rise
from
Table
;
the
pain
that
he
felt
was
so
great
,
that
he
had
many
times
a
mind
to
seek
for
remedy
at
the
point
of
his
sword
,
if
he
had
not
been
hindred
by
some
of
his
attendance
.
Those
who
knew
Alexander's
disposition
,
made
no
great
matter
of
this
accident
,
out
of
opinion
they
had
that
his
intemperance
had
caused
his
distemper
;
that
he
had
defects
as
well
as
other
men
,
and
that
he
would
recover
his
health
.
In
effect
,
drunkenness
was
counted
his
chief
vice
;
and
if
Histories
are
true
,
he
took
such
delight
in
it
,
that
he
ordain'd
a
price
for
those
who
could
resist
Wine
most
,
and
he
himself
would
pass
whole
Nights
in
drinking
:
but
however
he
dyed
six
dayes
after
in
great
torments
;
but
he
shew'd
no
less
courage
against
death
,
than
against
those
Nations
he
had
vanquish'd
.
His
constancy
was
as
great
as
his
pain
,
and
he
never
acted
more
like
a
King
,
than
at
the
last
moment
of
his
life
.
The
loss
of
it
,
was
together
the
loss
of
this
potent
Monarchy
,
it
was
divided
afterwards
in
four
;
and
if
Alexander
employ'd
all
his
arms
to
extend
it
,
his
Successors
employ'd
all
theirs
to
ruine
it
.
Cassander
,
Antipater's
son
,
had
Macedonia
,
Greece
,
and
all
that
was
in
Europe
.
Ptolomeus
was
made
King
of
Egypt
.
Assyria
fell
to
Seleucus
.
And
Antigonus
had
all
the
rest
of
Asia
.
But
as
Kings
cannot
suffer
any
companions
,
and
that
these
were
of
opinion
that
they
had
courage
enough
to
make
their
Neighbors
their
Subjects
,
they
made
War
likewise
one
with
another
,
and
each
of
them
recommended
their
designs
to
the
gods
,
and
to
fortune
.
Seleucus's
ambition
was
the
most
successful
,
he
usurp'd
all
Antigonus's
Territories
in
Asia
,
defeated
him
and
all
his
men
,
and
took
his
son
Demetrius
,
who
dyed
in
Prison
.
After
he
had
carried
fear
in
the
Indies
,
where
he
could
not
carry
love
,
then
there
was
left
but
three
Principalities
,
who
were
at
divers
times
weakned
by
Roman
Consuls
,
and
who
at
last
were
destroy'd
by
Sylla's
good
fortune
,
by
the
valor
of
Lucullus
,
and
the
invincible
courage
of
Pompey
.
Mithridates
King
of
Pontus
,
in
whom
those
three
members
of
that
great
Empire
struck
admiration
as
well
as
emulation
,
lookt
upon
them
no
otherwise
than
upon
a
thing
which
he
can
easily
make
his
own
;
and
as
he
had
no
less
design
than
the
conquest
of
Asia
,
he
took
Bithinia
,
that
he
might
have
the
freer
passage
.
He
had
no
other
reason
for
this
War
,
but
his
will
.
His
taking
of
this
Kingdom
made
all
the
rest
fear
;
all
that
he
liked
,
seemed
easie
to
him
;
and
the
terror
he
struck
in
Asia
,
opened
him
a
way
in
Europe
so
successfully
,
that
by
the
means
of
Lieutenants
Archelaus
and
Neoptolemus
,
he
became
Master
of
the
Cyclades
,
of
Delle
,
of
Negrepont
and
Athennes
:
he
was
so
proud
of
all
his
proceedings
,
that
he
went
almost
as
far
as
the
gates
of
Rome
.
But
Lucius
Sylla
overcame
violence
by
violence
,
chas'd
him
out
of
Italy
,
took
Athenes
in
his
way
,
expelled
Mithridates's
Garisons
out
of
Boetia
and
Negrepont
,
defeated
him
near
Charonia
and
Orchomenia
,
in
two
Battels
,
and
might
have
taken
away
from
him
all
hope
,
if
Lucius
had
not
been
readier
to
embrace
his
triumph
,
than
to
assure
himself
of
victory
.
This
forced
Mithridates
to
treat
with
him
,
and
to
yield
Asia
to
the
Romans
,
after
he
had
been
forced
to
render
Cappadocia
to
King
Ariobarzanus
,
and
Bithinia
to
Nicomedes
.
Nevertheless
Mithridates
resolved
either
to
command
or
to
dye
in
Asia
,
he
marches
in
it
with
new
Forces
,
besiegeth
Cyzique
,
which
was
as
famous
in
fair
marble
Towers
and
Riches
,
as
by
its
strength
and
rampars
:
and
had
carried
it
doubtless
,
if
besides
the
enemies
he
had
so
opposed
,
he
had
not
had
Famine
and
the
Plague
to
fight
with
.
He
had
no
sooner
raised
the
siege
,
but
Lucullus
followed
that
which
was
left
of
his
Army
,
of
whom
he
made
such
a
slaughter
,
that
the
blood
of
his
Soldiers
changed
the
colour
of
the
River
Lazarus
and
Aesopia
,
and
would
have
ruin'd
him
absolutely
,
if
his
men
had
been
as
mindful
of
their
glory
,
as
of
their
avarice
.
Mithridates
fled
with
those
which
the
Romans
had
given
over
pursuing
;
but
his
ships
were
so
vehemently
beaten
by
the
winds
and
the
waves
,
that
then
he
counted
his
life
amongst
his
other
losses
;
and
if
he
survived
after
the
Tempest
,
he
received
this
favour
of
the
Heavens
as
a
good
which
he
thought
he
could
not
reasonably
hope
for
.
This
danger
,
which
was
capable
to
shake
the
greatest
resolution
,
did
not
waver
his
at
all
;
he
carried
the
same
face
in
his
losses
,
as
well
as
in
his
designs
,
and
he
never
was
abandon'd
by
constancy
and
ambition
;
as
if
his
intention
had
been
to
outbrave
the
pride
of
the
Romans
,
and
the
power
of
Fortune
.
He
draws
to
his
party
the
Iberians
,
the
Caspians
,
the
Epirats
,
and
those
of
high
and
low
Armenia
:
He
raiseth
his
hopes
with
a
powerful
Army
,
and
is
persuaded
that
it
is
in
his
power
to
sacrifice
to
his
vengeance
,
those
who
were
like
to
sacrifice
him
to
their
glory
.
Before
his
Forces
were
united
,
Pompey
to
prevent
him
,
made
a
Bridge
of
Boats
,
over
which
he
passed
Euphrates
,
pursued
and
attacked
him
,
against
the
counsel
of
some
who
advised
him
to
the
contrary
;
and
by
a
marvellous
surprize
,
or
an
incredible
fortune
,
defeated
him
quite
in
one
Battel
.
This
was
performed
by
night
,
and
the
Moon
favoured
the
courage
and
design
of
Pompey
,
because
it
shin'd
at
that
time
behind
his
Enemies
,
and
in
the
Romans
faces
;
so
that
Mithridates's
men
deceived
by
their
own
shadow
,
which
appeared
very
long
,
and
taking
it
for
their
enemies
,
charged
them
to
no
purpose
,
whil'st
they
deprived
them
of
their
blood
and
also
of
their
lives
.
This
last
misfortune
was
but
a
bait
to
his
virtue
,
he
put
himself
in
a
posture
to
raise
his
hopes
again
which
seemed
dead
;
and
to
make
appear
that
great
men
are
sometimes
worthy
of
admiration
,
at
the
same
time
that
they
are
the
objects
of
pity
.
And
to
give
a
proof
of
it
,
he
raised
as
he
fled
all
those
that
dwelt
upon
the
Sands
of
Sicily
,
endeavouring
to
carry
the
alarum
as
far
as
Colchos
,
that
he
might
carry
on
his
design
through
Thracia
,
through
Macedonia
,
and
through
Greece
,
and
to
fall
into
Italy
,
to
surprize
the
Romans
:
But
the
rebellion
of
those
of
Pontus
,
and
the
ingratitude
of
his
son
Pharnazius
,
confounded
all
his
projects
;
and
him
who
thought
himself
invincible
,
was
forced
to
yield
to
despair
.
In
fine
,
Mithridates
who
had
suffer'd
with
more
constancy
his
ill
destiny
,
than
his
sons
ill
nature
,
made
an
end
by
steel
,
of
that
which
he
had
vainly
attempted
to
do
by
poyson
;
and
run
his
body
through
with
his
Sword
,
to
testifie
that
as
he
dyed
unfortunate
,
so
he
dyed
at
liberty
.
This
accident
which
was
the
shame
of
Mithridates
,
was
the
loss
of
the
Usurpers
;
Pompey
made
use
of
the
ruine
of
them
for
the
foundation
of
Rome
;
and
enricht
it
of
their
spoil
.
In
effect
,
this
great
Commander
,
who
brought
Spain
to
the
subjection
of
the
Romans
again
,
vanquish'd
twice
Mithridates
,
and
Tigranus
thrice
;
brought
under
Herod
King
of
Albania
,
and
Artaxes
King
of
the
Iberians
;
he
conquer'd
with
their
Kingdoms
Syria
and
Phoenicia
,
overcame
the
Iturians
,
Arabians
,
the
Jews
,
and
six
other
Neighborly
Countries
;
defeated
to
the
number
of
22
Kings
,
took
1638
Cities
,
and
employ'd
all
his
life
but
in
subduing
or
making
others
miserable
,
who
were
enemies
to
the
Republick
.
Thus
he
came
in
the
world
in
a
glorious
time
for
him
,
as
Leosthenus
had
reason
to
say
,
That
he
resembled
the
power
of
Alexander
after
his
death
,
as
Alexander
resembled
Poliphemus
after
the
loss
of
his
sight
,
when
he
felt
about
with
his
hand
,
not
knowing
which
way
he
should
take
;
and
his
dominions
were
no
sooner
distributed
,
but
they
were
lost
.
In
fine
,
there
is
nothing
certain
in
the
world
;
Thrones
,
the
best
supported
,
fall
,
as
well
as
those
that
totter
of
themselves
.
The
greatest
Empires
are
as
subject
to
Revolutions
,
as
the
least
.
And
the
life
of
Gyants
is
neither
longer
nor
more
certain
than
that
of
Dwarfs
.
Whatsoever
policy
and
industry
we
take
to
preserve
that
which
we
have
acquired
,
or
which
is
acquired
for
us
,
we
may
very
well
say
that
Fortune
,
though
she
is
not
the
Mistress
of
our
will
,
is
so
nevertheless
of
our
adventures
.
And
Caesar
never
appeared
so
full
of
vanity
,
as
when
he
said
that
he
carried
Fortune
along
with
him
,
since
it
is
she
absolutely
who
causes
the
changes
that
happens
in
our
lives
and
conditions
.
CHAP.
V.
Of
the
Empire
of
the
Romans
.
SIr
Francis
Bacon
,
who
compares
a
State
to
a
Man
,
saith
that
Learning
is
his
Infancy
,
that
he
employs
his
young
age
in
arms
,
and
that
in
a
more
solid
age
both
are
maintain'd
together
,
that
in
its
old
age
it
affects
nothing
but
mechanick
things
.
But
since
I
am
left
at
liberty
not
to
be
of
every
mans
opinion
,
I
will
not
constrain
my self
to
believe
him
,
and
I
will
shew
in
few
words
,
That
Learning
was
not
the
infancy
of
this
Empire
;
and
that
it
ended
rather
by
Idleness
,
than
by
Traffick
and
Trades
,
as
great
Rivers
are
often
in
their
head
,
but
small
Rivolets
which
run
from
some
Fountain
.
These
Men
,
to
whom
all
others
were
either
subjects
or
slaves
,
were
in
their
original
but
a
company
of
shepherds
,
who
notwithstanding
had
not
the
simplicity
,
though
they
had
the
habit
;
and
who
made
known
since
by
their
ambition
and
dexterity
,
that
there
was
nothing
so
difficult
,
but
the
courage
of
man
can
overcome
when
it
is
led
by
prudence
.
Romulus
,
who
was
the
first
founder
of
Rome
,
found
means
to
draw
the
Phrygians
to
his
side
,
who
before
had
engaged
themselves
in
the
good
fortune
of
Aeneas
,
and
the
Arcadians
who
before
had
followed
that
of
Evander
:
but
because
they
wanted
women
,
and
that
they
could
not
continue
long
without
them
,
they
lookt
upon
their
Neighbors
daughters
as
their
Mistresses
;
and
being
not
able
to
acquire
them
by
their
addresses
,
they
enjoyed
them
by
force
and
policy
.
Numa
Pompilius
,
who
affected
Religion
and
gentleness
,
better
than
violence
and
slaughter
,
was
Romulus's
Successor
,
and
he
that
followed
him
,
whose
greatest
care
was
to
make
his
generosity
and
courage
seen
,
rather
than
his
zeal
,
shew'd
the
Romans
by
example
and
precept
,
that
a
man
fought
without
danger
that
fought
with
policy
;
they
were
afterwards
happy
in
the
choice
of
their
Wars
and
Soveraigns
;
they
executed
under
them
great
projects
and
exploits
;
they
had
both
together
boldness
and
good
success
;
and
their
arms
brought
them
much
benefit
and
glory
.
This
people
in
their
first
age
were
under
Kings
,
which
lasted
near
250
years
,
and
did
do
much
,
but
promised
much
more
;
they
undertook
to
crush
down
those
who
were
of
opinion
,
that
they
had
enough
to
do
to
sustain
themselves
;
but
as
their
weakness
did
not
permit
them
to
go
so
far
,
they
proportioned
their
ambition
to
their
power
,
and
measured
their
enterprizes
to
their
Forces
.
Since
the
Consulate
of
Brutus
and
of
Colatin
,
till
that
of
Apius
Claudius
,
and
of
Quintus
Fulvius
,
which
lasted
the
space
of
200
years
,
and
that
one
might
count
the
adolescence
of
the
Empire
,
they
limited
their
Territories
,
and
brought
into
their
subjection
those
who
they
only
thought
to
weaken
,
and
converted
all
Italy
into
a
Country
of
Conquest
.
Since
this
Age
to
that
of
Augustus
Caesar
,
there
was
250
years
,
and
because
the
State
was
then
in
its
vigor
,
one
may
term
it
its
youth
,
since
its
felicities
did
leave
it
nothing
to
wish
for
,
that
all
the
earth
was
the
prize
and
the
subject
of
its
victories
,
and
there
remained
no
more
to
conquer
but
the
imaginary
places
of
the
world
.
Since
Augustus
Caesar
to
Severus
,
one
may
count
200
years
,
and
this
was
the
beginning
of
its
old
Age
,
since
it
began
to
weaken
and
languish
;
and
the
space
of
these
two
Ages
did
not
turn
so
much
to
its
advantage
,
as
to
its
ruine
:
but
besides
,
its
last
overthrow
,
which
some
may
behold
without
astonishment
,
is
it
possible
that
any
man
can
look
upon
its
first
wounds
without
compassion
?
That
it
should
find
allurement
in
its
own
disgraces
,
and
that
it
should
turn
its
rest
into
a
Scaffold
for
its
own
execution
?
The
glory
which
it
acquired
in
the
rich
Provinces
of
the
Gauls
,
in
Thracia
,
in
Cilicia
,
in
Capadocia
,
in
Armenia
,
and
in
England
,
was
not
so
great
as
the
shame
it
suffered
to
fight
with
Allies
,
Slaves
,
Gladiators
,
and
against
it self
:
in
effect
,
what
was
not
seen
in
the
Greeks
times
?
what
did
it
not
suffer
in
this
general
Conspiracy
,
in
which
the
Tuscans
required
of
it
the
right
of
Citizens
,
which
had
been
promis'd
them
by
Drusus
?
what
affront
did
it
not
receive
in
the
War
they
had
against
slaves
,
and
men
of
nothing
?
And
what
quantity
of
blood
did
it
not
lose
by
the
ambition
of
Marius
and
Cylla
?
it
was
a
small
matter
that
this
last
had
slain
at
the
chief
gate
of
Sacryport
60000
men
during
the
War
;
that
in
peace
he
had
put
to
death
in
the
field
of
Mars
4000
Citizens
,
who
yielded
themselves
to
his
mercy
;
and
that
amongst
so
many
men
whom
he
commanded
,
there
was
2000
which
he
had
taken
out
as
the
flower
of
the
Nobility
and
Senate
,
if
his
cruelty
had
not
been
so
ingenious
,
and
if
he
had
not
invented
new
wayes
to
make
men
languish
and
lie
in
their
pain
.
There
's
no
inhumanity
which
was
not
at
that
time
practised
,
nor
no
sacrilegious
persons
who
were
not
recompensed
;
as
they
had
severally
divided
the
inclinations
of
every
one
,
so
that
friends
fought
against
friends
,
brothers
with
their
swords
would
dispute
for
courage
and
authority
with
their
brothers
,
and
a
son
had
not
been
look'd
upon
by
his
Companions
or
his
Commander
,
if
he
had
not
signalized
himself
by
a
Parricide
;
the
end
of
this
confusion
,
was
not
the
end
of
its
troubles
,
Catalina
raised
new
ones
soon
after
,
and
without
the
arms
of
Anthony
,
and
industry
of
Cicero
,
who
both
hindred
the
execrable
attempt
which
he
had
devised
against
his
Countrey
;
it
is
most
certain
that
his
saying
would
have
proved
true
,
That
he
would
quench
the
flames
of
Rome
in
its
ruines
.
But
what
perturbations
hath
not
this
poor
people
suffered
?
And
how
many
dangers
was
it
not
in
,
by
the
Leaguers
of
Caesar
and
Pompey
?
What
Families
have
not
been
dispersed
by
those
Factions
?
And
what
decrees
were
maintain'd
in
their
discords
?
Did
they
not
make
a
lawful
quarrel
of
their
suspitions
,
their
violence
past
for
Justice
,
and
their
will
for
a
Law
,
though
it
was
neither
to
defend
their
Walls
nor
their
Altars
;
but
only
because
Caesar
was
too
rich
,
and
Pompey
too
potent
,
that
this
could
not
suffer
to
have
a
Master
,
nor
the
other
a
Companion
:
it
was
notwithstanding
by
this
division
,
that
the
Romans
bought
the
liberty
of
all
other
Nations
;
all
the
world
became
their
Countrey
;
and
their
power
who
had
no
equal
but
their
pride
,
was
so
great
,
that
they
have
made
those
wear
Chains
,
who
had
worn
Crowns
and
Scepters
.
This
happiness
for
all
that
was
not
durable
;
but
as
the
Vices
of
Princes
are
often
the
disasters
of
their
Subjects
,
so
it
hapned
that
the
effeminacy
and
cruelty
of
Augustus's
Successors
,
made
them
be
counted
Women
or
Monsters
;
and
that
they
have
got
the
hatred
,
or
the
scorn
of
all
those
where
they
made
themselves
known
.
From
this
indifferency
and
hate
,
began
to
arise
revolts
in
the
utmost
Provinces
;
the
Parthians
and
the
Persians
were
the
first
who
cast
off
the
yoke
in
the
East
,
in
the
West
the
Gaules
imitated
them
,
and
in
the
North
the
Goths
and
the
Vandals
were
not
content
with
their
liberty
,
they
marched
to
Rome
to
make
themselves
Sovereigns
;
and
evidenced
enough
,
that
those
who
slept
upon
Thrones
,
did
not
merit
the
command
of
them
.
The
last
division
which
hapned
in
this
great
Empire
,
was
between
Charlemain
King
of
France
,
and
Hyrenna
Imperatrix
of
Constantinople
:
and
though
Rome
had
been
taken
divers
times
by
Athalarick
King
of
the
Goths
,
and
by
Genserick
King
of
the
Vandals
,
and
by
the
Almains
,
under
the
conduct
of
Odoacer
,
yet
this
City
was
never
so
near
its
ruine
,
as
when
Totilla
beheld
the
ashes
of
it
with
the
same
pleasure
which
Nero
beheld
the
flames
of
it
through
an
Emerald
.
But
what
wonder
is
it
to
see
a
State
tumble
,
in
which
Learning
and
Arms
are
held
in
derision
,
where
Sloth
and
Voluptuousness
are
in
credit
,
and
in
which
Vices
receive
the
same
commendation
and
reward
as
Virtue
?
Since
Augustus
,
Trajan
was
the
first
who
bestirred
himself
for
the
Republick
;
he
reconquered
the
Province
from
the
Parthians
which
they
had
ravish'd
from
the
Romans
;
he
took
away
both
the
Crown
and
the
Kingdom
from
him
who
had
usurp'd
Armenia
from
them
;
he
brought
the
men
of
Russia
,
of
Bosphorr
and
Colchos
to
their
duty
again
;
he
invaded
the
Sarazins
and
the
Arabs
Countries
,
brought
in
subjection
the
Marcomedes
and
the
Cordvenians
,
and
made
himself
Master
of
Artemusia
,
the
best
and
most
important
Province
of
Persia
,
besides
the
Towns
of
Selucia
,
of
Ctesiphont
,
and
of
Babylon
,
which
he
took
;
he
marched
his
Forces
upon
the
frontiers
of
the
Indies
;
he
fitted
a
Fleet
out
upon
the
red
Sea
;
and
,
by
the
means
of
several
Channels
,
he
made
that
land
which
lieth
between
Euphrates
and
Tybre
,
as
good
a
soil
as
Egypt
:
Those
who
succeeded
him
,
had
neither
his
ambition
nor
his
courage
;
though
they
had
the
same
dignity
,
they
had
not
all
the
same
glory
;
their
government
were
as
different
as
their
humors
;
and
most
of
them
were
remarkable
but
for
their
Cowardize
,
for
their
Tyranny
,
and
for
their
ill
Fortune
.
Thus
time
had
no
sooner
separated
their
Forces
,
but
it
dissolved
them
;
some
of
them
lost
whole
Kingdoms
,
as
others
had
gained
them
;
and
every
Prince
took
possession
of
those
States
of
which
they
had
been
spoiled
:
but
by
reason
that
this
misfortune
was
followed
by
that
of
Rome
it self
,
we
will
speak
of
it
anon
in
particular
,
and
shew
you
that
Fortune
tyrannizes
as
well
over
Empires
as
Emperors
,
and
over
Cities
as
over
men
.
CHAP.
VI
.
Of
the
Kingdom
or
Empire
of
Mexica
.
IN
the
East-India
there
are
well-founded
and
governed
States
,
as
the
Kingdoms
of
Syan
,
Bysnega
,
China
,
and
others
,
which
are
able
to
raise
to
the
number
of
200000
men
apiece
;
but
in
the
West-India
,
there
is
but
two
Empires
or
Kingdoms
,
namely
,
that
of
the
Jugals
in
Peru
,
and
Mexica
in
New
Spain
.
Amongst
some
difference
that
's
found
between
them
,
these
be
none
of
the
smallest
,
that
the
Jugals
are
more
ancient
and
wealthy
than
the
Mexicans
,
and
these
more
lofty
and
opulent
;
that
Emperors
were
made
by
election
in
Mexica
,
as
anciently
among
the
Romans
:
and
in
Peru
the
Crown
falls
to
the
highest
of
the
blood
,
as
it
is
in
France
and
Spain
;
these
,
for
a
mark
of
Royalty
,
wear
a
red
Ball
of
extreme
fine
wooll
,
which
hangs
in
the
middle
of
their
forehead
;
but
the
Diadem
of
the
Mexican
Kings
was
proportion'd
in
the
forepart
like
a
Mitre
with
the
hindmost
Horn
cut
off
,
so
that
it
was
higher
before
,
and
drew
up
taper
to
a
point
.
Martial
offices
were
alwayes
amongst
them
the
most
honourable
;
their
chief
Commanders
were
of
great
extraction
,
and
those
which
were
not
,
could
not
attain
to
Nobility
but
by
Virtue
;
their
Arms
were
two
sharp
Flints
,
which
they
made
fast
to
a
Stick
on
both
sides
,
great
and
heavy
Clubs
,
and
Lances
,
in
the
manner
of
a
Pike
,
and
some
kind
of
Darts
which
they
darted
with
a
marvellous
activity
,
and
fought
for
the
most
part
with
stones
;
they
had
some
shields
of
a
little
compass
to
cover
themselves
,
and
head-pieces
almost
like
ours
,
covered
with
feathers
;
they
cloathed
themselves
in
Lyons
skins
,
Bears
skins
,
and
other
wild
Beasts
.
Matecuma
brought
the
Chivalry
to
its
highest
perfection
,
when
he
instituted
certain
Military
orders
,
which
were
much
like
ours
,
and
assigned
marks
of
honour
to
his
Officers
and
glorious
Standards
.
The
most
honorable
was
a
Crown
of
their
own
hair
,
which
some
Knights
wore
fastened
with
a
red
Ribon
to
a
Plume
of
Feathers
,
which
shot
other
Feathers
that
reached
down
to
the
shoulders
;
and
every
Knight
had
as
many
of
these
last
kind
of
Feathers
that
shot
out
of
others
,
as
he
had
done
Actions
of
Valor
and
Remark
;
and
who
made
himself
worthy
of
the
love
of
his
Prince
who
was
also
of
this
order
.
There
was
a
second
mark
,
which
was
Lyons
and
Tygres
represented
,
which
the
most
resolute
and
valiant
wore
.
And
a
third
,
call'd
Grys
,
and
every
one
of
them
had
their
Apartment
at
their
Princes
Palace
.
To
understand
the
foundation
of
this
Empire
or
Kingdom
,
it
is
necessary
to
know
that
the
first
men
which
inhabited
those
Provinces
,
which
are
call'd
New
Spain
at
this
time
,
were
barbarous
men
,
who
never
Till'd
the
ground
,
who
passed
their
time
but
only
in
hunting
of
wild
Beasts
,
Birds
,
Serpents
,
Lizards
,
and
Worms
themselves
,
which
they
used
to
feed
on
with
Roots
and
Herbs
.
They
made
Bushes
,
Caves
and
Mountains
their
Lodging
;
their
Wives
went
a
hunting
with
them
,
and
left
their
Children
hanged
in
rush
Baskets
upon
boughs
of
Trees
,
whil'st
they
were
at
this
exercise
;
and
had
no
God
nor
Religion
,
Laws
nor
Customs
:
As
these
men
did
not
Till
the
ground
,
they
left
the
fertilest
part
of
this
Countrey
without
people
,
which
place
was
afterwards
possest
by
some
strangers
,
called
Navaltacains
,
who
came
from
the
farthest
part
of
the
North
,
where
there
is
two
Provinces
,
one
of
them
is
call'd
the
place
of
Heroes
,
and
the
other
,
the
Land
of
the
Divine
Ancestors
.
These
are
divided
in
seven
parts
,
and
the
Navaltacains
represent
their
original
like
a
Cave
,
and
affirm
that
they
issued
out
of
seven
Caves
in
the
year
902
,
according
to
our
Calculation
,
to
come
and
inhabit
Medica
.
These
seven
Nations
did
not
issue
out
all
,
at
one
time
;
the
Suchymilcofians
,
whose
name
signifieth
in
our
language
,
Seed
of
Flowers
,
inhabited
the
Coasts
of
the
great
Lake
which
lieth
South
,
and
founded
a
City
and
several
other
Towns
of
its
name
.
Those
of
the
second
Cave
,
called
men
of
speech
,
made
some
foundation
also
,
and
partak'd
their
limits
along
with
the
former
.
The
third
sort
of
people
,
call'd
men
of
Pont
,
peopled
the
West-side
of
the
Lake
,
and
multiplied
in
such
manner
,
that
they
built
themselves
a
City
which
they
call'd
Azcapuzalco
,
that
's
to
say
,
a
Swarm
.
The
fourth
inhabited
in
Texcuco
,
and
thus
they
altogether
encompassed
the
Lake
.
The
fifth
call'd
by
the
name
Thalucas
,
passed
on
the
other
side
of
Syerre
,
where
they
found
a
hot
Countrey
,
large
and
fertile
.
And
the
sixth
people
went
over
Syerre
towards
the
East
,
where
there
is
that
famous
Vulcan
,
between
the
City
of
Medica
,
and
the
City
of
Angels
.
These
last
found
some
difficulty
at
first
to
establish
themselves
;
the
old
Inhabitants
which
History
makes
to
be
of
a
prodigious
stature
,
could
not
suffer
these
Usurpers
,
and
were
not
long
before
they
declared
War
against
them
:
but
the
others
perceiving
that
policy
would
be
more
beneficial
to
them
,
than
their
strength
,
they
invited
to
a
great
Banquet
their
enemies
,
stole
their
Arms
from
them
,
then
fell
upon
them
,
and
slew
all
those
who
had
not
time
to
make
their
escape
,
and
so
became
Masters
of
their
enemies
and
possessions
.
These
six
Nations
kept
one
with
the
other
a
friendship
which
lasted
long
,
and
since
this
happy
success
they
united
themselves
by
marriages
,
and
submitted
themselves
to
a
government
which
they
made
,
and
so
cast
the
first
foundations
of
their
Republick
Three
hundred
and
two
years
after
the
issuing
out
of
these
,
those
of
the
seven
Caves
came
to
New
Spain
,
after
a
wonderful
toyl
passed
through
Mechoacan
,
which
is
150
miles
distant
from
Mexica
,
and
through
Malinalco
and
Chapultepec
;
overthrew
an
enemy
which
opposed
its
progression
,
pulled
out
his
heart
,
and
threw
it
in
the
Lake
,
from
which
as
they
think
proceeded
a
Plant
they
call
Tunal
,
and
in
that
place
they
laid
the
foundations
of
a
City
which
they
named
Mexi
,
who
had
been
heir
Guide
and
Commander
in
their
Travels
.
They
overthrew
since
the
Chalcasians
,
and
chose
for
their
Queen
the
King
of
Culchuacan's
daughter
,
whom
afterwards
they
sacrificed
by
the
command
of
their
god
,
who
had
a
mind
to
possess
her
;
they
beautified
and
fortified
Mexica
as
their
god
Vitli
pultzi
had
ordain'd
them
;
and
began
to
divide
themselves
in
Provinces
,
and
fill'd
all
the
Countrey
of
the
fame
and
glory
of
their
Arms.
But
as
they
had
amongst
them
some
Traytors
to
flatter
,
and
some
Neighbors
to
oppose
,
and
that
the
King
of
Culchuacan
might
have
a
just
resentment
for
the
murther
of
his
Predecessors
daughter
,
they
resolved
to
alter
their
government
,
and
to
choose
a
King
of
the
blood
of
Mexi
,
to
send
Ambassadors
to
the
King
of
Culchuacan
,
to
demand
a
Queen
for
Acamaspixly
,
whom
they
had
chosen
King
by
a
common
Suffrage
.
He
was
near
of
Consanguinity
with
the
King
of
Culchuacan
,
who
chose
for
him
a
very
considerable
Lady
;
and
the
Mexicans
after
some
publick
Orations
,
received
him
with
great
applauses
;
adorned
his
head
with
a
rich
Crown
,
and
begged
of
him
to
employ
all
his
industry
for
their
safety
.
In
effect
,
he
forgot
nothing
that
could
advance
their
greatness
and
his
;
he
defended
them
as
much
as
lay
in
his
power
against
the
King
of
Arcapusalco
,
and
died
after
he
had
reigned
40
years
,
with
as
much
policy
as
the
greatest
experience
can
produce
.
He
left
this
commendation
after
himself
,
as
well
as
Alexander
,
that
he
would
appoint
no
Successor
after
him
,
but
of
him
that
should
be
thought
most
worthy
,
having
no
regard
to
his
children
;
and
shewed
a
great
deal
of
regret
not
to
have
lived
long
enough
to
make
his
people
more
happy
and
free
,
notwithstanding
they
consecrated
one
of
his
children
whose
name
was
Vitzilovitsy
,
either
to
testifie
their
acknowledgment
,
or
to
oblige
him
by
this
election
to
shew
himself
worthy
of
such
a
father
:
as
he
was
a
Batchelor
,
they
sent
Ambassadors
to
demand
the
King
of
Azcapuzalcos's
daughter
;
of
whom
they
depended
,
and
who
exacted
great
Tributes
from
them
,
and
other
duties
which
were
very
grievous
to
them
.
They
were
happy
enough
to
obtain
her
,
and
their
interest
was
soon
joined
together
,
Vitzilovitsy
had
a
son
by
Queen
Aymchigual
:
and
as
they
were
very
superstitious
about
names
,
and
that
they
followed
much
in
this
the
presage
of
Oracles
,
ordained
that
his
name
should
be
Chirvalpopoca
;
that
's
to
say
,
a
Buckler
casting
smoke
.
By
this
birth
they
were
freed
of
the
greatest
part
of
those
tributes
and
duties
which
they
formerly
paid
:
but
this
good
fortune
did
not
last
long
,
the
Queen
dyed
soon
after
;
and
they
lost
the
year
following
the
King
,
who
reign'd
but
13
years
;
they
mourned
for
their
2d
King
,
who
had
made
all
his
Neighbors
,
Allies
or
Friends
,
and
begun
to
make
Mexica
famous
for
its
buildings
and
riches
,
although
Chimalpopoca
had
but
ten
years
of
age
,
he
was
chosen
King
;
but
their
ambition
was
not
satiated
by
the
new
obligations
they
had
to
the
Tapenecans
,
they
would
also
force
them
to
work
at
the
Channel
they
intended
to
make
from
the
Mount
of
Chapultepec
to
Mexica
,
because
they
could
not
drink
the
water
of
the
Lake
,
they
provoked
them
so
by
their
demand
,
that
they
went
one
night
in
their
Kings
Palace
,
who
slept
without
Guards
,
and
slew
him
without
any
obstruction
.
Iscoalt
Placaellec
was
chosen
King
over
the
people
,
and
the
murther
of
Chinalpopoca
was
in
such
an
horror
to
the
Mexicans
,
that
they
prepared
themselves
either
to
revenge
it
,
or
to
lose
in
so
just
a
resolution
all
their
Lives
and
Territories
.
They
began
to
march
in
order
towards
the
Tapenecains
,
attack'd
and
overcame
them
under
the
conduct
of
Tlacaellec
their
King
,
went
into
Ascapuxalco
,
plundered
the
Town
,
and
spared
neither
old
age
nor
children
,
and
left
behind
them
nothing
but
what
was
useless
for
them
.
Those
that
were
fled
into
the
Mountains
,
yielded
themselves
to
the
mercy
of
them
that
pursued
them
,
gave
them
both
their
houses
and
possessions
to
save
their
lives
;
and
did
not
only
offer
to
be
tributaries
unto
them
,
but
slaves
.
These
dominions
were
divided
amongst
several
under
the
King
,
and
this
victory
made
the
Mixicans
feared
by
those
who
before
looked
upon
them
with
contempt
and
pity
.
They
went
on
further
with
their
Arms
,
and
laboured
so
successfully
under
the
command
of
their
King
,
that
he
defeated
those
of
Tacuba
and
Cuyoacan
;
that
they
burned
down
the
Temple
in
which
they
had
secured
themselves
,
and
made
a
prodigious
number
of
Captives
,
took
a
great
spoil
of
Cloaths
and
Arms
,
precious
Stones
,
and
gold
and
silver
Vessels
.
After
they
had
subdued
in
this
manner
the
Tapenecans
,
they
marched
against
the
Suchimilcotians
,
who
were
the
first
of
those
seven
which
were
come
out
of
Caves
to
inhabit
this
Land
,
overcame
them
,
made
the
King
of
Cuitlavaca
their
Subject
,
and
chose
for
theirs
Motecuma
,
first
of
that
name
,
after
the
death
of
Iscoalt
Tlacaellec
,
who
reigned
twelve
years
,
and
signalized
his
Reign
by
all
the
actions
that
could
make
a
Prince
illustrious
.
Motecuma
,
Tlacaellecs's
Nephew
,
was
no
sooner
crowned
,
but
he
made
War
with
all
his
Neighbors
,
who
at
last
became
his
Subjects
;
and
in
his
War
against
the
Chalcasians
,
there
hapned
a
remarkable
thing
,
they
had
taken
one
of
Motecuma's
brothers
,
whom
they
would
make
their
King
,
either
to
oppose
him
the
more
against
the
Mexicans
,
or
else
to
hinder
them
from
falling
out
with
them
.
As
this
young
Prince
saw
himself
sollicited
with
much
instance
to
accept
of
the
Crown
from
their
hands
,
and
that
he
could
not
put
it
off
no
longer
neither
by
his
reasons
,
nor
his
requests
,
he
commanded
them
to
erect
a
great
Pole
in
the
middle
of
the
Market-place
of
Colchos
,
and
place
upon
it
a
little
Stage
where
one
might
get
up
upon
.
The
Chalcafians
soon
followed
his
order
,
and
being
persuaded
that
it
was
a
Ceremony
used
among
the
Mexicans
.
This
young
Prince
,
with
a
Crown
of
Flowers
in
his
hand
,
got
upon
the
Stage
,
and
cast
himself
down
headlong
,
and
was
taken
up
dead
before
all
the
people
:
But
before
he
cast
himself
off
,
he
spoke
thus
to
the
Mexicans
that
were
there
:
These
men
require
me
for
their
King
,
but
the
gods
do
not
suffer
that
I
should
get
a
Crown
by
the
least
Treason
;
and
you
ought
to
learn
by
me
,
that
our
enemies
must
be
always
subdued
by
us
:
and
that
there
is
more
glory
to
dye
,
than
to
assist
them
.
The
Chalcasians
startled
at
the
resolution
of
this
young
Prince
,
and
troubled
at
that
spectacle
,
fell
upon
the
Mexicans
,
and
slew
them
;
but
their
punishment
soon
followed
their
crime
.
Motecuma
did
not
only
send
a
potent
Army
against
them
,
but
went
there
himself
;
and
as
he
had
the
aid
of
Tlacaerlec
,
and
that
he
was
active
and
valiant
,
he
overcame
them
,
and
wasted
all
their
Countrey
,
carrying
his
Conquest
as
far
as
the
North
Seas
,
brought
in
subjection
several
Countries
in
the
South
,
ordained
Military
Officers
and
Magistrates
for
Civil
government
;
built
that
marvellous
Temple
which
Acosta
describes
us
in
his
History
of
the
Indians
in
the
13th
Chapter
,
and
dyed
after
he
had
reigned
Eight
and
twenty
years
,
alwayes
feared
,
and
alwayes
loved
;
alwayes
fortunate
,
and
alwayes
prudent
.
Flacaellec
was
chosen
King
by
the
general
vote
of
the
people
;
but
though
they
persisted
in
the
resolution
they
had
taken
to
crown
him
for
their
Prince
,
he
did
not
look
upon
himself
worthy
of
that
honour
,
though
the
State
had
receiv'd
its
power
from
him
;
and
that
those
who
support
so
well
the
weights
of
Crowns
,
and
exalt
them
higher
,
deserveth
to
wear
them
:
but
he
shewed
less
ambition
than
the
Greeks
and
the
Romans
,
who
would
slay
their
own
friends
that
they
might
reign
the
more
secure
;
and
who
little
regarded
how
many
perished
,
so
they
might
raise
themselves
.
He
preferred
the
good
of
the
Kingdom
before
his
own
glory
,
and
condemned
by
his
denial
the
Maxim
of
that
Tyrant
,
who
maintain'd
that
it
was
lawful
for
a
Man
to
rob
Justice
it self
,
and
oppose
Reason
,
to
win
a
Crown
.
He
gave
his
vote
for
the
choice
of
Ticoric
,
son
to
the
last
King
deceased
;
but
as
this
young
Prince
was
heir
to
his
father
,
but
not
of
his
virtue
,
he
reigned
but
4
years
,
because
the
Mexicans
hastened
his
end
with
poyson
,
and
that
they
thought
themselves
not
obliged
to
obey
a
Prince
who
had
nothing
of
great
but
his
dignity
,
of
which
he
had
made
himself
unworthy
.
His
brother
Axayaca
succeeded
him
by
Suffrage
,
and
who
recompenced
worthily
the
services
which
Placaellec
had
done
;
for
a
little
before
he
dyed
,
he
made
his
son
Lieutenant-General
of
all
his
Forces
;
as
the
Kings
of
Mexica
were
obliged
before
their
Coronation
,
to
do
some
act
worthy
of
so
great
an
honour
.
Axayaca
marched
with
his
Army
in
the
Kingdom
of
Tequanteback
,
six
hundred
miles
distant
from
Mexica
,
charged
those
people
who
expected
him
with
undaunted
courage
,
razed
their
Temple
and
their
City
,
came
back
proud
of
his
victories
and
spoil
,
brought
with
him
Prisoners
of
all
age
and
sex
,
to
sacrifice
to
his
Idol
,
and
made
his
Coronation
and
Triumph
both
one
.
He
punished
soon
after
some
Rebels
who
had
made
a
King
over
themselves
in
his
Predecessors
time
,
pursued
him
after
he
had
overthrown
him
in
single
Combat
;
and
precipitated
him
from
the
top
of
a
Tower
,
burnt
the
Town
,
and
its
Cittadel
,
and
compelled
them
to
beg
his
mercy
:
And
after
this
King
had
reigned
eleven
years
,
was
very
justly
regretted
by
all
his
people
.
Autzol
,
who
was
one
of
the
Electors
of
Mexica
,
was
made
King
;
after
which
,
he
went
immediately
as
far
as
Quaxulatlan
,
for
to
punish
some
Rebels
which
stopped
the
Tribute
which
they
were
wont
to
receive
from
Neighbouring
Nations
,
and
that
rob'd
those
who
used
to
carry
it
.
He
was
very
successful
in
this
War
,
and
in
all
those
which
he
undertook
after
,
and
dyed
in
the
7th
year
of
his
Reign
,
after
he
had
spread
the
limits
of
his
Empire
as
far
as
Gatilmalla
,
which
is
900
Miles
from
Mexica
.
His
Successor
was
the
great
Motecuma
,
who
was
cloathed
in
Royal
Robes
,
and
whose
Nostrils
were
bored
through
,
to
hang
on
his
Nose
a
rich
Emerald
,
as
the
custom
was
.
As
soon
as
he
was
King
,
he
reformed
most
part
of
the
State
;
he
assigned
lodgings
in
his
Palace
for
all
the
persons
of
quality
,
and
would
not
be
tended
but
by
considerable
men
,
which
his
Ancestors
never
observed
;
and
commanded
at
that
very
time
his
Counsellors
to
take
away
from
the
common
people
those
Offices
which
they
had
,
and
to
bestow
them
upon
the
Nobility
.
He
began
his
Wars
by
the
Conquest
of
a
Province
very
far
distant
on
the
Coasts
of
the
North
Ocean
;
and
as
he
got
a
high
reputation
,
and
that
the
ceremonies
of
his
Coronation
were
to
be
magnificent
;
there
was
not
so
much
as
the
very
enemies
of
the
State
,
who
did
not
come
disguised
,
to
be
eye-witnesses
of
so
glorious
a
spectacle
.
He
began
to
be
respected
as
much
as
his
god
;
and
those
amongst
the
people
that
had
the
confidence
to
look
him
in
the
face
,
was
put
to
death
.
He
never
set
foot
on
the
ground
.
He
was
carried
upon
the
shoulders
of
the
greatest
Lords
;
and
when
he
came
down
,
he
did
tread
upon
rich
Carpets
made
for
that
use
.
He
never
wore
twice
the
same
Cloaths
.
Never
was
any
of
his
Plate
brought
before
him
again
.
All
that
was
for
his
use
was
alwayes
new
;
and
as
he
was
very
liberal
,
he
was
minded
that
his
servants
should
partake
of
his
riches
.
He
was
severe
,
and
yet
not
cruel
.
He
would
not
have
pardon'd
his
brother
,
if
he
had
transgressed
against
the
Laws
;
and
was
so
fortunate
,
that
it
is
very
hard
to
read
the
History
which
the
Spaniards
hath
writ
of
him
,
and
not
think
it
a
Fable
.
In
the
year
1517
,
which
was
the
14th
of
Motecuma
,
the
Spaniards
began
to
design
the
Conquest
of
this
Empire
,
and
whatever
resistance
he
made
against
their
landing
,
he
was
at
last
constrained
to
go
and
meet
with
the
Marquis
de
la
Vallé
,
and
Don
Fernando
Cortez
,
15
or
16
miles
from
Mexica
,
carried
by
four
Lords
,
with
a
rich
head-piece
of
gold
on
covered
with
feathers
.
Whatsoever
pretext
the
Spaniards
had
to
authorize
their
cruelty
,
they
took
Motecuma
,
and
put
fetters
to
his
feet
which
was
a
detestable
action
,
saith
Acosta
though
a
Spaniard
and
Jesuite
both
,
as
well
as
the
burning
of
their
own
ships
,
to
resolve
themselves
either
to
death
or
misery
.
Cortez
was
no
sooner
departed
about
some
business
which
seem'd
to
call
him
away
,
but
his
Lieutenant
invited
the
Nobility
of
Mexica
to
〈…〉
Ball
in
the
Palace
,
where
they
inhumanely
killed
most
part
of
them
;
the
rest
wondering
at
the
barbarousness
of
these
strangers
,
which
had
treated
them
as
friends
,
beset
them
round
in
the
Palace
,
and
prest
them
so
hard
,
that
their
Artillery
became
useless
to
them
.
Cortez
hearing
of
this
,
came
by
great
dayes
marches
,
entred
the
Palace
to
help
his
companions
,
whil'st
the
people
of
Mexica
slept
(
for
they
were
wont
to
rest
every
fourth
day
when
they
had
War
)
and
comforted
the
desolate
.
The
others
resolved
to
revenge
the
death
of
their
Peers
,
pressed
them
with
so
much
resolution
,
that
they
forc'd
them
to
leave
the
Palace
in
the
night
,
and
to
seek
their
safety
in
their
flight
.
That
very
night
the
Spaniards
stob'd
Motecuma
,
one
of
his
children
,
and
some
of
his
Lords
which
they
had
taken
Prisoners
;
but
their
flight
could
not
be
so
secret
,
but
the
Mexicans
kill'd
300
of
them
loaden
with
gold
and
precious
stones
.
Cortez
not
despairing
of
his
good
fortune
,
went
and
join'd
with
those
of
Tlascalla
,
which
had
alwayes
been
the
Mexicans
private
Enemies
,
whose
friendship
the
Spaniards
sought
,
and
demanded
their
assistance
;
fitted
upon
the
Lake
several
Vessels
,
and
besieged
Mexica
by
Land
and
Water
,
and
at
last
made
himself
Master
of
it
in
the
year
1521.
the
17th
of
August
,
after
several
bloody
Combats
,
and
above
threescore
cruel
Battels
.
This
is
the
end
of
an
Empire
which
extended
it self
from
the
North
Ocean
to
the
South
,
and
whose
Tongue
,
to
make
use
of
the
words
of
Acosta
,
run
above
3000
Miles
.
We
shall
treat
in
the
ruine
of
Jerusalem
,
of
the
Signs
and
Wonders
which
foretold
the
desolation
of
this
great
City
;
and
how
States
are
ordinarily
threatned
by
strange
Prodigies
,
of
their
alterations
.
I
will
end
this
Chapter
,
by
the
recital
of
some
which
are
able
to
confound
all
the
wisdom
of
men
.
The
Idol
of
the
Inhabitants
of
Cholcolla
called
Catzacoalt
,
spoke
,
as
the
Indians
report
in
their
History
,
and
foretold
Motecuma
,
that
strangers
drew
nigh
to
take
possession
of
his
Empire
.
The
King
of
Texcuco
assured
him
,
that
he
was
informed
by
his
gods
,
that
he
should
shortly
lose
all
his
Dominions
:
And
as
he
offered
Sacrifices
,
there
proceeded
a
voice
out
of
a
great
Stone
which
Motecuma
had
a
mind
to
remove
,
that
told
him
that
they
should
not
carry
it
very
far
;
which
thing
hapned
to
be
true
,
because
it
fell
in
the
Lake
,
and
whatever
they
could
do
,
they
could
not
find
it
again
,
nor
fetch
up
with
their
Machines
.
A
Piramid
of
Fire
was
seen
for
the
space
of
a
year
,
and
their
Temple
consum'd
by
Fire
,
though
there
was
no
body
seen
near
it
,
nor
Thunder
or
Lightning
.
A
Comet
with
three
heads
appear'd
at
Noonday
,
with
an
exceeding
long
Tail
.
And
the
great
Lake
which
was
between
Mexica
and
Texcuco
,
began
to
swell
of
a
sudden
,
and
was
tossed
without
any
wind
stirring
,
or
any
earthquake
,
and
tumbled
down
all
the
houses
that
were
near
the
banks
of
it
.
A
sad
and
mournful
voice
,
as
the
voice
of
a
Woman
a
dying
,
was
heard
to
utter
these
words
full
of
desolation
and
despair
:
The
time
of
our
Calamity
is
come
,
dear
Children
,
where
shall
I
hide
you
,
to
secure
you
from
disasters
?
There
was
also
seen
several
Monsters
with
two
heads
,
which
as
soon
as
they
were
brought
before
the
King
,
vanished
away
.
And
Fishermen
brought
before
him
a
great
Bird
,
with
some
transparent
thing
atop
of
its
head
like
glass
,
through
which
Motecuma
saw
the
stars
,
though
at
that
time
aday
there
was
not
one
to
be
seen
in
the
sky
;
And
some
armed
people
who
made
Fields
of
Battel
overflow
with
blood
.
It
is
reported
that
an
Husbandman
was
one
day
carried
by
an
Eagle
in
a
Cave
,
where
it
laid
him
down
gently
,
with
such
like
words
,
Most
mighty
Sovereign
,
here
is
the
man
thou
commandest
me
to
bring
away
from
his
Tillage
:
And
the
man
looking
about
,
saw
a
man
asleep
,
with
a
Stick
scented
and
perfumed
very
strong
,
and
Flowers
in
his
hand
,
and
the
Badges
Royal
,
whom
he
perceived
was
the
King
of
Mexica
.
Then
said
the
voice
to
him
,
Wake
him
immediately
;
and
to
shew
thee
how
insensible
he
is
of
his
misfortunes
,
take
that
burning
Stick
which
he
holds
in
his
hand
,
and
touch
his
face
with
it
,
and
he
shall
not
feel
it
.
The
Husbandman
obey'd
after
some
refusal
,
and
that
some
fears
were
over
,
and
so
was
carried
back
again
by
the
Eagle
,
to
go
and
give
notice
of
this
strange
Prodigy
to
Motecuma
.
The
Mexicans
report
that
the
King
was
in
effect
burnt
in
the
Face
,
but
he
did
not
perceive
it
,
till
the
Husbandman
had
given
him
this
Relation
;
which
perplexed
him
so
much
,
that
he
lost
from
that
time
all
comfort
and
hopes
.
It
is
probable
this
was
a
Vision
,
as
the
Scripture
informs
us
,
that
Sinners
and
Insidels
have
had
such
like
Revelations
,
as
the
example
of
Nebuchadnezar
,
Balaam
,
and
Saul's
Witch
persuades
us
of
it
.
The
Spaniard
adds
a
great
many
Miracles
to
these
,
as
they
are
wont
to
do
;
but
whatever
may
be
said
of
it
,
it
is
most
certain
that
their
Cruelty
is
greater
than
all
those
Prodigies
:
and
that
they
have
sacrificed
more
men
to
their
Avarice
,
than
those
men
to
their
Idols
.
CHAP.
VII
.
The
Ruine
of
Carthage
.
DIdo
had
no
sooner
seen
the
cruel
Massacre
of
Sychée
her
husband
,
by
Pygmalion
,
but
she
fled
from
Tyre
,
to
avoid
the
sight
of
that
murther
.
This
illustrious
unfortunate
Woman
,
could
not
suffer
no
longer
the
presence
of
her
husbands
Executioner
,
and
thought
that
beauty
was
not
safe
with
tyranny
.
She
came
to
Lybia
with
some
Tyrians
,
who
because
they
would
not
be
deny'd
by
those
of
the
Country
,
demanded
of
them
no
more
Land
than
a
Hide
would
compass
;
and
because
the
Inhabitants
of
the
Countrey
could
not
deny
them
such
a
small
thing
,
she
cut
that
Hide
into
so
many
Thongs
,
that
it
compast
the
place
in
which
they
built
Carthage
.
Some
men
would
have
it
,
that
it
was
founded
50
years
before
the
destruction
of
Troy
by
the
Phoenicians
and
others
,
as
Ignu
Rachif
,
an
African
Historian
,
mentioned
that
it
was
built
by
a
certain
people
that
came
from
Barsha
,
who
had
been
expell'd
their
Countrey
by
an
Egyptian
King
.
The
first
opinion
of
these
is
the
most
received
,
and
seems
better
grounded
,
because
it
was
first
named
Birsha
;
and
if
I
may
declare
my
opinion
,
all
others
were
fitter
for
our
Curiosity
,
than
our
Faith
:
but
howsoever
it
was
,
it
became
so
famous
,
and
so
redoubtful
,
that
she
gave
to
all
other
Cities
both
admiration
and
fear
;
her
power
equall'd
that
of
the
Greeks
;
and
her
Riches
were
no
less
than
those
of
the
Persians
:
But
it
is
needful
to
consider
the
beginning
and
progress
,
its
End
as
well
as
its
Birth
,
and
look
upon
it
in
its
Grave
,
as
well
as
in
its
Cradle
.
The
Romans
were
no
sooner
Masters
of
Italy
,
but
the
Messinians
their
Allies
complained
to
them
of
the
insolence
of
the
Carthaginians
:
and
as
the
Romans
and
Africans
had
both
a
design
upon
Sicilia
,
the
Romans
were
very
glad
of
an
occasion
to
come
thither
,
and
to
be
Arbitrators
of
a
Nation
they
had
a
mind
to
be
Masters
of
.
Upon
this
complaint
,
the
Romans
that
had
never
seen
but
Land-service
,
did
neither
consider
the
Combats
,
nor
the
Dangers
of
the
Sea
:
hopes
of
Booty
makes
Tempests
indifferent
to
them
;
and
,
as
Florus
saith
,
they
consulted
not
whether
it
was
upon
Horses
,
or
upon
Ships
they
were
to
sight
.
They
attackt
Hieron
first
King
of
Syracusa
,
and
overcame
him
.
They
set
forth
to
Sea
for
the
second
time
,
and
reduced
at
last
all
Sicilia
to
a
Province
.
As
ambitious
mens
desires
are
only
to
raise
themselves
,
and
that
they
are
never
more
unsatiable
,
than
when
they
should
seem
most
moderate
;
these
men
prosecuting
their
Wars
with
more
ardor
than
they
had
begun
them
,
marched
directly
towards
Sardagnus
,
and
from
thence
over
to
the
Isle
of
Corse
,
and
fill'd
the
hearts
of
the
Insulaires
with
fear
and
horror
,
by
wasting
the
two
Cities
of
Olbia
and
Valeria
.
This
good
fate
gave
them
such
great
hopes
,
that
they
thought
fit
no
longer
to
retard
the
African
War
,
where
they
were
not
only
opposed
by
men
in
their
Enterprizes
,
but
found
themselves
also
engaged
in
a
Combat
with
horrible
Serpents
;
but
neither
Men
nor
Serpents
could
hinder
them
to
carry
their
Arms
to
the
gates
of
Carthage
:
they
were
not
fortunate
before
it
,
because
the
Carthaginians
call'd
to
their
aid
the
Lacedemonians
,
who
sent
them
a
brave
Commander
who
defeated
them
;
and
who
by
the
execution
of
the
Roman
General
,
repaired
all
the
losses
of
those
whose
party
he
had
taken
.
Thus
the
Carthaginians
,
proud
of
the
confusion
of
their
Enemies
,
made
War
upon
Sicilia
,
but
they
were
repuls'd
in
several
Encounters
.
And
as
the
earth
had
before
raised
Monsters
against
the
Romans
,
the
Heavens
now
raised
great
winds
and
storms
against
the
Carthaginians
,
who
coming
with
a
great
Army
,
which
the
Tempest
deprived
of
Combat
and
Victory
.
They
employ'd
all
their
strength
and
courage
to
reunite
themselves
.
This
defeat
did
not
trouble
them
at
first
,
but
it
occasioned
at
last
their
despair
;
they
lost
all
their
men
,
and
all
their
ships
:
and
because
they
had
with
them
at
that
time
all
their
best
Soldiers
,
and
had
sunk
their
Treasures
in
this
occasion
,
their
loss
was
so
great
and
so
remarkable
,
that
one
would
have
thought
that
Carthage
was
taken
already
.
Notwithstanding
four
years
after
,
Hannibal
,
who
had
sworn
at
the
Altar
before
his
Father
,
that
he
would
be
revenged
of
the
Romans
,
who
exacted
from
them
the
same
Tribute
which
themselves
exacted
from
others
,
besieged
Sagunta
,
which
remained
free
by
an
agreement
made
by
the
Carthaginians
and
the
Romans
;
imagining
himself
more
excusable
in
breaking
of
that
Treaty
,
than
his
Oath
;
and
that
there
was
more
glory
to
make
Carthage
triumph
,
than
to
suffer
it
to
be
brought
to
subjection
.
The
Saguntains
maintained
the
Siege
nine
months
together
,
and
rather
suffer'd
hunger
than
servitude
:
and
seeing
themselves
without
hope
of
relief
,
every
man
set
fire
to
his
own
house
,
and
left
nothing
to
the
Carthaginians
but
ashes
for
the
prize
of
their
victory
.
Hannibal
,
after
some
other
exploits
in
Spain
,
made
himself
a
passage
through
the
Alpes
:
he
found
out
wayes
that
the
excessive
heights
of
the
Snow
had
stolen
from
all
men
,
and
so
went
over
these
mountains
into
Italy
.
Betwixt
Pô
and
Tesin
,
he
defeated
the
Romans
;
he
gained
a
second
Victory
near
the
River
Trelue
,
startled
all
the
Romans
by
a
third
near
the
Lake
of
Perouse
,
and
quite
overthrew
them
in
another
Battel
much
more
bloody
than
the
former
.
Forty
thousand
were
kill'd
upon
the
place
,
one
of
their
Generals
escaped
,
and
the
other
was
slain
:
the
River
of
Ofiante
remained
dy'd
with
their
blood
for
sometime
,
and
Hannibal
made
a
Bridge
over
the
Torrent
of
Vergelle
,
of
the
dead
Bodies
that
were
kill'd
in
this
Battel
.
He
sent
to
Carthage
two
Bushels
full
of
Rings
,
to
shew
how
many
Knights
were
kill'd
in
it
;
and
might
have
gone
within
five
dayes
to
the
Capitol
,
if
he
had
not
chosen
to
enjoy
rather
than
to
make
his
advantage
of
his
victory
,
that
's
the
reason
that
he
left
Rome
to
go
to
Tarente
and
Capoua
;
and
it
was
there
that
the
Campagne
,
and
the
heat
of
the
weather
made
that
great
man
lose
his
courage
,
which
the
Alpes
were
not
able
to
do
with
their
deep
Snows
:
that
he
quenched
his
ardor
in
Baths
;
and
he
who
could
not
yield
to
Peril
,
was
conquer'd
by
Voluptuousness
.
Nevertheless
the
Romans
who
had
no
other
Arms
than
those
that
were
hanged
up
in
their
Temples
,
began
to
take
them
down
;
they
made
their
Slaves
Soldiers
,
after
they
had
made
them
free
;
marched
directly
against
Hannibal
,
fought
him
,
and
made
him
raise
the
Siege
of
Nole
.
As
if
their
Oracles
and
Destinies
had
promised
them
the
Empire
of
all
the
World
;
they
send
both
the
Scipio's
into
Spain
to
take
it
away
from
the
Carthaginians
,
and
did
not
despair
of
their
enterprize
,
though
the
Africans
had
kill'd
one
of
them
whil'st
he
encamped
his
Army
,
and
burnt
the
other
in
a
Tower
,
where
he
thought
himself
safe
.
The
Romans
no
sooner
heard
of
it
,
but
they
gave
a
Commission
to
young
Scipio
,
as
being
most
fit
to
revenge
the
death
of
his
Father
and
Uncle
;
and
in
effect
was
so
fortunate
in
it
,
that
in
four
years
time
he
reconquered
all
Spain
,
from
Mount
Pyrenea
to
the
hill
of
Hercules
,
and
to
the
Ocean
.
Hannibal
wondering
that
the
Romans
divided
their
Forces
in
so
many
parts
,
instead
of
uniting
them
,
and
being
not
able
to
comprehend
that
they
could
conquer
in
so
many
places
,
thought
it
easie
to
beat
them
out
of
their
own
Countrey
;
but
in
the
mean
while
he
saw
himself
beaten
out
of
many
Towns
,
that
Tarente
was
brought
to
its
former
subjection
,
and
Capowa
besieged
,
which
he
had
made
his
residence
,
and
,
as
a
man
may
say
,
his
second
Country
.
He
made
directly
to
Rome
,
but
besides
that
a
prodigious
Rain
made
him
turn
back
,
he
heard
that
Syphax
and
his
brother
Asdrubal's
Army
who
came
to
his
aid
were
defeated
;
that
Scipio
had
conquer'd
all
Spain
,
and
was
at
the
gates
of
Carthage
,
and
that
it
was
his
absence
that
the
Carthaginians
feared
most
.
He
quitted
Italy
with
a
great
loss
,
passed
into
Africk
,
where
he
met
Scipio
,
whom
he
attack'd
with
the
resolution
of
a
desperate
Ambition
;
but
his
courage
was
less
than
the
success
of
that
young
Conqueror
:
he
kept
alwayes
the
same
ardor
,
but
not
the
same
fortune
;
and
this
great
Commander
was
to
be
pitied
,
though
not
to
be
blamed
.
His
loss
was
so
considerable
,
that
since
nothing
could
serve
but
that
of
this
proud
Carthage
,
and
most
of
the
Romans
were
of
opinion
,
that
its
ruine
would
serve
to
the
establishment
of
their
Empire
.
They
knowing
that
they
had
had
Wars
with
the
Numides
,
and
had
incursions
upon
the
King
of
Massinissa
their
Allie
,
they
took
that
pretext
for
their
reason
,
and
rendred
that
War
so
much
the
more
cruel
,
as
it
appeared
just
.
The
Carthaginians
seeing
themselves
reduced
to
the
last
extremity
,
in
hope
of
peace
,
yielded
up
their
ships
unto
them
,
who
burnt
them
before
their
faces
;
and
desired
them
either
to
prepare
themselves
to
dye
,
or
to
go
out
to
save
their
lives
.
This
message
stirred
the
Carthaginians
in
such
a
manner
,
that
they
thought
all
torments
ought
to
be
less
sensible
to
them
than
this
outrage
;
the
Romans
demands
astonisht
'em
more
than
their
coming
,
and
they
thought
their
Ambition
less
tolerable
than
their
Cruelty
.
Though
they
had
no
hopes
left
,
they
chose
rather
the
desolation
of
their
Countrey
by
their
Enemies
hands
,
than
by
their
own
:
And
as
the
biting
of
wild
Beasts
is
more
dangerous
than
that
of
others
,
there
was
more
ado
about
Carthage
half
ruined
,
than
when
it
was
intire
,
saith
Florus
.
They
pull'd
down
their
Houses
,
to
build
a
new
Fleet
;
they
melted
their
Gold
and
Silver
,
to
use
it
instead
of
Iron
and
Copper
:
and
to
make
the
Cordage
of
the
ships
,
the
Ladies
cut
off
their
hair
,
and
thought
it
less
shame
to
shear
their
heads
,
than
to
have
their
walls
sheared
.
But
if
their
resolution
was
so
great
,
their
wants
were
much
greater
;
the
design
they
had
formed
to
dye
in
defending
themselves
,
was
generously
conceived
,
but
it
could
not
be
well
executed
;
all
fail'd
them
when
Provisions
did
:
and
if
they
defended
themselves
still
,
it
was
only
to
let
their
Enemies
understand
,
that
they
were
no
longer
able
to
do
it
.
In
this
last
despair
,
Forty
thousand
men
yielded
themselves
to
the
mercy
of
the
Romans
.
Asdrubal
was
low-spirited
enough
to
imitate
them
,
and
was
not
ashamed
to
discover
that
he
regarded
his
reputation
less
than
his
life
;
and
that
he
had
rather
be
chained
at
Rome
,
than
buried
at
Carthage
.
His
Lady
shewed
her self
more
a
man
in
it
than
he
;
she
took
her
two
Children
in
her
arms
,
and
precipitated
herself
with
them
,
that
she
might
not
survive
the
infamy
of
her
Husband
,
and
desolation
of
her
Countrey
.
In
fine
,
it
was
by
fire
that
Carthage
was
destroy'd
;
the
flames
spar'd
neither
Temples
nor
Houses
:
and
the
fire
was
so
great
,
that
it
could
not
be
quenched
in
seventeen
dayes
;
and
its
destruction
was
such
,
that
Scipio
could
not
behold
the
ashes
of
it
,
but
he
bedewed
them
with
his
tears
.
Thus
this
City
was
ruined
by
it self
,
and
its
Inhabitants
kindled
the
flames
that
devoured
them
,
with
their
own
hands
:
thus
it
seems
to
instruct
us
,
that
there
's
no
day
but
what
is
followed
by
darkness
,
nor
no
Summer
without
Winter
;
and
that
a
State
resembleth
the
Sun
,
which
never
runs
fastest
to
its
fall
,
than
when
it
is
in
its
Meridian
.
CHAP.
VIII
.
Of
the
Ruine
of
Corinth
.
COrinth
,
who
had
an
horror
for
the
miseries
of
Macedonia
and
Greece
,
could
not
imagine
that
their
misfortune
could
ever
be
common
to
her
,
and
that
she
could
lose
the
liberty
in
which
her
power
and
her
artifice
had
always
maintained
her
.
This
was
it
that
persuaded
her
that
all
she
could
do
was
permitted
,
and
all
that
was
permitted
was
reasonable
.
In
this
persuasion
she
attack'd
the
Lacedemonians
,
either
to
extend
her
bounds
,
or
to
shew
that
she
could
prejudice
the
others
,
when
their
ambition
should
dissent
from
their
duty
.
These
men
that
saw
that
the
Romans
were
the
refuge
of
all
Nations
,
sent
complaints
to
them
,
and
judg'd
it
convenient
to
make
them
their
Protectors
,
after
they
had
made
them
their
Arbitrators
.
The
Romans
who
looked
no
otherwise
upon
the
liberties
of
men
,
but
as
upon
a
good
which
belonged
to
them
legitimately
,
were
glad
to
find
a
pretext
that
might
occasion
them
to
carry
their
Arms
in
Achaya
,
and
to
find
an
opportunity
to
bring
them
to
subjection
,
instead
of
checking
them
.
They
sent
some
Ambassadors
to
judge
their
differences
,
but
they
were
no
sooner
arrived
at
Corinth
,
but
they
were
received
with
insolent
words
;
and
it
is
thought
that
Critolaus
charged
them
with
blows
,
after
he
had
charged
them
with
a
reproachful
language
.
The
Romans
,
who
held
their
Ambassadors
to
be
sacred
persons
,
having
heard
of
the
disgraceful
proceeding
of
the
Achayans
,
counted
this
affront
a
Sacriledge
,
and
thought
themselves
obliged
to
use
all
their
industry
and
forces
to
punish
this
Crime
.
They
reflected
upon
Critolaus
,
as
a
man
who
had
been
their
slave
,
and
who
they
had
restored
to
liberty
,
an
obligation
he
could
not
return
at
a
less
rate
than
with
his
life
,
which
he
had
repaid
with
ingratitude
,
and
they
found
their
Enemy
even
with
him
who
had
been
their
Captive
.
For
this
cause
they
thought
it
more
convenient
to
send
them
an
Army
,
than
an
Ambassador
;
and
that
it
was
better
to
sight
them
,
than
to
consult
with
them
;
that
they
ought
to
shew
themselves
Lyons
,
where
before
they
would
have
shewed
themselves
Foxes
;
and
that
force
would
stand
them
in
more
stead
than
craft
.
They
were
so
fully
persuaded
of
this
opinion
,
that
their
deliberation
was
almost
as
soon
executed
as
it
was
conceived
,
they
marched
directly
in
Achaya
,
and
there
they
resolved
to
shew
that
they
would
have
no
mercy
for
such
as
had
no
respect
for
them
;
and
that
they
could
revenge
an
extreme
ingratitude
,
by
an
extreme
cruelty
.
The
Achayans
,
instead
of
fear
for
their
presence
and
menaces
,
shewed
an
extraordinary
satisfaction
,
to
have
so
soon
drawn
in
their
Countrey
a
Nation
who
had
all
others
for
their
Enemies
;
they
considered
the
Romans
Arms
but
as
a
rich
booty
,
and
their
Soldiers
but
as
men
who
brought
them
glory
.
In
effect
,
they
promised
themselves
so
good
success
of
their
Militia
,
that
they
made
their
Mothers
,
their
Wives
and
their
Children
go
out
of
their
habitations
;
and
that
they
might
enjoy
an
agreeable
spectacle
,
placed
them
upon
high
Mountains
,
from
which
they
could
see
them
dispute
for
their
Liberty
,
for
their
Honour
,
and
for
their
Countrey
,
and
caused
them
to
be
present
at
the
Battel
,
as
if
it
had
been
a
Play
.
The
Romans
seeing
themselves
looked
upon
with
scorn
,
of
those
they
thought
to
be
looked
upon
with
fear
,
were
so
exasperated
by
this
affront
,
that
they
swore
altogether
to
ruine
them
,
and
charged
them
afterwards
with
such
a
courage
,
that
death
was
the
reward
of
their
folly
and
temerity
.
The
Achayans
boasted
of
Victory
before
a
Combat
:
they
were
rich
but
in
hope
.
All
their
felicity
was
but
a
dream
,
which
did
not
continue
long
,
and
it
was
only
in
their
Idea
that
they
published
their
triumph
.
Amazement
succeeded
at
that
instant
to
the
curiosity
of
their
Ladies
;
and
that
astonishment
was
quickly
followed
by
melancholy
and
despair
,
and
every
one
saw
her self
without
Husband
,
Father
,
or
Sons
,
in
that
deplorable
day
.
After
that
defeat
,
they
ran
to
conceal
themselves
in
the
next
Caves
they
could
find
:
but
their
sighs
and
lamentations
,
and
the
diligence
of
the
Romans
discover'd
them
quickly
,
and
their
flight
did
them
but
little
good
;
for
those
who
had
been
spared
by
grief
,
saw
themselves
in
the
same
Bonds
which
they
had
prepared
for
their
Enemies
.
The
Romans
were
not
satisfied
with
this
victory
they
had
obtained
over
the
Achayans
,
they
would
have
their
chief
City
to
carry
eternal
marks
of
it
,
that
for
the
future
other
Nations
,
to
avoid
their
ruine
,
might
avoid
temerity
.
This
was
partly
the
cause
that
they
besieged
Corinth
;
but
they
admired
the
boldness
of
the
Inhabitants
by
their
resistance
,
the
death
of
their
companions
,
in
lieu
of
relenting
their
resolution
,
rather
exasperated
it
;
and
of
all
the
choice
they
could
make
,
they
took
no
other
than
that
of
death
,
or
revenge
.
Notwithstanding
both
parties
followed
the
Siege
close
,
some
to
press
it
,
and
the
others
to
sustain
it
:
the
Attacks
and
the
Sallies
were
equal
on
both
sides
,
and
it
was
hard
to
judge
which
of
them
was
most
terrible
,
the
Corinthians
in
their
Town
,
or
the
Romans
in
their
Trenches
.
But
alas
!
how
ingeniously
could
Fortune
betray
them
,
as
well
as
their
conceits
;
how
many
unprofitable
vows
did
these
make
,
and
the
others
how
many
glorious
steps
!
and
what
different
Subjects
had
they
of
joy
and
grief
!
the
Corinthians
suffered
the
last
extremities
;
their
courage
was
not
greater
than
their
patience
,
and
never
was
a
people
more
capable
to
do
hurt
nor
to
receive
it
.
But
at
last
they
were
forced
to
yield
;
the
Romans
were
neither
tyred
by
the
vigilence
nor
the
constancy
of
the
Besieged
,
and
considered
nothing
but
the
inlargement
of
their
State
and
their
own
Glory
,
and
used
like
Criminals
such
as
would
not
be
brought
to
Repentance
.
This
City
was
as
soon
plundered
as
it
was
taken
,
it
was
put
to
the
Sword
by
sound
of
Trumpet
,
to
animate
more
resolutely
the
Soldiers
to
its
last
Ruine
;
it
s
two
Harbors
were
dyed
with
the
blood
of
its
Citizens
,
and
the
slaughter
was
not
more
dreadful
for
its
novelty
,
than
for
its
continuance
.
And
as
if
the
Massacre
of
all
its
Inhabitants
had
not
been
enough
,
they
made
but
one
Bonfire
of
the
whole
Town
,
and
overthrew
by
the
same
their
Walls
,
their
Houses
,
their
Temples
,
their
Gods
,
and
their
Priests
.
In
this
combustion
,
all
their
golden
,
silver
and
copper
Statutes
,
melted
confusedly
together
,
ran
every
way
;
and
the
flame
at
that
time
made
but
a
mixture
of
their
different
Metals
.
It
is
easie
to
judge
if
the
quantity
was
great
or
no
,
since
the
Copper
of
Corinth
,
which
hath
since
been
used
in
most
places
of
the
World
,
is
but
a
fair
remnant
of
that
prodigious
Flood
.
There
can
be
no
greater
instance
given
to
prove
that
the
strongest
Towns
are
never
the
safer
,
and
we
may
conclude
after
all
this
that
there
is
no
beginning
without
a
period
;
that
these
two
Contraries
are
the
two
Faces
of
Nature
,
and
that
mans
Industry
is
not
so
powerful
as
his
Destiny
.
It
is
in
vain
he
endeavors
to
keep
in
his
possession
a
good
which
Fortune
designs
to
deprive
him
of
:
and
the
Corinthians
were
Philosophers
but
in
a
small
degree
,
to
think
that
there
was
Ramparts
against
the
blows
of
Fortune
,
and
that
Change
was
not
an
essential
part
of
all
things
.
CHAP.
IX
.
Of
the
Ruine
of
Numance
.
NUmance
,
who
bore
the
name
of
its
Founder
Numa
Pompilius
,
was
never
so
rich
as
Carthage
,
Capoua
,
nor
Corinth
:
But
if
it
had
no
advantage
over
these
three
Cities
,
yet
it
will
give
no
place
to
them
;
and
if
I
may
compare
them
together
,
its
resolution
will
be
found
no
less
glorious
than
the
others
opulence
.
It
was
situated
in
a
fine
plat
of
ground
not
far
from
the
River
Ducra
,
and
was
a
long
time
called
the
dread
of
all
its
Enemies
,
and
ornament
of
all
Spain
.
With
Four
thousand
Celtiberians
,
it
sustained
Fourteen
years
together
,
the
strength
of
Forty
thousand
men
:
and
as
if
it
had
been
too
small
a
thing
for
its
fame
,
not
to
receive
Laws
from
others
,
she
gave
some
to
all
those
that
would
have
imposed
upon
her
,
and
made
it self
absolute
,
when
it
had
no
other
end
but
to
make
it self
free
.
Nine
Consuls
besieged
it
one
after
another
,
but
they
lost
their
lives
every
one
:
their
resolution
could
never
be
fortunate
to
them
;
and
a
man
may
say
that
the
Romans
never
brought
themselves
in
less
esteem
,
than
when
they
would
have
brought
it
in
subjection
.
It
is
strange
that
the
Romans
Ambition
was
alwayes
immoderate
,
but
never
to
be
blamed
:
yet
it
never
appeared
in
any
occasion
so
great
,
nor
so
unjust
,
as
it
did
in
this
.
But
Usurpers
are
never
retained
,
neither
by
fear
,
nor
reason
.
To
make
new
Conquests
,
they
form
new
Designs
;
Avarice
is
never
satiated
,
and
the
Sea
is
not
greater
,
to
receive
in
it
the
Water
of
all
the
Rivers
in
the
World
.
The
Romans
knowing
that
the
Numancens
had
received
their
Friends
and
Relations
which
had
escaped
out
of
the
Prison
of
Rome
,
took
that
charity
for
an
injury
:
and
preparing
themselves
to
punish
a
fidelity
which
they
should
have
esteem'd
,
they
made
a
long
War
upon
them
,
which
was
as
horrible
as
durable
,
and
in
which
Violence
triumphed
at
last
over
Justice
.
The
Numancens
,
who
desired
nothing
with
more
instance
than
the
safety
of
their
Friends
,
implored
the
Romans
favor
,
and
made
them
understand
that
they
wished
for
nothing
else
but
Peace
,
and
that
they
were
to
blame
,
to
resolve
to
write
it
with
the
finest
,
purest
,
and
most
innocent
blood
of
all
Spain
.
But
the
Romans
,
who
hearkned
to
no
other
counsel
but
such
as
favour'd
their
natural
Ambition
,
laugh'd
at
the
Numancens
,
and
commanded
them
to
yield
their
Arms
,
if
they
had
a
mind
to
seek
their
Alliance
.
This
command
,
which
was
imperious
,
was
so
insupportable
to
those
of
Numance
,
that
they
chose
immediately
a
Head
,
and
prevailed
so
much
,
that
they
made
Pompey
agree
to
all
their
demands
,
and
even
to
promise
them
that
he
would
never
be
their
Enemy
,
seeing
he
could
not
be
their
Protector
.
The
Romans
exasperated
at
that
oath
,
and
his
defeat
,
sent
some
other
Consuls
:
amongst
the
most
remarkable
,
Mancinus
was
sent
thither
,
to
make
an
exemplary
punishment
of
them
,
but
he
was
often
overcome
,
and
forced
to
swear
to
the
Treaty
that
others
had
sworn
to
before
him
,
and
to
look
about
for
safety
,
rather
than
to
stand
to
acquire
glory
.
Then
it
was
that
Rome
grew
jealous
of
Numance
,
that
it
looked
upon
it
as
the
cause
of
its
shame
and
despair
,
and
thought
of
nothing
else
but
the
overthrow
of
that
proud
Rival
.
To
testifie
that
it
disapproved
its
Consuls
proceedings
in
making
of
Treaties
,
it
commanded
that
Mancinus
should
be
whip'd
in
the
presence
of
the
whole
Army
,
and
that
he
should
be
so
used
,
for
signing
a
Treaty
between
the
Subject
(
for
so
they
counted
all
the
World
)
and
its
Sovereign
;
and
because
they
did
not
distinguish
between
she
that
was
born
to
command
,
and
she
that
was
born
to
obey
.
And
as
she
had
need
of
a
great
Capitain
,
she
cast
her
eyes
and
hopes
upon
Scipio
,
who
glorious
of
the
consuming
of
Carthage
,
and
of
the
Battels
he
had
obtained
over
Viriacus
,
who
caused
a
Rebellion
through
all
Spain
,
desired
no
more
but
to
immortalize
himself
by
this
last
Conquest
.
The
Numancens
,
in
lieu
of
despair
for
these
news
,
and
hazarding
to
stay
prevented
him
,
sought
him
,
met
with
him
,
and
fought
him
.
For
two
dayes
together
the
earnestness
of
both
sides
was
equal
;
both
parties
had
the
same
advantage
,
and
the
same
hopes
,
and
victory
did
encline
to
neither
for
that
time
,
neither
for
ambition
,
nor
for
innocence
.
In
the
third
Battel
,
the
Numancens
did
much
,
but
to
no
purpose
;
for
they
were
vanquish'd
by
their
Enemies
,
who
pursu'd
them
to
the
very
gates
of
their
City
,
and
pressed
them
so
hard
,
that
since
he
gave
them
no
more
time
,
then
to
consider
that
Right
is
not
alwayes
attended
with
good
Fortune
.
In
this
extremity
,
they
resolved
to
fight
again
,
rather
to
perish
then
for
the
hopes
of
victory
,
and
filled
themselves
with
meat
,
as
if
it
had
been
their
last
Banquet
.
Scipio
had
no
sooner
notice
of
it
,
but
he
invested
them
,
and
blocked
them
up
with
a
Trench
encompassed
with
a
Wall
and
Bulwarks
,
to
prevent
their
dying
at
liberty
;
and
to
teach
them
that
Rome
could
shew
no
favour
,
to
those
that
shew'd
no
homage
.
They
desired
Scipio
at
least
to
give
them
Battel
,
and
to
consider
that
they
had
no
more
provisions
,
nor
hopes
left
;
and
that
it
would
be
more
glory
for
him
to
give
them
their
deaths
by
his
Sword
,
than
by
Famine
.
Their
demand
was
needless
,
and
Scipio
was
neither
moved
by
their
generosity
,
nor
by
their
misery
.
They
made
some
few
Sallies
,
but
they
were
unfortunate
to
them
;
their
Forces
did
not
equalize
their
courage
;
and
Famine
grew
so
great
amongst
them
,
that
they
were
forced
to
eat
the
flesh
of
their
companions
which
they
found
dead
,
and
were
forced
to
make
their
alliment
of
that
which
they
could
not
behold
without
horror
and
despair
.
In
the
resentment
of
this
unfortunate
Fortune
,
they
endeavored
to
flie
;
but
this
Enterprize
was
no
sooner
discover'd
by
their
Wives
,
but
it
was
prevented
;
they
cut
the
Girths
of
their
Saddles
,
and
by
an
excess
of
Love
,
shewed
an
excess
of
Cruelty
.
In
fine
,
having
no
way
left
to
escape
,
they
left
also
the
intention
of
it
;
they
chose
rather
to
be
their
own
Executioners
,
than
their
Enemy
should
have
the
honour
of
their
deaths
,
and
't
was
for
this
effect
that
they
made
use
of
Poyson
,
of
Fire
and
Sword
against
themselves
.
't
is
not
at
this
time
said
their
General
to
them
,
that
we
ought
to
fear
,
holding
a
Taper
in
his
hand
,
and
his
Sword
in
the
other
,
our
Countrey
requires
Sacrifices
from
us
,
and
't
is
for
it
that
we
must
be
both
the
Priests
,
and
the
Offerings
.
Come
,
dear
Friends
,
let
us
go
our selves
to
our
Funerals
,
let
us
not
lose
our
liberty
but
with
our
lives
,
't
is
against
our selves
that
we
must
exercise
our
courage
,
since
it
is
impossible
for
us
to
do
it
against
Scipio
;
this
is
the
day
that
Numance
will
leave
behind
an
immortal
name
in
its
ruines
.
Let
's
burn
our
Towers
,
and
our
Temples
;
let
's
bury
our selves
with
our
Gods
;
let
's
triumph
here
,
without
seeking
Victory
in
the
Trenches
of
our
Enemies
;
and
let
us
shew
them
that
the
Numancens
have
sav'd
themselves
in
the
loss
of
their
Town
,
and
that
our
Constancy
cannot
yield
to
their
Cruelty
.
Every
man
by
his
example
set
fire
to
his
house
,
and
they
all
took
a
pride
in
their
common
disaster
.
But
what
inhumanity
appear'd
in
this
strange
execution
!
and
what
fury
!
to
make
ones
own
felicity
in
an
horrible
death
!
whil'st
the
City
was
on
fire
,
they
kill'd
some
themselves
,
and
some
one
another
,
that
they
might
not
fall
into
the
hands
of
their
Enemies
;
there
the
most
cruel
,
was
the
most
obliging
,
and
love
consisted
but
in
slaughter
.
The
son
kill'd
his
own
father
,
whom
age
had
weakned
too
much
to
be
his
own
murtherer
;
the
mother
stifled
her
children
in
the
very
Cradle
,
or
else
committed
two
murthers
at
once
,
in
taking
away
their
own
lives
,
and
that
of
them
who
had
not
yet
perfectly
receiv'd
it
in
her
Womb
;
the
Husband
killed
his
Wife
embracing
one
another
,
the
Brothers
Sword
was
warm
of
his
Sisters
blood
,
and
a
Lover
would
have
thought
himself
the
greatest
Enemy
his
love
had
,
if
he
had
not
been
her
Executioner
.
This
new
spectacle
was
made
more
terrible
by
a
second
;
the
Fire
which
consumed
those
which
were
but
half
dead
,
ran
to
the
others
who
were
ready
to
kill
themselves
;
so
that
this
dreadful
flame
mixt
their
ashes
,
with
those
of
the
houses
,
and
made
but
a
fiery
burying
place
of
all
the
Town
.
Scipio
wondred
more
at
their
last
resolution
,
than
he
rejoyced
at
his
triumph
;
Numance
gave
him
a
great
toyl
,
but
little
reward
:
and
this
great
Commander
had
but
praises
for
acknowledgment
of
his
good
success
,
and
nothing
but
a
confused
heap
of
stones
for
his
recompence
.
CHAP.
X.
Of
the
Ruine
of
Jerusalem
.
JErusalem
,
as
some
Historians
write
,
was
founded
by
Melchisedech
,
who
called
it
first
Salem
,
and
as
some
others
,
by
Adonizedech
,
King
of
the
Jebusians
,
who
Orose
calleth
Biseus
,
son
of
Canaan
.
When
this
ancient
City
of
Caldea
retained
still
its
first
name
,
it
was
taken
by
the
Tribe
of
Judah
,
who
used
the
King
of
it
without
any
regard
to
his
dignity
or
person
,
and
who
made
the
Inhabitants
of
the
City
to
perish
by
Fire
and
the
Sword
.
This
ill
Fortune
did
not
appear
to
it
very
strange
,
because
it
had
been
reduced
almost
to
the
same
extremity
before
;
and
seeing
its
disgrace
,
it
saw
nothing
that
was
new
,
and
began
to
make
an
habit
of
its
losses
.
David
,
after
the
Conquest
that
he
made
of
it
upon
the
Jebusians
,
did
not
content
himself
to
enlarge
it
,
but
he
would
adorn
it
as
well
as
encrease
it
,
and
strengthen
it
by
its
lofty
Buildings
,
as
well
as
by
its
Walls
.
In
this
posture
it
brought
a
great
many
other
Towns
in
subjection
,
and
some
Kingdoms
themselves
in
Solomons
and
Roboams
time
:
but
in
fine
,
this
last
his
ill
Counsellors
took
away
from
it
the
dominion
of
the
Ten
Tribes
of
Israel
,
and
was
the
cause
of
so
many
unhappinesses
that
there
are
none
but
what
they
felt
then
,
or
at
least
had
cause
to
fear
.
As
little
Rivers
are
not
always
free
from
great
floods
,
and
their
banks
from
inundations
,
so
sometimes
't
is
from
some
little
alterations
,
that
great
and
unhappy
accidents
take
their
original
;
its
first
disorders
were
the
cause
of
its
utter
destruction
,
which
made
it
feel
all
the
torments
and
misfortunes
of
Servitude
.
Sometimes
the
Kings
of
Samaria
and
Israel
,
who
one
should
have
thought
made
but
one
Body
,
because
they
were
but
one
Nation
,
spoil'd
these
Misers
of
their
Treasures
.
Sometimes
the
Kings
of
the
Assyrians
made
them
either
Slaves
or
Tributaries
to
them
;
and
now
and
then
those
of
Egypt
were
wasteful
,
nor
adorned
but
with
the
riches
of
their
Temple
.
Although
these
Wounds
were
very
great
and
dangerous
,
yet
the
Scars
were
not
long
visible
;
these
Men
raised
themselves
upon
their
ruines
,
and
made
their
despair
a
shield
for
themselves
.
But
what
violences
did
not
they
suffer
under
Nebuchadnezar
?
What
Cruelties
were
they
not
both
the
instrument
and
the
object
of
?
Or
did
ever
the
Poets
include
any
miseries
in
Pandoras's
Box
,
which
they
have
not
experimentally
known
?
This
Babylonian
King
had
no
sooner
besieged
Jerusalem
,
but
the
Inhabitants
take
Arms
against
so
powerful
an
Enemy
;
they
put
themselves
in
a
posture
of
defence
against
his
fury
,
and
to
let
him
know
that
their
courage
would
continue
longer
than
their
lives
:
but
in
that
design
which
was
both
glorious
and
fatal
,
whil'st
Nebuchadnezar
pressed
them
hard
without
their
Walls
,
the
Plague
assaulted
them
in
their
houses
,
and
Hunger
in
their
bowels
.
This
last
misery
was
so
great
,
that
any
thing
was
meat
for
them
,
though
nothing
was
able
to
satiate
them
;
they
were
driven
to
murder
one
another
,
that
they
might
not
want
food
;
and
to
stay
for
their
companions
death
,
that
they
might
live
!
In
this
horror
amongst
Women
in
despair
,
some
smothered
their
children
to
put
an
end
to
their
sufferings
,
and
some
others
cut
their
Throats
to
feed
upon
them
.
What
more
cruel
Love
!
And
what
more
horrible
Famine
!
This
consideration
did
not
hinder
Nebuchadnezar
from
continuing
the
Siege
,
and
so
happily
for
him
,
that
both
Fire
and
Sword
did
serve
to
the
destruction
of
the
Besieged
.
At
that
time
all
the
Assyrians
and
Egyptians
desires
were
accomplish'd
,
their
Arms
had
but
little
rest
,
and
their
Spirits
could
not
be
satisfied
,
but
when
they
saw
no
Subject
for
their
rage
.
Nothing
was
heard
but
shreekings
and
howlings
,
mixt
with
the
noise
of
acclamations
and
rejoycings
;
there
one
might
see
Husband
and
Wife
killed
in
their
own
houses
,
with
the
same
hand
,
and
often
with
the
same
blow
;
young
Women
troden
under
the
Horses
feet
,
or
ravish'd
at
the
feet
of
the
Altar
;
Palaces
razed
,
and
all
the
Houses
pull'd
down
or
consumed
,
and
Rivers
of
Blood
and
Tears
running
through
the
streets
.
Their
glorious
Temple
,
which
was
the
admiration
of
all
the
World
,
and
the
adornment
of
Asia
,
was
spared
no
more
than
other
Edifices
,
its
Pinacle
and
Foundations
were
laid
together
,
its
Vessels
were
plundered
or
melted
,
its
Mysteries
abolished
,
its
Holiness
prophaned
;
and
to
be
brief
,
the
violence
of
the
flames
made
of
all
the
Town
but
a
confused
lump
of
that
which
was
incombustible
.
The
cruelty
of
the
Officers
and
Soldiers
was
not
yet
satisfied
by
such
a
strange
Combustion
;
they
pull'd
out
King
Ezekias's
eyes
,
who
was
the
last
of
David's
Race
,
after
they
had
barbarously
cut
his
best
Friends
Throats
before
him
by
the
command
of
Nebuchadnezar
,
and
was
led
away
Captive
to
Babylon
with
his
people
,
who
in
Threescore
and
ten
years
,
were
hardly
freed
from
servitude
.
This
desolation
may
better
be
conceived
than
represented
;
and
to
give
a
perfect
knowledge
of
it
,
there
is
required
something
else
,
their
Pencil
or
Pen
,
for
the
drawing
of
the
one
and
the
traces
of
the
other
,
are
too
weak
to
give
a
description
or
representation
of
it
.
Nevertheless
it
was
repair'd
by
Esdras
and
Zorobabel
,
to
whom
Cyrus
granted
leave
;
and
as
a
Phoenix
,
this
Town
began
to
revive
out
of
its
own
ashes
.
Its
Temple
was
raised
to
its
first
splendor
,
its
Houses
re-edifi'd
with
the
same
diligence
,
and
with
the
same
expences
that
they
had
formerly
been
built
.
This
people
by
their
present
gladness
,
lost
the
memory
of
their
past
disgraces
;
and
if
a
Man
may
say
it
,
their
resurrection
did
not
come
short
of
their
birth
.
This
splendor
was
great
,
but
it
was
not
lasting
;
its
beauty
was
envied
by
Alexander's
Successors
,
but
especially
Antiochus
Epiphanes
did
carry
his
Arms
so
far
in
it
,
that
the
whole
City
became
an
Altar
,
where
Soldiers
were
the
Priests
,
and
the
Citizens
the
Victims
.
Judas
Maccabeas
,
the
Asmoneans
,
and
great
Herod
,
repaired
it
not
without
curiosity
;
they
surpassed
Zorobabel
and
Esdras
,
and
added
so
many
things
to
its
perfection
,
that
it
was
said
by
her
,
as
an
Ancient
said
of
Galatia
,
That
she
was
the
fairest
in
her
time
.
As
she
became
sensible
of
her
greatness
,
she
trusted
to
her
riches
,
she
did
not
consider
that
the
cause
of
her
mirth
might
turn
to
her
despair
;
and
that
peace
that
she
lived
in
,
was
threatned
with
a
just
or
a
cruel
War
.
And
that
her
rest
had
been
more
solid
and
durable
,
if
by
her
first
calamities
she
had
drawn
conclusions
of
what
might
follow
.
Egypt
,
Greece
and
Italy
had
formerly
been
fatal
to
her
;
her
disobedience
had
caused
her
unhappiness
;
she
had
receiv'd
both
punishment
and
favors
from
them
all
,
and
was
for
the
most
part
at
liberty
,
so
long
as
she
was
not
proud
,
But
at
last
her
Rebellion
ended
her
loss
,
she
could
not
suffer
that
Rome
should
exact
a
Tribute
which
she
thought
not
due
to
her
;
she
consider'd
neither
her
favors
,
nor
her
power
;
and
forgetting
that
she
was
engaged
to
her
,
she
shew'd
her
impiety
,
in
shewing
her
ingratitude
.
This
is
the
cause
partly
that
Vespasian
and
Titus
,
who
had
defeated
the
Jews
in
several
Battels
,
marched
their
Troops
thither
,
and
their
Legions
;
after
they
had
conquer'd
all
Judea
,
they
carried
their
Arms
where
their
Clemency
was
in
derision
,
and
shew'd
that
they
were
capable
to
harm
those
who
were
unwilling
to
receive
Courtesies
from
them
.
At
the
same
time
the
Civil
divisions
made
Jerusalem
a
place
of
murther
and
plundering
:
three
Men
amongst
them
equally
powerful
,
and
equally
pernicious
,
made
three
several
parties
;
and
in
the
ambition
which
was
natural
to
them
,
were
of
opinion
,
that
it
were
always
more
glorious
to
command
to
their
Citizens
,
than
to
their
Avarice
;
and
who
regarded
but
little
to
be
counted
Slaves
of
their
own
passions
,
so
they
might
become
Masters
of
this
Empire
.
One
of
them
nam'd
John
,
was
posted
about
the
Walls
of
Jerusalem
;
Simon
had
fortifi'd
himself
in
the
middle
of
the
Town
;
and
the
third
Man
,
whose
name
was
Eleazar
,
had
empailed
himself
in
the
Temple
,
as
looking
upon
it
to
be
the
best
place
.
John
,
who
saw
that
these
two
had
the
most
advantagious
places
,
and
whose
ambition
was
to
ruine
them
both
,
sent
some
of
his
Men
to
the
Temple
,
to
offer
Sacrifices
:
but
they
were
no
sooner
admitted
in
at
the
gates
,
but
they
made
use
of
Arms
that
they
had
concealed
under
their
garments
,
and
made
a
Slaughter-house
of
their
Sanctuary
.
When
this
device
had
reduc'd
three
parties
to
two
,
the
cruelty
of
those
that
were
left
,
grew
with
their
Forces
;
they
filled
the
streets
with
blood
,
as
well
as
the
Temple
;
and
as
it
is
much
sweeter
to
dye
,
than
to
be
always
in
affliction
,
there
was
none
but
made
wishes
for
the
Romans
,
and
desir'd
to
dye
,
or
at
least
had
rather
suffer
Servitude
,
than
Tyranny
.
In
the
mean
time
Titus
pressed
them
hard
,
and
Famine
much
harder
;
it
was
so
great
,
that
a
Mother
,
like
those
of
Nebuchadnezar's
time
,
pulled
from
her
breast
her
child
,
and
boiled
it
,
having
no
other
way
to
satisfie
her
extreme
hunger
.
Titus
had
such
an
horror
of
the
fact
,
that
he
could
not
withhold
his
Tears
;
and
because
his
design
was
not
to
destroy
all
these
miserable
people
,
he
sent
them
word
,
That
if
they
would
yield
,
he
was
ready
to
pardon
them
.
But
his
clemency
was
laught
at
,
the
Governors
thought
nothing
so
insupportable
as
the
name
of
Rome
;
and
the
goodness
of
this
Prince
was
not
counted
so
agreeable
by
these
unhappy
Men
,
as
the
loss
of
their
Countrey
.
Titus
wondred
so
extremely
at
this
refusal
,
that
he
took
an
oath
and
resolution
,
as
the
History
mentions
,
that
he
would
expiate
the
Crime
of
such
an
unnatural
repast
,
by
the
desolation
of
the
whole
Palestina
;
and
that
he
would
not
suffer
that
the
Sun
should
shine
upon
such
a
City
on
earth
,
where
the
Mothers
fed
upon
their
children
.
In
effect
,
after
he
had
made
himself
Master
of
Antonians
Fort
,
and
of
the
two
first
Walls
of
Jerusalem
,
he
commanded
all
his
Forces
against
the
third
,
which
was
defended
by
the
Temple
;
and
though
his
design
was
not
to
destroy
such
a
famous
Structure
,
his
piety
could
not
prevail
over
his
Soldiers
fury
,
and
the
loss
of
the
Jews
in
this
respect
,
was
more
considerable
to
them
,
than
the
command
of
their
General
.
It
was
at
that
time
that
a
cruel
Massacre
began
,
without
distinction
of
dignity
,
age
or
sex
;
and
that
the
Romans
rage
was
appeased
but
by
a
conflagration
,
which
was
such
,
that
the
words
of
Christ
were
fulfilled
,
when
he
said
to
his
Disciples
,
looking
upon
that
wonderful
Edifice
,
That
there
should
not
remain
one
stone
on
the
top
of
another
,
and
that
its
heighth
should
be
laid
as
low
as
its
foundations
.
It
is
facil
to
judge
,
that
never
Siege
was
more
cruel
,
nor
more
obstinate
than
this
;
since
we
see
that
of
three
millions
of
people
who
had
assembled
there
from
all
Judea
,
about
the
ceremony
of
the
Passover
,
there
were
Seven
hundred
thousand
killed
,
and
Ninety
seven
thousand
taken
Prisoners
,
the
half
of
which
were
sold
,
and
the
rest
led
Captives
to
several
places
,
to
make
sport
for
Princes
;
who
found
no
greater
divertisement
,
than
to
see
them
torn
in
pieces
by
wild
Beasts
.
Many
Presages
had
threatned
them
of
their
ruine
,
and
given
them
evidences
enough
of
it
,
if
their
pride
had
not
kept
them
from
fearing
and
preventing
it
.
A
poor
Man
for
the
space
of
seven
years
and
five
months
,
did
usually
cry
about
in
a
tragick
and
lamentable
tone
,
Voice
of
threatning
from
the
East
,
Voice
of
threatning
from
the
West
,
Voice
of
threatning
from
the
four
corners
,
Voice
of
threatning
against
Jerusalem
,
and
the
Temple
,
Voice
of
threatning
against
new
married
Couples
;
Woe
to
all
this
people
,
Woe
to
Jerusalem
,
Woe
to
the
City
,
Woe
to
the
Temple
,
Woe
to
the
people
,
and
Woe
upon
my self
.
The
gate
of
the
Temple
which
was
of
brass
,
opened
of
it self
,
though
it
was
shut
fast
:
when
the
Priests
according
to
their
custom
,
did
service
in
the
night
,
a
voice
was
heard
with
a
great
noise
,
in
these
words
,
Let
's
go
hence
:
and
before
Sunset
,
there
was
seen
in
the
Air
fighting
Chariots
,
and
fighting
Men
,
in
such
a
number
,
that
the
whole
Town
was
cover'd
with
them
.
Some
space
before
this
Siege
,
a
Star
in
the
form
of
a
Sword
appear'd
upon
Jerusalem
,
and
a
Comet
was
seen
over
it
a
whole
year
,
which
are
signs
by
which
God
denounces
his
wrath
to
Men
,
and
which
the
wise
have
always
taken
for
so
many
Lightnings
which
precede
Thunderbolts
.
This
misfortune
did
not
take
away
from
the
Jews
all
hope
of
raising
themselves
again
out
of
their
ruines
:
but
Adrian
the
Emperor
put
an
end
to
these
seditious
persons
by
one
Battel
only
,
in
which
he
destroy'd
them
Fifty
eight
thousand
Men
,
and
razed
them
above
Nine
hundred
and
fourscore
Towns
.
He
was
so
severe
to
them
then
,
that
he
forbade
them
that
were
left
,
that
they
should
so
much
as
look
back
into
their
Countrey
afar
off
,
and
granted
no
other
favor
,
but
to
go
once
a
year
,
and
look
upon
the
Walls
of
Jerusalem
,
the
day
that
they
had
been
ruin'd
by
Titus
;
that
they
might
entertain
the
curiosity
of
their
despair
,
and
that
they
might
see
all
at
one
time
their
Goods
possess'd
,
their
Law
violated
,
their
Mysteries
abolish'd
,
their
Liberty
lost
,
and
their
Enemies
victorious
over
their
Fathers
Tombs
.
CHAP.
XI
.
Of
the
destruction
of
Rome
.
THose
that
will
consider
the
pomp
and
glory
of
Rome
,
and
its
misfortunes
,
will
find
in
it
two
different
faces
;
they
will
see
the
same
Men
loaden
with
Iron
,
and
with
booty
,
and
cannot
doubt
but
their
defeats
have
been
as
remarkable
as
their
victories
.
The
Exile
of
the
Tarquins
,
that
of
Coriolan
,
the
divisions
of
Sylla
,
of
Marius
,
of
Catilina
,
of
Caesar
and
Pompey
,
cost
them
much
blood
and
tears
;
but
the
Goths
,
the
Vandals
,
the
Germans
,
and
the
Sarazens
,
added
their
ruines
to
their
loss
,
and
made
but
a
Slaughter-house
of
the
finest
City
in
the
Universe
.
The
Gaules
were
the
first
Men
that
took
Arms
against
the
Romans
,
by
a
sentiment
of
vengeance
rather
than
ambition
,
because
one
of
their
Senators
had
struck
with
a
Knife
,
a
Man
of
their
Nation
,
who
had
only
touched
his
Beard
;
this
blow
was
so
sensible
to
them
,
that
at
the
same
instant
,
they
prepar'd
themselves
to
let
the
Romans
understand
,
that
they
would
never
forget
such
a
wrong
,
and
that
courage
and
patience
was
almost
incompatible
.
In
effect
,
after
they
had
vanquish'd
them
,
they
came
into
Rome
,
where
they
kill'd
all
the
Senators
upon
their
seats
,
plunder'd
all
their
Treasures
,
and
burnt
all
their
Houses
;
and
had
it
not
been
for
the
generosity
of
Camilla
,
and
the
cry
of
Geese
who
were
the
guards
of
the
Capitol
,
they
had
nothing
to
do
more
,
than
to
thank
the
gods
for
such
a
good
fortune
.
The
Goths
took
it
for
the
second
time
under
the
Reign
of
the
Emperor
Gratian
,
and
two
of
their
Kings
Athalaric
and
Altuph
,
alter'd
several
times
the
Government
,
and
so
the
face
of
all
the
City
,
that
they
would
have
alter'd
their
language
it self
,
and
their
name
,
if
Galla
Placida
,
daughter
to
the
Emperor
Honorius
,
had
not
obliged
these
Northern
Men
to
turn
their
Arms
against
the
Spaniards
.
Four
and
forty
years
after
,
in
Martinian's
time
,
Genserick
King
of
the
Vandals
,
was
fourteen
days
a
plundering
and
destroying
it
;
and
since
them
,
the
Germans
under
the
conduct
of
Odacer
,
Prince
of
the
Herulians
,
brought
so
many
Novelties
,
that
the
Majesty
of
the
Empire
could
never
recover
either
its
strength
or
its
splendor
,
but
by
the
valor
of
Charlemain
.
Theodoric
of
Verona
,
who
expell'd
this
Odacer
,
and
who
reigned
fifty
years
in
Rome
with
the
Ostrogoths
,
had
reduc'd
this
poor
people
to
strange
and
cruel
necessities
,
and
had
it
not
been
for
Belizarius
,
who
brought
him
to
the
obedience
of
the
Emperor
Justinian
,
their
lives
and
their
servitude
had
been
inseparable
.
But
as
Men
,
and
affairs
never
remain
long
in
one
posture
,
their
rest
was
not
durable
,
and
their
loss
was
still
so
facil
,
that
it
seem'd
wishes
were
sufficient
to
bring
it
about
.
That
's
the
cause
that
Totilla
King
of
the
Goths
,
began
a
Campagne
,
to
put
an
end
to
their
ruine
,
and
did
not
think
he
had
taken
Rome
,
except
he
had
satiated
his
ambition
by
his
cruelty
.
After
he
had
razed
their
Walls
,
and
plunder'd
their
Treasures
,
he
set
fire
to
the
Town
,
which
lasted
forty
days
;
one
may
judge
whether
the
conflagration
was
prodigious
or
no
,
since
the
water
of
Tyber
was
not
free
from
it
;
and
in
certain
places
they
dreaded
the
fire
,
where
they
formerly
dreaded
inundations
.
Thus
Rome
in
less
time
than
a
hundred
and
thirty
six
years
,
was
seven
times
taken
;
and
for
the
most
part
laid
waste
;
its
Citizens
saw
themselves
loaden
with
the
same
Chains
,
that
they
use
to
punish
Rebels
with
;
and
Liberty
,
which
was
their
ancientest
Prerogative
,
was
not
the
greatest
of
their
losses
.
This
Scourge
of
God
,
and
this
Monster
of
Nature
,
took
it
again
three
years
after
;
and
because
he
could
not
suffer
that
this
Nation
,
whose
authority
all
others
had
had
in
veneration
,
should
comfort
themselves
of
their
griefs
,
and
of
the
memory
of
his
last
conquest
over
them
,
without
giving
them
any
time
for
it
,
practis'd
such
an
horrible
vengeance
over
them
again
,
that
even
't
is
a
kind
of
inhumanity
to
think
or
express
it
.
It
seems
still
that
it
was
not
enough
that
Usurpers
should
destroy
such
a
fair
and
large
City
,
if
it self
had
not
produced
Children
,
but
rather
Vipers
,
which
tore
her
bowels
asunder
as
they
came
forth
of
it
;
and
that
those
whose
misfortunes
it
had
cause
to
fear
,
brought
hers
,
and
that
Civil
as
well
as
Foreign
Wars
should
waste
her
.
Constans
,
son
to
Constantine
,
had
the
same
ambition
and
cruelty
as
the
forenamed
,
and
made
a
pastime
of
its
spoils
,
and
drew
more
riches
from
it
in
a
fortnights
time
,
than
the
Barbarians
did
in
two
hundred
and
fifty
eight
years
.
The
Sarazens
were
not
content
a
good
while
after
to
plunder
it
,
they
prophaned
its
Temples
,
they
set
fire
to
its
finest
Edifices
,
and
would
not
leave
it
,
till
they
had
made
as
great
slaughter
in
it
as
Treasures
.
Arnulph
,
Emperor
of
Germany
,
having
an
opinion
,
That
the
glory
of
a
King
could
not
be
advanced
but
at
the
cost
of
Rome
,
was
not
the
last
that
besieged
it
;
he
took
it
by
an
extraordinary
accident
,
and
by
a
casualty
that
strikes
as
much
pity
as
admiration
.
When
his
Soldiers
were
earnestly
at
work
about
their
Trenches
,
they
saw
a
Hare
running
through
their
Camp
,
and
no
sooner
perceiv'd
it
,
but
the
most
part
left
their
work
,
and
follow'd
it
with
such
confused
shouts
,
that
never
was
any
Curiosity
so
ridiculous
,
nor
so
fortunate
.
The
Romans
frighted
at
this
strange
noise
,
abandon'd
their
Walls
and
their
Arms
:
manag'd
their
safety
by
their
flight
,
defended
themselves
no
other
way
but
by
their
tears
,
and
resisted
their
Enemies
so
little
,
that
it
seems
that
they
rather
prepared
themselves
to
receive
their
Enemies
into
their
Countrey
,
than
to
beat
them
out
.
At
this
time
all
the
submissions
of
the
Inhabitants
was
less
consider'd
than
their
Treasures
,
the
Imperialists
had
no
regard
but
to
their
particular
interest
;
and
their
Prince
was
no
more
remarkable
by
his
good
success
,
than
by
his
vengeance
.
Henry
the
Emperor
could
not
moderate
his
resentment
against
Gregory
VIII
.
but
put
himself
in
a
posture
to
satisfie
it
;
and
although
the
Normans
opposed
their
Forces
to
his
in
the
Popes
behalf
,
he
went
as
far
in
his
Conquests
as
others
had
done
before
him
,
and
made
his
name
as
dreadful
to
the
Romans
as
his
passion
.
To
give
you
an
example
which
is
not
very
remote
from
our
Age
,
one
may
read
the
last
overthrow
of
Rome
,
in
the
History
of
Charles
V.
King
of
France
,
where
one
may
find
that
the
Soldiers
,
after
they
had
seen
the
death
of
Charles
of
Bourbon
,
and
after
they
had
taken
the
Town
by
assault
,
did
revenge
so
well
the
death
of
that
famous
Commander
,
that
their
Sacriledges
would
have
been
spoken
of
,
as
well
as
their
fury
,
if
they
had
not
spared
their
Temples
,
more
than
their
Palaces
,
and
if
the
Altars
had
not
put
bounds
to
their
insolence
.
Thus
you
may
see
that
this
City
was
taken
thirteen
times
,
and
thirteen
times
ruined
;
and
that
the
Romans
ought
to
know
that
they
are
subject
to
the
same
misfortunes
which
they
inflicted
upon
others
;
and
that
one
may
lose
in
one
day
,
that
which
one
hath
been
many
years
acquiring
.
CHAP.
XII
.
Of
the
destruction
of
Constantinople
.
BIzantius
,
a
Lacedemonian
Commander
,
built
this
City
,
which
was
taken
twice
by
Pausanias
,
and
by
Calliadus
,
and
which
having
rebelled
against
the
Roman
Empire
,
kept
for
a
long
time
the
Sovereignty
.
The
Emperor
Severius
,
who
had
a
design
to
make
himself
absolute
in
the
East
,
had
no
sooner
received
intelligence
of
the
death
and
defeat
of
Pescennius
Niger
in
Cicillia
,
but
he
sent
that
Princes
head
to
the
Bizantins
,
who
were
become
their
Protectors
,
imagining
to
fright
them
by
that
spectacle
;
and
that
after
he
had
overcome
their
resolution
,
he
should
have
no
more
to
do
,
but
to
defend
himself
from
the
insolence
of
the
Arabes
and
Parthes
;
but
the
Bizantins
,
in
lieu
of
consideration
to
Severius's
good
Fortune
,
had
none
but
of
Niger's
bad
one
;
and
as
if
they
could
not
have
honour'd
the
memory
of
this
,
but
by
having
the
other
in
derision
,
they
endeavour'd
to
save
the
reliques
of
the
Moors
Army
,
and
to
use
it
again
against
the
Emperor
.
Severius
hearing
this
,
sent
his
Legions
against
Bizantium
,
besieg'd
it
three
years
together
,
without
any
hope
to
overcome
it
,
he
bear
upon
the
Town
so
many
ways
,
that
his
obstinacy
proved
more
advantagious
to
him
than
his
courage
.
After
many
Combats
,
and
many
Assaults
sustained
by
Land
and
by
Sea
,
the
Besieged
seeing
their
ships
all
shattered
,
the
Sea
dyed
with
the
blood
of
their
companions
,
the
streets
cover'd
with
the
dead
bodies
of
their
most
honourable
Citizens
,
and
Famine
which
pressed
them
much
more
than
the
Arms
of
their
Enemies
,
were
at
last
constrain'd
to
receive
such
conditions
as
they
would
prescribe
,
and
to
abandon
to
them
that
which
they
could
defend
no
longer
.
The
Romans
lookt
upon
their
misery
as
a
just
punishment
from
Heaven
,
instead
of
taking
it
for
an
example
;
and
in
the
remembrance
of
the
losses
which
they
had
often
receiv'd
by
them
,
they
kill'd
all
their
Magistrates
,
and
sacrific'd
all
their
noblest
families
to
their
vengeance
.
Severius
,
who
advanc'd
his
Conquest
in
the
East
,
whil'st
this
Siege
was
carried
on
,
received
those
agreeable
news
in
Mesopotamia
;
and
as
if
their
Rebellion
had
not
been
sufficiently
punish'd
by
so
many
innocent
Victims
;
he
abolish'd
all
their
ancient
Priviledges
,
ruin'd
all
their
goodly
Walls
,
and
gave
their
possessions
to
the
Perinthiens
,
who
were
their
ancientest
Enemies
,
who
reduced
the
finest
City
of
Thracia
to
a
little
Village
.
The
compassion
he
took
of
it
,
afterwards
oblig'd
him
to
restore
it
to
its
first
splendor
,
but
the
expences
that
the
great
Constantine
laid
about
it
,
did
much
surpass
those
of
Severius
;
and
though
he
would
have
it
call'd
New
Rome
,
the
people
who
had
a
great
veneration
for
the
name
of
this
Prince
,
could
not
suffer
that
it
should
be
call'd
by
any
other
name
but
Constantinople
:
but
truly
it
might
be
call'd
New
Rome
,
since
Constantine
had
setled
the
Throne
there
,
and
that
for
the
space
of
five
hundred
years
;
it
was
so
absolute
,
that
all
other
Cities
were
subject
to
her
:
but
Charlemain
took
away
from
her
the
Empire
of
the
West
,
and
so
left
her
but
only
the
dominion
of
the
East
,
which
was
at
last
usurp'd
from
her
by
the
French
and
the
Flemins
,
under
the
command
of
Baldwin
Earl
of
Flanders
.
But
of
all
her
losses
,
which
at
divers
times
she
sustained
by
Pausanias
,
by
Calliadus
,
by
Alcibiades
,
by
Severius
,
by
Gallian
,
and
by
the
Gaules
,
there
were
none
so
sensible
,
as
that
which
she
receiv'd
by
Mahomet
,
who
took
above
Two
hundred
Towns
from
the
Christians
,
and
who
in
less
than
Thirty
two
years
time
conquer'd
twelve
Kingdoms
,
and
two
Empires
.
After
Mahomet
was
raised
upon
the
Throne
of
the
Ottomans
,
he
no
sooner
call'd
to
mind
that
Bajazet
,
and
Amurath
the
second
his
father
,
had
in
time
past
employ'd
all
their
Forces
to
destroy
Constantinople
,
but
he
form'd
the
same
design
;
and
as
if
good
success
had
been
alwayes
obliged
to
second
his
enterprizes
,
he
thought
it
as
easie
to
take
,
as
to
besiege
.
't
was
for
this
end
that
he
built
the
Fort
of
Lemocopia
,
upon
the
shore
of
the
River
Propontidus
,
of
that
side
that
is
towards
Europe
,
that
he
might
prevent
assistance
from
those
parts
,
and
have
the
freer
passage
in
Asia
,
he
employ'd
an
infinite
number
of
Workmen
to
the
building
of
a
Fleet
,
and
casting
of
Artillery
of
so
prodigious
a
Carriage
,
that
an
140
Oxen
were
requir'd
to
draw
one
into
the
field
,
and
2000
Pyoneers
.
He
was
himself
at
the
head
of
his
Army
to
inspire
courage
into
his
Janisaries
and
his
Soldiers
by
his
presence
;
and
because
he
was
not
ignorant
that
this
Conquest
would
add
much
to
his
glory
,
he
besieg'd
it
with
Four
hundred
thousand
Men
by
Land
,
and
30
Gallies
,
and
above
200
Ships
by
Sea
.
The
Walls
were
but
weak
on
the
Sea-side
,
but
on
the
Land-side
there
was
double
Walls
,
and
double
Rampars
;
and
though
the
first
Wall
was
not
very
high
,
yet
it
was
secur'd
by
a
double
Trench
,
which
was
run
up
of
each
side
with
free
stone
.
Whil'st
the
Emperor
of
Greece
defended
himself
on
the
Sea-side
,
as
he
had
been
forced
to
do
in
Amurath's
time
,
the
Turks
approached
on
the
Land-side
with
two
pieces
of
Artillery
,
which
carried
200
Bullets
weight
a-piece
;
and
by
reason
that
they
shoot
these
slanting
to
shake
the
Wall
,
they
fired
another
opposite
which
carried
more
by
one
third
,
to
tumble
down
that
which
was
batter'd
before
.
The
Janisaries
,
defended
by
their
Shields
and
Targets
,
shot
such
a
numberless
number
of
Arrows
,
that
the
Besieg'd
dur'st
not
appear
.
Another
way
Mahomet
had
commanded
four
Towers
to
be
made
upon
Machines
,
from
which
his
men
cast
a
great
quantity
of
Darts
and
Granadoes
,
to
favor
the
work
of
those
that
undermined
the
Walls
.
There
was
but
one
thing
that
put
the
Turks
out
of
order
;
the
Greeks
had
laid
a
Chain
which
reached
quite
cross
the
Harbors
mouth
,
which
is
nine
Miles
in
compass
,
and
the
Road
fifteen
in
length
;
but
Mahomet
,
who
had
no
other
obstacle
,
caused
60
of
his
Men
of
War
to
sail
as
high
as
Galatia
,
then
he
drew
them
up
by
strength
of
Men
on
the
top
of
a
small
Hill
with
all
their
Tackling
,
and
he
let
them
down
on
the
other
side
in
their
Harbor
,
secured
by
the
help
of
Arrows
and
Fireworks
,
and
so
he
assaulted
the
Town
in
such
a
manner
,
that
the
Greeks
persuaded
by
Ismael
,
the
son
of
Scender
,
Prince
of
Synopia
,
sent
a
man
to
Mahomet
,
who
heard
all
his
Propositions
,
and
who
to
raise
the
Siege
,
requir'd
of
him
but
an
hundred
thousand
Ducats
to
be
paid
yearly
.
But
when
he
understood
that
the
Greeks
refus'd
him
that
Tribute
,
and
that
their
Money
was
more
considerable
to
them
than
their
Liberty
,
he
storm'd
the
Town
,
and
made
himself
Master
of
it
,
so
that
nothing
was
seen
in
it
for
a
long
time
but
Torrents
of
Fire
and
Blood
.
There
the
most
innocent
were
massacred
,
and
the
most
virtuous
Maids
ravish'd
:
the
flames
devour'd
the
houses
of
Constantinople
.
After
the
Turks
had
butcher'd
the
Inhabitants
,
those
amongst
them
that
were
most
cruel
,
were
counted
the
faithfullest
;
their
great
actions
were
numbred
by
the
murthers
they
had
committed
;
and
those
who
brought
most
heads
to
their
Captains
,
were
thought
worthy
of
most
Crowns
.
In
short
,
there
was
nothing
left
of
Constantinople
,
but
the
ruines
of
it
;
they
were
all
slain
,
burnt
or
banisht
:
and
Mahomet
made
the
Tomb
of
Constantine
the
first
step
to
ascend
to
his
Throne
.
CHAP.
XIII
.
Of
the
Ruine
of
several
Towns
.
TRoy
may
be
named
with
the
famousest
Cities
of
Antiquity
;
but
as
nothing
could
secure
it
against
that
universal
Fate
which
we
treat
of
,
we
find
that
it
was
no
more
durable
than
others
,
that
its
stones
could
not
resist
fire
,
and
that
men
Till
at
this
time
upon
most
part
of
its
Edifices
.
Babylon
,
whose
strength
and
splendor
could
smother
the
ambition
of
its
Enemies
,
at
the
same
time
that
it
produced
it
in
the
hearts
of
Victors
,
was
at
last
overcome
by
Cyrus
,
who
divided
Euphrates
in
365
Channels
,
because
whil'st
that
River
was
united
,
it
was
impossible
to
attempt
it
;
and
so
weakned
it
by
this
means
,
that
since
that
time
,
the
Persians
,
the
Medes
,
the
Greeks
,
the
Egyptians
,
the
Arabians
,
the
Sarazins
,
and
the
Turks
,
wanted
no
longer
time
to
take
it
,
than
they
to
ruine
it
.
Ninive
with
its
hundred
Towers
,
Thebes
with
its
hundred
Gates
,
have
been
both
subject
to
the
same
Revolution
;
the
matter
of
their
glory
became
that
of
their
disaster
;
and
at
this
day
one
may
run
over
those
Buildings
,
whose
heighth
one
could
hardly
reach
with
the
eye
.
Sparta
,
which
was
the
chief
City
of
Greece
,
is
now
a
Desart
;
Athens
,
which
was
the
refuge
of
the
Learned
,
is
now
but
that
of
venomous
Beasts
and
Monsters
;
and
the
glory
of
those
two
fair
Enemies
,
is
buried
with
them
.
Sardis
,
which
was
the
sinest
and
most
opulent
City
in
Lydia
,
is
the
most
ruined
;
and
Grass
is
seen
to
grow
,
where
the
brightness
of
Jasper
and
Marble
hath
been
seen
to
shine
.
Sicambria
,
that
the
Trojans
built
after
their
overthrow
,
doth
subsist
but
in
Histories
.
Arunta
,
Ayguilan
,
and
Cower
,
have
been
consumed
by
fire
and
time
;
and
we
have
no
mention
of
them
,
but
of
their
ill
fortune
and
names
.
Visby
,
scituate
in
the
Isle
of
Gothland
,
was
not
only
redoubtful
by
a
famous
Castle
that
it
was
defended
by
,
it
was
besides
so
opulent
,
that
it
was
even
the
admiration
of
all
Europe
;
The
Suedes
,
the
Russians
,
the
Danes
,
Prussians
,
English
,
Scots
,
Flemins
,
French
,
Saxons
,
and
the
Spaniards
,
were
no
sooner
come
into
this
City
,
but
they
made
it
their
abode
and
Countrey
:
each
Nation
had
its
particular
street
;
the
natural
Citizens
,
and
the
strangers
,
had
the
same
rights
and
priviledges
;
and
there
was
such
an
agreement
between
their
several
humors
at
that
time
,
as
there
is
between
several
instruments
of
Musick
in
a
Consort
.
They
were
all
rich
,
and
yet
not
covetous
;
and
all
liberal
,
without
profusion
;
they
limited
their
desires
and
hopes
in
their
own
security
;
peace
and
rest
were
but
part
of
the
happiness
they
enjoyed
,
and
their
ambition
was
enclosed
in
their
Walls
.
Nevertheless
they
did
not
long
continue
in
this
felicity
,
the
Vandals
besieged
and
took
them
:
and
these
insatiable
Neighbors
in
their
avarice
as
well
as
in
their
cruelty
,
robbed
them
of
part
of
their
riches
,
and
consumed
the
rest
with
fire
.
And
if
we
may
believe
Olaus's
relation
of
it
,
we
will
find
that
never
Town
was
equal
to
this
;
for
amongst
its
ruines
,
a
considerable
time
after
,
were
found
silver
and
brass
shutters
,
and
a
great
many
copper
and
iron
doors
,
besides
several
marble
pillars
,
and
other
works
of
Jasper
which
had
resisted
the
violence
of
the
flames
.
Fortune
was
not
content
to
waste
the
North
of
the
World
,
it
proceeded
to
the
South
,
where
the
effects
of
it
have
made
it
apparent
,
that
there
is
nothing
free
from
revolution
;
that
't
is
she
that
turned
the
golden
age
,
to
an
age
of
iron
;
and
that
our
scituation
is
never
so
much
in
danger
,
as
when
she
goeth
about
to
preserve
it
Tusat
,
which
was
built
by
the
Romans
in
the
Desart
of
Numedia
,
by
the
side
of
a
small
River
which
hath
its
head
amongst
some
hills
,
was
in
former
times
compassed
with
good
Walls
,
besides
the
great
and
high
Structures
that
i●
was
beautifi'd
with
;
but
it
would
be
in
vain
to
seek
for
its
Palaces
,
its
Fortifications
,
and
its
Temples
.
Damfa
,
which
was
in
the
same
Region
,
of
which
the
Romans
had
made
a
strong
Garison
upon
the
Ocean
shore
,
60
miles
from
Mount
Atlas
,
was
notable
by
the
prodigious
number
of
its
inhabitants
;
notwithstanding
the
King
of
Portugal
,
with
50
Men
of
War
terrifi'd
them
so
,
that
they
abandon'd
it
every
one
,
and
left
to
these
secret
Enemies
,
the
choice
of
destroying
or
preserving
it
.
The
Admiral
,
who
did
not
expect
to
have
such
a
great
progress
,
went
in
with
most
of
his
men
,
and
so
sacrific'd
it
to
his
vengeance
,
that
he
could
not
at
last
forbear
weeping
over
it
,
as
Scipio
had
done
over
Carthage
,
after
he
had
consider'd
that
there
had
been
but
one
day
between
its
splendor
and
its
destruction
.
When
the
Turks
went
into
Africk
,
they
depopulated
2
of
the
greatest
Cities
of
Barbary
,
to
wit
,
Capia
and
Tripoly
;
what
we
see
of
them
now
,
is
but
a
fair
remnant
of
their
first
ruines
.
Scepta
,
which
the
Romans
built
upon
the
straits
of
Mount
Hercules
,
was
the
capital
City
of
Mauritania
,
and
flourished
in
such
a
manner
,
that
it
wanted
nothing
that
can
make
a
place
considerable
.
For
all
that
,
its
scituation
and
opulence
could
not
defend
it
from
the
Goths
,
who
after
they
had
taken
it
,
were
expelled
it
afterwards
by
the
Sarazins
,
of
which
Julian
the
Earl
made
use
to
revenge
himself
of
the
injury
he
had
received
of
Roderick
,
and
which
he
helped
so
far
in
his
resentment
,
that
this
King
of
the
Goths
and
Spain
lost
both
his
dominions
with
his
life
.
The
Mahometans
were
no
sooner
possest
of
it
,
but
they
endeavour'd
to
people
it
,
and
to
embellish
it
with
more
curiosity
than
others
had
done
before
them
;
but
the
Pontif
Habdul
Mumen
,
after
he
had
retaken
it
from
them
,
caused
their
best
houses
to
be
pull'd
down
,
and
the
greatest
part
of
their
Nobility
punish'd
with
servitude
or
exile
.
One
of
the
Kings
of
Grenade
,
having
since
that
time
gotten
over
them
a
Conquest
advantagious
enough
,
banisht
from
it
most
part
of
the
Inhabitants
,
carried
away
that
which
was
most
precious
and
costly
from
thence
,
and
left
nothing
behind
him
but
that
which
was
of
no
use
;
and
made
her
the
scorn
of
that
which
she
had
been
the
supporter
of
and
the
admiration
.
At
last
in
the
year
918
,
another
King
of
Portugal
besieg'd
it
;
and
because
that
the
Besieged
were
without
hopes
,
they
left
their
Means
and
their
Countrey
to
their
Enemies
,
because
they
had
not
been
assisted
by
their
King
of
Fez
,
who
had
at
that
time
preferred
his
pleasure
to
their
safety
,
and
who
at
all
times
loved
his
divertisements
more
than
his
glory
.
That
which
Diodorus
relates
is
much
more
surprizing
,
when
he
saith
,
that
Sempronius
the
Consul
took
from
the
Aculians
50
Cities
in
50
dayes
;
and
if
we
believe
another
,
we
may
read
that
Severius
Julius
General
to
the
Emperor
Adrian
,
razed
52
Cities
.
and
burnt
90
Villages
in
Palestina
.
I
will
not
treat
here
of
Treves
,
which
,
according
to
some
mens
opinion
,
was
the
first
City
that
was
built
after
the
flood
,
or
at
least
13
years
before
Rome
,
nor
of
so
many
others
which
are
not
to
be
heard
of
but
in
the
Commentaries
of
Caesar
,
and
in
the
Books
of
Leo
the
African
,
of
Munster
,
of
Strabo
,
and
of
Diodorus
.
I
will
content
my self
of
those
I
have
spoken
of
,
to
make
appear
that
men
have
seen
their
misery
,
at
the
same
time
that
their
power
was
admir'd
;
that
by
this
we
may
remember
,
that
our
modesty
should
most
appear
in
our
good
Fortunes
,
seeing
that
the
greatest
prosperities
are
most
dangerous
.
But
to
shew
you
that
it
is
not
Wars
alone
that
contributes
to
our
undoings
,
and
that
things
perish
often
by
that
which
should
preserve
them
,
we
will
prove
by
some
Examples
that
the
Elements
are
equally
to
be
fear'd
,
by
their
burnings
,
tempests
,
earthquakes
,
inundations
;
and
that
our
lives
and
deaths
have
for
the
most
part
but
the
same
principle
.
Of
the
unhappy
Accidents
that
have
been
caused
by
the
Elements
.
CHAP.
XIV
.
Of
Earthquakes
.
THales
and
Democrites
,
which
have
inquired
into
the
nature
of
the
finest
things
,
and
who
seem
to
give
Laws
,
when
they
give
their
judgment
of
them
,
have
affirm'd
,
That
Water
alone
was
the
cause
of
this
agitation
,
which
at
all
times
hath
been
the
cause
of
our
astonishment
and
destruction
.
The
Stoicks
say
,
That
it
is
the
moisture
that
is
in
the
earth
,
which
forceth
a
passage
for
its
self
,
when
it
comes
to
be
subtilized
into
Air
.
Anaxagoras
is
of
opinion
,
That
the
Air
is
no
sooner
gotten
under
the
earth
,
but
it
strives
to
get
out
again
;
and
being
hindred
by
the
top
,
which
it
finds
too
strong
and
too
thick
,
it
shakes
it
with
violence
.
Aristotle
proveth
,
That
the
earth
being
cold
everywhere
,
heat
,
which
is
light
of
its
nature
,
requireth
an
ascent
;
and
the
dry
exhalation
finding
it self
confined
underneath
it
,
shakes
it
to
open
it
.
Metrodorus
grounded
upon
that
principle
,
saith
,
That
a
Body
which
is
in
its
Centre
,
never
moves
,
except
another
thrusts
it
,
or
draws
it
;
that
some
parts
of
the
earth
run
to
the
other
:
but
that
it
can't
shake
it self
,
since
it
is
in
its
proper
place
.
Anaximenes
,
who
thinks
the
World
flat
,
maintains
that
it
is
carried
upon
the
Air
,
and
some
others
say
upon
the
Water
,
as
a
Board
that
swims
,
and
that
this
is
the
cause
of
its
motions
and
disorders
.
Plato
,
Parmenidas
,
and
Democrites
,
make
them
proceed
from
other
causes
:
But
Epicurus
is
doubtless
the
skilfullest
of
them
all
;
and
we
may
conclude
with
him
,
That
the
earth
is
agitated
by
the
Air
which
is
thickned
under
it
,
and
which
hath
the
nature
of
Water
;
but
the
earth
having
Caves
in
its
lowest
parts
,
it
may
be
shaked
also
by
the
Winds
that
get
into
empty
places
.
Howsoever
it
is
,
we
will
describe
some
misfortunes
which
have
hapned
to
us
by
those
horrible
accidents
;
and
since
we
labour
more
for
History
,
than
Philosophy
,
we
will
shew
here
the
effects
,
of
which
the
others
can
shew
you
the
causes
.
The
Chancellor
of
England
in
his
Morals
and
Politicks
,
in
the
Chapter
of
the
Revolution
of
Kingdoms
,
saith
,
That
the
matter
of
things
is
in
perpetual
motion
,
that
it
never
stops
,
and
that
Floods
and
Earthquakes
are
like
two
winding
sheets
,
that
wrap
all
things
up
in
forgetfulness
.
Nevertheless
we
have
not
lost
the
remembrance
of
that
which
we
are
about
to
relate
;
and
we
will
find
matter
enough
among
the
Ancients
,
to
prove
that
Earthquakes
are
not
only
modern
.
There
was
such
an
one
in
Asia
,
that
three
Towns
were
overthrown
under
their
foundations
;
and
24
years
after
,
there
was
two
in
Asia
,
and
two
in
Greece
,
which
were
swallowed
up
by
another
;
the
report
of
which
frighted
those
that
were
farthest
off
.
In
the
year
of
our
Lord
115
,
under
Trajan's
Reign
,
as
Eusebius
relates
,
three
Cities
perish'd
this
way
in
Spain
;
and
as
if
the
earth
had
endeavour'd
its
own
confusion
,
it
came
to
pass
at
that
very
time
,
that
Antioch
,
which
was
the
Metropolitan
of
Syria
,
was
shaken
by
it
in
a
most
dreadful
manner
.
After
Trajan
to
oblige
the
Romans
had
added
to
their
dominion
,
and
had
made
the
Kings
of
Iberius
,
of
Osroencens
,
of
Arabia
,
of
Colchos
,
of
Bosphorus
,
of
Edessus
,
and
Marcomedus
,
either
their
Subjects
or
Allies
,
made
choice
of
Antioch
,
to
rest
himself
of
his
great
labours
,
and
to
get
as
much
respite
and
Forces
as
he
wanted
,
to
extend
his
Conquests
beyond
Tyber
,
and
pursue
his
victories
to
the
last
confusion
of
the
Parthes
.
The
Emperor
saw
at
that
time
a
prodigious
number
of
strangers
at
Court
,
and
himself
compass'd
by
all
sorts
of
men
which
were
drawn
there
,
some
for
the
interest
of
their
Traffick
,
and
others
by
Curiosity
.
In
these
two
different
stations
was
first
heard
an
horrible
noise
from
underground
,
which
was
follow'd
by
a
violent
agitation
:
and
as
if
this
Earthquake
had
not
sufficed
to
make
the
hearts
of
the
most
resolute
tremble
,
there
was
seen
at
that
time
a
part
of
the
houses
carried
away
by
a
Whirlwind
,
and
others
shaken
by
the
roaring
aforenamed
.
This
Tempest
went
yet
further
,
it
dissipated
the
materials
that
were
laid
by
for
some
great
buildings
;
it
raised
such
a
thick
dust
,
that
one
could
not
see
one
another
,
and
tossed
up
even
the
strongest
with
such
a
force
,
that
their
fall
and
their
death
were
but
the
same
thing
.
This
storm
did
not
only
fall
upon
those
of
the
Town
,
it
cast
up
by
the
roots
several
Trees
in
the
fields
,
which
shew'd
in
the
Air
like
flying
Forests
,
and
casted
a
great
way
off
,
Wood
and
Stones
.
Pedan
,
the
Roman
Consul
,
was
kill'd
under
the
ruines
of
the
houses
that
fell
;
and
Trajan
did
escape
that
danger
by
an
extreme
good
Foriune
,
which
is
a
kind
of
a
miracle
;
he
was
forced
to
go
out
at
the
windows
of
the
house
where
he
was
,
and
to
wait
in
Tents
,
his
good
or
ill
Fortune
.
Is
it
not
by
such
an
accident
,
that
Nicomedia
,
and
Nicoa
,
are
become
invisible
?
That
the
Spires
of
the
ancient
Smirna
,
are
now
lower
than
their
foundations
:
That
13000
people
dyed
at
Constantinople
,
and
that
the
whole
Town
was
almost
destroyed
.
Venice
was
in
danger
by
a
more
prodigious
accident
,
it
lasted
a
whole
fortnight
;
and
though
it
was
not
very
violent
at
first
,
yet
it
appeared
that
the
disorders
of
Nature
,
is
like
Choler
,
which
is
never
more
cruel
than
when
it
is
slow
.
We
read
in
History
,
that
in
Portugal
,
there
was
another
which
continu'd
a
week
;
and
that
there
was
above
a
thousand
houses
ruin'd
at
Lisbon
,
and
above
two
hundred
shaken
;
that
Men
were
buried
pell-mell
with
Beasts
:
and
it
seemed
that
the
Earth
could
less
suffer
that
Kingdom
upon
its
face
,
than
in
its
bowels
.
The
same
wind
carried
a
Terror
into
Naples
;
and
the
same
year
the
City
Ariano
,
was
swallow'd
up
by
another
Earthquake
with
eight
thousand
Souls
.
The
Towns
of
Dascoly
,
of
Canossus
,
of
Trageus
,
of
Agatus
,
and
the
Castle
of
Arpy
,
disappear'd
by
a
Hurricane
in
the
Countrey
of
Molissus
:
and
those
of
Paduble
,
of
Campolassus
,
and
of
Macona
,
where
thirty
thousand
men
dyed
,
were
their
own
burying
places
.
When
the
Emperor
was
at
Spoletta
,
there
was
such
a
marvellous
Earthquake
in
Italy
,
that
it
laid
the
tops
of
several
mountains
lower
than
their
vallies
:
and
a
good
while
before
,
the
Earth
was
so
generally
shaken
,
that
men
were
of
opinion
it
would
have
taken
away
the
power
from
the
fire
from
destroying
of
her
.
Some
men
have
thought
that
Earthquakes
,
which
are
ordinary
in
the
Indies
,
were
occasioned
by
Vulcannello's
,
because
that
the
hot
exhalations
which
are
engendred
in
the
concavity
of
the
Earth
,
seem
to
be
the
chief
cause
of
this
fire
,
by
which
even
a
coarser
matter
is
kindled
,
and
makes
that
smoke
and
those
flames
which
it
sends
forth
.
As
these
exhalations
find
no
free
passage
through
the
Earth
,
they
move
it
to
get
away
with
a
great
violence
;
and
from
that
cause
as
they
imagine
doth
proceed
that
great
noise
which
is
heard
from
thence
,
and
that
dreadful
motion
,
when
it
is
shaken
by
those
ardent
exhalations
,
in
the
same
manner
that
Saltpeeter
breaks
Rocks
,
when
it
is
set
on
fire
in
the
Mines
.
Earthquakes
happen
also
near
Rivers
ordinarily
,
and
the
Sea
,
and
generally
near
any
water
,
because
it
stops
up
the
concavities
of
the
Earth
,
whereby
those
exhalations
should
come
forth
which
are
bred
in
it
;
and
humidity
binding
the
superficies
of
it
,
keeps
fast
those
hot
exhalations
,
which
break
through
with
more
violence
from
the
place
which
they
are
confined
in
,
when
they
come
to
inflame
themselves
.
The
curious
and
the
learned
have
remark'd
by
this
,
that
Earthquakes
are
not
frequent
where
there
are
many
Wells
;
and
though
they
had
not
made
that
observation
,
men
might
have
learnt
it
by
experience
.
The
Mexicans
have
alwayes
been
of
opinion
,
That
their
Earthquakes
proceed
from
the
Lake
upon
which
their
City
is
situated
;
but
we
cannot
say
that
those
parts
which
are
far
in
the
Land
,
are
free
from
the
disasters
which
are
occasion'd
by
these
irregularities
of
Nature
,
as
the
City
of
Chachapoyas
in
the
Indies
,
and
Ferrarus
in
Italy
;
although
indeed
,
this
latter
for
being
near
a
River
,
and
not
far
from
the
Adriatique
Sea
,
may
be
counted
a
Maritime
Town
.
There
are
such
great
Earthquakes
in
Peru
,
as
Acosta
relates
,
that
they
have
reached
from
Chilyus
to
Quitto
,
that
is
to
say
,
above
fifteen
hundred
long
miles
.
There
was
one
he
tells
us
of
,
at
Chilyus
,
which
tumbled
down
whole
Mountains
,
which
stopped
the
ordinary
courses
of
Rivers
,
and
turn'd
them
into
Lakes
,
which
kill'd
an
unspeakable
number
of
men
,
which
overthrew
Towers
,
and
thrust
the
Sea
out
of
its
place
,
so
that
ships
were
left
on
shore
a
great
way
off
of
the
ordinary
Road
,
which
caus'd
more
mischief
than
can
be
imagin'd
,
and
the
noise
of
which
went
above
a
thousand
miles
,
by
the
Coasts
.
Some
time
after
,
in
the
year
1582.
another
Earthquake
overthrew
most
part
of
the
Town
Arequipa
;
and
since
that
time
in
the
year
1586.
the
ninth
of
July
,
the
City
of
Kings
was
afflicted
by
another
,
which
ran
along
the
Coast
510
miles
,
and
150
in
breadth
,
in
the
Countrey
of
Syerra
.
An
horrible
noise
preceded
this
Earthquake
,
which
disturb'd
the
Sea
in
the
same
manner
as
that
of
Chilyus
,
so
that
it
went
beyond
its
precincts
,
and
ran
above
six
miles
in
the
Land
,
and
swelled
above
fourteen
fathoms
.
The
year
following
there
was
another
in
the
Kingdom
and
City
of
Quitto
;
and
in
the
year
1581
,
there
hapned
such
a
strange
one
in
the
City
of
Chuguiano
,
otherwise
call'd
Peaceful
,
in
Peru
,
that
a
certain
Town
call'd
Angoango
,
which
was
inhabited
by
Inchanters
and
Idolatrous
persons
,
fell
instantly
into
ruine
,
and
the
earth
of
the
mountains
that
fell
down
,
ran
like
water
or
melted
wax
,
five
miles
upon
the
Vallies
,
filled
up
a
Lake
,
and
remained
always
scatter'd
upon
the
Countrey
.
I
will
not
particularize
the
same
misfortunes
of
the
most
famous
Cities
of
Asia
,
of
Achaya
,
of
Syria
and
Macedonia
nor
;
speak
of
the
Isles
of
Cyprus
and
Paphos
,
which
have
been
so
extremely
endamag'd
by
those
Accidents
,
lest
I
should
tire
,
rather
than
divert
the
mind
:
and
the
number
of
examples
doth
neither
fortifie
nor
embellish
it
.
It
is
time
to
look
upon
floating
Cities
,
and
others
under
water
;
and
to
consider
that
such
Countries
have
been
far
enough
from
the
Sea
,
which
are
now
hid
by
it
.
CHAP.
XV
.
Of
Inundations
and
Floods
.
I
Need
not
Treat
in
this
place
of
that
universal
Flood
which
rob'd
us
of
one
of
the
Elements
,
and
reduc'd
the
whole
World
to
a
Sea
;
the
memory
of
which
will
last
as
long
as
the
World
it self
.
It
would
be
to
describe
a
thing
which
children
are
not
ignorant
of
,
and
the
knowledge
of
which
is
natural
to
all
men
.
This
was
an
effect
of
the
wrath
of
God
;
but
I
will
make
more
particular
remarks
.
And
since
my
design
is
to
Treat
simply
of
the
inconstancy
of
Fortune
,
I
will
demonstrate
by
that
wherein
she
acts
most
,
that
it
commands
all
things
except
virtue
;
that
one
may
suffer
shipwrack
upon
several
Towns
,
and
ships
fail
at
this
day
over
places
that
have
been
formerly
fertile
in
Tillage
.
At
the
time
that
the
Patriarch
Jacob
served
Laban
his
Father-in-law
in
Mesopotamia
,
Oross
relates
,
that
in
the
Country
of
Achaya
,
where
Ogiges
reigned
,
there
was
such
a
great
Inundation
,
that
it
cover'd
all
the
Isles
;
the
Cattel
swam
where
they
used
to
feed
,
and
the
Inhabitants
by
their
fire-sides
were
wrapt
up
in
the
waves
.
Poesie
,
which
disguiseth
all
things
,
and
turneth
the
finest
Histories
into
Fables
,
hath
left
us
a
picture
of
Prometeus
torn
by
an
Eagle
upon
Mount
Caucase
,
and
represents
him
so
unhappy
,
that
it
hath
made
a
martyrdom
of
his
sufferings
.
But
it
is
requisite
to
explain
in
a
few
words
this
Enigm
,
and
to
shew
with
Diodorus
a
Sicilian
,
that
it
is
not
so
much
a
Moral
that
one
should
seek
in
this
,
as
a
Truth
that
one
should
believe
.
I
will
not
examine
in
this
Chapter
,
whether
the
Winds
,
which
are
call'd
Ethesians
,
swell
up
Nilus
,
or
the
Tydes
of
the
Ocean
:
nor
whether
it
is
by
the
Snows
of
Ethiopia
,
or
those
of
the
North
:
or
if
the
Land
,
and
the
Waters
of
Lybia
,
great
Rains
,
or
the
contrariety
of
seasons
,
occasion
that
miracle
that
happens
every
year
in
Egypt
.
I
need
not
describe
to
you
that
the
Land
that
lieth
in
the
intern
Ethiopia
,
grows
wider
taperwise
,
till
it
reacheth
to
the
Cape
of
Good
Hope
;
which
may
be
the
true
cause
of
the
Inundations
of
Nilus
,
which
are
always
in
the
Summer
,
because
their
Winter
and
their
great
Rains
begin
always
in
April
,
when
the
Sun
is
past
Aries
,
and
comes
to
Taurus
:
And
as
those
Waters
which
come
from
those
great
Rains
and
Snows
,
gather
together
,
and
become
great
Lakes
and
great
Rivers
,
which
run
all
into
this
;
so
it
increaseth
its
self
,
and
after
a
long
way
,
it
comes
at
last
to
spread
it self
in
Egypt
.
This
ought
not
to
be
very
strange
,
nor
seem
beyond
reason
,
since
it
is
Winter
at
the
head
of
Nilus
,
that
's
to
say
,
in
the
Tropick
of
Capricorn
,
when
it
is
Summer
in
Egypt
,
which
is
under
the
Tropick
of
Cancer
.
Howsoever
Acosta
saith
,
That
there
is
in
America
an
Inundation
much
like
that
of
Nilus
,
and
that
Paragoy
,
where
the
River
of
Platta
overflows
its
banks
every
year
,
by
reason
of
the
great
quantity
of
Waters
which
fall
from
Peru
;
and
because
of
these
dreadful
Inundations
,
men
are
forced
in
that
month
to
forsake
the
Earth
,
to
inhabit
in
Barges
.
Now
to
come
to
my
Subject
,
I
will
affirm
with
Diodorus
,
That
in
the
beginning
of
the
Dog-days
in
Ositius's
time
,
son
of
Saturn
,
Nilus
overflowed
so
prodigioussy
,
that
this
River
,
which
had
always
caused
great
fertility
in
Egypt
,
was
like
to
cause
its
last
ruine
;
and
the
Countrey
of
Prometheus
was
so
wasted
,
that
he
was
in
danger
of
losing
his
life
,
as
well
as
his
dominions
.
This
Prince
having
with
much
ado
escaped
,
might
behold
his
own
condition
with
regret
;
he
saw
all
his
Houses
carried
away
by
the
rapidity
of
the
Waters
,
all
his
Subjects
devoured
either
by
Crocodiles
or
Fishes
,
all
his
Treasures
ravisht
from
him
,
and
all
his
hopes
dead
with
his
Subjects
.
He
had
no
man
left
to
his
command
,
and
knew
not
how
Fate
should
dispose
of
him
.
He
could
not
open
his
eyes
,
without
seeing
that
which
he
had
in
honour
;
from
the
top
of
Mount
Caucase
,
he
beheld
at
the
bottom
his
riches
aflote
;
and
his
misfortune
was
so
pressing
,
that
it
seemed
at
that
time
that
Fortune
had
left
him
no
other
advantage
,
but
the
choice
of
dying
with
his
own
hands
.
As
he
saw
that
it
was
the
sole
happiness
that
was
left
for
him
,
he
thought
fit
to
make
use
of
it
;
and
from
hence
proceeds
the
opinion
of
the
Poets
,
that
he
was
torn
by
an
Eagle
,
because
they
could
find
nothing
that
could
set
forth
the
rapidness
of
the
River
,
but
by
the
flight
of
an
Eagle
,
and
in
effect
Nilus
was
the
cause
of
his
despair
and
lost
condition
.
The
Ancients
give
us
an
account
of
a
Flood
very
like
this
in
Thessalia
,
under
the
Reign
of
Cecrops
:
they
declare
to
us
,
for
a
long
while
together
,
there
was
seen
whole
Forests
swimming
;
and
affirm
,
that
the
highest
Mountains
were
but
so
many
dangerous
Banks
;
and
that
of
so
many
men
that
inhabited
that
fair
Kingdom
,
there
were
none
saved
but
a
few
which
Deucalion
admitted
upon
mount
Parnassus
.
Who
doth
not
know
that
the
same
Accident
hath
threatned
three
times
the
ruine
of
the
Isle
of
Rhodes
?
And
if
a
little
while
after
Alexander's
death
,
the
Wall
of
the
Town
had
not
yielded
to
the
Waters
that
beat
against
it
,
who
doubts
but
the
end
of
this
adventure
had
been
that
of
its
power
?
The
Indians
speak
of
a
Deluge
they
had
,
which
was
so
great
,
and
so
terrible
,
that
a
man
cant
judge
,
saith
Acosta
,
whether
it
be
that
which
we
read
of
in
the
Scripture
,
or
a
particular
Inundation
of
the
Regions
wherein
they
live
.
Some
of
the
Learned
have
been
of
opinion
even
before
Acosta's
time
,
that
it
was
different
from
that
of
Noe
,
and
was
very
like
that
one
finds
of
Ducalion
in
the
Poets
.
The
Indians
say
that
all
Mankind
was
drowned
in
this
flood
;
and
that
there
came
out
of
the
great
Lake
Tiracaca
,
a
Virucocha
,
that
's
to
say
,
a
great
Bark
,
which
stayed
awhile
at
Tiaguanaco
,
and
from
thence
came
to
Cusco
,
where
men
multiply'd
without
any
obstacle
.
They
describe
in
this
Lake
a
little
Island
,
wherein
according
to
their
opinion
the
Sun
was
preserved
,
and
this
is
the
reason
that
they
sacrificed
Beasts
and
Men
to
it
.
Others
maintain
that
six
men
came
out
of
a
Cave
call'd
Pacaricambo
,
and
that
they
began
to
multiply
,
and
that
's
the
cause
that
they
call
them
Pacariamto's
.
From
this
they
draw
this
consequence
,
That
there
is
no
race
of
Men
so
ancient
as
the
Tambos
,
from
whom
is
descended
Mango
Capa
,
Head
and
Founder
of
the
Inguas
;
that
two
Families
issued
from
them
,
one
call'd
Hanan-Cusco
,
and
the
other
Urny-Cusco
,
and
the
Inguas
had
always
this
pretext
in
their
Wars
,
that
great
and
small
were
obliged
to
obey
them
,
since
all
the
World
sprung
from
them
and
their
Countrey
.
When
Chilperic
reigned
in
France
,
Auvergne
was
almost
ruined
by
prodigious
Rains
,
which
seemed
to
make
but
one
Lake
of
that
whole
Province
,
and
a
Sea
of
their
Rivers
,
and
of
its
Rivulets
great
Rivers
.
This
Countrey
was
not
alone
afflicted
by
it
;
the
Rhone
overflowed
,
and
mixt
its
Waters
with
those
of
the
Sea
,
and
cover'd
the
land
,
that
many
Buildings
were
carried
away
by
them
;
and
the
Inhabitants
of
Bourdeaux
,
who
saw
part
of
their
Walls
fall
by
the
same
Accident
,
were
longer
a
recovering
themselves
from
the
fright
it
put
them
in
,
than
from
the
loss
they
had
.
In
the
time
of
the
Emperor
Maurice
,
there
hapned
a
flood
all
over
Italy
;
in
several
places
the
Water
was
as
high
as
the
top
of
Steeples
,
Tybre
made
it self
a
passage
over
the
Walls
of
Rome
;
and
this
Inundation
was
followed
by
so
much
Thundering
,
that
Fire
and
Water
both
undertook
the
destruction
of
Verona
,
so
that
a
part
of
it
was
set
on
float
,
and
the
other
burned
down
.
Five
hundred
years
after
,
there
was
again
such
a
flood
in
Italy
,
that
all
sorts
of
people
were
in
great
danger
both
in
City
and
Countrey
;
the
tame
Beasts
and
Fowls
were
so
frighted
with
it
,
that
since
that
they
became
wild
;
and
in
this
fatal
disaster
,
there
was
none
but
would
have
taken
Italy
for
a
Sea
.
About
Two
hundred
years
after
,
the
Sea
covered
in
an
instant
Friezeland
and
Halderick
,
when
the
people
thought
of
nothing
but
their
pleasures
;
their
joyes
were
turned
into
sadness
:
and
as
if
God
had
forgotten
his
promise
,
that
he
would
destroy
the
World
no
more
by
Water
,
those
men
thought
that
their
misery
was
common
to
all
men
.
True
it
is
,
that
it
was
followed
by
another
no
less
strange
;
the
Air
became
infectious
of
a
sudden
,
Men
,
Beasts
and
Fowls
sucked
in
their
deaths
,
as
they
breathed
for
life
;
and
all
that
which
had
escap'd
the
Inundation
,
was
snatched
away
by
the
Plague
.
In
time
past
Holland
suffered
much
by
such
Accidents
,
when
behind
Dorerech
,
the
Sea
swallow'd
up
an
Hundred
thousand
men
,
together
with
some
Towns
,
and
a
great
many
Villages
;
and
since
that
time
,
floods
and
inundations
have
caused
so
much
loss
in
some
parts
,
that
the
men
of
those
parts
tremble
still
at
the
hearing
of
it
.
What
's
become
of
the
Towns
of
Helice
and
Buris
,
are
they
not
become
the
maygames
and
the
prey
of
the
Waves
?
And
hath
not
Tyrtre
been
seen
floating
upon
the
Waters
that
buried
it
?
If
men
reflect
upon
those
of
the
West-Indies
,
they
shall
find
that
their
Rivers
are
so
subject
to
overflow
their
Banks
,
that
those
of
Africa
,
of
Asia
and
Europe
,
are
in
comparison
of
them
but
Rivulets
:
And
if
the
question
be
asked
how
the
Inhabitants
subsist
there
,
they
may
know
that
Nature
hath
afforded
them
many
ways
to
save
themselves
sometimes
,
and
to
flee
to
their
mountains
,
which
are
much
higher
than
those
of
the
old
World
.
And
I
am
of
opinion
with
the
great
Chancellor
of
England
,
That
what
an
Egyptian
Priest
tells
Solon
touching
the
Athlantique
Isse
,
is
not
at
all
likely
;
and
that
it
rather
disappeared
by
an
Inundation
,
than
by
an
Earthquake
.
If
we
may
believe
Plato
,
he
maintains
that
it
was
by
a
flood
that
this
Isle
was
lost
;
that
it
was
as
big
as
Africa
and
Asia
together
;
that
there
was
in
it
a
Temple
which
was
a
mile
long
,
and
half
a
mile
broad
,
whose
Walls
were
overlaid
with
silver
on
the
outside
,
the
top
with
gold
,
and
the
inside
with
rough
Ivory
interlac'd
with
gold
,
silver
,
and
pearls
.
If
Critias
,
who
related
this
to
Plato
,
did
not
make
an
History
of
a
Fable
,
of
all
losses
this
hath
been
the
greatest
.
Howsoever
floods
have
been
the
cause
of
so
many
disasters
,
that
the
greatest
conflagrations
and
droughts
are
nothing
in
comparison
of
them
;
the
two
last
scourges
of
Nature
afflict
it
,
but
they
don't
destroy
it
:
and
all
men
know
that
Phaeton's
Chariot
lasted
but
a
day
,
and
that
the
three
years
drought
of
Elias's
time
were
very
sensible
,
but
did
not
deprive
people
of
their
lives
.
Nevertheless
we
will
shew
in
the
two
following
Chapters
some
remarkable
effects
of
both
,
and
by
that
we
shall
be
inform'd
that
there
is
no
stable
thing
in
the
Universe
;
that
the
objects
of
our
hopes
,
are
often
those
of
our
fears
;
and
that
the
aliments
of
our
lives
,
are
sometimes
the
destruction
of
them
.
CHAP.
XVI
.
Of
the
Air
.
THere
are
but
few
men
in
the
World
,
but
know
that
Famine
is
caused
by
the
driness
of
the
Air
,
and
that
the
greatest
plagues
proceed
from
its
corruption
.
But
as
there
hath
been
some
of
all
kind
,
the
cause
of
some
hath
been
unknown
to
us
,
in
the
search
of
which
Philosophy
it self
hath
been
pusled
.
There
hapned
such
an
one
at
Athens
,
that
Birds
of
prey
fled
from
those
which
were
smitten
with
it
;
and
out
of
the
bodies
of
such
as
were
sick
of
it
near
the
Red
Sea
,
there
were
seen
to
come
forth
little
Serpents
,
which
gnawed
their
Legs
and
Arms
,
the
which
ran
in
again
as
soon
as
one
went
to
meddle
with
them
,
kept
in
their
intrals
,
and
put
them
to
more
Torture
than
ever
was
invented
by
Tyranny
.
Thales
of
Candia
,
was
forced
to
go
to
Lacedemonia
,
to
deliver
his
Citizens
of
a
grievous
one
that
afflicted
them
:
And
we
read
in
Homer
,
That
there
was
such
an
one
among
the
Greeks
,
that
they
could
not
be
eased
but
by
Musick
.
The
Phalerians
being
not
able
to
find
a
remedy
against
the
Plague
,
went
and
consulted
their
Oracle
,
to
know
what
the
issue
of
it
would
be
;
they
answer'd
,
That
their
torments
could
not
cease
,
till
they
offered
every
year
a
Maid
to
Juno
:
and
the
lot
fell
upon
Valeria
Luperca
,
who
was
destined
to
this
Sacrifice
.
In
the
midst
of
this
mournful
Ceremony
,
which
they
held
a
great
mystery
,
an
Eagle
alighted
upon
her
,
and
immediately
fell
upon
the
Priest
,
took
away
his
sacrificing
Knife
,
and
laid
it
over
a
young
Heifer
,
which
ever
since
was
the
Victim
,
and
the
Phalerians
with
Valeria
were
deliver'd
of
this
misery
.
In
the
Lacedemonians
Countrey
,
there
hapned
such
another
adventure
,
in
Helen's
favor
;
and
this
Wonder
which
surpriz'd
them
,
was
the
cause
that
they
left
off
offering
of
their
daughters
,
since
they
could
pacifie
the
gods
with
other
Victims
.
When
the
Soldiers
of
Avidius
Crassus
,
who
was
Marc
Anthony's
Lieutenant
,
were
in
the
City
of
Selucia
,
they
found
a
Chest
in
Apollo's
Temple
,
which
they
seized
upon
as
soon
as
they
saw
it
;
but
Avarice
was
never
better
rewarded
,
nor
Curiosity
more
fatal
than
theirs
;
for
as
soon
as
they
had
open'd
it
,
there
came
forth
of
it
such
corrupted
Air
,
that
after
it
had
infected
all
the
Region
of
Babylon
,
it
ran
as
far
as
Greece
,
and
from
thence
into
Italy
;
so
that
one
third
part
of
the
World
dyed
.
In
those
Desarts
of
Peru
,
which
the
Indians
call
Punas
,
there
is
Air
,
which
penetrates
in
such
sort
,
that
it
cuts
asunder
the
bodies
and
lives
of
men
.
Those
which
were
forced
to
go
through
it
under
the
conduct
of
Jerome
Costilla
,
dyed
almost
every
one
;
and
the
quality
of
this
Air
is
so
strange
,
that
it
preserves
those
bodies
that
it
killeth
.
They
are
free
from
corruption
,
and
ill
smells
,
as
Acosta
writes
who
giveth
this
reason
for
it
,
That
this
kind
of
cold
is
so
piercing
,
that
it
extinguishes
natural
heat
,
at
the
same
time
that
it
cuts
off
its
influence
;
and
that
this
cold
hinders
bodies
from
corrupting
of
themselves
,
since
we
see
that
corruption
proceeds
but
from
heat
and
humidity
.
After
the
death
of
Periclus
the
Athenian
Captain
,
at
the
latter
end
of
the
first
year
of
the
Wars
of
Peloponese
,
Thucides
affirms
,
That
there
hapned
such
a
prodigious
Plague
,
that
it
resisted
all
Medicines
;
and
was
so
general
,
that
it
came
from
Ethiopia
,
down
into
Egypt
and
Lybia
,
and
so
spread
it self
as
far
as
Persia
,
so
that
the
desolation
of
all
Greece
was
the
end
of
it
.
This
Author
,
who
was
smitten
by
it
himself
,
giveth
a
marvellous
description
of
it
,
and
saith
,
That
the
heat
that
men
were
in
was
so
excessive
,
that
those
which
were
afflicted
,
precipitated
themselves
in
Wells
to
cool
themselves
,
and
others
sought
for
the
nearest
Rivers
to
quench
their
heat
with
their
lives
.
In
Gallus's
time
,
such
another
Plague
began
in
Ethiopia
,
which
consumed
all
the
people
of
the
South
,
and
went
through
most
part
of
the
World
;
and
though
Cardanus
is
of
opinion
,
That
the
Plague
cannot
last
above
two
or
three
years
at
most
,
because
of
the
thinness
of
the
Air
which
contains
it
,
and
of
the
Winds
which
by
continual
agitation
remove
it
,
yet
it
is
certain
that
this
lasted
ten
years
,
or
very
near
.
The
Author
of
the
Chronicle
of
England
,
saith
,
That
in
the
Reign
of
Calvaladrus
,
there
was
a
Plague
in
this
Kingdom
which
lasted
eleven
years
,
and
represents
it
so
horrible
,
that
the
living
could
hardly
bury
their
dead
.
Three
hundred
and
forty
one
years
ago
,
thirty
thousand
men
dyed
of
the
Plague
at
Cologne
,
twelve
thousand
at
Treves
,
sixteen
thousand
at
Mayence
,
six
thousand
at
Wormes
,
nine
thousand
at
Spire
,
eleven
or
twelve
thousand
at
Strasburg
,
fourteen
thousand
at
Bazil
,
and
an
infinite
number
in
other
Towns
of
Germany
.
This
Accident
struck
such
a
terror
in
the
Germans
,
that
the
greatest
part
of
them
resolved
to
leave
their
Countrey
rather
than
Till
it
;
and
this
was
the
cause
that
half
of
those
that
were
left
by
the
Plague
,
dyed
miserably
by
Famine
,
and
the
other
half
was
in
the
same
danger
,
had
not
the
Barns
of
Sicilia
been
the
relief
of
Germany
,
as
it
had
been
before
of
Rome
.
Guy
of
Chauliac
,
relates
that
he
hath
seen
a
Plague
in
his
time
that
afflicted
all
the
World
,
which
having
spread
it self
from
Euphrates
,
to
the
frozen
Seas
,
left
upon
the
earth
but
the
fourth
part
of
those
men
which
it
found
there
.
Then
it
was
that
Love
and
Charity
was
most
cold
;
a
son
could
see
his
father
dye
,
without
taking
care
to
preserve
his
life
;
brothers
and
sisters
fled
from
one
another
,
like
irreconcileable
enemies
;
mothers
abandoned
their
children
,
for
fear
to
carry
their
deaths
in
saving
of
them
;
and
though
wives
did
regret
their
husbands
absence
,
yet
they
feared
nothing
more
than
their
presence
:
this
Plague
was
the
more
remarkable
,
because
of
so
many
men
that
dyed
,
there
was
but
a
few
that
were
rich
;
but
two
years
after
that
,
as
the
same
Author
saith
,
there
was
another
which
fell
most
upon
them
,
and
spared
the
poor
.
Of
all
those
that
I
have
mention'd
,
there
was
none
so
cruel
,
nor
so
dangerous
,
as
that
which
lasted
a
year
in
the
chief
City
of
Provence
,
they
all
dyed
when
they
thought
to
feed
;
they
all
expired
at
Table
,
having
no
time
to
go
to
Bed
;
and
the
number
of
those
that
dyed
was
such
,
that
they
could
not
be
all
buried
in
Church-yards
,
for
want
of
room
:
the
effects
of
this
sickness
were
so
sudden
and
certain
,
that
those
that
were
smitten
with
it
,
did
wind
themselves
in
a
sheet
to
save
others
a
labour
,
and
often
their
lives
were
sooner
at
an
end
than
their
enterprize
.
I
will
not
mention
here
that
which
hapned
in
Maurice
the
Emperors
time
,
which
altered
men
so
,
that
they
looked
like
Monsters
;
nor
so
many
others
which
have
afflicted
Rome
,
Constantinople
,
Paris
,
and
London
;
which
latter
is
so
fresh
in
our
memory
,
that
it
makes
our
hearts
bleed
still
when
we
think
of
it
.
We
will
proceed
to
Conflagrations
,
and
draw
some
light
for
our
instruction
from
the
Fire
,
whether
it
be
Foreign
or
Domestick
.
CHAP.
XVII
.
Of
Fire
.
HEraclitus
and
Hippassus
of
Metapontus
,
maintained
that
Fire
was
the
principle
and
the
end
of
all
things
;
but
whether
or
no
they
owe
their
Being
to
it
,
yet
we
will
prove
by
this
discourse
,
that
it
hath
been
the
destruction
of
most
of
them
.
In
Ceropus
the
first
King
of
Athen's
time
,
the
influences
of
the
heavenly
Bodies
did
excite
such
a
heat
in
the
East
,
that
after
it
had
dried
up
all
the
Springs
,
warmed
the
Sea
in
such
a
manner
,
that
it
was
thought
to
boil
,
and
reduc'd
a
great
many
Towns
into
a
few
Ashes
.
In
the
Reign
of
Achab
,
King
of
Israel
,
the
Air
was
so
excessive
hot
,
that
for
the
space
of
Three
years
,
there
did
not
rain
a
drop
throughout
all
Palestina
.
And
in
the
time
of
Constantine
Capronimus
,
as
Zonarus
relates
,
it
was
so
burning
hot
,
that
it
dried
up
Rivers
it self
.
Cardanus
speaks
of
another
so
violent
heat
,
that
in
three
days
time
killed
most
part
of
the
Plants
in
Lombardy
:
But
because
this
kind
of
Fire
seems
to
be
slowest
,
and
less
dangerous
of
all
,
that
which
is
ordinarily
the
Subject
of
our
fear
and
astonishment
,
shall
be
now
that
of
our
discourse
.
When
Cambyses
,
King
of
Persia
,
sent
his
Army
in
Lybia
,
to
enrich
himself
of
the
ornaments
and
treasures
of
Jupiter
Hammon's
Temple
,
the
Heavens
which
could
not
suffer
the
criminal
obedience
of
those
sacrilegious
persons
,
without
hastening
their
punition
,
was
filled
with
Lightning
and
Thunder
;
and
as
if
this
chastisement
had
been
ordain'd
for
an
example
to
all
other
ambitious
men
,
there
were
50000
of
these
killed
by
the
Tempest
.
At
the
time
that
the
French
were
in
Garison
at
Milan
,
a
Thunderbolt
fell
upon
a
Tower
,
which
they
had
made
the
Dock
,
and
the
effect
was
so
prodigious
,
that
half
of
the
Castle
was
buried
under
the
other
,
and
there
was
scarce
a
place
in
the
Town
which
did
not
feel
the
effect
of
this
fatal
Adventure
.
Such
another
Accident
did
much
more
surprize
the
Inhabitants
of
Malines
in
Brabant
six
years
after
;
Thunder
made
such
a
combustion
there
,
that
they
were
of
opinion
that
it
would
be
the
end
of
the
World
as
well
as
of
their
Town
.
The
water
of
the
Trenches
were
dried
up
in
a
moment
,
the
Gate
called
Arene
,
disappear'd
with
a
flash
of
Lightning
,
and
the
walls
which
were
near
it
,
were
hidden
under
their
foundations
,
and
the
houses
tumbling
one
upon
another
,
left
no
passage
for
those
who
were
of
opinion
,
that
to
avoid
peril
,
it
were
better
to
flee
,
than
to
wait
for
it
.
Ordinary
Relations
inform
us
,
that
the
West-Indies
is
very
subject
to
such
combustions
;
and
Experience
hath
evidently
shewn
,
that
Italy
hath
suffer'd
more
all
alone
,
than
all
other
Kingdoms
together
.
The
City
of
Wormes
,
as
Munster
affirms
,
hath
been
twice
almost
consum'd
by
two
several
Accidents
:
and
't
is
upon
its
own
Ashes
that
it
stands
to
this
day
.
Now
that
you
may
see
that
Fears
have
place
amongst
the
greatest
Calms
,
Lyons
was
burnt
in
the
peacefullest
time
that
ever
it
enjoyed
,
and
when
its
Citizens
thought
of
nothing
but
of
enjoying
their
felicities
;
there
's
no
body
ignorant
that
one
night
ravished
from
them
,
that
which
so
many
years
labour
had
gotten
together
.
Seneca
writes
,
That
there
was
never
so
dreadful
a
combustion
,
but
that
it
left
after
it
some
matter
for
another
;
and
he
is
of
opinion
,
That
Fire
never
destroys
all
,
but
leaves
something
for
the
Sword
:
but
this
Town
,
which
was
admired
in
Gaules
,
is
not
now
to
be
found
in
it
;
and
it
was
a
less
time
in
destroying
,
than
I
have
been
of
relating
it
.
Dithmarus
Bleskemius
,
saith
that
Island
is
as
big
again
as
Sicilia
,
that
it
is
an
hundred
Italian
miles
in
length
,
and
that
there
is
three
hundred
remarkable
mountains
in
it
,
one
of
which
is
call'd
Hecla
,
and
is
of
the
North-side
of
the
Isle
:
He
affirms
that
this
hath
burnt
for
these
many
years
,
but
it
is
not
known
what
kind
of
Fire
it
is
,
nor
what
matter
it
burneth
upon
,
and
that
it
casteth
out
flames
,
and
sometimes
black
ashes
,
with
such
a
great
quantity
of
stones
,
that
the
Air
is
obscured
with
it
.
When
the
weather
is
serene
,
and
that
there
are
some
stones
thrown
in
,
they
are
thrown
back
again
with
a
strange
noise
and
fury
,
and
there
are
seen
about
it
several
spectres
a
walking
.
This
Author
who
was
in
the
Island
in
the
year
1563
tells
us
,
That
there
was
flames
seen
in
the
night
near
the
mountain
,
that
casted
a
light
throughout
all
the
Isle
,
and
that
an
horrible
Earthquake
followed
this
light
,
which
made
more
noise
than
a
thousand
Cannons
shot
off
all
at
once
.
The
Sea
drew
two
miles
back
,
and
ever
since
that
place
hath
been
dry
Land
.
He
had
the
curiosity
to
go
near
it
,
but
to
say
better
he
was
loth
to
disobey
the
Viceroy
,
who
commanded
him
to
go
up
to
that
Gulph
,
with
a
Danish
man
,
and
two
of
the
Inhabitants
of
the
Isle
.
He
was
four
dayes
a
scaling
the
Mount
,
and
saw
the
earth
about
it
cover'd
with
black
ashes
,
and
pumice
stones
:
but
as
his
curiosity
would
have
drawn
him
nearer
the
mouth
of
it
,
to
see
it
better
,
there
came
forth
such
a
noise
,
such
a
smoke
and
fire
out
of
the
earth
,
that
he
was
almost
overcome
with
the
smell
of
brimstone
;
and
whatsoever
he
could
do
to
recover
himself
,
yet
he
was
sick
for
two
Months
,
and
the
ablest
Doctors
judgment
was
,
that
nothing
but
Death
could
be
the
cure
of
his
distemper
.
In
the
time
of
Titus's
Reign
,
there
appeared
upon
Mount
Vesuvius
walking
spectres
of
a
monstrous
bigness
,
and
this
adventure
was
followed
by
a
great
drought
,
and
horrible
Earthquakes
which
overthrow
the
top
of
Mountains
.
The
Sea
about
Naples
was
extremely
tossed
by
it
,
its
waves
brake
with
a
dreadful
roaring
;
and
in
the
Elements
,
and
the
Heavens
,
nothing
was
seen
but
Prodigies
.
The
Mountain
which
brake
out
afterwards
,
began
at
that
very
time
to
cast
stones
,
which
were
like
Rocks
,
and
to
vomit
flames
with
such
a
thick
smoke
,
that
the
Air
was
quite
darkned
,
and
the
light
of
the
Sun
so
weakned
by
it
,
that
this
was
reckoned
one
of
its
Eclipses
.
Out
of
this
Conflagration
,
there
came
forth
such
a
quantity
of
Ashes
,
that
they
did
not
only
kill
Men
,
Beasts
,
Plants
,
Fishes
,
and
Birds
,
but
they
covered
two
Cities
besides
.
These
Ashes
flew
over
the
Seas
as
far
as
Africa
,
Syria
,
and
Egypt
,
and
were
driven
back
to
Rome
,
which
occasion'd
such
a
remarkable
loss
there
,
that
it
is
thought
it
was
with
them
that
the
Plague
came
,
which
laid
all
that
City
desolate
.
There
hapned
another
misfortune
there
,
the
Fire
seized
of
many
places
,
and
burnt
the
Temples
of
Jupiter
Capitolin
,
of
Isis
,
of
Serapis
,
and
of
Neptune
.
It
consumed
Agripas's
Stews
,
the
Phantean
,
which
was
the
place
where
he
mustered
his
Soldiers
,
the
Library
of
Augustus
,
and
Balbus
and
Pompey's
Theatres
.
Many
other
Mountains
vomit
such
a
Fire
as
well
as
this
,
as
Mount
Aetna
,
Strombol
,
Lipare
,
and
those
which
are
in
Vulcan's
Isles
,
and
in
the
Orcades
towards
the
North
;
and
we
have
the
description
of
some
others
,
in
the
24th
Chapter
of
Acosta's
History
of
the
Indies
,
in
the
third
Book
,
where
he
saith
,
That
these
Volcano's
are
Rocks
which
are
higher
than
Mountains
;
that
the
top
of
them
is
flatter
,
and
that
there
is
in
the
middle
of
them
a
great
hole
quite
through
the
Rock
,
that
reacheth
to
the
very
bottom
.
There
are
some
which
do
cast
but
a
little
smoke
,
and
are
not
like
those
Volcano's
,
as
that
of
Arequipa
,
which
is
of
a
marvellous
height
,
so
that
a
man
is
two
dayes
scaling
it
,
and
is
almost
all
of
sand
.
The
Volcano's
of
Mexica
,
which
is
by
the
Town
of
Anges
,
is
of
so
great
a
height
,
that
one
goeth
up
90
miles
round
about
it
,
before
one
can
get
on
the
top
of
it
,
and
most
commonly
there
cometh
forth
of
it
a
Hurricane
of
smoke
,
with
the
same
quickness
of
motion
,
as
an
Arrow
shot
out
of
a
Bowe
.
The
smoke
cometh
forth
either
when
the
Sun
riseth
,
or
when
it
sets
;
and
that
smoke
is
sometimes
followed
by
a
prodigious
quantity
of
Ashes
.
In
Acosta's
time
there
had
been
no
Fire
seen
there
yet
;
but
it
was
feared
then
that
the
Land
which
was
about
it
,
and
was
the
best
of
all
the
Countrey
,
would
be
consum'd
.
It
is
thought
that
this
Volcanos
hath
a
correspondence
with
the
Syerre
of
Tlaxcala
,
which
is
very
near
it
;
and
that
it
causeth
by
this
means
the
Lightnings
and
Thunder
that
are
seen
and
heard
,
but
with
a
fear
that
chills
the
blood
of
the
most
resolute
,
and
the
most
stupid
.
Some
Spaniards
that
have
had
the
curiosity
to
scale
it
,
have
brought
back
again
with
them
some
Earth
,
or
rather
some
Mineral
of
Sulphur
.
The
Volcanello's
of
Guatimalla
are
much
bigger
and
higher
;
and
those
that
sail
in
the
South-seas
,
discover
them
a
great
way
off
by
their
height
,
and
by
the
quantity
of
Fire
which
they
cast
forth
.
In
the
year
1586.
the
Town
of
Guatimalla
was
almost
all
overthrown
by
an
eruption
.
Six
months
before
this
Volcanello
had
continually
cast
forth
a
Lake
of
Fire
,
the
earth
that
fell
on
both
sides
of
it
was
turned
into
Ashes
;
and
truly
it
is
an
hard
matter
to
imagine
how
such
an
abundance
could
be
drawn
from
its
centre
;
for
before
it
was
known
to
cast
out
nothing
but
smoke
,
and
sometimes
a
slender
flame
was
perceiv'd
.
That
which
is
by
the
City
of
Kings
in
Quitto
,
vomited
such
a
number
of
Ashes
,
almost
at
the
same
time
,
that
it
seemed
to
rain
nothing
else
,
and
people
had
much
ado
to
go
along
the
streets
,
or
to
know
one
another
,
through
the
thickness
thereof
.
There
are
some
which
never
cast
forth
Fire
,
ashes
nor
smoke
,
but
burn
at
the
bottom
with
a
clear
flame
,
which
never
quenches
when
it
is
once
kindled
.
Amongst
those
who
have
searched
the
cause
of
these
Volcanello's
Fire
,
some
are
of
opinion
,
That
they
consume
the
Earth
that
's
within
them
,
and
so
hold
,
that
when
they
have
done
,
they
cease
,
as
a
Fire
ceases
when
it
wants
Fuel
.
They
confirm
their
opinion
by
those
Rocks
and
Mountains
,
from
whence
they
dig
burnt
stones
,
which
are
very
light
,
hard
,
and
extreme
good
to
build
with
.
They
maintain
that
those
Mountains
have
burnt
formerly
,
which
are
quencht
for
want
of
combustible
matter
.
Yet
this
opinion
is
not
very
likely
,
since
that
those
matters
that
are
cast
forth
by
those
Volcanello's
,
are
almost
infinite
,
and
could
not
be
contained
in
the
place
from
whence
they
are
cast
forth
,
if
it
were
altogether
;
for
there
are
some
that
never
cease
to
throw
out
fire
,
smoke
,
and
ashes
:
It
is
more
probable
that
there
are
places
that
have
a
power
to
attract
hot
exhalations
,
and
to
convert
them
into
fire
,
as
there
are
other
which
have
the
power
to
draw
vapors
,
and
to
turn
them
into
water
;
which
causeth
Springs
and
Fountains
,
which
of
necessity
must
keep
running
,
so
long
as
they
attract
the
water
which
composeth
and
maintains
them
;
it
is
just
so
with
the
Volcanello's
,
which
after
they
have
changed
into
fire
and
smoke
,
the
exhalations
which
they
have
attracted
,
vomit
other
thick
matter
,
which
they
alter
into
ashes
,
into
pumice
stones
,
or
into
such
like
.
Now
to
make
the
thing
more
apparent
,
't
is
that
out
of
them
comes
forth
sometimes
smoke
,
and
another
time
fire
,
according
as
the
matter
they
could
attract
and
kindle
;
as
Springs
do
not
alwayes
yield
the
same
quantity
of
waters
;
since
it
is
certain
that
in
Summer
Fountains
are
not
so
full
as
in
Winter
,
and
run
big
or
small
,
according
to
their
strength
,
and
the
subject
that
presents
it self
.
After
this
discourse
of
so
many
different
Fires
,
there
remains
something
to
be
said
of
Comets
,
not
simply
because
that
they
presage
the
Evil
to
come
,
as
Cardan
hath
it
,
but
because
they
are
the
cause
of
it
,
as
some
others
will
have
it
;
since
they
beget
Droughts
,
and
consequently
Famine
,
that
they
are
followed
by
the
Plague
,
and
other
Sickness
,
as
Kepler
saith
;
and
that
even
Earthquakes
are
the
operations
of
the
winds
,
which
are
excited
to
it
by
their
influences
:
Can't
a
man
aver
with
reason
,
that
those
monstrous
Torches
,
which
are
never
lighted
but
to
our
Ruine
,
are
not
so
much
the
signs
as
the
Authors
of
it
;
and
that
they
have
alwayes
been
rather
the
Ministers
,
than
the
Messengers
of
them
:
so
it
was
when
the
Ancients
saw
a
Comet
,
which
lasted
75
dayes
,
a
little
before
the
Wars
of
Peloponese
;
and
another
before
they
had
so
many
losses
in
Sicilia
.
A
terrible
one
preceded
the
defeat
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
by
the
Thebains
;
and
Arius's
Heresie
was
also
forerun
,
if
not
caused
by
one
which
was
no
less
frightful
.
Others
from
time
to
time
caused
the
destruction
of
Thebes
and
Corinth
;
that
of
Rome
,
by
Charles
V.
the
Factions
of
Guelphus
,
and
of
the
Gibelins
;
the
going
of
the
Goths
into
Italy
;
the
alteration
of
the
Roman
Empire
;
and
all
that
which
hapned
under
Claudius
;
the
War
of
Achaya
;
the
coming
of
the
Bulgarians
into
Thracia
;
and
the
Civil
Wars
of
Caesar
and
Pompey
:
But
we
have
Treated
long
enough
of
the
disorders
of
Nature
,
we
must
come
from
Cities
and
Elements
,
to
Men
,
and
manifest
to
the
World
,
That
Fortune
is
equally
mixt
with
great
Mens
lives
,
as
with
those
of
low
degree
;
and
that
its
power
is
sovereign
in
Palaces
,
as
well
as
in
Cottages
.
The
End
of
the
First
Book
.
OF
Misfortune
.
BOOK
II
.
Of
Misfortunes
to
Kings
,
and
other
great
Men
,
by
Wars
.
CHAP.
I.
Of
Minos
King
of
Candia
,
and
of
Theseus
King
of
Athens
.
BY
reason
that
the
History
of
Theseus's
Life
is
in
some
manner
enveloped
with
that
of
Minos
,
it
is
necessary
to
make
use
of
this
last
to
introduce
us
to
the
former
;
and
to
shew
by
the
same
continued
disgraces
,
that
their
Fortune
hath
had
some
resemblance
.
If
Birth
be
the
greatest
of
all
advantages
,
it
is
certain
that
Minos
possest
the
greatest
of
all
Men
;
for
he
was
son
to
Jupiter
,
King
of
Crete
,
and
to
Europa
,
Agenor's
daughter
,
King
of
Tyr
.
Nature
so
marvellously
seconded
this
gift
of
Fortune
,
that
he
was
born
so
beautiful
,
that
he
was
the
admiration
of
all
the
earth
;
and
as
if
she
had
resolved
to
make
an
a
chievement
of
perfection
in
this
young
Prince
,
she
endued
him
with
such
a
sharp
and
acute
wit
,
that
the
beauty
of
his
mind
far
excelled
that
of
his
body
.
There
passed
never
a
day
in
which
he
did
not
signalize
himself
by
his
great
actions
;
his
military
were
as
glorious
as
his
moral
virtues
;
and
to
shew
that
he
was
as
fortunate
,
as
he
was
valiant
;
the
Kingdoms
both
of
Candia
and
Athens
,
became
the
first
Conquest
of
his
Arms.
His
felicity
was
not
limited
in
his
victories
,
he
took
to
his
Royal
Consort
Pasiphae
,
the
King
of
Rhodes's
daughter
,
by
whom
he
had
some
children
;
but
this
Alliance
,
which
left
him
nothing
to
desire
,
was
afterwards
the
spring
and
head
of
all
his
confusion
and
despair
.
He
sent
his
son
Androgeus
to
exact
the
yearly
Tribute
which
the
Athenians
paid
him
,
who
was
betray'd
in
the
Atticks
Countrey
,
and
kill'd
;
and
though
this
loss
seemed
the
greatest
of
all
those
that
could
befall
him
,
yet
it
is
certain
that
the
death
of
his
son
afflicted
him
less
than
the
ill
deportment
of
his
Queen
.
This
abominable
woman
,
whose
name
and
crime
ought
to
have
been
concealed
by
Historians
,
did
not
only
defile
his
Bed
by
Adultery
,
but
she
also
made
choice
of
a
Bull
for
her
Lover
,
and
made
a
Beast
the
object
of
her
desires
.
A
while
after
,
a
Monster
was
the
fruit
of
this
Love
;
and
as
if
death
had
more
terrifi'd
her
than
her
Conscience
,
she
avoided
the
presence
of
her
husband
,
for
fear
of
his
reproaches
and
punishment
.
These
two
Adventures
were
capable
enough
to
persuade
Minos
,
That
the
greatest
Prosperities
are
not
alwayes
the
most
tranquil
;
and
that
the
blackest
Vipers
are
often
found
under
the
finest
flowers
:
But
if
these
occasioned
grief
and
torment
to
him
,
that
which
followeth
was
the
cause
of
his
fall
and
despair
.
Theseus
,
to
whom
virtue
was
hereditary
,
no
sooner
was
sensible
of
his
strength
,
but
he
resolved
to
make
use
of
it
;
and
as
since
that
time
,
the
heroick
Actions
of
Militiade
made
Themistocle
restless
,
and
that
those
of
Achilles
,
and
of
Hector
,
exasperated
Alexander's
courage
,
and
the
victories
of
Alexander
excited
the
Ambition
of
Caesar
;
this
Prince
likewise
imitated
Hercules
toils
,
and
followed
close
this
famous
original
,
and
strived
with
all
his
power
to
be
a
lively
representation
of
him
.
This
noble
desire
brought
him
out
of
his
mothers
house
,
which
was
at
that
time
at
Troezene
;
and
though
Pyrates
would
have
been
less
dangerous
to
him
than
Robbers
and
Tyrants
,
yet
these
difficulties
fortifi'd
him
in
his
first
resolution
,
and
peril
was
found
a
bait
to
his
jealousie
.
This
is
the
reason
that
he
left
Aethra
his
mother
,
Pithees
daughter
,
and
took
the
way
by
Land
to
Athens
,
to
go
see
his
father
,
and
strongly
fancied
that
honour
should
be
at
least
the
recompence
of
his
enterprize
.
And
indeed
he
was
no
sooner
come
to
Epidores
,
but
he
kill'd
Periphedes
,
whose
Club
he
carried
away
as
the
noblest
booty
he
could
get
;
and
threw
Peticoptantus
in
the
Sea
:
passing
over
the
Straights
of
Peloponese
,
he
punished
Phoea
the
murtherer
at
Crommyon
;
revenged
many
innocent
miserable
persons
upon
Soiron
at
the
entring
of
the
Land
of
Megare
;
killed
Cercyon
under
him
,
in
the
City
Elensine
;
and
at
last
overcame
Danastes
at
Hermovia
.
All
these
Actions
were
too
glorious
to
be
kept
secret
,
Fame
had
spread
them
everywhere
;
and
if
Theseus
had
lookt
upon
himself
with
vanity
,
he
would
have
needed
remedies
to
preserve
him
from
dying
,
by
Transports
of
joy
and
love
to
himself
.
Nevertheless
he
was
not
insensible
,
and
this
good
success
could
not
so
much
be
forgotten
by
him
,
but
that
he
went
into
Athens
with
the
greatest
satisfaction
,
knowing
that
he
could
not
be
received
but
with
extraordinary
acclamations
and
magnificence
,
and
that
his
person
should
be
honoured
at
least
,
because
of
his
victories
.
He
was
received
there
at
first
like
a
stranger
,
and
invited
by
Aegea
his
Father
to
a
Banquet
:
but
his
astonishment
was
great
,
when
he
perceived
himself
in
danger
of
his
life
,
and
that
his
Father
was
to
be
his
murtherer
.
To
explain
this
Enigme
,
it
is
requisite
to
call
Plutarch
to
our
assistance
,
and
seek
the
Truth
in
his
History
.
Aegea
not
knowing
whether
he
should
have
a
child
,
consulted
the
Oracle
of
Delphos
,
where
she
that
rendred
the
Oracle
,
forbade
him
ever
to
know
a
woman
,
except
it
was
in
Athens
;
but
for
all
that
he
knew
Aethra
,
to
whom
he
commanded
to
give
a
Sword
which
he
had
hidden
under
a
Rock
,
to
him
that
should
come
of
their
Bed
,
and
so
to
send
him
with
that
private
mark
to
Athens
to
him
.
Till
that
time
,
Theseus
thought
himself
Neptune's
son
;
but
his
mother
to
undeceive
him
,
discover'd
his
birth
to
him
.
And
this
is
the
reason
that
he
was
received
like
an
unknown
person
,
and
that
Medea
,
who
had
refugiated
her self
there
since
her
banishment
from
Corinth
,
no
sooner
heard
of
his
coming
,
but
she
persuaded
Aegea
that
this
man
would
crown
his
Exploits
by
the
Conquest
of
Athens
;
and
bred
such
a
jealousie
in
the
old
King
by
her
reasons
,
and
by
her
craft
,
that
he
gave
his
consent
to
sacrifice
Theseus
to
his
suspition
;
but
at
the
beginning
of
the
Feast
,
he
had
no
sooner
drawn
his
Sword
,
but
his
Father
casting
his
eyes
upon
it
,
knew
it
,
and
caused
the
poyson
that
had
been
prepared
for
him
,
to
be
thrown
away
.
Caresses
succeeded
immediatly
his
suspitions
,
and
was
not
able
to
express
himself
to
him
for
a
long
while
,
but
by
his
embraces
;
and
his
affection
appeared
more
by
his
extasies
,
than
by
his
words
.
The
Attendents
,
not
to
remain
idle
in
this
happy
encounter
,
saluted
him
with
a
thousand
different
Applauses
;
no
one
lookt
upon
him
without
admiration
,
and
every
particular
person
grounded
his
felicity
upon
the
strength
of
this
young
Prince
.
To
manifest
that
his
past
successes
were
but
essayes
,
that
he
could
perform
for
the
time
to
come
greater
Actions
,
and
that
they
did
with
reason
call
him
their
Protector
,
he
became
the
scourge
of
his
Fathers
Rebels
,
he
killed
the
Bull
of
Maraton
,
which
did
much
mischief
in
his
Countrey
,
and
with
his
earnest
suit
he
was
chosen
to
conduct
to
King
Minos
the
seven
young
Men
,
and
the
seven
Maids
,
which
the
Athenians
paid
in
hostage
every
year
.
Here
a
lofty
Captain
of
Minos
,
as
dreadful
by
his
Cruelty
,
as
by
his
Fortune
,
could
not
see
Theseus
without
trying
his
valor
:
but
death
was
immediately
the
reward
of
the
temerity
of
this
barbarous
man
;
and
by
this
Theseus
was
the
Liberator
of
those
to
whom
he
thought
but
to
be
Guide
.
At
the
same
time
he
carried
away
with
him
King
Minos's
daughters
,
Ariadna
,
and
Phaedra
;
and
because
his
ship
had
sustained
a
storm
,
and
been
tossed
by
foul
weather
,
so
that
the
first
could
no
longer
bear
with
the
Sea
,
he
was
constrained
by
her
intreaties
to
make
to
a
small
Island
,
till
this
young
Princess
had
recover'd
her
health
.
He
had
no
sooner
landed
with
Ariadna
,
but
returning
to
his
ship
,
to
get
necessaries
for
his
young
Lover
:
he
was
presently
tossed
off
the
shore
by
a
wave
,
and
carried
away
by
the
rapidness
of
the
weather
,
so
that
he
lost
all
hopes
of
getting
near
the
Island
again
.
What
just
regrets
came
into
Theseus's
mind
,
and
what
astonishment
seized
Ariadna
?
she
immediately
judged
him
unfaithful
by
his
absence
,
she
call'd
upon
all
the
gods
for
revenge
of
his
Treason
,
and
could
not
forbear
wishing
him
whom
she
thought
perjured
to
suffer
shipwrack
.
After
many
unprofitable
imprecations
,
she
thinking
that
the
gods
nor
Theseus
did
not
hearken
to
her
complaints
,
hanged
her self
in
that
despair
,
that
some
day
this
ungrateful
,
as
she
termed
him
,
might
see
that
she
had
been
unhappy
,
but
after
his
infidelity
.
Theseus
,
who
all
this
while
seemed
to
be
the
Author
of
her
death
,
notwithstanding
was
no
Accomplice
of
it
,
he
loved
her
too
infinitely
to
abandon
her
,
but
yet
this
unhappy
Accident
was
the
beginning
of
his
Crosses
.
Besides
this
Affliction
which
cost
him
so
many
sighs
and
tears
,
the
Mariners
having
forgotten
to
hang
out
the
white
Flag
as
a
token
of
his
good
success
,
had
left
the
black
,
which
ordinarily
those
that
returned
from
Candia
,
were
wont
to
hang
out
in
sign
of
mourning
;
so
that
Aegea
making
no
doubt
of
the
misfortune
of
his
son
,
precipitated
himself
from
the
top
of
a
Tower
where
he
stood
to
see
him
come
,
not
being
willing
to
survive
the
most
remarkable
of
all
his
losses
.
When
Theseus
was
informed
of
this
,
with
what
imprecations
did
he
not
curse
his
Pilot
?
with
what
terms
did
he
not
call
to
the
gods
for
justice
,
for
their
injustice
?
and
with
what
an
horror
was
he
not
seized
,
when
he
considered
that
he
had
abandoned
his
love
,
and
caused
his
father
to
dye
?
Not
to
examine
his
misfortune
that
he
had
been
unfaithful
,
though
he
never
saw
her
again
;
he
was
a
Parricide
without
being
guilty
,
and
one
might
say
that
he
was
innocently
the
cause
of
the
death
of
both
.
After
his
friends
had
advised
him
to
lose
the
memory
of
this
Adventure
,
he
assembled
all
the
Atticks
in
a
Body
,
went
directly
to
the
Countrey
of
the
Amazons
,
and
made
Antiope
his
wife
,
after
he
had
made
her
his
Prisoner
,
helped
Jason
to
conquer
the
Golden
Fleece
,
foiled
the
Centaures
,
signalized
his
strength
and
courage
against
the
Thebains
,
and
against
the
wild
Boar
of
Calidonia
,
and
seldom
carried
his
Arms
in
any
place
,
but
he
carried
with
them
terror
and
obedience
in
the
hearts
of
people
.
Having
no
more
to
do
for
himself
,
he
resolved
to
do
something
for
his
friend
Pirithous
,
and
to
be
most
serviceable
to
him
in
the
design
he
had
to
steal
Proserpine
,
daughter
to
Aedonias
,
King
of
the
Molossiens
,
he
accompanied
him
in
his
journy
.
This
man
was
no
sooner
aware
of
their
enterprize
,
but
caused
Pirithous
to
be
devoured
by
his
Dog
call'd
Cerberus
,
and
imprisoned
Theseus
in
such
an
obscure
Dungeon
,
that
it
might
have
been
termed
the
Grave
of
the
Living
,
and
the
Hell
of
all
Transgressors
.
Though
he
had
no
hope
to
come
out
of
it
but
by
death
,
yet
Hercules
obtained
his
pardon
,
and
so
saved
his
life
.
Theseus
was
no
sooner
come
forth
,
but
he
cast
his
eye
towards
Athens
,
he
fancied
that
this
injury
would
make
a
way
to
a
better
fortune
,
that
rest
should
succeed
his
sufferings
.
But
he
found
the
contrary
,
for
he
saw
that
Menestheus
had
corrupted
the
Athenians
by
his
flatteries
,
that
he
found
Rebels
where
he
had
left
Subjects
:
and
that
having
employed
all
his
industry
to
shew
them
the
use
of
Arms
,
he
had
taught
them
the
mean
while
to
employ
them
against
him
.
They
had
ill
apprehensions
of
his
several
loves
with
Ariadna
,
Aeglea
,
Antiopa
,
Phoedre
and
Anaxo
:
they
represented
to
themselves
both
Sinnis
and
Cercyon
,
and
that
he
had
ravish'd
their
daughters
,
after
he
had
cut
the
fathers
Throat
.
They
knew
that
he
had
married
Ajax's
mother
,
Phaerebea
,
Joppa
,
Iphicles's
daughter
,
and
some
others
:
but
especially
they
could
not
forget
his
ravishment
of
fair
Helena
,
whose
brothers
Castor
and
Pollux
had
sworn
to
revenge
.
At
last
as
Theseus
saw
himself
in
danger
amongst
mongst
those
who
had
erected
to
him
so
many
Statues
before
,
he
retired
to
Scyre
;
but
Licodemus
,
King
of
the
Island
,
having
led
him
upon
an
high
Rock
,
threw
him
down
headlong
to
gratifie
Menestheus
,
or
else
to
secure
himself
by
the
loss
of
such
a
potent
man
;
and
so
made
his
death
as
ignominious
,
as
his
life
had
seemed
glorious
.
CHAP.
II
.
Of
Craetus
King
of
Lidia
,
and
Oeta
King
of
Colcos
.
SOme
Men
have
been
of
opinion
,
that
it
was
impossible
for
just
Men
to
act
without
fortune
,
what
prudence
soever
they
made
use
of
,
as
for
Souldiers
to
fight
without
their
Arms
;
and
't
is
to
this
purpose
,
that
Sir
Francis
Bacon
saith
,
that
Riches
are
the
same
to
Vertue
,
as
the
Cariage
is
to
an
Army
:
to
fit
these
words
to
my
Discourse
,
and
to
make
use
of
the
same
comparison
;
as
the
baggage
often
hinders
an
Army
from
marching
,
and
that
the
care
Men
take
sometimes
of
it
,
is
the
loss
of
the
Victory
;
so
I
affirm
,
that
Riches
do
not
always
allow
Vertue
the
power
to
act
,
and
that
in
this
case
,
a
Mans
ruine
is
caused
ordinarily
by
his
over-care
of
them
;
Solomon
,
to
shew
that
they
were
not
the
matter
it self
,
saith
plainly
,
That
they
are
as
a
Tower
of
defence
,
in
the
imagination
of
the
possessors
of
them
;
and
if
we
examine
them
rightly
,
we
shall
find
that
they
have
filled
Men
with
perturbations
,
whose
heart
they
could
not
fill
with
content
,
and
that
they
have
caused
the
loss
of
more
Men
,
than
ever
they
have
secured
.
If
Craesus
had
not
been
so
rich
,
he
had
doubtless
been
more
happy
,
and
his
ambition
and
miseries
had
not
been
so
lamented
.
This
King
of
Lidia
,
considering
the
Mines
of
Gold
which
his
Country
was
full
of
,
fancied
,
that
not
wanting
the
sinews
of
War
,
so
he
could
not
want
a
good
success
,
and
proposed
to
himself
the
defeat
of
Cyrus
,
the
Monarch
of
the
Medes
,
of
the
Assians
and
Persians
.
But
all
the
Nobility
of
Lydia
was
cut
in
pieces
,
at
the
first
encounter
:
Craesus
was
forced
to
fly
to
Sardis
,
and
to
acknowledge
to
his
shame
,
that
deliberations
are
in
Mens
power
,
but
the
advents
in
the
power
of
fortune
.
Cyrus
calling
to
mind
that
this
King
had
assisted
Balthazar
,
King
of
Babilon
against
him
,
and
that
he
had
been
the
first
that
had
declared
War
against
him
,
made
a
happy
use
of
this
Victory
,
and
having
Besieged
him
in
Sardis
,
pressed
him
so
hard
,
that
Craesus
found
himself
his
Captive
,
almost
at
the
same
time
that
he
was
become
his
enemy
:
he
was
laid
in
a
straight
Prison
laden
with
chains
,
his
Son
and
him
,
was
used
like
a
Tirant
,
and
spoiled
of
his
Dignities
and
Kingdom
.
Cyrus
vengeance
went
yet
farther
,
apprehending
that
the
Lydians
,
who
he
had
made
new
Subjects
,
would
make
the
Imprisonment
of
their
King
a
pretext
of
Rebellion
,
and
that
's
the
reason
that
he
sent
one
of
his
Souldiers
,
as
Herodotus
relates
,
to
secure
himself
by
the
death
of
that
King
,
of
his
possessions
and
hopes
;
the
Souldier
had
no
sooner
lifted
up
his
Sword
,
to
cut
off
Craesus
Head
,
but
his
Son
that
never
spoke
before
,
cryed
out
,
O
Persian
do
not
slay
my
Father
,
for
he
is
King
of
Lydia
;
and
so
the
Souldier
forbore
his
blow
,
being
surprised
that
the
horror
of
his
action
had
untyed
the
tongue
of
a
dumb
Man
,
and
that
love
had
done
in
him
more
then
nature
could
.
Cyrus
taking
this
prodigie
for
an
ill
omen
to
himself
,
caused
a
great
fire
to
be
made
,
that
he
might
see
his
enemy
consumed
before
his
face
,
and
so
commanded
him
to
be
thrown
into
it
,
to
take
away
all
suspition
of
his
ambition
,
when
he
should
see
his
ashes
;
but
by
a
Miracle
no
less
admirable
then
the
first
,
a
showr
of
rain
quenched
all
the
flames
,
so
that
Craesus
trod
upon
the
coals
with
as
little
hurt
,
as
if
he
had
trod
upon
flowers
.
Carion
relates
this
history
otherwise
;
he
saith
that
Craesus
cryed
out
,
Solon
,
Solon
,
as
soon
as
he
saw
that
dreadful
fire
,
and
Cyrus
hearing
him
,
asked
him
why
he
did
not
rather
call
upon
the
gods
for
assistance
,
then
upon
a
Philosopher
.
One
day
I
shewed
my
Dominions
,
and
all
my
treasures
,
answered
Craesus
,
to
this
Athenian
,
and
asked
him
,
if
all
his
morals
which
taught
him
in
what
felicity
consists
,
could
find
any
that
was
greater
and
more
apparent
then
mine
;
but
he
answered
me
,
that
one
could
not
judge
the
happiness
of
a
Man
,
but
after
his
death
,
and
calling
him
to
mind
,
I
acknowledge
that
that
which
flattered
me
,
hath
been
my
destruction
,
and
that
I
ought
to
have
trembled
at
that
which
I
trusted
in
,
and
that
I
have
my
chief
good
in
that
which
hath
ruined
me
.
Cyrus
was
so
earnestly
touched
by
those
words
,
that
he
fearing
such
a
disgrace
might
follow
his
prosperities
,
would
not
suffer
him
to
dye
by
a
death
,
which
another
might
inflict
upon
himself
;
however
,
though
he
did
not
loose
his
life
,
yet
he
lost
his
riches
;
his
sorrows
neither
restored
to
him
his
treasures
,
nor
his
Crown
,
and
no
other
Companion
ever
since
,
but
his
resentment
and
his
shadow
;
and
fortune
which
preserved
him
from
death
,
did
not
preserve
him
from
servitude
.
Oetha
King
of
Colcos
,
was
as
Craesus
,
the
richest
in
his
time
,
and
hence
the
Poets
affirmed
,
that
the
Golden
Fleece
was
in
his
Island
,
and
we
shall
find
that
it
was
the
subject
of
his
despair
,
as
well
as
of
his
pride
.
Paul
Arose
writes
,
that
Peleus
,
King
of
Peloponess
,
or
Thesalia
,
as
Bocass
relates
having
no
Children
,
looked
upon
his
Kinsman
Jason
,
as
his
best
and
lawfullest
Successor
,
and
set
all
his
inclinations
upon
him
,
as
this
Man
set
all
his
upon
Virtue
.
But
as
Sir
Francis
Bacon
saith
,
that
suspitions
disposeth
Kings
to
Cruelty
,
Husbands
to
Jealousie
,
and
the
Discreetest
to
Inconstancy
;
those
of
Peleus
,
changed
in
length
of
time
his
good
nature
,
and
caused
him
to
interpret
so
ill
the
finest
actions
of
Jason
,
that
he
became
perswaded
,
that
it
was
by
them
he
aspired
to
tyranny
.
It
would
have
been
a
small
matter
,
if
he
alone
had
been
troubled
,
for
he
might
have
dissipated
those
chimerals
,
of
which
he
was
the
architect
,
and
with
as
little
trouble
would
have
suppressed
his
enemies
as
fast
,
as
he
himself
raised
them
.
But
his
suspicions
were
helped
on
,
by
the
policy
of
his
flatterers
;
and
because
that
those
which
are
Created
by
a
Mans
self
,
are
but
like
certain
humming
Bees
,
which
sting
not
,
and
that
those
which
are
entertained
by
false
accusations
,
have
always
their
sting
at
the
end
,
he
found
himself
in
such
a
deep
inquietude
,
that
he
began
to
look
upon
his
Nephew
,
as
the
enemy
of
his
rest
and
his
life
.
Nevertheless
,
because
his
fears
should
be
perceived
by
him
,
he
proposeth
to
him
to
go
to
Colcos
,
assured
him
,
there
was
no
danger
,
but
he
might
overcome
by
his
courage
,
and
so
represents
his
passage
over
the
sea
,
so
easy
,
that
he
doth
not
know
which
will
be
sweeter
to
him
,
the
Tempest
or
the
Calm
.
Jason
,
whose
blind
ambition
could
not
be
moderated
,
either
by
difficulties
or
by
councel
,
giveth
ear
to
his
Uncle
with
joy
,
represents
to
himself
the
Golden
Fleece
,
and
looks
upon
it
but
as
upon
his
own
,
and
fancied
that
he
had
already
vanquished
them
,
which
he
was
going
to
encounter
.
Peleus
made
use
of
this
young
Prince's
Credulousness
,
gave
orders
for
his
Equipage
,
and
made
him
arms
worthy
of
his
great
resolution
and
birth
,
and
sent
him
away
with
all
the
Nobility
of
Greece
.
Though
he
dispaired
of
the
enterprise
,
and
thought
to
take
his
last
farewell
of
him
,
yet
Jason
did
not
come
short
of
his
hopes
,
he
overcame
all
obstacles
that
opposed
his
Forces
,
and
both
his
Ships
and
his
Glory
found
a
passage
where
ever
they
came
.
When
he
was
at
Colcos
,
Medea
Oetas
Daughter
,
had
no
sooner
seen
the
pleasing
countenance
of
this
young
Conqueror
,
but
she
was
touched
with
it
,
her
heart
yielded
at
the
first
sight
of
that
secret
enemy
of
hers
,
and
her
reason
was
not
strong
enough
to
overcome
all
his
graces
;
her
caresses
succeeded
her
passion
;
till
he
found
himself
obliged
to
give
her
some
returns
of
Love
,
she
always
strived
to
serve
him
,
and
to
indear
him
,
and
to
forget
nothing
that
could
perswade
him
that
she
loved
him
more
then
her
own
Father
,
and
that
love
was
stronger
in
her
then
natural
affections
.
Jason
,
to
be
certain
of
it
,
desired
her
to
find
out
a
way
to
betray
the
guards
of
her
Fathers
Treasures
,
assured
her
,
that
she
should
share
with
him
in
his
good
fortunes
;
he
found
her
so
inclined
to
his
will
,
that
she
forgot
all
fears
and
respects
,
to
show
him
,
that
she
would
be
mindful
of
her
promise
.
Neither
did
she
betray
Jasons
hopes
,
but
her
cruelty
went
so
far
,
that
she
killed
Oetas
grandson
Egralius
,
whose
limbs
she
scattered
in
the
way
she
thought
he
would
pursue
her
,
that
so
the
care
he
should
have
of
gathering
them
,
might
distract
him
from
his
pursuit
,
whilst
she
should
avoid
his
punishment
by
her
flight
;
in
effect
,
the
pity
he
took
of
the
Child
,
stopped
the
vengeance
he
had
prepared
for
the
Mother
,
he
took
up
with
horror
those
bloody
reliques
,
and
thought
that
the
justice
of
the
gods
,
was
too
much
offended
with
this
unparalleld
Murther
,
not
to
revenge
the
authors
and
the
accomplices
of
it
.
It
is
certain
,
that
Oetas
resentment
was
extreme
sensible
,
and
that
Philosophy
afforded
him
no
remedy
for
his
grief
;
but
if
he
was
unhappy
in
his
Children
,
he
was
no
less
in
his
own
person
;
and
never
King
at
diversity
of
time
was
more
Magestick
,
and
more
to
be
commiserated
;
his
Neighbors
finding
him
harder
put
to
it
to
maintain
his
ground
then
to
pursue
them
;
executed
with
facility
,
that
which
before
they
had
undertaken
but
with
shame
;
took
away
from
him
all
hopes
,
spoiled
him
of
his
Kingdom
,
and
forced
him
to
lead
a
life
,
which
could
no
otherwise
be
tearmed
,
but
a
long
death
.
Therefore
it
is
not
without
reason
,
that
Pausanias
in
Philostratas
speaks
of
Fortune
,
which
held
Pluto
the
god
of
Riches
in
her
arms
,
to
shew
us
,
that
those
that
possess
them
,
are
Subjects
to
her
,
and
to
put
us
in
mind
,
that
we
should
not
make
any
other
use
of
them
,
than
Rabirius
Posthumus
,
which
Cicero
praiseth
so
worthily
,
as
having
not
pursued
them
as
a
prey
to
his
avarice
,
but
as
an
instrument
to
his
vertue
and
goodness
.
CHAP.
III
.
Of
some
other
Kings
which
have
been
deposed
from
their
Crowns
.
THe
Ancients
have
given
us
a
Rose
for
the
Emblem
of
beauty
,
because
its
colour
fades
as
soon
as
it
is
blown
.
The
Moon
because
of
its
changes
,
and
glass
because
of
its
brittleness
,
and
many
other
such
things
,
to
shew
us
that
those
things
which
touch
most
our
sight
,
ought
not
to
touch
our
Souls
,
and
that
the
best
of
them
causeth
our
pitty
,
as
well
as
our
admiration
and
envy
.
Those
that
will
but
examine
narrowly
our
conditions
,
will
find
that
nature
hath
always
been
the
same
in
all
Men
,
that
they
are
distinguisht
but
by
qualities
and
titles
;
that
death
makes
them
all
equals
,
and
that
in
which
their
grandeur
is
seen
,
often
casteth
them
into
miseries
;
in
effect
,
we
often
see
,
that
Fortune
is
so
fickle
to
Kings
,
that
the
Man
that
found
a
Crown
,
had
reason
to
say
;
O
much
more
glorious
then
thou
art
fortunate
,
if
it
could
be
known
what
misfortunes
thou
bringst
upon
Men
,
whose
ambition
and
courage
are
excited
by
thy
glittering
luster
;
there
is
no
Man
that
would
take
thee
up
from
the
ground
.
Who
would
ever
have
thought
,
considering
Evagoras
and
These
,
the
one
King
of
Cyprus
,
and
the
other
of
Egypt
,
that
fate
should
have
reduced
them
to
suffer
their
common
Enemy
upon
their
Thrones
;
and
to
make
unprofitable
wishes
for
their
liberty
.
Notwithstanding
,
Artaxerxes
King
of
Persia
,
calling
to
mind
that
they
had
assisted
the
Lacedemonians
against
him
,
went
to
War
with
them
with
so
good
success
,
and
so
much
obstinacy
,
that
he
forced
the
one
to
live
as
the
meanest
of
his
Servants
,
and
the
other
to
flye
to
the
Arabians
Country
,
where
his
exile
and
his
poverty
lasted
as
long
as
his
life
.
Although
Ariba
was
nearly
related
to
Queen
Olympias
,
and
that
he
was
King
of
the
Epirotes
,
Philip
King
of
Macedonia
,
took
all
away
from
him
,
even
to
his
very
hopes
,
which
is
the
last
thing
that
an
unfortunate
Man
can
loose
;
and
made
him
sufficiently
acknowledg
,
ethat
in
the
prosperities
of
Fortune
,
the
mind
ought
to
arm
itself
against
the
injuries
of
it
.
Perseus
having
gotten
the
Crown
of
Macedonia
by
an
homicide
,
had
afterwards
all
the
power
of
the
Romans
against
him
;
but
as
he
had
already
vanquished
two
of
their
Consuls
;
besides
the
advantage
of
the
scituation
of
the
place
,
where
he
stood
,
he
was
of
opinion
,
that
he
should
also
Triumph
over
Paul
Aemilius
,
and
that
he
should
sustain
that
with
glory
,
which
he
acquired
by
a
crime
.
Howsoever
,
his
entreprises
succeeded
another
way
,
he
was
forced
to
flye
from
the
City
Pydné
,
and
that
of
Pella
;
and
at
last
to
Samothrace
,
whereof
Cnejus
Octavius
,
Paul
Aemilius
his
Lieutenant
,
pressed
him
in
such
sort
,
that
he
was
forced
to
yield
,
and
forced
to
confess
openly
,
that
Misfortunes
were
not
so
much
casualties
,
as
the
essential
part
of
Mens
lives
.
Paul
Aemilius
could
not
behold
his
disgrace
without
tears
;
but
when
he
saw
him
prostrate
himself
at
his
feet
,
with
the
meanness
of
a
Subject
,
he
beheld
him
with
indignation
,
and
changed
his
love
into
hatred
,
and
his
mercy
into
vengeance
.
Thou
shewest
,
said
he
,
by
thy
shameful
submission
,
that
thy
disgrace
is
rather
the
effect
of
thy
weakness
,
then
of
thy
ill
fortune
.
In
whatsoever
Enemy
magnanimity
is
found
,
it
is
always
respected
by
the
Romans
,
but
though
Cowardise
is
sometimes
fortunate
,
it
is
despised
by
all
Men
;
and
thou
makest
me
to
doubt
,
which
of
the
two
hath
most
contributed
to
my
Victory
,
my
courage
,
or
thy
low
spirit
;
go
thy
way
,
since
thou
art
not
worthy
of
the
Title
of
King
,
thou
art
unworthy
of
a
Consuls
love
.
Whosoever
is
a
Coward
,
ought
to
have
no
hopes
,
and
whosoever
acts
like
a
Slave
,
deserveth
to
be
so
;
This
opinion
was
so
strong
in
Paul
Aemilius
,
that
he
made
him
follow
his
Charriot
of
Triumph
like
a
Captive
;
the
same
hands
that
had
borne
a
Scepter
,
bore
Chains
by
his
order
;
and
this
unfortunate
Man
was
exiled
in
Albania
,
as
if
the
Romans
could
not
have
suffered
a
Prince
,
which
they
had
vanquished
without
glory
,
because
they
had
vanquished
him
without
danger
.
And
that
which
is
most
deplorable
,
is
,
That
two
Children
,
who
were
not
guilty
of
their
Fathers
Vice
,
yet
had
part
in
his
confusion
and
fall
;
the
one
practised
the
Trade
of
a
Goldsmith
at
Rome
,
the
other
,
that
of
a
Blacksmith
,
in
Cicilia
,
to
have
at
least
a
support
for
their
lives
.
At
that
same
time
,
Gentius
King
of
the
Illyrians
,
who
had
sided
with
him
,
had
the
same
lowness
,
and
the
same
disgrace
,
he
kneeled
on
the
ground
before
Anitius
,
thinking
to
obtain
more
by
his
submission
,
then
by
his
ambition
;
but
Anitius
,
who
could
not
suffer
the
timerousness
of
a
Woman
,
in
a
Man
of
that
Dignity
,
cast
him
into
Prison
immediately
,
and
left
him
no
other
Consolation
,
but
the
memory
he
had
,
that
he
had
been
happy
once
.
Demetrius
,
who
with
his
Fathers
old
Souldiers
,
had
Conquered
the
Kingdom
of
Macedonea
,
did
his
endeavor
to
secure
himself
against
the
Forces
of
Lisimachus
;
but
because
he
had
killed
,
by
Treason
,
Alexander
,
Cassanders
Son
,
and
that
this
blood
unjustly
spilt
,
cryed
for
vengeance
,
against
this
wicked
Politick
;
he
acknowledged
,
(
but
too
late
)
that
his
Ambition
had
been
the
cause
,
both
of
his
Greatness
and
his
Destruction
,
and
that
his
Crime
,
which
had
been
the
cause
of
his
Joy
,
was
become
that
of
his
Misfortunes
,
having
not
been
able
to
overcome
his
Enemy
by
his
Courage
,
he
strived
to
do
it
by
his
Misery
;
after
his
defeat
humbled
himself
before
him
,
as
if
he
would
have
put
him
in
the
mind
,
that
the
same
disgrace
might
happen
to
him
,
and
that
there
is
often
but
one
step
,
between
Authority
and
Servitude
:
but
Lisimachus
,
in
lieu
of
being
touched
with
his
repentance
and
prayers
,
had
him
bound
with
great
Chains
,
and
confined
him
to
an
eternal
prison
,
for
his
Palace
and
for
his
punishment
.
Penestus
and
Amynias
,
who
having
been
Gards
to
Alexander
the
Great
,
were
become
his
Successors
,
one
in
Babylon
,
and
t'other
in
Bactria
,
did
not
long
,
keep
themselves
in
the
Conquests
of
their
Master
,
and
had
scarcely
time
to
tast
their
felicity
,
because
that
Seleucus
made
War
with
them
,
that
only
ceased
,
by
the
taking
from
them
their
two
Provinces
.
After
the
Lacedemonians
had
suffered
without
murmuring
,
the
Tyranny
of
Alchimous
,
they
did
what
lay
in
their
power
,
to
tame
this
Monster
,
which
they
had
exalted
but
to
their
own
Ruines
;
they
gave
him
as
much
respect
and
veneration
,
as
if
he
had
been
their
legitimate
King
,
and
shewed
him
,
that
nothing
equalized
his
Cruelty
,
but
their
Patience
:
Being
not
willing
to
make
use
of
Poison
against
his
person
,
they
made
use
of
their
old
Priviledges
against
his
Maxims
,
but
when
they
saw
,
that
neither
the
fear
of
the
gods
,
nor
the
consideration
of
the
Laws
,
had
any
power
over
him
,
they
were
forced
to
depose
him
,
and
to
choose
Agesipolis
,
to
be
arbitrator
of
their
lives
and
liberties
.
Alchimeus
,
did
not
loose
his
courage
,
though
he
had
lost
this
Kingdome
;
this
new
disorder
gave
him
new
hopes
,
and
perswaded
him
that
he
could
as
well
remedy
as
suffer
his
misfortune
;
and
for
all
the
violences
which
he
practised
against
the
Commonalty
,
he
gained
the
Nobility
to
him
by
flatteries
,
returned
to
Sparta
,
made
all
his
adversaries
tributary
to
him
,
and
shewed
them
that
his
absence
and
presence
were
both
alike
to
be
feared
.
By
this
means
he
got
upon
the
Throne
,
banished
the
unfortunate
Agesipolis
,
and
constrained
him
to
live
in
so
great
poverty
,
that
he
could
as
hardly
satisfie
his
hunger
,
as
he
could
his
toothsomness
before
.
When
the
Romans
were
finishing
the
Conquest
of
the
Asiaticks
,
Origiagotes
,
King
of
the
Cabolenians
,
and
Gaudates
King
of
the
Coloscobogius
,
in
Bithiny
,
opposed
generously
Manlius's
enterprise
,
and
took
the
field
together
by
a
common
interest
,
to
let
him
understand
,
that
they
had
rather
sell
their
liberty
,
then
to
give
it
away
willingly
.
Never
Vertue
was
more
heroick
then
theirs
,
and
never
did
any
resolution
appear
to
them
more
glorious
and
just
.
They
lookt
upon
subjection
to
be
the
greatest
of
all
evils
,
and
independency
the
greatest
of
felicities
;
they
perswaded
themselves
that
Subjects
and
Slaves
were
both
the
same
thing
,
and
that
it
was
better
to
dye
then
to
obey
.
Although
they
shewed
their
generosity
in
this
Battle
,
the
Victory
declared
it self
on
the
Consul's
side
:
these
two
Kings
were
made
his
Prisoners
,
and
died
miserably
in
Chains
.
After
Antiochus
death
,
the
Dukes
of
Achaya
and
Messania
,
who
of
a
long
time
disputed
together
the
Soveraignity
,
saw
themselves
forced
to
decide
their
differences
by
Arms
,
and
to
abandon
their
cause
to
the
Caprises
of
Fortune
.
The
Duke
of
the
Achayans
,
Philomenus
,
did
appear
the
valiantest
,
but
not
the
most
fortunate
;
for
being
fallen
off
of
his
Horse
,
he
neither
had
time
to
recover
himself
,
nor
his
Souldiers
to
whom
this
fall
seemed
to
be
theirs
.
The
Messanians
ran
immediately
upon
him
to
kill
him
:
but
the
Majesty
of
his
looks
withheld
their
hands
,
and
suspended
for
that
time
their
resentments
and
vengeance
;
those
whose
fury
was
not
satisfied
by
slaughter
,
took
him
,
and
treated
him
without
respect
:
they
made
him
go
about
their
Town
,
in
the
greatest
confusion
in
the
World
,
and
made
a
spectacle
of
him
for
a
long
time
,
in
a
publick
place
,
that
so
the
people
might
see
Rebellion
chained
fast
,
and
that
every
Man
might
look
upon
him
with
scorn
and
derision
,
whom
they
could
not
look
upon
before
,
without
fear
and
reverence
.
From
that
place
he
was
carried
to
an
obscure
Prison
,
and
as
if
they
had
been
afraid
of
him
,
for
all
his
Bonds
,
they
made
use
of
poison
to
make
him
away
,
and
found
still
after
his
death
,
that
his
valor
was
living
in
his
face
.
Two
Princes
of
the
Aequoissians
,
Graccus
,
and
Cinelius
,
suffered
the
same
punishment
and
confusion
under
two
Consuls
;
the
first
died
in
Prison
,
and
the
other
being
perswaded
that
life
,
howsoever
miserable
it
is
,
is
yet
sweeter
then
an
horrible
death
,
became
servant
to
him
to
whom
he
had
been
an
ornament
in
his
Triumph
.
Hath
not
Syphax
been
vanquished
so
by
the
Romans
,
in
the
behalf
of
Massinissa
?
his
Wife
imprisoned
,
and
this
Prince
of
Numidie
made
Captive
,
and
so
confounded
,
by
a
change
so
unexpected
,
that
he
had
been
longer
in
misery
,
if
the
sorrow
that
killed
him
,
had
not
sooner
set
him
at
liberty
then
his
Enemies
;
and
if
the
fear
that
he
had
to
wear
out
his
Chains
,
had
not
broken
them
?
After
the
Romans
had
no
more
designes
nor
conquests
to
make
,
and
that
their
Empire
was
become
that
of
all
the
earth
;
they
imagined
that
there
was
not
so
much
glory
to
keep
things
in
ones
possession
,
as
to
acquire
them
,
and
that
rest
ought
to
be
at
least
,
the
fruit
of
their
labors
.
This
opinion
,
that
bred
in
them
slothfulness
,
awaked
most
part
of
the
Nations
afar
off
,
and
was
so
advantagious
to
some
,
that
it
gave
them
time
and
courage
to
undertake
all
things
for
their
liberty
.
The
Goths
,
under
Alaricks
Reign
,
were
the
first
that
ransackt
all
Italy
,
in
the
time
of
the
Emperor
Zenon
,
and
made
the
rich
Severin
Captive
,
who
in
his
disgrace
could
never
find
either
Remedy
or
Consolation
.
Didier
,
who
was
amongst
Christian
Kings
,
the
same
thing
that
the
Sun
is
amongst
the
Stars
,
and
who
by
his
Magnificence
,
had
made
himself
as
many
Friends
,
as
he
had
Neighbors
;
and
Alyas
did
not
believe
,
that
Fortune
could
bring
any
alteration
in
his
Dominions
,
and
that
her
power
which
ordinarily
casteth
down
,
but
those
things
which
are
before
half
ruined
,
could
shake
those
which
stood
the
fastest
;
for
all
that
,
Charlemain
had
no
sooner
marched
his
Forces
in
Lombardy
,
into
the
behalf
of
the
Roman
Church
,
but
he
defeated
him
,
and
made
him
flye
to
Apavia
,
with
his
Wife
and
Children
,
and
there
to
expect
how
Heaven
would
dispose
of
their
lives
,
and
his
own
.
Charlemaine
besieged
him
,
without
giving
him
time
to
consider
of
it
;
took
him
by
Famine
,
and
confined
him
to
a
long
Imprisonment
,
from
which
he
was
brought
forth
to
be
carried
into
the
Grave
.
Not
long
before
this
,
Chilperic
the
third
of
that
name
,
was
reduced
by
Pepin
,
to
dye
in
a
Monastery
;
and
as
his
Idleness
had
been
the
cause
of
his
disaster
,
the
same
fault
,
joined
with
the
Treason
of
Anselm
,
Bishop
of
Laon
,
was
the
misfortune
of
Charles
Duke
of
Lorrain
,
that
Hugh
Capet
was
laden
with
Iron
when
he
was
ready
to
take
possession
of
the
Kingdom
,
which
fell
to
him
by
the
death
of
his
brother
.
Salomon
,
King
of
Hungaria
,
whose
tenderness
made
him
pass
for
a
woman
,
and
who
seem'd
,
in
effect
,
to
have
been
a
Prince
,
but
by
the
title
of
it
,
fled
into
Istrya
,
having
not
had
courage
enough
to
stay
for
a
Combat
with
his
Nephew
Ladislaus
,
and
dyed
unhappy
,
by
the
opinion
he
had
that
all
was
lost
that
was
ventured
;
and
that
it
was
alwayes
the
best
way
to
avoid
danger
,
rather
than
seek
it
.
Guy
of
Lucignan
,
last
Christian
King
of
Jerusalem
,
was
beaten
away
by
the
Arms
of
Saladin
,
out
of
this
goodly
Kingdom
,
which
had
been
conquered
under
the
conduct
of
Godfry
of
Bouillon
,
and
reduced
to
the
necessity
of
retiring
into
the
Isle
of
Cyprus
,
by
the
favor
of
Richard
King
of
England
,
there
to
lament
till
death
,
a
loss
after
which
he
had
no
thought
to
live
.
Lewis
,
King
of
Jerusalem
,
expelled
another
King
of
Cicilia
of
his
own
name
,
and
pursued
him
with
so
much
outrage
,
that
he
was
forced
to
beg
of
him
a
small
place
of
his
own
Countrey
to
dwell
in
;
his
Misfortune
being
so
great
,
that
it
constrain'd
him
to
receive
Laws
in
the
same
place
where
he
imposed
them
before
,
and
to
be
Vassal
to
those
whom
he
had
been
Sovereign
to
.
David
King
of
Scotland
,
was
kept
eleven
years
in
Prison
;
and
if
Philip
of
Valois
had
not
taken
Arms
for
his
liberty
,
against
the
English
,
we
may
not
doubt
but
he
would
have
dyed
in
servitude
,
and
that
his
shame
and
his
dayes
would
have
had
the
same
period
.
But
this
discourse
of
servitude
is
too
long
,
we
must
pass
from
Grief
,
to
Death
:
And
since
I
have
shew'd
you
some
Kings
in
Prison
,
I
will
also
shew
you
some
a
dying
;
that
you
may
see
that
Fortune
is
no
less
ingenious
in
bringing
Murthers
about
,
than
it
is
in
forging
of
Chains
.
CHAP.
IV
.
Of
Charles
I.
King
of
England
.
THE
Rebellious
Faction
of
England
,
to
authorize
an
attempt
without
example
,
maintain'd
by
a
publick
Declaration
,
That
Royalty
was
but
an
Office
.
And
that
they
might
the
better
proceed
against
the
King
,
they
supposed
Taxes
raised
,
Rights
established
,
unjust
Imprisonments
,
secret
Leagues
,
suspected
Parties
,
interessed
Friendships
,
Priviledges
violated
,
cruel
Wars
,
and
the
last
effects
of
Tyranny
.
But
my
intention
is
not
to
refute
those
suppositions
which
have
no
proof
;
I
will
onely
send
them
to
Solomon
,
who
thinks
that
he
cannot
give
his
Son
better
counsel
,
than
to
fear
God
and
the
King
;
and
to
the
Apostle
St.
Paul
,
who
will
have
all
Men
to
obey
Principalities
and
Powers
:
and
who
affirms
,
That
there
is
no
Power
but
what
is
establisht
of
God
;
and
that
those
that
resist
Principality
,
resist
the
Ordinance
of
God
,
and
bring
their
condemnation
upon
themselves
.
When
David
had
such
a
fair
opportunity
to
rid
himself
of
Saul
,
who
persecuted
him
;
for
all
he
had
the
promise
of
the
Kingdom
,
and
that
his
Men
represented
to
him
,
that
he
might
kill
his
Enemy
without
danger
:
It
shall
not
happen
to
me
,
said
he
,
to
lay
my
hand
upon
my
Lord
,
the
Lords
Anointed
,
nor
to
commit
such
a
crime
against
him
.
David
gave
his
reason
for
it
afterwards
in
another
occasion
,
when
he
found
Saul
asleep
in
the
Trenches
,
and
Abishai
desired
him
to
permit
that
he
might
smite
him
with
his
Halbard
:
No
,
said
he
,
take
heed
thou
dost
not
do
it
,
for
none
can
be
innocent
,
and
stretch
his
hand
against
the
Lords
Anointed
.
It
is
not
needful
to
go
so
high
as
Scripture
to
condemn
these
Parricides
,
it
is
sufficient
only
to
read
an
Act
of
the
House
of
Commons
of
the
13th
of
January
1641.
when
they
had
notice
that
the
King
intended
to
apprehend
some
of
them
,
these
are
the
words
of
it
:
If
any
one
,
of
what
quality
soever
,
goeth
about
to
arrest
any
Members
of
this
House
,
without
the
Orders
of
the
said
House
,
or
without
giving
it
notice
thereof
;
It
is
lawful
for
the
Party
arrested
to
defend
himself
,
and
to
resist
,
by
the
Oath
he
hath
taken
,
to
maintain
the
Priviledges
of
Parliament
,
and
to
all
others
to
assist
him
,
and
to
rescue
him
.
The
Declaration
of
the
17th
of
January
in
the
same
year
,
is
no
less
formal
;
for
it
bears
,
That
it
is
to
oppose
the
Liberty
of
Subjects
,
violate
the
Priviledges
of
Parliament
,
and
to
declare
himself
Enemy
of
the
State
,
to
arrest
any
Member
of
Parliament
,
from
whomsoever
the
Order
come
,
without
the
Authority
of
the
House
of
which
he
is
a
Member
.
To
maintain
these
Priviledges
,
the
pretended
Parliament
raised
Guards
,
and
afterwards
an
Army
,
made
use
of
it
against
the
King
;
and
the
War
grew
so
hot
,
that
it
divided
the
interest
of
all
the
Families
of
this
Countrey
.
There
were
Sieges
,
Combats
,
bloody
Battels
,
where
the
King
did
the
office
of
a
Soldier
and
Commander
;
and
never
was
Authority
more
persecuted
,
nor
Rebellion
more
obstinate
.
But
you
must
not
look
here
for
the
full
Relation
of
this
War
,
nor
description
of
the
King
,
for
it
would
fill
a
great
Volume
.
I
will
only
relate
that
which
was
most
terrible
,
and
the
strangest
Blow
that
ever
He
could
receive
by
Fortune
.
After
some
time
imprisonment
,
he
was
brought
up
to
London
by
Fairfax
,
General
of
the
Parliaments
Army
,
and
forced
to
appear
before
His
Enemies
and
Subjects
,
at
the
Bar
,
to
justifie
Himself
of
the
Crimes
that
they
laid
to
His
charge
.
The
King
asked
them
,
Whence
they
had
their
Authority
,
to
constrain
a
Prince
to
answer
for
His
life
as
a
Criminal
before
His
own
People
.
He
told
them
,
That
He
was
not
subject
to
any
Temporal
Jurisdiction
;
and
that
He
could
not
answer
of
his
actions
but
before
God
.
He
persisted
constantly
in
that
truth
,
which
no
man
could
deny
;
shew'd
them
that
the
Assembly
of
Parliament
was
imperfect
;
that
the
House
of
Commons
was
Tyrannous
;
and
that
it
had
excluded
the
House
of
Lords
,
and
the
Clergy
.
Whatsoever
He
could
say
to
open
their
eyes
,
and
to
enlighten
their
minds
,
after
His
Indictment
had
been
read
several
times
,
the
King
being
not
willing
to
answer
to
it
,
this
Sentence
was
pronounced
upon
Him
:
Charles
Stuart
,
heretofore
King
of
England
,
shall
have
his
Head
severed
from
his
Body
,
as
a
Publick
Enemy
,
as
a
Murtherer
,
as
a
Tyrant
,
and
as
a
Traytor
.
After
some
demands
of
the
King
to
no
effect
,
He
obtained
the
liberty
only
to
see
His
two
Children
,
the
Duke
of
Glocester
,
and
the
Princess
Elizabeth
;
and
to
converse
in
private
with
the
Bishop
of
London
,
for
the
strengthning
of
His
Soul
,
and
the
quietness
of
His
Conscience
.
He
had
both
Sunday
and
Monday
for
to
prepare
Himself
,
and
on
Tuesday
was
brought
from
St.
James's
to
Whitehall
,
through
the
Park
,
where
all
the
Foot
were
in
Battalia
.
From
the
Gallery
of
Whitehall
,
He
came
through
His
own
Bed-chamber
,
into
the
Court
,
where
all
Men
were
in
Arms
,
and
from
thence
He
mounted
a
Scaffold
hanged
with
black
,
where
there
was
four
iron
Rings
at
the
four
corners
,
an
Axe
on
one
side
,
and
a
Block
on
the
other
.
They
went
about
to
make
the
King
fast
to
the
Rings
,
but
He
would
not
suffer
it
;
and
told
them
,
That
it
was
not
needful
to
bind
a
King
,
who
dyed
without
resistance
.
At
the
same
time
appeared
two
Men
in
Vizards
,
as
if
the
horror
of
this
Action
had
imposed
upon
them
the
necessity
of
masking
themselves
to
commit
it
,
and
should
have
forbidden
them
to
be
seen
with
Mens
faces
in
an
attempt
which
made
them
unworthy
of
the
name
.
After
the
King
had
made
a
short
Speech
,
he
turned
to
these
Executioners
,
who
came
near
to
cut
off
His
Hair
,
but
He
pull'd
out
a
Night-cap
which
He
had
brought
for
that
purpose
,
and
put
it
up
:
After
He
had
done
,
he
pull'd
off
the
Coller
of
the
Order
,
which
He
gave
to
the
Bishop
of
London
,
and
pull'd
a
Ring
off
of
His
Finger
,
to
be
sent
,
as
't
is
thought
,
to
the
Prince
of
Wales
.
He
laid
His
Neck
upon
the
Block
,
after
He
had
kneeled
down
;
and
He
had
no
sooner
given
the
Signal
to
the
Executioner
,
but
His
Head
was
struck
off
from
His
Body
,
and
that
they
both
disappeared
;
a
Soldier
stuck
the
Head
upon
a
Partisan
,
and
the
People
cryed
all
about
,
Liberty
,
Liberty
:
and
made
of
this
day
of
mourning
,
a
day
of
rejoycing
.
Reader
,
if
thou
dost
not
tremble
with
horror
,
thou
art
not
a
Man
;
and
if
thou
dost
not
lament
such
a
Fortune
,
thou
dost
not
deserve
to
have
a
good
one
wished
thee
.
CHAP.
V.
Of
Kings
and
Princes
which
have
been
killed
in
Battels
;
and
of
those
who
have
been
used
by
their
Enemies
with
much
Insolence
and
Cruelty
.
AS
for
that
which
regards
Counsel
,
it
is
convenient
to
examine
Perils
:
but
as
for
that
which
regards
Execution
,
it
is
not
good
to
look
upon
any
,
saith
Sir
Francis
Bacon
;
grounded
may
be
upon
that
Maxim
,
That
Prudence
is
represented
with
a
Looking-glass
in
her
hand
,
to
consider
all
things
in
it
,
and
that
Boldness
is
blind
.
't
is
to
this
purpose
that
Eucepidus
saith
,
That
the
counsel
of
one
Man
is
able
to
overcome
a
whole
Army
.
And
we
may
say
after
him
,
That
it
is
far
better
to
foresee
danger
,
than
to
run
in
it
;
and
that
those
deserve
to
fall
in
it
,
that
seek
it
,
or
wait
for
it
.
Without
that
presumptuous
confidence
,
who
would
ever
have
thought
that
Cyrus
should
have
been
vanquished
by
Thomiris
?
That
Fabius
at
the
cost
of
Hannibal
,
should
have
preserved
the
Republick
?
And
that
Crassus
should
have
been
ruined
by
Surena
King
of
the
Parthes
?
That
Victory
should
have
declared
it self
for
those
who
seemed
to
despair
of
it
?
And
that
others
,
who
had
reason
to
wish
for
Battel
,
should
have
lost
it
?
Nevertheless
whatsoever
foresight
and
courage
great
Men
have
had
in
their
conduct
and
enterprizes
,
the
event
hath
often
confounded
their
judgment
and
their
hopes
,
and
their
policy
hath
been
of
little
use
against
the
blows
of
Fortune
.
Prudence
and
Temerity
have
cause
a-like
to
praise
her
,
and
find
fault
with
her
:
she
hath
made
them
her
enemies
,
after
she
hath
obliged
them
both
;
and
hath
caused
them
some
confusion
,
after
she
had
caused
them
some
glory
.
Leonatus
,
who
was
one
of
the
36
Governors
who
divided
Alexander's
Empire
in
so
many
pieces
after
his
death
,
had
given
marks
everywhere
of
his
valor
:
every
man
in
Phrygia
admired
his
spirit
and
resolution
,
and
discover'd
in
him
all
the
accomplishments
of
a
Commander
and
Philosopher
.
He
was
of
a
turbulent
humor
;
and
because
he
knew
that
every
virtue
had
its
time
,
he
did
not
think
that
wisdom
and
courage
could
subsist
together
;
nor
that
a
man
should
be
judicious
,
where
boldness
was
required
.
Nevertheless
after
his
first
motion
was
over
,
he
hearkned
to
Reason
,
and
seemed
to
undertake
nothing
but
what
he
could
execute
.
Notwithstanding
being
gone
to
Antipater's
aid
,
he
gave
Battel
to
his
Enemy
,
and
lost
his
reputation
there
with
his
life
.
Neoptolemus
had
the
same
disadvantage
,
when
he
fought
against
Eumenes
;
Lysimachus
had
no
better
success
against
Seleucus
,
who
kill'd
him
upon
the
place
,
with
most
of
his
Soldiers
;
and
this
last
,
some
time
after
,
recieved
the
same
disgrace
by
the
Arms
of
Ptolomey
.
The
last
King
of
the
Visigots
,
Alaric
,
had
such
a
misfortune
.
When
he
attempted
to
sustain
the
furious
Attack
of
the
French
in
Aquitaine
;
all
his
hopes
were
ruined
with
his
Forces
,
and
Clovis
slew
this
barbarous
man
with
his
own
hand
.
Though
Totilla
had
signalized
himself
by
his
victories
that
he
had
taken
Rome
twice
,
and
twice
plundered
it
,
and
had
been
feared
and
happy
everywhere
;
yet
an
Eunuch
,
call'd
Narses
,
who
it
should
seem
was
fitter
to
be
a
womans
Guardian
,
than
to
be
a
Commander
of
Men
of
War
,
kill'd
him
in
the
Battel
,
foiled
all
his
Army
,
and
did
such
good
service
to
the
Emperor
Justinian
,
that
if
a
man
would
but
have
visited
the
Tombs
,
he
might
have
been
persuaded
that
he
left
no
Goths
in
Italy
.
Nicephorus
,
who
put
the
Empress
Yrenna
in
a
Nunnery
,
that
he
might
obtain
the
Empire
of
Constantinople
,
was
kill'd
on
that
manner
by
the
Bulgarians
;
and
Baudwin
,
Earl
of
Flanders
,
after
he
had
retaken
all
the
Cities
and
Towns
that
this
Empire
had
lost
,
except
the
City
of
Andrianople
,
was
used
in
the
same
manner
in
his
own
Countrey
,
where
his
valor
made
him
hope
all
the
advantages
,
and
all
the
honours
that
he
could
promise
himself
from
his
birth
.
But
we
must
not
find
it
strange
to
see
those
die
in
dangers
,
which
glory
seemed
to
impose
a
necessity
to
live
:
We
must
still
go
further
,
and
shew
that
great
men
are
liable
to
the
same
Misfortunes
that
the
lowest
sort
of
men
are
;
that
Scaffolds
have
been
raised
upon
Thrones
;
and
that
Kings
have
had
Executioners
,
as
well
as
Malefactors
.
Justinian
the
Second
,
last
Emperor
of
the
House
of
Heraclius
,
having
declared
War
against
the
Bulgarians
,
and
Arabes
,
against
the
Treaties
of
Peace
which
he
had
concluded
with
them
before
,
was
unhappy
in
both
;
and
as
his
irresolutions
and
perfidy
had
made
him
odious
everywhere
,
he
was
expelled
the
Empire
,
by
the
contrivances
of
the
Patriarch
Callinicus
,
and
Patricia
Leonca
,
who
cut
off
his
Nose
,
before
they
laid
him
fast
in
Chersonese's
Castle
.
This
man
,
who
wore
the
marks
of
his
ruine
in
his
face
,
as
well
as
the
characters
of
his
vices
,
made
the
King
of
the
Bulgarians
his
Protector
,
and
turned
his
humor
with
so
much
policy
,
that
by
this
means
he
compelled
Leonce
his
Successor
to
abandon
the
command
of
the
Empire
,
and
put
out
Callinicus's
eyes
,
and
so
cloathed
himself
in
the
same
purple
which
he
had
dyed
with
the
finest
blood
of
his
own
people
.
He
was
so
cruel
,
that
he
never
sneesed
,
but
he
commanded
some
of
them
who
had
favoured
Leonceus
,
to
be
executed
,
and
got
such
a
hatred
amongst
those
that
feared
him
before
,
that
his
person
was
no
less
detested
,
than
his
Tyranny
.
At
last
this
barbarous
man
having
made
all
his
Subjects
his
Enemies
,
was
excluded
the
second
time
out
of
the
Empire
,
by
Philippicus
Bardanus
,
in
the
16th
year
of
his
Reign
,
which
he
made
no
otherwise
remarkable
,
but
by
a
continued
course
of
unheard
Cruelties
;
and
the
memory
of
him
was
so
abhorred
after
his
death
,
that
he
seemed
to
live
still
amongst
the
most
illustrious
Families
,
by
his
Murthers
;
and
in
Temples
,
by
his
Sacrileges
.
Neither
was
there
ever
a
Prince
who
received
less
Favors
from
Nature
,
than
this
Bardanus
;
and
never
man
had
less
Religion
,
nor
less
Wit
.
He
was
no
sooner
in
possession
of
the
Sovereignty
,
but
he
strived
to
abolish
the
Decrees
of
the
sixth
General
Council
,
to
satisfie
a
Monk
,
whose
Opinions
were
as
so
many
Heresies
;
and
to
recompence
him
for
the
hopes
he
had
given
him
,
that
he
should
attain
to
the
Empire
of
Constantinople
.
But
because
he
promised
much
,
and
performed
much
more
by
gifts
,
so
that
he
emptied
his
treasures
in
things
of
little
purpose
,
or
altogether
useless
;
and
suffering
with
patience
and
cowardice
,
the
Bulgarians
to
possess
themselves
of
the
Frontiers
of
Thracia
,
he
had
his
Eyes
put
out
,
and
dyed
in
an
Exile
,
which
he
might
well
expect
from
his
Folly
and
Sloth
.
Diogenes
had
no
sooner
got
a
victory
over
the
Barbarians
,
but
he
gained
the
Empress
Eudoxes
heart
,
so
that
he
was
thought
worthy
to
have
a
part
in
her
Bed
,
and
in
her
Throne
,
and
to
sustain
Domestick
Concerns
,
which
were
in
continual
troubles
by
Foreign
Wars
.
But
this
Roman
,
who
was
born
to
subjection
,
and
who
had
nothing
great
but
his
ambition
and
courage
,
became
so
intolerable
,
that
the
Romans
perceived
(
but
too
late
for
them
)
of
what
an
importance
it
was
to
put
the
Scepter
in
servile
hands
,
and
to
obey
a
man
,
who
made
his
Authority
the
cause
and
excuse
of
his
Insolence
.
The
first
success
that
he
had
against
those
who
ravaged
the
Provinces
of
Asia
,
were
divers
;
but
his
second
War
was
unfortunate
,
all
his
Army
was
cut
in
pieces
,
or
put
to
the
flight
,
and
him
taken
Prisoner
,
which
was
never
heard
of
any
other
Emperor
;
his
Enemies
carried
him
away
,
with
a
joy
so
much
the
greater
,
when
they
considered
,
that
they
had
nothing
more
to
do
after
this
Prize
,
but
to
rest
of
their
toils
.
Asan
,
Prince
of
the
Turks
,
had
much
ado
to
moderate
his
joyes
that
he
received
by
this
excess
of
happiness
;
and
to
persuade
him
the
truth
of
it
,
they
brought
Diogenes
before
him
,
and
as
soon
as
he
saw
him
,
he
used
him
before
his
Soldiers
with
so
much
magnificence
and
civility
that
Diogenes
was
forced
to
confess
,
That
no
man
could
lose
a
Battel
with
more
success
than
himself
;
and
that
the
greatest
adversities
were
not
alwayes
the
most
grievous
.
Besides
this
courtesie
(
that
had
nothing
of
a
Barbarian
in
it
)
he
filled
him
with
Presents
,
made
Peace
with
him
,
and
gave
him
his
Liberty
;
but
Diogenes
astonishment
was
not
little
:
when
he
came
to
Rome
,
and
saw
that
his
defeat
had
been
the
cause
of
the
Empresses
banishment
,
and
had
raised
Michael
,
Constantine's
son
,
to
the
Government
,
wrath
and
despair
excited
his
vengeance
,
and
made
him
have
recourse
to
Arms
;
but
he
had
hardly
begun
his
enterprize
,
but
he
was
constrained
to
compound
,
and
suffer
to
have
his
eyes
pull'd
out
as
well
as
others
,
of
which
he
dyed
some
time
after
:
so
that
he
lost
almost
at
the
same
time
the
Victory
,
the
Empire
,
his
Sight
,
and
his
Life
.
Alexis
the
second
,
who
was
but
a
Youth
when
he
took
the
Scepter
upon
him
after
his
Fathers
death
,
endeavored
with
all
his
Might
,
to
smother
the
Civil
Seditions
of
the
Empire
,
and
was
at
last
forced
,
as
a
man
may
say
,
to
divide
his
power
,
to
unite
it
,
and
to
admit
in
it
Andronicus
,
the
son
of
Isaac
Comnenus
,
the
most
crafty
and
subtle
of
the
Rebels
that
he
had
to
subdue
.
This
Traytor
,
whose
Perfidy
was
known
at
Constantinople
as
soon
as
his
Person
,
began
then
to
awaken
his
Ambition
,
went
about
to
gain
the
greatest
by
his
gifts
,
and
by
his
promises
,
had
no
other
object
than
the
Throne
before
his
eyes
,
and
never
considered
whether
the
safest
way
to
ascend
to
it
,
was
the
most
just
,
or
most
horrible
.
't
was
in
this
sentiment
,
that
of
Tutor
to
the
Prince
,
he
became
his
Murtherer
;
he
caused
his
Head
to
be
cut
off
,
and
commanded
that
his
Body
should
be
thrown
in
the
Sea
,
as
if
his
Felicity
had
made
him
unworthy
of
Obsequies
.
This
Crime
was
not
long
unpunisht
,
as
every
one
looked
upon
it
with
horror
,
and
that
he
was
troubled
about
the
opposing
of
William
King
of
Sicily's
Forces
,
Isaac
took
away
the
Empire
from
him
,
caused
one
of
his
hands
to
be
cut
off
,
and
one
of
his
eyes
to
be
pull'd
out
;
and
forcing
him
to
ride
about
the
Town
,
he
exposed
him
thus
to
the
derision
and
rage
of
his
people
.
Greece
hath
not
seen
alone
those
enormities
.
Berangarius
,
after
he
vanquisht
Lewis
,
the
Emperor
Arnol's
son
,
pull'd
out
his
eyes
,
and
Charlemaine
having
served
Peter
,
King
of
Hungaria
,
so
,
caused
him
to
dye
,
to
satisfie
his
diffidence
or
his
hate
.
In
the
time
of
Claudius
the
fourth
,
Emperor
of
Rome
,
Gotarsus
had
no
sooner
taken
Melindatus
,
Prince
of
the
Parthes
,
but
he
caused
his
ears
to
be
cut
off
;
and
if
we
will
but
search
Histories
,
we
shall
find
that
the
dignity
of
Robert
Surantin
,
Prince
of
Tarente
,
and
of
William
son
to
Tancredes
,
King
of
Sicily
,
made
their
Fortune
neither
more
glorious
,
nor
happier
.
Amongst
those
who
have
sung
the
praises
of
the
great
Constantine
,
one
may
find
that
he
hath
not
so
much
punisht
the
guilty
,
as
he
hath
revenged
the
innocents
cause
;
that
he
chastised
,
rather
than
fought
against
the
wicked
;
and
that
his
piety
was
no
way
inferior
to
his
military
virtues
:
nevertheless
he
hath
defamed
his
Reign
by
the
death
of
two
Kings
,
Astaris
,
and
Rhegachus
,
whom
he
caused
to
be
devoured
by
wild
Beasts
in
the
open
view
of
the
people
.
A
great
〈◇〉
●●fore
this
,
Farnus
,
King
of
the
Medes
,
was
crucified
by
Ninus
;
Plancus
a
Proconsul
,
cut
off
Victaribius's
head
Prince
of
the
Priveniens
,
and
Neighbor
to
the
Samnites
;
Cossus
put
to
the
same
death
Haertus
,
King
of
Cologne
,
for
having
attempted
to
shew
that
he
was
generous
enough
to
defend
his
liberty
.
In
the
War
of
the
Romans
,
and
the
Carthaginians
,
Attilius
Regulus
was
looked
upon
as
worthy
of
a
Triumph
,
after
he
had
kill'd
a
Serpent
25
Foot
long
,
and
had
foiled
all
the
Forces
of
Africa
who
were
in
Asdrubal
,
and
Amilcar's
Armies
:
hut
when
he
prepared
himself
for
it
with
joy
,
and
that
he
lookt
upon
rest
and
glory
as
the
fruit
of
his
valor
and
toils
,
he
was
constrained
to
receive
chains
at
Carthage
,
with
the
same
hand
with
which
he
expected
to
receive
the
Crown
of
Lawrel
,
and
the
Robe
which
had
been
prepared
for
him
at
Rome
.
His
Imprisonment
lasted
five
years
;
and
the
Carthaginians
to
obtain
a
Treaty
by
his
means
,
releas't
him
,
upon
his
promise
that
he
might
employ
his
prayers
and
his
authority
to
that
which
necessity
forced
them
to
desire
.
He
went
directly
to
Rome
,
where
the
noblest
men
of
Carthage
were
Prisoners
;
but
it
was
not
so
much
to
procure
their
liberty
,
as
to
prolong
their
servitude
;
and
his
eloquence
and
zeal
had
so
much
force
upon
the
people
,
that
they
chose
rather
to
let
him
go
again
,
than
to
release
that
illustrious
Nobility
,
whose
courage
was
to
be
feared
even
in
chains
.
As
soon
as
Attilius
was
return'd
,
and
that
the
Carthaginians
understood
that
he
valued
his
life
less
than
the
preservation
of
his
Countrey
,
they
put
him
in
a
Tun
full
of
sharp
Spears
made
fast
in
the
inside
;
and
never
ceased
to
rowl
it
about
till
he
was
dead
,
although
they
wondred
more
at
his
constancy
,
than
he
did
at
their
cruelty
.
Marc
Anthony
cut
off
Antigonus's
Head
,
King
of
the
Jews
,
in
the
City
of
Antiochus
;
and
Conradin
,
King
of
Suedeland
,
and
an
Emperor
of
Germany's
son
,
having
been
brought
before
Charles
Duke
of
Anjou
,
suffer'd
the
same
death
at
Naples
.
Mahomet
the
second
,
●●ead
the
Nephew
of
Scanderberg
all
alive
;
and
David
Comnenus
,
Emperor
of
Trebisondas
,
and
his
daughter
,
left
their
Heads
upon
a
Scaffold
,
by
the
command
of
that
Tyrant
,
whose
life
is
full
of
impieties
and
crimes
,
and
whose
noblest
actions
were
combustions
,
and
murthers
.
The
Spaniards
ordained
that
an
Indian
King
should
be
hanged
,
after
they
had
received
above
three
millions
of
gold
for
his
ransom
;
and
burnt
the
King
of
Mexico
,
because
he
was
too
long
a
discovering
his
riches
to
them
.
Two
Princes
of
Africa
,
Fetez
and
Benaduxe
,
were
beheaded
by
the
King
of
Fez
;
and
Francis
Pizarus
,
a
Portuguese
Commander
,
put
to
death
Atabilipa
King
of
Peru
.
In
the
Reign
of
Solyman
,
a
Turkish
Bashaw
hanged
to
the
Tackling
of
his
ship
,
the
King
of
the
City
of
Adam
,
situate
upon
the
Coasts
of
Arabia
the
happy
,
and
the
inhumanity
of
the
Turks
,
made
a
Gibbet
instead
of
a
Throne
to
a
King
of
Zibith
.
It
is
not
long
since
that
Isechia
,
King
of
Tryambat
,
caused
the
King
of
Gubert
,
to
die
of
a
shameful
death
.
And
Leon
of
Africa
relates
,
That
a
King
of
Telusin
,
was
so
unworthily
used
by
Abulhezin
the
fourth
King
of
Fez
,
that
after
he
had
expired
under
the
Sword
of
an
Executioner
,
it
would
not
be
suffered
that
he
should
have
any
other
Grave
than
the
intrals
of
Beasts
.
Who
doth
not
know
that
Joshua
hanged
five
Kings
,
one
after
another
,
as
the
old
custom
was
?
That
the
Tyrant
of
the
Agrigentins
,
Phalaris
,
was
burnt
in
his
Brazen
Bull
?
That
Edward
II
.
King
of
England
,
was
put
to
a
strange
and
cruel
death
?
That
Michael
Zilagus
,
Prince
of
Hungaria
,
had
his
Head
cut
off
at
Constantinople
,
for
having
been
too
valiant
?
And
that
Adeberg
,
Count
Palatine
,
hath
received
the
same
usage
,
for
having
been
too
credulous
?
Since
I
do
not
quote
my
examples
according
to
the
order
of
time
,
I
will
finish
this
Subject
by
the
end
of
Policratus
,
and
evidence
that
Fortune
is
never
at
a
stand
;
and
that
he
that
rejoyceth
when
he
hath
escaped
some
eminent
danger
,
hath
no
more
reason
so
to
do
,
than
he
that
rejoyceth
at
the
winning
of
his
Cause
,
when
he
hath
but
delay'd
it
,
and
prolong'd
his
Suit
.
This
King
of
the
Samians
being
acquainted
with
adversities
but
by
hear-say
,
because
he
never
had
gone
through
any
,
one
day
being
willing
to
moderate
by
a
particular
invention
,
the
joy
he
received
by
such
a
great
felicity
,
did
cast
into
the
sea
a
Ring
of
an
inestimable
worth
,
to
cause
himself
at
least
some
subject
of
grief
.
It
hapned
by
an
unheard
wonder
,
that
this
same
Ring
was
found
in
a
Fishes
belly
that
was
served
before
him
,
then
he
concluded
that
the
gods
had
designed
him
to
be
the
happiest
of
men
.
But
a
King
of
Persia
had
no
sooner
declared
War
against
him
,
but
he
deposed
him
of
his
Kingdom
,
and
made
him
breathe
his
last
upon
a
Cross
,
as
if
it
had
been
his
intention
to
shew
that
we
should
value
our
lives
by
our
deaths
,
that
one
dayes
Fortune
depended
of
another
,
and
that
every
one
of
them
depended
on
the
last
of
our
Lives
.
CHAP.
VI
.
Of
Princes
that
have
been
employ'd
by
their
Enemies
in
shameful
Offices
,
and
of
others
who
have
been
used
unworthily
.
IT
is
not
without
reason
that
Seneca
affirms
,
That
Virtue
in
Prosperity
is
desirable
,
but
in
Adversity
it
is
miraculous
:
intimating
,
that
those
Hearts
which
command
Nature
,
never
seem
fairer
than
in
Adversity
.
If
good
Fortune
discovers
Vice
,
ill
Fortune
discovers
Virtue
much
better
;
and
whatever
a
man
can
do
,
moderation
hath
not
so
much
lustre
in
the
one
,
as
fortitude
in
the
other
.
Thus
in
Limning
,
Colours
are
more
to
the
life
when
they
are
shadowed
,
and
appear
better
and
more
agreeable
to
our
sight
:
to
conclude
with
Sir
Francis
Bacon
,
That
it
is
by
Virtue
,
as
it
is
by
Perfumes
,
which
smell
never
so
sweet
,
as
when
they
are
bruised
,
or
burnt
.
If
ever
man
deserved
praises
,
Carganus
I
think
might
justly
expect
it
from
his
patience
.
Sesostris
,
the
greatest
King
of
Egypt
,
after
he
had
subdued
several
Nations
,
was
drawn
in
a
Chariot
by
four
Kings
whom
he
had
overcome
;
and
that
proud
man
seldome
went
abroad
,
but
he
gave
that
presumptuous
mark
of
himself
and
victories
.
As
he
made
it
his
noblest
divertisement
,
he
took
notice
one
day
that
Carganus
turned
his
face
towards
the
wheels
,
which
he
considering
with
more
curiosity
than
at
other
times
,
could
not
forbear
to
ask
him
,
What
objects
could
employ
his
thoughts
,
since
he
ought
to
have
none
but
of
his
misery
?
I
thought
of
that
,
replied
this
man
with
much
boldness
:
And
though
the
change
of
my
condition
hath
hitherto
been
a
trouble
to
me
,
yet
I
consider
that
it
should
not
seem
so
strange
;
for
looking
attentively
upon
this
wheel
,
I
perceived
that
the
highest
staff
of
it
,
became
the
lowest
,
in
an
instant
,
by
its
turning
:
And
I
considered
at
the
same
time
,
that
it
was
the
same
with
Fortune
;
that
Prosperity
was
followed
by
Adversity
and
Troubles
,
and
yet
Adversity
ought
not
to
be
without
hopes
.
Not
long
since
I
was
at
the
highest
degrees
,
now
I
am
at
the
lowest
;
and
seeing
all
things
in
Nature
changeth
,
I
find
that
those
that
admire
thee
this
day
,
will
perchance
be
obliged
to
pity
thee
to
morrow
.
Sesostris
calling
to
mind
that
his
own
brother
Pelusinus
had
once
gone
near
to
burn
him
and
all
his
Family
,
and
fearing
in
effect
that
such
a
Misfortune
might
befall
him
,
used
those
Kings
no
more
with
such
Insolence
,
but
honoured
them
all
after
that
time
,
and
made
use
of
Carganus
as
his
greatest
Minister
of
State
.
It
is
said
that
such
an
answer
saved
the
King
of
Babylon's
life
,
who
was
taken
by
a
French
King
in
the
Wars
of
Basile
,
Emperor
of
Constantinople
,
and
that
having
been
brought
forth
out
of
Prison
,
where
he
had
been
two
years
,
he
wondred
to
see
him
laugh
at
the
sight
of
a
wheel
,
though
he
had
alwayes
been
as
melancholy
in
his
Imprisonment
,
as
if
he
had
been
a
going
to
be
executed
.
The
King
not
knowing
the
course
of
such
a
sudden
change
,
asked
him
the
same
question
that
the
King
Sesostris
asked
Carganus
,
and
shew'd
some
earnestness
of
being
cleared
of
his
doubts
.
I
laugh
,
answered
the
captive
King
,
to
see
that
the
first
thing
that
presents
it self
to
me
,
sheweth
me
the
vicisitude
of
all
other
things
.
All
that
is
in
this
world
,
turns
without
doubt
as
this
wheel
,
one
may
descend
as
well
as
ascend
;
and
I
see
my self
the
Prisoner
of
a
King
,
whom
another
may
be
will
make
his
slave
.
The
misfortune
of
Psemmenittus
,
King
of
Egypt
,
is
not
common
,
and
History
cannot
shew
any
thing
so
great
as
his
constancy
,
except
his
ambition
.
He
was
Son
and
Successor
to
Amasis
,
and
had
no
sooner
taken
upon
himself
the
Government
,
but
Cambyses
caused
a
great
Army
to
march
against
Egypt
,
to
join
that
goodly
Kingdom
to
his
Empire
.
Psemmenittus
,
at
the
first
news
that
he
heard
of
it
,
gathered
all
his
Forces
,
and
marched
them
against
this
Monarch
,
and
judged
it
was
more
convenient
to
meet
the
Persians
,
than
to
stay
for
them
.
This
Battel
was
very
bloody
,
the
Field
was
cover'd
with
dead
bodies
of
the
one
and
the
other
party
,
and
the
two
Generals
despaired
both
alike
of
victory
,
whil'st
they
fought
for
it
.
Notwithstanding
the
Egyptians
were
at
last
put
to
the
flight
,
and
forced
to
retreat
to
Memphis
:
but
Cambyses
fortunately
took
this
Town
,
and
Psemmenittus
,
and
having
lodged
him
in
derision
in
a
Village
,
had
a
mind
to
try
whether
he
could
bear
the
disgrace
.
He
was
not
content
to
have
tryed
it
by
this
means
,
he
sent
his
daughter
in
a
Slaves
habit
,
with
the
greatest
Ladies
of
Egypt
,
to
fetch
water
from
a
mountain
from
which
she
could
not
come
back
but
must
be
seen
of
him
,
that
his
misery
might
be
the
more
sensible
to
him
.
His
daughter
never
came
by
him
,
but
her
sighs
and
lamentations
were
heard
;
her
complaints
never
more
were
discerned
,
but
when
she
was
in
his
presence
;
thereby
it
was
easily
observed
,
that
she
suffered
more
for
the
Misfortune
of
her
Father
,
than
for
her
own
;
and
that
they
proceeded
more
from
her
love
,
than
from
her
weakness
.
Nevertheless
Psemmenitus
did
look
upon
that
Misfortune
without
tears
,
he
beheld
without
astonishment
the
captivity
of
his
daughter
,
and
the
loss
of
his
Kingdom
;
and
kept
the
same
countenance
in
Chains
,
as
he
had
upon
the
Throne
.
His
son
quickly
followed
his
daughter
,
accompanied
with
above
2000
Egyptians
of
his
age
,
loaden
as
he
was
with
Bonds
and
Chains
;
and
though
he
knew
that
they
were
all
going
to
execution
,
he
look'd
upon
this
second
triumph
of
his
Enemy
with
as
little
trouble
,
as
if
he
had
been
of
that
Countrey
which
Fables
make
mention
of
,
where
men
are
metamorphosed
into
stones
:
But
having
perceived
one
of
his
Favourites
,
who
was
forced
to
beg
by
these
Wars
,
he
began
to
beat
his
head
mightily
,
after
the
manner
of
the
Barbarians
,
to
shew
his
grief
and
resentment
.
Cambyses
hearing
of
it
,
and
being
surprized
,
said
to
him
,
I
wonder
that
thy
friends
affliction
,
hath
had
power
to
fetch
tears
from
thine
eyes
,
and
yet
thou
didst
not
so
much
as
cast
a
sigh
for
those
whom
thou
gavest
being
to
.
Ah!
Cambyses
answered
Plemmenittus
,
Domestick
Crosses
require
no
tears
;
great
sorrows
are
alwayes
kept
in
silence
,
because
they
are
unspeakable
;
and
the
heart
will
bleed
with
them
,
rather
than
sigh
when
it
is
pierced
.
But
when
I
see
in
misery
the
greatest
Confident
of
my
Secrets
and
Fortunes
,
I
have
found
that
Pity
had
more
force
upon
me
,
than
Nature
;
and
that
men
are
more
subject
to
resent
their
own
Misfortune
,
than
to
condole
it
.
These
words
pleased
Cambyses
so
much
,
that
ever
since
he
advanced
Psemmenittus's
person
nearer
and
nearer
to
his
,
and
gave
command
that
his
son
should
be
reprieved
from
the
Execution
to
which
he
had
been
condemned
with
all
the
rest
;
but
they
brought
him
word
that
it
was
too
late
,
and
that
he
had
been
the
first
Victim
.
Psemmenittus's
heart
was
so
good
,
that
after
all
this
he
entertained
some
hopes
of
the
Crown
again
;
and
the
truth
is
,
he
would
not
have
been
deceived
,
had
not
his
plots
been
discovered
by
Cambyses
,
who
could
not
suffer
that
a
remnant
of
Ambition
should
make
him
his
Rival
,
whom
he
had
made
his
Captive
,
and
so
forced
him
to
drink
Bulls
blood
,
of
which
he
dyed
immediately
.
Although
the
Emperor
Valerian
had
gather'd
together
all
the
valiantest
men
of
the
West
,
of
the
North
,
and
of
the
South
,
and
had
employed
three
quarters
of
the
world
to
subdue
the
other
.
Sapor
,
King
of
Persia
,
brake
his
Forces
,
and
used
him
with
so
much
indignity
,
as
if
his
intention
had
been
to
punish
a
rebellious
Subject
.
As
soon
as
he
had
taken
him
,
he
considered
neither
his
old
age
,
nor
his
condition
;
but
made
use
of
him
instead
of
a
stirrup
to
get
on
Horse-back
;
and
took
so
much
delight
in
trying
his
patience
,
that
had
his
cruelty
been
less
,
his
satisfaction
would
have
seemed
so
too
.
Galian
,
Valerian's
son
,
had
the
Empire
in
his
power
the
mean
while
,
and
this
ungrateful
man
,
who
was
able
to
have
put
a
million
of
men
in
the
field
for
his
fathers
liberty
,
had
so
little
resentment
,
that
he
did
not
stir
in
the
least
to
redeem
him
from
his
Captivity
:
and
so
this
unfortunate
old
man
was
the
divertisement
of
his
barbarous
enemy
to
his
dying
day
.
Lewis
the
twelfth
King
of
France
,
had
no
sooner
Lewis
Sforce
,
Duke
of
Milan
,
in
his
hands
,
as
Paul
Jovius
relates
it
,
but
he
caused
him
to
dye
in
an
iron
Cage
:
And
Pope
Alexander
the
third
,
seeing
Frederic
the
Emperor
at
his
feet
,
who
beg'd
his
son
of
him
,
who
had
been
taken
by
the
Venetian
Armies
,
had
upon
his
head
these
sacred
words
,
(
Thou
shalt
tread
upon
the
heads
of
Serpents
and
Scorpions
)
to
authorize
his
unheard
insolence
.
Tombejus
,
Sultan
of
Egypt
,
having
after
his
defeat
been
found
hid
in
a
marshy
place
up
to
his
Neck
amongst
Reeds
and
Rushes
,
was
carried
as
far
as
Grand
Caire
to
Selim
,
who
put
him
to
the
wrack
,
to
force
him
to
discover
the
treasures
of
his
Predecessor
Campson
;
and
having
for
several
dayes
caused
him
to
march
through
the
Town
upon
an
old
Camel
,
with
his
hands
tyed
behind
him
,
commanded
that
he
should
be
hang'd
in
Chains
,
that
he
might
be
in
derision
to
the
Turks
,
and
an
example
to
all
Egypt
.
Bajazeth
,
the
first
of
that
name
,
the
fifth
Emperor
of
the
Turks
,
having
notice
that
Tamerlane
was
bringing
all
his
Forces
against
him
,
was
obliged
to
raise
the
Siege
of
Constantinople
,
and
to
give
him
battel
upon
the
Frontiers
of
Armenia
,
in
the
same
place
that
Mithridates
had
been
vanquisht
by
Pompey
,
Bajazeth
lost
there
200000
men
,
and
he
,
his
wife
and
children
were
taken
by
Tamerlane
,
who
shut
him
up
in
an
iron
Cage
,
laden
with
Chains
;
and
who
to
punish
his
pride
and
his
crimes
,
had
him
seen
in
that
manner
in
all
Asia
.
To
aggravate
his
Misfortune
,
he
put
him
with
his
Dogs
,
and
forced
him
to
feed
as
they
did
,
very
much
like
those
threescore
and
ten
Kings
,
whose
hands
and
feet
had
in
time
past
been
cut
off
by
Adonibezeth
,
and
who
fed
but
of
the
scraps
that
were
thrown
under
the
Table
;
and
every
time
he
lookt
upon
him
,
continually
uttered
curses
and
reproaches
against
him
.
He
strived
many
times
to
end
his
regret
with
his
life
,
but
he
could
not
find
a
way
for
it
;
and
it
was
to
his
sorrow
,
that
he
found
that
there
was
no
greater
torment
in
the
world
,
than
to
live
against
ones
will
.
Nevertheless
a
Slave
having
thrown
a
Fish-bone
at
him
in
derision
,
he
sharpned
it
in
such
sort
with
his
teeth
,
that
he
ran
it
into
his
throat
,
and
dashed
his
head
in
pieces
against
the
Bars
of
his
Cage
;
after
above
twenty
years
that
he
had
been
in
that
condition
,
who
would
have
thought
that
such
a
redoubtful
Emperor
should
have
been
so
miserable
,
and
that
the
Ottomans
glory
should
have
been
so
long
their
shame
?
He
had
subdued
the
Tribalians
,
taken
Armenia
,
foiled
Albania
and
Macedonia
,
wasted
all
Phoeldus
,
and
constrained
the
Emperor
of
Greece
to
send
for
assistance
as
far
as
France
.
All
his
Sieges
had
been
as
so
many
conquests
of
Cities
,
and
his
Combats
,
as
so
many
Victories
.
For
all
that
a
Shepherd
made
him
his
Captive
,
and
the
fortune
of
this
Monarch
,
who
was
sirnamed
Hildrin
;
that
is
to
say
,
Tempest
,
because
of
the
quick
execution
of
his
enterprises
,
disappeared
like
a
flash
of
lightning
;
to
shew
us
that
things
do
not
alwayes
move
in
the
same
course
;
that
appearances
are
deceitful
;
and
that
which
is
most
beautiful
,
is
not
alwayes
the
most
lasting
.
CHAP.
VII
.
Of
some
great
Men
who
have
chosen
to
dye
,
rather
then
suffer
the
Cruelty
of
their
Enemies
,
or
the
regret
of
their
Misfortunes
.
WE
may
affirm
with
a
famous
Author
,
that
the
solemnities
of
Death
,
is
more
dreadful
then
Death
it self
,
and
that
it
is
never
more
to
be
feared
,
then
in
the
sighs
of
Friends
and
Relations
,
in
mourning
cloaths
,
in
obsequies
,
and
other
accidents
which
it
is
followed
by
;
and
to
speak
the
truth
,
it
must
be
quite
another
thing
then
it
is
represented
to
us
,
since
courage
prefers
it
to
the
smallest
affronts
that
are
,
that
grief
craves
its
assistance
,
that
love
despiseth
it
,
that
honor
aspires
to
it
,
that
fear
avoids
it
,
and
that
despair
runs
to
it
,
a
Man
is
dead
already
that
feareth
to
dye
;
the
thoughts
we
have
of
Death
,
is
certainly
the
greatest
Torment
of
it
;
and
it
is
with
as
little
reason
that
we
look
with
fear
upon
its
hideous
representations
,
which
are
left
to
us
by
timerous
persons
,
as
Children
do
that
are
scared
by
stories
,
and
imaginary
creatures
.
Death
,
in
regard
of
Life
,
is
the
same
thing
that
darkness
is
to
light
;
it
is
no
more
to
be
feared
then
the
night
time
;
and
as
it
is
as
natural
to
us
as
our
birth
,
and
that
we
can
go
out
of
the
World
,
with
less
trouble
then
we
came
into
it
;
it
is
evident
,
that
those
who
have
been
terrified
by
it
,
have
cast
their
eyes
no
farther
then
its
outward
dress
and
appearances
.
We
read
in
the
Roman
History
,
that
the
last
words
of
Augustus
,
were
a
Compliment
to
Livia
;
that
Galba
died
jesting
and
merry
making
;
and
that
Septimus
Severus
waited
for
Death
,
with
a
resolution
worthy
of
his
Spirit
and
Courage
;
Amilion
,
being
minded
to
gratifie
Affrica
,
for
the
losses
it
had
sustained
,
by
the
slowthfulness
of
his
Predecessor
Maleas
,
fitted
out
a
great
Fleet
to
go
into
Sicilia
,
to
make
the
Carthaginians
names
as
famous
there
,
as
their
Arms
;
They
were
no
sooner
landed
,
but
a
grievous
Pestilence
that
came
amongst
them
,
forced
them
to
Sea
again
,
to
return
to
Carthage
with
as
little
success
,
as
if
they
had
no
other
design
,
but
to
view
Sicilia
,
instead
of
conquering
it
.
As
soon
as
Million
was
come
to
the
harbor
,
and
had
examined
the
number
of
so
many
brave
Men
,
that
died
by
this
fatal
and
strange
disease
,
he
came
forth
before
the
people
,
cloathed
in
a
mean
garment
,
with
a
dejected
face
,
with
his
Head
bare
,
and
in
such
a
deplorable
condition
,
that
sighs
and
tears
seemed
to
have
been
only
the
fruit
of
his
Voyage
.
After
he
was
conducted
to
his
Palace
,
and
that
he
saw
himself
alone
,
he
took
his
Sword
,
and
running
it
into
his
Body
,
shewed
by
that
action
,
that
he
was
not
worthy
of
life
,
since
the
gods
thought
him
unworthy
of
such
a
Conquest
.
Demosthenes
,
who
from
the
study
of
Books
,
came
to
the
exercise
of
Arms
,
appeared
no
less
resolute
then
Million
,
and
his
Courage
was
as
great
as
his
Eloquence
;
one
day
being
pursued
by
Acchias
,
who
had
been
an
actor
,
and
who
was
at
that
time
one
of
Antipaters
Captains
,
he
was
constrained
to
flye
to
the
Isle
Calavria
,
and
to
stay
in
the
Temple
of
Neptune
,
to
see
if
his
Enemies
should
have
the
boldness
to
prophane
it
by
a
Sacriledge
;
Archias
endeavored
to
give
him
an
assurance
from
all
his
fears
,
and
did
what
lay
in
him
,
to
perswade
Demosthenes
,
that
he
had
the
power
to
save
his
life
;
as
well
as
he
had
the
will
to
do
it
;
but
Demosthenes
not
stirring
from
the
place
,
answered
him
,
That
as
he
had
never
been
perswaded
by
Plays
he
acted
,
much
less
was
he
by
his
words
and
Protestations
.
He
begg'd
only
a
little
time
of
him
,
to
dispose
of
some
affairs
;
and
being
left
by
himself
,
he
took
the
Reed
that
he
was
wont
to
write
withal
,
sucked
the
poison
of
it
,
and
died
immediately
,
and
would
not
suffer
that
it
should
be
said
,
that
he
received
a
curtesie
from
a
strangers
hand
,
that
he
could
not
procure
from
his
own
.
Quintus
Cattillus
,
to
avoid
the
cruelty
of
his
Enemy
Marius
,
commanded
some
quick
Lime
to
be
brought
into
his
Chamber
,
and
having
kindled
it
,
ran
into
it
,
and
expired
in
a
far
greater
Torment
,
then
any
other
that
could
be
prepared
for
him
.
Herminus
the
Sicilian
,
being
made
a
Prisoner
,
for
siding
with
Grachus
against
the
Senate
,
chose
rather
to
bruise
his
Head
to
pieces
,
then
to
have
it
struck
off
by
an
Executioner
;
and
Cornelius
a
Consul
,
to
prevent
the
insolence
of
his
Enemies
,
caused
his
veins
to
be
opened
in
Jupiters
Temple
,
of
which
he
was
Priest
.
As
soon
as
Paul
Aemilius
had
vanquish't
Demetrius
,
who
had
assisted
the
Macedonians
against
the
Romans
;
he
sent
him
Captive
to
Rome
,
and
the
ill
usage
that
he
received
there
,
was
so
sensible
to
him
,
that
he
thought
he
could
not
use
his
valor
better
,
then
against
himself
,
nor
shew
no
greater
action
,
then
to
hinder
the
Romans
by
his
Death
,
to
dispose
of
his
Fortune
.
Abraham
,
Son
to
Haly
the
Third
,
King
of
Marock
,
was
found
in
a
marvelous
inquietude
,
as
Leo
of
Affrica
informs
us
;
and
his
despair
was
no
less
remarkable
then
his
Fortune
.
A
Doctor
,
whose
name
was
Elmahely
,
having
for
a
long
time
studied
the
ways
to
usurp
the
Crown
,
perswaded
his
disciple
Habdul
Numen
,
to
run
the
same
danger
with
him
,
telling
him
,
that
their
enterprise
might
be
as
fortunate
,
as
it
was
glorious
;
that
all
the
Books
together
,
were
far
inferiour
to
a
Scepter
,
and
that
no
less
thing
then
a
Kingdom
was
capable
to
satisfie
their
Courage
and
Ambition
.
This
Youth
gave
ear
to
him
,
promised
him
all
the
assistance
that
lay
in
his
power
,
and
both
together
,
began
to
dispose
the
Souldiers
and
the
Government
of
Towns
,
with
so
much
industry
,
that
they
made
them
all
expect
nothing
but
prosperity
,
from
their
Indulgence
and
care
of
them
;
having
gained
them
all
,
they
attackt
Abraham
in
the
field
,
routed
all
his
Chavalry
,
and
put
him
to
the
flight
,
and
besieged
him
afterwards
so
violently
in
Marock
,
that
the
Inhabitants
acquaint
him
,
that
all
things
threatneth
and
presseth
him
,
and
that
it
were
better
to
abandon
the
Town
,
then
to
defend
it
.
The
King
in
a
great
surprise
got
on
horse
back
in
the
night
with
his
Wife
,
and
so
went
and
threw
himself
down
a
Precipice
,
to
shew
more
boldness
then
his
Subjects
;
and
to
intimate
to
them
,
that
a
King
ought
not
,
when
prest
by
Fortune
,
to
descend
from
the
Throne
by
any
other
steps
.
By
these
means
Habdel
Numen
was
Crowned
King
,
because
Elmahely
died
immediately
after
he
had
been
Crowned
;
and
thus
Three
Kings
Reigned
in
Marock
,
in
less
time
then
a
week
,
the
like
of
which
,
I
do
not
find
in
any
other
History
.
In
the
Wars
that
Brutus
had
,
after
the
death
of
Julius
Caesar
,
having
defended
himself
a
good
while
from
those
that
sought
the
revenge
of
that
great
Man
;
finding
himself
without
hope
,
after
the
loss
of
his
greatest
Captains
,
killed
himself
with
Stratons
Sword
,
that
he
might
not
have
the
confusion
to
undergo
the
wrath
or
the
clemency
of
Octavius
and
Anthonius
.
Cassius
,
who
was
of
his
Army
,
being
of
opinion
that
he
had
partly
been
the
cause
of
the
loss
of
the
Battel
,
caused
one
that
he
had
given
liberty
to
,
whose
name
was
Pindarus
,
to
cut
off
his
head
;
and
thought
that
it
would
be
more
disgrace
to
be
killed
by
his
Enemies
,
then
by
one
who
had
been
his
slave
.
Cato
,
to
avoid
Caesars
power
,
opened
his
Breast
with
his
Sword
,
and
because
the
wound
was
not
judged
mortal
,
and
that
his
Chirurgion
sought
to
ease
him
,
he
tore
his
own
Bowels
,
which
came
forth
with
so
much
resolution
,
that
Caesar
broke
out
into
these
words
,
I
envy
his
death
,
since
by
it
,
he
hath
robed
me
of
the
glory
to
preserve
his
life
.
Mithidrate
,
being
no
longer
able
to
resist
the
Roman
Forces
;
and
besides
,
seeing
his
own
Son
against
him
,
sought
in
his
sword
,
that
which
he
could
not
find
in
poison
;
and
shewed
well
enough
,
that
Men
do
not
want
ways
to
dye
,
when
they
do
not
want
Courage
.
Scipio
,
Father
in
Law
to
Pompey
,
and
many
others
,
have
done
the
same
,
but
this
Pagans
Virtue
is
a
Crime
with
us
,
and
if
we
consider
rightly
this
action
of
theirs
,
we
shall
find
less
Generosity
in
it
,
than
despair
,
that
they
have
aspired
to
dye
,
when
they
could
live
no
longer
,
and
't
is
but
little
honor
to
go
to
it
,
when
one
is
driven
.
't
is
especially
in
this
,
that
we
must
not
mind
Seneca
,
when
he
saith
,
that
the
Wise
Man
liveth
as
long
as
't
is
convenient
,
and
not
as
long
as
he
can
;
that
Fortune
may
take
what
Nature
leaves
;
that
the
most
pleasing
Death
is
the
best
;
that
it
matters
not
whether
it
cometh
to
us
,
or
we
run
to
it
;
and
that
it
is
as
low
a
thing
to
beg
it
of
any
one
,
as
to
beg
ones
life
,
it
is
far
better
to
think
,
that
Ignorance
featheth
it
,
that
Timerousness
fleeth
from
it
,
that
Folly
seeks
it
,
that
Wisdom
stayeth
for
it
,
and
that
fury
and
dispair
rush
into
it
.
CHAP.
VIII
.
Of
great
Armies
,
which
have
been
worsted
by
small
ones
.
XErxes
King
of
Persia
,
Son
to
Darius
the
First
of
that
name
,
and
to
Athossa
Cirus's
Daughter
,
had
no
sooner
considered
his
Forces
,
but
he
resolved
to
employ
them
for
the
Conquest
of
all
the
World
;
he
thought
it
his
best
way
to
begin
his
enterprise
,
by
the
desolation
of
Greece
;
and
though
it
was
stored
at
that
time
,
with
experienced
Commanders
,
it
could
not
come
into
his
mind
,
that
the
prodigious
number
of
his
Men
,
which
were
able
to
cover
that
famous
Kingdom
,
could
be
kept
from
usurping
of
it
,
and
that
right
should
not
submit
to
his
power
.
He
had
in
his
Land
Army
,
seventeen
hundred
thousand
Foot
,
and
eighty
thousand
Horse
;
which
number
surprised
him
so
much
,
that
viewing
it
from
the
top
of
a
Hill
,
he
could
not
forbear
sheading
many
tears
,
knowing
that
a
hundred
years
at
most
,
should
be
the
end
of
so
many
Mens
lives
.
Although
that
number
of
Men
were
enough
to
terrifie
the
greatest
hearts
;
Leonidas
,
with
four
hundred
Lacedemonians
,
opposed
his
coming
into
Greece
,
by
the
narrow
passage
of
Termopilus
,
and
there
shewed
such
great
Marks
of
his
Valor
,
that
he
killed
at
that
time
,
above
twenty
thousand
Men
upon
the
place
.
Xerxes
Naval
Army
,
was
composed
of
one
thousand
two
hundred
and
seven
men
of
War
,
besides
a
great
many
other
small
Ships
,
which
being
numbred
with
the
other
,
made
three
thousand
,
which
altogether
,
had
on
board
of
them
above
five
hundred
seventy
thousand
six
hundred
Men
;
and
the
Grecians
Fleet
was
so
little
,
that
every
one
of
their
Ships
was
forced
to
fight
a
hundred
.
Nevertheless
,
they
had
in
this
occasion
more
courage
then
strength
,
and
more
good
success
,
then
hope
their
courage
was
equalled
by
their
policy
;
and
in
this
occasion
,
a
Man
may
count
that
a
generous
resolution
,
which
in
any
other
,
might
have
been
termed
a
shameful
temerity
.
They
were
not
satisfied
with
defending
themselves
from
their
Enemies
;
they
attackt
them
with
so
much
constancy
,
that
they
set
the
Sea
on
fire
,
and
dyed
it
with
blood
,
and
forced
Xerxes
to
fly
into
Asia
shamefully
,
as
if
their
liberty
had
been
but
the
smallest
recompence
of
that
Combat
.
The
Lacedemonians
since
,
by
Pausamias
his
diligence
,
made
an
end
of
the
Land
Army
,
at
Plateis
Fight
,
by
Ceres
Temple
;
Mardonius
who
commanded
it
,
was
killed
upon
the
place
,
with
two
hundred
and
eighty
thousand
Men
;
and
of
fifty
thousand
Greeks
,
there
was
but
ninety
one
Lacedemonians
,
fifty
two
Athenians
,
and
eleven
Tejeates
mist
;
the
same
day
they
got
a
Victory
over
the
Persians
,
killed
Mardontes
and
Tigranes
,
took
the
City
Micare
from
them
,
burnt
or
pillaged
all
their
Ships
,
and
cut
in
pieces
the
choisest
Men
of
the
valiantest
Nation
in
the
World
.
Alexander
,
was
so
fortunate
in
his
Wars
,
against
Darius
,
that
with
thirty
six
thousand
Macedonians
,
he
killed
six
hundred
thousand
Persians
,
in
the
first
Battle
;
and
that
which
seemeth
incredible
,
is
,
That
sixty
thousand
Foot
,
and
ten
thousand
Horse
,
who
were
killed
by
the
Greeks
in
the
second
Battle
,
by
as
little
number
as
before
,
with
forty
thousand
that
were
made
Prisoners
,
made
him
Master
of
all
Darius's
Dominions
.
When
King
Radagasus
was
drawn
into
Italy
,
by
Rufins
infidelity
,
the
Italians
cut
him
in
pieces
,
by
Fisuls
,
with
two
hundred
thousand
Goths
,
under
the
command
of
Stilicon
,
who
since
that
time
favored
them
,
and
who
was
the
cause
that
the
Empire
suffered
in
all
its
Members
,
and
that
all
its
parts
were
markt
with
some
blows
or
wounds
.
Eudon
,
Duke
of
Aquitaine
,
finding
himself
too
weak
for
Charles
Martell
,
applied
to
the
Sarasins
,
who
by
their
Conquest
of
Spain
,
and
by
the
cruelties
that
they
practised
indifferently
in
all
places
,
did
cast
a
fear
of
themselves
in
all
Forreign
Nations
;
he
wondred
himself
,
to
see
to
the
number
of
four
hundred
thousand
of
them
,
with
their
Wives
and
Children
,
and
their
Slaves
;
so
that
they
seemed
rather
to
come
to
make
Colonies
in
France
,
then
to
assist
him
.
Eudon
,
no
sooner
heard
,
that
this
Multitude
of
people
,
left
nothing
where
they
past
,
but
ruinated
places
,
and
turned
all
into
Desarts
;
and
that
they
never
marched
out
of
any
Town
,
until
they
had
plundered
it
;
but
he
made
peace
with
Charles
Martell
;
and
though
he
had
called
them
to
his
assistance
,
the
same
fear
that
caused
him
,
to
send
to
them
,
obliged
him
to
stop
their
passage
,
and
to
oppose
their
Arms
,
with
more
resolution
than
he
proposed
to
to
make
use
of
them
.
This
obstacle
did
not
hinder
them
to
march
quite
through
Aquitaine
,
and
Tours
had
doubtless
been
taken
and
destroyed
,
as
well
as
Bourdeaux
and
Poictiers
,
if
Charles
Martell
had
not
given
them
Battel
.
There
were
only
fifteen
hundred
French
kill'd
,
and
three
hundred
fourscore
and
five
thousand
of
their
Enemies
,
remained
upon
the
place
;
their
Triumph
was
honored
by
the
death
of
Abdicam
,
King
of
the
Sarazins
,
and
their
misfortunes
were
hid
a
long
while
in
the
Tombs
of
those
Infidels
.
But
France
hath
felt
Crosses
,
as
well
as
Victories
;
it
hath
been
a
burning
place
for
it self
,
as
well
as
for
its
Usurpers
,
and
hath
not
always
been
so
fortunate
,
but
it
hath
mourned
often
for
its
losses
.
When
the
Prince
of
Wales
,
called
the
Black
Prince
,
who
was
at
that
time
before
Poictiers
,
had
submitted
in
vain
to
all
the
honorable
Conditions
that
could
be
,
to
return
into
England
in
peace
,
and
found
that
he
would
at
last
be
forced
to
fly
with
danger
,
or
dye
with
honor
;
he
turned
his
patience
into
fury
,
and
fought
so
valiantly
,
that
with
two
thousand
men
in
Arms
,
and
six
thousand
Archers
,
he
destroyed
all
the
French
Army
;
and
the
number
of
his
Prisoners
was
as
great
again
,
as
that
of
his
Souldiers
;
took
John
King
of
France
,
and
Philip
his
Son
,
and
the
most
considerable
Nobility
of
that
Kingdom
;
and
by
a
Miracle
that
's
unknown
to
us
,
got
a
great
reputation
out
of
his
despair
.
If
we
may
believe
the
History
of
the
Indies
,
we
shall
find
,
that
the
Portugaise
Ambition
,
hath
had
most
commonly
good
success
;
That
they
have
subdued
Potentates
by
their
Policy
;
That
with
two
or
three
thousand
Men
,
they
have
overcome
a
world
of
sighting
Men
;
and
that
they
have
found
ways
to
inslave
Men
,
when
they
sought
some
,
to
secure
themselves
from
them
.
Huniadus
,
and
Matthias
Corvin
,
got
a
greater
Fame
amongst
the
Turks
,
with
their
own
presence
,
than
by
the
number
of
their
Souldiers
;
and
hath
not
Scanderberg
,
with
ten
thousand
Albanians
,
worsted
Armies
of
two
hundred
thousand
Men
,
and
constrained
two
of
the
greatest
Emperors
of
the
Ottoman
Race
,
to
admire
in
him
,
that
which
they
could
not
comprehend
?
We
have
a
multitude
of
examples
upon
this
subject
;
but
we
will
make
use
of
them
for
an
other
end
,
and
it
would
be
to
no
purpose
,
to
prove
a
received
truth
.
Every
Man
knows
,
that
the
greatest
Parties
are
not
always
the
most
fortunate
;
That
Chance
is
inseparable
from
War
;
and
that
is
the
cause
,
that
some
of
the
Antients
grounded
in
that
opinion
,
sacrificed
to
Fortune
before
the
Battle
.
We
must
now
consider
,
the
Conquerors
ill
fate
,
that
there
are
fatal
felicities
,
and
dangerous
Victories
;
that
rest
is
the
forerunner
of
trouble
and
confusion
;
and
that
a
Man
may
perish
at
that
instant
,
he
thinks
himself
most
secure
.
CHAP.
IX
.
Of
those
who
have
been
vanquisht
and
slain
by
their
Enemies
,
after
they
have
had
Victory
over
them
.
AS
Croesus
one
day
was
shewing
his
treasures
to
Solon
,
and
asking
him
,
Whether
there
were
any
man
that
durst
to
attack
him
,
except
he
first
renounced
his
Reason
and
Honour
?
My
Liege
,
answered
Solon
,
of
what
value
soever
these
things
may
be
,
don't
doubt
but
another
Prince
may
become
Master
of
all
this
gold
,
if
his
Sword
proves
better
metal
than
yours
.
Intimating
to
him
by
that
,
that
Money
,
that
is
ordinarily
called
the
sinews
of
War
,
might
doubtless
entertain
it
:
but
yet
that
the
richest
ought
not
to
hope
for
the
greatest
advantage
,
and
that
Victories
most
commonly
were
won
by
conrage
and
policy
.
Cyrus
was
so
fortunate
in
all
his
Enterprizes
,
that
he
carried
the
Limits
of
his
Empire
as
far
as
those
of
Jonia
;
he
took
Babylon
,
that
was
able
to
withstand
all
the
World
;
and
there
was
never
a
man
before
him
that
conquered
so
many
Provinces
and
Kingdoms
.
He
was
in
the
same
sentiment
of
a
King
of
Lydia
,
that
could
not
believe
that
a
man
might
fall
by
his
own
Forces
;
he
lookt
upon
his
Conquests
,
as
upon
unperishable
Goods
;
and
could
not
imagine
that
a
man
that
commanded
so
many
Nations
,
could
be
commanded
by
Fortune
.
To
shew
by
evident
proofs
he
turned
his
Arms
against
the
Scythians
,
and
marched
his
Army
against
Queen
Thomiris
,
who
sent
her
son
to
meet
him
,
and
who
rejoyced
that
he
should
signalize
his
youth
and
courage
,
by
the
overthrow
and
ruine
of
this
great
Monarch
.
But
Cyrus
feigning
to
despair
of
the
Victory
by
some
appearances
,
seemed
to
be
hotter
to
retreat
,
than
to
fight
,
as
if
his
flight
had
been
his
onely
hope
;
he
left
behind
him
great
store
of
provision
in
his
Tents
,
to
busie
his
Enemies
,
by
a
policy
which
was
so
much
the
more
fatal
to
them
as
it
was
unknown
.
There
this
imprudent
youth
,
having
found
wherewithall
to
satisfie
the
greediness
of
his
Soldiers
,
forbade
them
not
the
use
of
Wine
,
they
drank
till
they
had
unman'd
themselves
:
and
Cyrus
falling
upon
them
in
that
condition
,
it
was
very
easie
to
destroy
them
,
for
most
of
them
were
killed
in
their
sleep
;
and
their
Prince
was
no
sooner
awaken'd
by
the
Alarm
,
but
he
was
massacred
with
his
men
.
Thomiris
,
in
lieu
of
sighs
for
the
loss
of
her
Son
,
and
her
Subjects
,
when
she
heard
this
news
,
took
rather
to
vengeance
than
tears
,
she
kept
her
resentment
and
policy
in
her
breast
;
and
to
persuade
Cyrus
that
the
greatness
of
this
wound
had
left
her
no
wayes
nor
Forces
to
revenge
herself
,
she
fled
amongst
the
mountains
,
there
to
practise
by
artifice
,
that
which
she
durst
not
undertake
by
courage
;
and
to
try
if
Ambushes
should
be
more
prosperous
to
her
than
pitcht
Battels
.
When
she
had
drawn
her
Enemy
in
those
Desarts
,
and
put
this
great
Army
in
a
confusion
,
by
the
difficulty
of
the
Passes
,
and
the
despair
they
were
in
ever
to
go
through
them
,
she
attackt
Cyrus
with
a
marvellous
resolution
,
slew
200000
Persians
,
and
causing
his
Head
to
be
cut
off
,
threw
it
into
a
Vessel
full
of
blood
,
with
these
reproachful
words
,
Drink
,
drink
at
thy
ease
,
cruel
Tyrant
,
of
a
Liquor
wherewith
thy
mind
could
never
be
satiated
;
and
since
nothing
could
quench
thy
thirst
but
blood
,
at
least
drink
thy
fill
after
thy
death
,
of
that
which
thou
hast
been
so
greedy
of
during
thy
life
.
Thus
a
woman
compast
that
which
so
many
Kings
had
undertook
to
their
ruine
,
or
to
their
shame
;
thus
resentment
destroyed
him
that
had
escaped
so
many
Battels
and
Conspirations
:
and
thus
the
virtue
of
a
desperate
Queen
triumphs
over
great
Cyrus
in
the
midst
of
his
Victories
.
In
the
War
that
the
Romans
had
against
the
Parthes
,
one
may
find
a
passage
much
like
this
,
but
because
it
is
worthy
of
our
Subject
,
it
is
requisite
to
give
a
short
Relation
of
it
,
and
to
consider
both
the
beginning
and
the
issue
of
it
.
After
the
Gaules
were
fallen
to
Caesar
,
Spain
to
Pompey
,
and
Syria
to
Crassus
;
this
last
managed
his
business
so
well
,
that
he
marcht
with
an
Army
as
far
as
Mesopotamia
,
by
the
help
of
a
Bridge
that
he
built
over
Euphrates
,
and
there
it
was
that
he
proposed
to
extend
his
Conquests
as
far
as
Bactria
,
in
the
Indies
,
and
the
Ocean
on
the
East
;
and
that
the
Victories
of
Lucullus
against
Tigranus
,
and
of
Pompey
against
Mithridates
,
were
much
less
than
those
which
flattered
his
ambition
and
his
hope
.
Hyrodus
,
King
of
the
Parthes
,
knew
no
sooner
of
his
coming
,
but
he
dispatcht
Ambassadors
to
him
,
to
acquaint
him
,
That
he
refused
his
friendship
,
and
the
Romans
alliance
,
if
any
private
War
was
the
end
of
his
coming
;
but
as
if
it
had
been
as
easie
to
him
to
conquer
them
,
as
to
speak
to
them
;
and
that
he
had
been
as
successful
a
Commander
,
as
he
was
a
good
Orator
.
He
replyed
in
derision
,
That
he
would
give
them
Audience
in
the
City
of
Celucia
.
Artabasus
,
King
of
Armenia
,
to
favour
Crassus's
enterprize
,
came
immediately
to
meet
him
with
6000
Horse
of
his
Guard
,
promis'd
him
10000
more
,
besides
30000
Foot
that
were
alwayes
in
Pay
,
and
offer'd
him
free
passage
through
his
Countrey
.
But
Crassus
chose
rather
to
go
by
Mesopotamia
,
and
take
to
the
Romans
again
,
with
whom
he
had
rather
confide
as
Domesticks
,
than
with
Foreign
Forces
.
As
soon
as
he
began
to
pass
his
Army
over
the
Bridge
that
he
had
made
over
Euphrates
,
there
were
heard
dreadful
Thundrings
,
and
out
of
a
black
Cloud
there
came
forth
a
Hurricane
,
with
two
Thunderbolts
,
which
overthrew
half
of
his
Bridge
;
this
Prodigy
was
accompanied
by
many
others
,
which
could
not
moderate
his
Ambition
,
and
which
were
not
capable
to
relent
his
courage
.
One
of
his
Horses
that
was
richly
accoutred
leapt
into
the
River
with
his
Rider
;
and
the
first
Eagle
that
was
taken
up
before
the
Army
in
order
to
its
marching
,
turned
back
of
its
own
accord
,
at
the
sight
and
astonishment
of
the
whole
Army
.
As
the
Priest
had
done
offering
of
Sacrifices
,
and
that
he
gave
the
intrals
to
Crassus
to
hold
,
they
fell
from
his
hands
;
and
although
they
had
distributed
to
his
Soldiers
with
their
Ammunition
Bread
,
some
Salt
,
and
by
chance
,
which
was
apprehended
by
them
to
be
a
presage
of
mourning
and
death
,
and
that
his
son
was
fallen
upon
him
in
coming
out
of
the
goddess
Temple
of
Hierapolis
,
and
that
other
signs
had
forewarned
him
of
his
disaster
,
yet
his
experience
had
more
power
to
persuade
him
than
all
the
Predictions
;
and
his
Superstition
was
not
so
great
as
his
Vanity
.
At
that
same
time
,
an
Officer
of
Arabia
,
named
Ariamnus
,
who
in
time
past
had
received
great
favours
of
Pompey
,
profer'd
himself
to
guide
Crassus
,
and
to
draw
him
into
the
field
,
persuades
him
that
Hirodus
would
never
come
in
person
,
and
that
he
would
only
have
to
do
with
his
Lieutenant
Surenna
,
that
the
Scythians
had
taken
their
Goods
with
them
already
,
and
were
fled
into
the
Wilderness
,
and
no
Arms
to
resist
him
;
and
to
conclude
,
that
he
could
not
so
long
defer
a
Battel
,
without
danger
of
losing
it
.
Ariamnus
,
who
was
set
on
by
the
Parthes
,
and
who
was
not
suspected
by
Crassus
,
easily
leads
him
off
from
the
River
side
,
and
brought
him
into
a
sandy
Plain
,
and
so
left
him
in
a
place
where
Nature
hath
alwayes
been
barren
,
and
in
a
Countrey
so
hot
,
that
those
that
are
forced
to
go
through
it
,
are
equally
scorched
by
the
Sun
,
and
by
the
Earth
.
Crassus
in
this
confusion
,
having
discovered
his
Enemies
,
brought
up
his
Army
in
Battalia
,
opened
his
Ranks
,
on
purpose
to
fill
more
ground
,
and
to
prevent
the
Parthes
from
encompassing
him
,
put
his
Cavalry
upon
the
right
and
left
Wing
:
but
bethinking
himself
,
he
changed
his
opinion
;
for
he
closed
his
Infantry
again
,
and
made
them
face
every
way
,
and
so
gave
one
Wing
to
Cassius
to
command
,
and
the
other
to
his
son
,
after
he
had
represented
to
them
,
that
from
this
Victory
depended
the
Fortune
of
a
Friend
,
the
Safety
of
a
Father
,
and
the
Honour
of
the
Republick
.
Crassus
had
no
sooner
given
order
to
fall
upon
those
Barbarians
,
but
his
son
Publius
Crassus
,
with
a
1000
Horse
,
and
800
Foot
,
put
them
to
flight
;
the
Gaules
that
he
brought
himself
to
his
Father
,
by
Caesar's
appointment
,
were
not
at
all
daunted
,
neither
by
the
weight
of
their
Enemies
great
Arms
,
nor
by
the
number
of
their
Drums
covered
round
with
small
Bells
,
whose
dumb
noise
,
to
make
use
of
Plutarch's
words
,
imitates
that
of
Thunder
,
and
seemeth
to
be
mixt
with
the
roaring
of
wild
Beasts
.
Then
it
was
that
the
Parthes
were
worsted
,
and
that
the
Romans
began
to
think
that
their
Generals
took
the
wisest
course
,
to
expect
from
their
care
and
generosity
.
that
which
he
could
not
expect
from
the
Magicians
,
and
from
the
Victims
.
Publius
Crassus
having
nothing
else
to
do
,
but
to
pursue
them
that
fled
,
followed
them
very
far
;
but
whether
it
was
out
of
despair
,
or
by
policy
,
they
scattered
their
Horses
in
disorder
,
and
by
this
means
raised
out
of
several
heaps
of
sand
,
such
a
thick
dust
,
that
the
Romans
could
neither
speak
,
nor
know
one
another
:
this
obliged
them
to
close
together
;
but
the
Parthes
made
so
good
use
of
this
Adventure
,
that
they
shot
most
part
of
their
Arrows
at
them
,
and
left
them
neither
the
courage
to
attack
them
,
nor
power
to
defend
themselves
.
Notwithstanding
Publius
Crassus
excited
his
men
by
his
actions
,
and
by
his
words
:
but
those
that
were
wounded
,
when
they
went
to
stir
upon
the
sand
,
brake
the
Arrows
heads
in
their
Bodies
,
and
made
their
wounds
the
bigger
,
thinking
to
pull
them
out
of
their
veins
;
some
others
shewed
him
their
hands
fastened
to
their
shields
with
darts
through
them
,
and
their
feet
to
the
ground
in
like
manner
,
to
let
him
see
that
it
was
not
in
their
power
either
to
flie
or
fight
.
Publius
Crassus
who
was
wounded
himself
,
was
counselled
to
retire
in
a
Town
called
Ishness
;
but
he
replied
,
That
he
ought
rather
to
meet
death
,
than
to
leave
so
many
men
that
received
it
for
him
.
And
to
give
a
proof
of
what
he
said
,
he
commanded
his
Gentleman
of
Arms
to
kill
him
immediately
with
his
own
Sword
,
because
this
wound
did
not
permit
him
to
do
t●●
office
upon
himself
,
he
being
disabled
.
The
most
considerable
of
his
Army
had
generosity
enough
to
imitate
him
,
and
not
to
survive
his
Misfortune
;
they
killed
themselves
,
or
caused
themselves
to
be
killed
,
as
he
had
done
:
and
let
Surena
see
,
that
amongst
all
Nations
,
the
Romans
alone
never
were
buried
,
but
they
left
some
Epitaphs
for
their
glory
over
their
Tombs
.
The
head
of
that
great
man
was
carried
about
the
Camp
,
which
did
so
discourage
the
rest
that
were
left
alive
,
that
Fear
froze
their
Blood
,
as
soon
as
they
saw
that
of
their
Captain
.
Be
not
daunted
at
that
Friends
,
said
Crassus
,
seeing
that
sad
spectacle
;
and
thinking
to
encourage
them
by
his
words
,
This
accident
,
said
he
,
is
more
sensible
to
me
,
than
to
all
of
you
;
but
men
must
submit
to
evil
Fortune
,
when
it
is
a
presage
of
good
,
and
the
cause
of
our
happiness
:
Know
you
not
,
that
those
that
aspire
to
great
things
,
must
be
resolved
to
great
losses
?
I
have
not
begot
my
son
for
my self
,
but
for
the
good
of
the
Republick
;
he
is
dead
in
a
generous
Combat
for
it
,
and
you
ought
to
imitate
what
you
have
admired
in
him
.
Just
now
revenge
your selves
with
me
,
of
those
that
have
deprived
you
of
a
Captain
,
in
depriving
me
of
a
Son
;
and
remember
that
it
hath
cost
Scipio
and
Lucullus
some
blood
,
to
overcome
Antiochus
and
Tigranus
;
that
our
Fathers
have
lost
a
thousand
ships
at
several
times
,
to
assure
their
Conquest
of
Sicilia
to
themselves
;
that
the
new
wounds
that
we
have
received
in
Italy
,
have
healed
others
which
were
more
dangerous
:
and
to
conclude
,
that
Fortune
hath
not
been
so
favourable
to
us
,
as
our
Constancy
.
This
Discourse
was
without
effect
;
and
though
Crassus
resisted
the
Parthes
,
and
endeavoured
at
last
to
save
the
Romans
that
remained
,
by
retreating
;
Surena
cut
in
pieces
20000
of
his
men
,
took
10000
Prisoners
,
sent
Crassus's
head
and
his
hands
to
Hirodus
,
who
at
that
time
had
War
with
the
Armenians
,
to
revenge
himself
for
the
help
and
passage
which
they
had
offered
to
his
Enemies
;
and
at
last
shewed
by
experience
,
that
a
man
may
be
victorious
in
Misfortune
,
and
that
Fear
does
arm
men
sometimes
as
successfully
as
courage
.
Procopius
writes
in
his
History
,
That
Mondus
being
commanded
to
go
into
Italy
,
to
repulse
the
Goths
,
heard
almost
at
the
same
time
,
that
his
son
Maurice
,
who
was
then
at
Salones
,
had
defeated
them
;
and
that
his
greatest
business
was
to
celebrate
his
sons
victory
,
without
seeking
it
himself
.
But
he
was
informed
also
,
that
as
his
son
was
gone
to
meet
them
,
rather
to
spy
,
than
to
fight
them
,
that
he
grew
so
hot
in
some
skirmish
,
that
he
had
endangered
the
victory
which
he
had
got
,
at
the
loss
of
his
blood
,
and
that
he
was
killed
,
after
he
had
made
sure
the
liberty
of
the
Empire
.
At
this
news
,
Mondus
,
to
revenge
his
sons
death
,
ran
furiously
after
them
that
were
fled
,
charged
and
cut
them
in
pieces
:
but
a
certain
Soldier
facing
about
,
killed
him
with
the
first
dart
he
shot
at
him
.
This
Adventure
was
miraculous
in
some
regard
,
because
the
Romans
remembring
certain
Verses
of
a
Sybil
woman
,
who
prophesied
that
Africa
should
be
subdued
,
when
the
world
and
his
seed
should
perish
,
found
it
true
in
effect
.
A
Monk
whose
name
was
Bejezid
,
having
by
his
eloquence
drawn
after
him
40000
men
,
attackt
Mahdy
,
Prince
of
Numedia
,
and
chief
Priest
,
so
desperately
,
that
he
made
him
flee
for
refuge
into
a
Town
that
he
had
built
upon
the
Mediterranean
Sea
,
because
he
found
no
other
that
could
secure
him
from
the
rage
of
his
Enemy
.
But
having
received
30
men
of
War
from
a
Mahometan
,
he
sailed
against
them
that
had
vanquisht
him
,
killed
Bejezid
and
his
son
,
and
then
returned
to
Cairarem
,
made
himself
more
absolute
,
but
less
Tyrant
than
he
was
before
,
and
maintained
himself
with
so
much
good
success
,
that
his
Subjects
got
an
habit
to
love
and
fear
him
.
When
James
the
fourth
,
King
of
Scotland
,
wasted
England
with
an
Army
of
60000
men
,
and
that
he
found
no
man
that
opposed
his
progress
,
he
charged
some
English
men
,
which
necessity
obliged
to
defend
themselves
,
and
making
slight
of
them
,
because
they
were
not
considerable
by
their
number
,
he
was
kill'd
upon
the
place
,
pursuing
the
reliques
of
his
victory
.
Gaston
,
Duke
of
Nemours
,
had
the
same
Misfortune
at
the
Raven
Fight
,
for
not
being
content
to
have
worsted
his
Enemies
as
he
desired
,
this
great
Prince
,
who
had
subdued
all
Italy
in
less
than
three
Months
,
and
who
had
made
himself
famous
in
an
Age
in
which
others
were
hardly
known
,
dyed
with
a
wound
that
he
had
received
by
some
unfortunate
men
,
with
a
Pike
,
who
thought
more
to
preserve
their
lives
by
their
flight
,
than
to
defend
it
by
their
Arms.
Our
Modern
Histories
are
fuller
of
such
examples
,
than
Ancient
ones
;
but
my
design
is
not
to
describe
what
we
see
every
day
,
it
is
enough
that
I
have
shewed
that
nothing
hapneth
to
us
,
but
what
hath
hapned
to
those
Ages
that
have
preceded
ours
;
that
many
things
have
never
been
raised
higher
than
after
their
fall
;
that
the
vanquisht
have
often
triumpht
by
their
losses
;
and
that
it
is
no
new
thing
to
see
a
happy
end
follow
despair
.
CHAP.
X.
Of
those
who
have
been
killed
by
their
Allies
,
Subjects
,
Soldiers
,
and
Relations
.
I
Have
shewn
hitherto
,
That
Riches
,
Kingdoms
,
Towns
,
and
Armies
,
have
not
been
able
to
resist
Fortune
,
and
how
she
hath
raised
Enemies
to
those
who
seemed
to
have
no
cause
to
fear
them
;
now
I
must
shew
that
she
is
of
all
Parties
,
that
she
is
born
in
an
Allies
Countrey
,
as
well
as
in
the
Enemies
;
that
she
is
concerned
in
Friendships
,
as
well
as
in
Broils
and
Hatred
.
Agastocles
,
King
of
Cicilia
,
after
he
had
vanquisht
the
Carthaginians
at
Zaphones
in
Numedia
,
took
a
resolution
to
besiege
Carthage
;
but
knowing
that
his
Forces
alone
would
not
suffice
to
execute
such
a
great
Enterprize
,
he
desired
Ophelas
,
Prince
of
Cyrena
,
to
join
with
him
in
that
War
,
and
to
facilize
to
him
the
prize
of
that
Town
by
his
assistance
.
And
to
oblige
him
to
help
him
in
this
occasion
,
he
protested
to
him
,
that
he
had
no
other
end
in
it
,
than
to
secure
his
Dominions
,
and
promised
him
to
let
him
keep
all
that
they
should
conquer
together
in
Lybia
.
Ophelas
,
overjoyed
of
his
demands
,
and
his
promises
,
came
to
him
with
10000
Foot
,
and
6000
Horse
,
and
besides
that
got
some
aid
from
the
Athenians
,
in
the
hopes
they
were
in
to
have
their
Dominions
reach
as
far
as
Africa
.
Agathocles
received
him
with
joy
,
and
shewed
him
the
resentment
he
had
for
all
his
toyls
,
and
for
the
resolution
he
had
taken
to
help
him
against
barbarous
men
,
who
could
not
live
in
peace
,
neither
amongst
themselves
,
nor
with
their
Neighbors
,
and
who
interrupted
all
peoples
rest
,
by
their
deceit
,
or
by
their
Arms
:
But
this
Alliance
did
not
last
very
long
,
and
this
dissembling
man
was
not
long
before
he
discover'd
his
perfidy
.
As
Ophelas
had
sent
part
of
his
Cavalry
for
Provender
,
trusting
more
to
his
Friends
Forces
,
than
to
his
own
,
and
that
he
sought
only
his
satisfaction
,
Agathocles
brought
up
his
men
together
,
told
them
that
Ophelas
had
designed
to
betray
and
ruine
them
,
and
persuaded
them
to
that
imposture
,
by
so
many
deceits
,
that
these
men
in
a
rage
fell
upon
the
Cyrenians
Camp
plundered
the
richest
things
,
and
massacred
Ophelas
,
with
all
those
that
made
resistance
.
Thus
this
Prince
was
unhappy
,
because
he
had
been
credulous
,
and
this
Traytor
,
who
drew
him
in
his
Army
;
but
to
find
an
opportunity
to
destroy
him
,
made
use
of
the
most
horrible
,
because
he
wanted
all
others
to
be
rid
of
him
.
When
the
Carthaginians
saw
that
Attilius
Regulus
,
General
of
the
Roman
Forces
,
had
taken
Clypea
,
which
is
the
first
Town
that
he
found
upon
the
Coast
of
Africa
,
that
he
had
demolisht
above
Three
hundred
of
their
Castles
,
and
that
he
had
sent
to
Rome
a
Fleet
loaden
with
Plunder
,
and
with
the
ornaments
of
a
Triumph
,
they
dispatcht
Ambassadors
to
the
Lacedemonians
,
to
entreat
them
not
to
suffer
their
liberty
to
be
usurped
by
Tyrants
,
who
did
not
so
much
regard
the
enlargement
of
their
Empire
,
as
the
ruine
of
others
;
and
who
shewed
less
earnestness
to
increase
their
reputation
,
than
to
practise
their
cruelty
.
The
Lacedemonians
sent
them
with
the
assistance
that
they
demanded
,
a
Captain
named
Xantichus
,
and
this
man
employed
himself
so
well
for
the
Carthaginians
happiness
,
that
he
routed
the
Romans
in
the
first
Battel
,
took
Attilius
Regulus
,
and
left
his
life
at
the
choice
of
them
whom
he
thought
himself
Arbitrator
of
.
The
Lybians
shewing
in
all
appearances
to
be
as
much
satisfied
as
they
could
wish
,
received
at
that
instant
Xantichus
,
with
a
thousand
Acclamations
and
Praises
,
called
him
many
times
their
Father
and
Protector
,
shed
many
tears
at
his
departure
,
and
sent
him
away
loaden
with
Presents
,
yet
more
worthy
of
their
acknowledgments
,
than
of
his
courage
.
What
satisfaction
did
he
not
receive
,
to
carry
himself
in
his
native
Countrey
,
the
news
of
his
own
Victory
?
But
with
what
horror
was
he
not
seized
,
when
the
Carthaginians
having
brought
him
part
of
his
way
,
paid
his
Generosity
with
an
unparallel'd
Ingratitude
?
These
barbarous
men
,
thinking
to
rob
him
of
the
glory
which
he
proposed
to
himself
,
thought
themselves
obliged
to
rob
him
of
his
life
,
and
so
they
murthered
him
,
to
persuade
their
enemies
,
that
their
happiness
did
not
consist
in
the
help
of
the
Lacedemonians
:
and
as
if
he
had
not
merited
a
burying
place
,
nor
their
compassion
,
they
threw
him
into
the
Sea
out
of
jealousie
,
and
did
not
so
much
as
bestow
a
Tomb
on
him
that
deserved
Statues
.
But
which
way
could
he
prevent
their
captious
Humors
,
and
their
Rage
?
Was
it
likely
that
he
should
have
been
the
Victim
of
those
whom
he
had
rescued
from
the
Sacaifice
?
That
his
Creatures
should
have
been
his
Murtherers
?
And
that
he
should
have
instructed
those
whose
deliverance
he
had
wrought
?
Reason
indeed
may
prevent
many
Crosses
,
but
a
Traytor
surprizeth
so
,
that
his
first
blow
is
a
deaths
wound
.
It
is
no
wonder
when
Malefactors
receive
the
punishment
that
's
due
to
their
Crimes
,
nor
that
Justice
should
make
them
suffer
that
which
their
Cruelty
makes
others
suffer
;
but
it
is
an
insupportable
thing
,
that
Virtue
should
be
used
like
Vice
;
that
Innocence
should
be
in
danger
,
where
it
should
be
most
secure
;
and
that
the
Insolence
of
Subjects
should
climb
so
high
as
the
Thrones
of
their
Princes
.
For
all
that
we
find
,
that
Kings
are
in
no
more
safety
amongst
them
,
than
amongst
their
Enemies
;
Rebels
at
home
make
them
tremble
,
as
well
as
those
abroad
;
and
the
Ambition
of
these
is
not
so
dangerous
,
as
the
Tumult
and
Insurrection
of
the
other
.
Diodorus
,
in
his
first
History
of
Antiquities
,
makes
it
plain
enough
to
us
by
the
example
of
an
Egyptian
King
,
called
Aprius
,
who
having
successfully
made
War
by
Sea
and
Land
against
the
Syrians
and
Phoenicians
,
forced
Sodom
to
yield
to
his
power
,
and
returned
home
so
glorious
,
that
it
seemed
that
all
his
desires
had
attained
their
period
,
and
that
his
felicities
extended
themselves
even
beyond
his
hopes
.
Notwithstanding
having
sent
his
Army
against
the
Barcians
and
the
Cyrenians
,
and
that
it
had
been
for
the
most
part
destroyed
;
those
that
were
left
,
said
openly
,
That
they
would
respect
neither
his
dignity
nor
his
person
;
and
that
they
were
not
obliged
to
obey
him
,
who
had
sacrificed
so
many
men
to
his
ambition
,
or
his
quarrel
.
To
appease
them
,
he
sent
the
most
Renowned
Man
of
Egypt
to
them
,
called
Amasis
,
and
did
not
doubt
but
his
Eloquence
,
and
his
Authority
,
should
prove
stronger
than
their
Resolution
and
Hatred
.
Amasis
,
far
from
casting
into
their
hearts
an
impression
of
love
and
obedience
,
inflamed
into
them
a
fire
which
before
began
but
to
kindle
,
made
the
most
faithful
turn
Rebels
,
accused
Aprius
of
Tyranny
,
and
gained
them
so
well
by
his
dissimulations
and
flatteries
,
that
they
presented
him
the
Sceptre
sooner
than
he
required
it
of
them
.
He
made
use
of
this
advantage
,
and
of
their
Arms
against
Aprius
,
fights
him
,
and
takes
him
Prisoner
;
and
that
he
might
with
the
more
safety
go
up
the
Throne
,
he
made
him
the
horror
of
his
people
,
after
he
had
been
their
admiration
.
Hugo
,
Duke
of
Pavernia
,
having
not
been
able
to
resist
his
Enemy
,
was
put
to
the
same
death
by
his
men
.
And
we
read
that
Hannibal
the
first
of
that
name
,
having
not
been
successful
in
some
Sea
Combats
,
was
Crucified
by
the
Carthaginians
,
and
that
he
found
no
favor
with
them
,
having
not
found
Victory
with
others
when
he
sought
it
.
Agis
,
the
last
King
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
was
reduced
to
the
same
Misfortune
by
the
sentence
of
the
Ephorites
;
and
as
the
Executioner
led
him
to
the
place
of
Execution
,
he
lamented
him
,
but
he
with
a
great
deal
of
constancy
comforted
him
by
these
words
:
Friend
,
do
not
mourn
for
my
Sufferings
,
since
I
am
better
than
those
that
have
condemned
me
,
my
condition
is
better
without
doubt
;
mourn
rather
for
them
that
survive
me
:
for
where
a
King
dyeth
innocently
,
all
the
people
ought
to
fear
.
Miltiades
,
who
was
chosen
Commander
by
the
Athenians
,
by
the
answer
that
the
Oracle
gave
,
as
they
were
in
doubt
who
they
should
send
to
Chersones
,
was
no
better
recompensed
for
his
labour
:
and
here
is
the
manner
how
he
was
Prisoner
of
those
whose
liberty
he
assured
.
When
Darius
was
repassing
from
Europe
into
Asia
,
he
was
counselled
to
take
Greece
into
his
possession
,
because
that
by
the
Athenians
help
,
the
Jodonians
had
taken
Sardis
,
and
put
to
the
Sword
all
the
Garison
;
and
in
that
resentment
he
armed
a
Fleet
of
Five
hundred
Gallies
.
His
Lieutenants
Ataphernes
and
Datis
,
discovered
in
a
short
time
Eubosea
,
won
Eretrea
,
entred
into
the
Land
of
Attikus
,
and
encamped
in
the
Plain
of
Marrathon
,
fifteen
miles
from
Athens
.
The
Athenians
surprized
to
have
Ten
thousand
Horse
against
them
,
and
Two
hundred
thousand
Foot
,
begged
assistance
from
the
Lacedemonians
with
all
speed
,
and
in
the
mean
time
chose
ten
Officers
to
command
those
Troops
they
might
have
,
of
which
Miltiades
was
judged
the
most
judicious
,
and
the
most
considerable
.
He
encamped
in
a
very
advantagious
place
;
he
set
his
Army
at
the
bottom
of
an
Hill
which
they
had
in
flank
,
cut
down
many
Trees
which
he
laid
in
the
wayes
,
to
prevent
the
Enemies
Horses
from
inclosing
him
,
and
attacked
them
so
fortunately
,
that
with
Ten
thousand
Greeks
,
he
slew
,
as
some
report
,
above
Two
hundred
thousand
Persians
which
were
found
upon
the
place
.
The
Athenians
,
after
this
important
victory
,
contented
themselves
to
have
his
Picture
drawn
over
that
little
Gate
of
their
City
called
Pacilus
,
though
since
that
time
they
have
erected
Three
hundred
Statues
to
Demetrius
,
when
they
were
become
more
potent
,
and
let
themselves
be
corrupted
by
the
profusion
of
those
which
bought
Offices
;
and
thought
that
it
was
acknowledgment
enough
for
the
obligation
they
owed
him
,
to
let
him
know
that
the
people
should
preserve
the
memory
of
it
.
And
not
to
let
his
experience
be
unactive
,
they
gave
him
Threescore
and
ten
Gallies
,
to
punish
the
Islands
unkindness
,
which
had
assisted
the
Persians
against
them
;
and
his
Voyage
was
so
prosperous
,
that
he
reduced
them
to
their
first
obedience
,
either
by
summoning
of
them
,
or
by
the
force
of
his
Arms.
But
when
he
came
to
Parr
,
and
found
there
some
resistance
,
he
Landed
his
Men
,
made
Trenches
round
the
Town
,
to
make
the
Besieged
lose
the
hope
of
getting
any
Ammunition
,
or
Provisions
;
and
by
the
help
of
their
Bucklers
and
Targets
,
got
as
near
the
wall
as
it
was
possible
.
When
he
was
ready
to
assault
the
Town
,
by
a
strange
Misfortune
the
Fire
took
in
a
small
Wood
in
the
night
,
so
that
it
was
easily
discovered
by
those
that
were
in
the
Isle
;
and
because
the
men
within
and
without
,
apprehended
that
it
was
the
signal
of
the
Persians
coming
to
the
assistance
of
the
Besieged
,
Miltiades
finding
himself
too
weak
,
failed
immediately
for
Athens
,
and
found
it
better
to
raise
the
Siege
without
any
loss
,
than
to
hazard
without
reason
the
good
and
the
glory
of
all
Greece
;
the
wounds
that
he
had
received
,
did
not
permit
him
to
come
so
far
as
the
Town
,
to
justifie
himself
of
the
Accusation
that
was
laid
to
his
Charge
,
but
his
brother
Stesagora
pleaded
his
Cause
with
all
his
power
.
For
all
that
,
the
Athenians
fined
him
thirty
thousand
pounds
,
and
caused
him
to
expire
in
publick
Prisons
,
with
as
little
mercy
,
as
if
he
had
employed
to
the
ruine
of
his
Country
,
those
Arms
which
he
had
employed
to
its
preservation
;
not
that
he
was
guilty
of
the
Treason
wherewith
he
was
accused
,
not
that
he
had
been
gained
by
Money
,
as
they
would
have
perswaded
him
,
nor
that
he
had
not
kept
in
these
Wars
,
the
fidelity
that
he
shewed
in
all
others
,
but
because
Pisitratus
had
disturbed
all
their
affairs
some
time
before
,
that
they
suspected
all
those
who
were
in
power
,
and
that
Miltiades
was
of
the
number
,
they
thought
it
was
better
to
destroy
,
then
to
fear
him
,
and
considered
no
otherways
the
mischief
he
might
do
,
then
by
the
good
he
had
done
them
.
Athleta
,
King
of
Ephesus
,
having
been
restored
to
his
Kingdom
by
that
peace
he
made
with
Cassander
,
was
killed
by
his
Subject
,
with
two
of
his
Children
;
and
as
Hieronimus
King
of
the
Siracuse
,
after
the
death
of
Hiero
his
Father
,
did
expect
to
succeed
him
,
he
was
massacred
by
those
that
would
not
obey
him
,
and
by
an
unheard
cruelty
,
his
Daughter
Demaratha
,
was
tore
limb
from
limb
in
a
Temple
,
when
they
did
neither
respect
her
youth
,
her
beauty
,
the
gods
,
nor
her
innocence
.
The
King
of
Pouillia
,
Memphray
,
had
no
better
fortune
than
all
these
,
though
he
was
neither
more
Politick
,
nor
more
Tyrant
,
and
that
his
people
had
rendred
him
till
that
time
,
all
the
marks
of
love
and
obedience
;
and
the
last
King
of
Acles
,
by
the
sedition
of
his
,
left
his
Head
upon
a
Scaffold
,
for
no
other
cause
,
but
to
have
given
a
box
on
the
ear
to
a
Bishop
.
Of
all
the
examples
that
we
have
of
Princes
,
that
have
been
killed
by
their
Souldiers
,
I
do
not
find
any
more
remarkable
,
nor
more
strange
,
then
that
which
Leon
of
Asirica
relates
.
Joseph
,
King
of
Fez
,
saith
he
,
of
the
Race
of
Monsor
,
raised
a
potent
Army
,
to
besiege
the
Town
of
Telusin
,
and
grew
so
obstinate
,
that
he
staid
seven
years
before
it
,
whatsoever
invention
he
could
use
to
surprise
it
,
or
to
force
it
;
at
last
the
Besieged
,
seeing
themselves
reduced
to
all
extremities
,
they
petitioned
their
King
Abuttesim
,
who
was
in
that
Town
,
that
they
had
done
and
endured
all
they
could
,
to
shew
him
their
obedience
,
and
that
their
constancy
was
firm
still
in
their
misfortune
;
but
that
Famine
which
oppressed
them
,
took
away
from
them
all
possibility
of
serving
of
him
any
longer
,
and
that
their
fidelity
could
not
be
termed
,
but
a
virtuous
possibility
.
Abuttessim
,
shewing
that
he
had
suffered
as
much
as
them
,
without
murmuring
,
protested
.
That
he
would
expose
to
them
his
body
;
if
it
would
satisfie
the
hunger
of
the
least
of
his
Citizens
,
and
begged
of
them
with
so
much
earnestness
,
to
fight
for
their
liberty
,
That
they
resolved
all
to
dye
under
his
conduct
.
As
they
purposed
to
make
a
Sally
the
next
day
,
they
heard
at
the
same
time
,
that
Joseph
had
been
slain
by
one
of
his
domestick
servants
,
because
he
had
not
taken
Abutellim
sooner
;
this
news
gave
them
so
much
courage
,
that
they
fell
immediately
upon
their
Enemies
,
over
which
they
got
a
great
Victory
.
Amilcar
,
the
Carthaginians
General
,
was
killed
in
the
night
by
a
Gaulish
man
,
though
Plutarch
maketh
him
expire
,
in
a
Combat
against
the
Vetheons
in
Spaine
.
Aurclian
received
the
same
usage
in
the
Olerians
Wares
.
Galerius
and
Valerius
were
slain
by
their
Captains
;
Galba
,
Aeliogabalus
,
Macrin
,
and
Severus
,
by
their
Souldiers
;
and
Pertinax
by
his
Guards
.
Onochus
,
King
of
the
Anianians
,
was
stoned
to
death
by
his
Men
:
L.
Siccius
was
killed
in
the
Sabians
Wars
,
by
his
Souldiers
.
Amon
,
Manasses
Son
,
and
Joas
,
Kings
of
Juda
,
perished
by
the
rage
of
her
Subjects
;
and
that
valiant
Timothey
,
who
had
subdued
the
Olinthians
,
and
the
Bizantins
,
and
Domitian
,
by
that
of
their
Domesticks
.
Virakus
,
King
of
the
Lusitanians
,
was
poisoned
by
one
of
his
Subjects
;
Julius
Maximinus
,
the
twenty
sixth
Emperor
of
the
Romans
,
was
killed
by
his
Souldiers
,
with
his
Son
,
who
was
but
a
Child
;
their
bodies
were
cast
into
the
River
,
and
the
youth
of
the
one
,
nor
the
old
age
of
the
other
,
could
not
preserve
them
from
the
insolence
of
those
Traitors
.
Many
others
who
have
been
used
after
the
same
manner
,
amongst
the
Greeks
,
and
the
Romans
,
discovereth
enough
,
That
the
dangers
whereunto
great
Men
are
lyable
,
are
hid
most
commonly
in
thir
own
Forces
;
and
that
Seneca
had
reason
to
say
,
That
whosoever
despiseth
his
own
life
,
doth
command
that
of
a
Prince
.
But
as
if
Fortune
had
thought
it
but
a
small
matter
,
to
cause
Rebellions
of
Subjects
against
Kings
,
of
Servants
against
their
Masters
,
and
of
Souldiers
against
their
Commanders
;
it
hath
besides
,
made
use
of
Brothers
against
Brothers
,
and
of
Fathers
against
Children
;
insomuch
,
that
life
seems
as
much
to
be
in
danger
,
by
those
who
bestowed
it
,
as
by
those
who
are
bound
to
defend
it
.
When
Jasius
,
Son
to
Camblobascon
,
and
to
Electa
,
Daughter
to
Atlas
,
was
created
Patriarck
of
Toscany
,
and
that
he
had
succeeded
to
Belgius
the
Fourteenth
King
of
Gaules
,
being
his
nearest
Kinsman
,
he
Married
Iphitis
,
and
his
weding
,
according
to
Diodorus
,
was
the
first
that
was
celebrated
upon
earth
.
After
his
Fathers
death
,
he
became
King
of
Italy
,
and
grew
so
potent
,
that
it
was
enough
to
be
considered
by
him
,
to
become
so
too
;
his
glory
for
all
that
,
raised
him
Enemies
in
his
own
Dominions
,
his
Brother
Dardanis
troubled
his
rest
by
Civil
Wars
,
that
were
long
and
cruel
;
and
because
he
could
not
disposess
him
by
his
Arms
,
he
strived
to
destroy
him
by
Treason
;
after
he
had
long
spied
an
occasion
,
he
found
him
a
Bathing
near
Viterba
,
and
slew
him
,
not
considering
that
he
was
his
Brother
and
his
King
,
and
retired
instantly
in
his
Ships
,
that
he
had
prepared
for
his
flight
,
tainted
with
Blood
;
and
all
in
amase
of
his
Crime
,
every
Man
knows
that
Romulus
served
Remus
his
Brother
so
,
that
Tiphon
stained
his
Arms
with
the
blood
of
Ositis
,
and
that
long
since
the
Ottomans
Reign
,
over
their
Brothers
Tomb
.
A
King
of
Persia
was
poisoned
by
his
own
Sister
;
and
the
great
Admiral
of
Cicilia
Major
,
was
Murthered
by
his
Father
in
Law
.
Euridice
,
Mother
to
Alexander
,
Philip
of
Macedonias
Brother
,
Imprisoned
her
Son
,
and
made
him
away
by
such
a
secret
death
,
and
so
hidden
,
that
it
hath
not
been
in
the
power
of
the
most
inquisitive
to
discover
it
.
Herod
slew
his
Children
;
Manlius
Torquatus
having
forbidden
his
Son
to
fight
with
the
Lattins
,
for
all
he
worsted
them
,
he
caused
him
to
be
put
to
death
,
because
he
had
preferred
Victory
to
Obedience
.
Brutus
haveing
summoned
twice
his
two
Sons
,
Titus
and
Valerius
,
to
their
own
defence
,
from
those
who
accused
them
,
to
have
taken
the
Tarquins
party
,
and
having
no
answer
from
them
,
commanded
the
Hangman
to
pull
off
their
Robes
from
them
,
and
whip
them
bloodily
,
and
then
to
cut
off
their
Heads
in
his
presence
;
in
which
action
,
it
is
unpossible
to
blame
,
or
to
praise
him
too
much
,
saith
Plutarch
,
because
upon
that
occasion
,
he
acted
either
by
an
excess
of
Cruelty
,
or
by
an
excess
of
Vertue
.
Nero
caused
Britanicus
to
be
poisoned
,
killed
his
Wife
with
a
kick
;
caused
Agripine
to
be
stabed
,
who
at
first
had
preferred
his
greatness
to
her
own
life
,
and
without
being
touched
with
the
horror
of
that
action
,
only
said
,
seeing
her
,
That
he
did
not
think
he
had
so
beautiful
a
Mother
.
Anthonia
was
poisoned
by
Caligula
her
grandson
;
one
of
the
Horaces
run
his
Sword
into
his
Sisters
brest
,
because
she
had
not
high
thoughts
enough
of
her
Countrey
;
and
Commodus
put
his
to
death
,
after
he
had
exiled
her
;
Medea
cut
her
Son
in
pieces
;
Authonia
killed
his
Brother
Geta
,
in
his
Mothers
Arms
;
Livia
was
suspected
with
reason
,
to
have
poisoned
the
Emperor
Augustus
her
Husband
;
and
Claudius
found
some
satisfaction
in
his
shame
,
to
have
murthered
his
Wife
;
Audius
having
met
with
his
Son
,
suspected
to
have
been
concerned
in
Catalins
Conspiration
,
ran
him
through
with
his
Sword
,
with
these
words
:
I
have
not
begot
thee
for
Catalina
,
thou
wicked
wretch
,
but
for
thy
City
;
and
History
will
have
it
,
That
Philip
the
Second
,
King
of
Spain
,
slew
his
Son
,
rather
to
clear
himself
of
his
doubts
,
then
to
exercise
his
justice
.
Ninus
,
killed
his
Mother
Seminamis
;
and
that
jealous
Antipater
,
Massacred
his
,
because
she
shewed
less
love
for
him
,
then
for
Alexander
;
Herodus
King
of
the
Parthians
,
was
murthered
by
his
Son
Praartes
;
Timophanus
,
a
Chorian
Captain
,
by
his
Brother
Timolean
;
Xantius
,
Prince
of
the
Licians
,
by
his
Son
Lucipus
;
Ismael
King
of
Persia
,
by
his
Wife
;
Urialus
,
by
his
Brother
Ulice
;
and
Moninus
,
Queen
of
Pontus
,
by
the
command
of
her
Husband
Mithridatus
.
If
we
look
in
the
Scriptures
,
we
shall
find
there
Abel
slain
by
his
Brother
Cain
.
Adramelech
,
and
Sarracher
,
cutting
Senacherib
,
their
Fathers
Throat
,
King
of
the
Assirians
;
Absalon
,
who
makes
his
Brother
Ammon
expire
,
by
his
servants
Sword
,
to
revenge
the
Incest
committed
upon
his
Sister
Thamar
;
Abimelech
,
who
butchered
his
threescore
and
ten
Brothers
;
and
many
others
,
who
are
notable
but
by
their
paricides
;
but
it
is
to
insist
too
much
upon
a
shameful
subject
,
we
will
look
upon
the
tears
that
Princes
have
shed
with
less
horror
,
then
the
blood
they
have
spilt
;
and
we
will
have
more
satisfaction
to
describe
their
Misfortunes
,
then
their
Crimes
.
OF
Misfortune
.
BOOK
III
.
Of
divers
Misfortunes
which
have
hapned
by
divers
Adventures
,
to
Princes
,
Courtiers
,
Learned
Men
,
and
Ladies
.
CHAP.
I.
Of
Princes
who
have
been
reduced
to
a
Shameful
Poverty
.
THat
Man
that
affirmed
,
that
it
was
as
facile
to
suffer
Poverty
for
a
long
time
,
as
to
make
trial
of
it
but
once
,
said
more
then
he
would
have
been
willing
to
prove
;
and
the
riches
that
he
acquired
under
his
Emperor
whom
he
Governed
,
were
sufficient
witnesses
,
that
he
had
only
the
Theorick
of
a
Virtue
,
which
he
feared
to
practice
.
Those
that
are
born
in
Poverty
,
seem
to
be
forced
in
some
measure
to
live
in
it
;
they
do
not
endure
it
so
much
out
of
courage
,
as
out
of
custom
;
and
although
they
appear
always
with
the
same
countenance
,
it
is
certain
,
that
their
constancy
is
but
a
superficial
Virtue
,
and
that
they
make
in
themselves
imprecations
against
those
misfortunes
,
which
they
consider
as
upon
Theatres
.
But
to
see
Princes
reduced
to
the
last
extremity
;
to
hear
at
our
doors
,
those
that
were
heard
only
upon
the
Throne
,
and
to
give
an
Alms
to
them
who
have
been
Lawgivers
;
't
is
a
thing
,
that
's
doubtless
as
strange
,
as
it
is
incredible
,
and
which
is
as
hard
to
apprehend
,
as
it
is
to
bear
.
If
Men
had
not
a
certain
faith
in
Historians
who
should
believe
,
that
in
so
small
a
time
,
Fortune
should
have
caused
Denys
,
to
change
his
profession
and
humor
?
That
of
King
of
Syracuse
,
he
became
school
Master
,
and
of
an
Usher
,
a
player
of
the
Cymbals
;
and
that
to
get
a
bit
of
bread
,
he
was
forced
to
become
a
laughing-stock
to
those
,
who
before
sighed
under
his
Tyranny
.
With
what
shame
did
not
Lewis
Duke
of
Anjou
,
an
adopted
Son
to
Jean
Queen
of
Hungaria
,
see
himself
banisht
from
Naples
;
but
rather
with
what
patience
could
he
suffer
his
disgrace
,
which
was
so
great
,
that
he
saw
himself
forced
to
sell
all
that
he
had
,
to
buy
Bread
for
his
sustenance
?
and
if
he
had
been
without
a
coat
of
oiled
cloth
,
when
he
died
in
Pavillia
,
he
had
left
no
other
Arms
after
him
,
but
the
memory
of
his
poverty
.
The
Emperor
Charles
le
Gross
,
was
so
unfortunate
,
that
he
had
not
often
wherewithal
to
satisfie
his
hunger
;
and
although
he
requested
the
Emperor
Arnulph
,
to
allow
him
some
yearly
Revenue
,
that
might
at
least
be
capable
to
maintain
him
;
he
saw
himself
always
in
the
same
condition
and
want
,
and
at
last
was
buried
with
as
little
tendance
,
or
pomp
,
as
if
he
had
been
one
of
the
least
Citizens
of
Constance
.
We
have
seen
in
the
Third
Chapter
of
the
Second
Book
,
how
necessity
constrained
Cinelius
,
Duke
of
the
Equosians
,
to
serve
in
the
meanest
manner
,
a
Consul
that
had
taken
him
prisoner
:
and
in
the
same
place
we
read
,
how
one
of
Perseus's
Son
,
became
Goldsmith
at
Rome
,
and
the
other
a
Blacksmith
in
Cicilia
,
out
of
opinion
,
that
it
was
better
to
gain
their
livelihood
,
then
to
beg
for
it
.
Ferdinand
,
Son
to
John
the
Tenth
,
King
of
Portugal
,
having
been
taken
by
the
Moors
,
in
a
Battle
that
his
Father
lost
,
was
reduced
to
turn
a
Mill
,
to
get
some
Bread
to
live
,
and
that
's
the
reason
that
the
Portugaise
had
him
in
such
a
great
veneration
,
that
they
have
held
him
for
a
Saint
,
and
counted
his
labor
a
Martyrdome
.
Mafeus
relates
a
strange
fortune
,
of
Manuel
of
Souse
,
Surnamed
Sepulvede
,
Governor
of
the
Citadel
of
God
for
the
King
of
Portugal
.
After
he
had
been
happy
for
a
long
while
in
the
East
Indies
,
he
came
to
Cochin
,
which
is
not
very
far
from
Calicut
,
at
which
place
he
imbarked
,
in
the
year
one
thousand
five
hundred
fifty
three
,
in
January
,
in
a
goodly
Ship
,
loaden
with
five
hundred
Passengers
,
and
all
the
Riches
that
were
capable
to
content
Avarice
it self
;
his
design
had
not
all
the
good
success
he
expected
;
his
Wife
,
his
Children
,
his
Servants
,
and
his
Slaves
,
ran
the
same
danger
,
his
Ship
was
cast
away
upon
the
Coasts
of
Ethiopia
,
and
the
Sea
spared
none
,
but
those
that
leapt
in
it
half
naked
,
and
who
were
resolute
enough
,
to
try
how
far
their
destiny
would
guide
and
assist
them
.
Eleanor
,
Manuels
Wife
,
Daughter
to
the
Viceroy
in
the
Indies
,
for
the
King
of
Portugal
,
resisted
as
well
as
she
could
,
those
that
would
have
striped
her
,
after
they
had
served
her
Children
so
in
her
sight
,
and
her
Husband
;
but
her
resistance
was
in
vain
,
and
her
weakness
did
not
permit
her
to
rob
their
sights
of
the
Riches
that
nature
had
bestowed
upon
her
.
But
to
be
hid
to
her
own
eyes
,
she
covered
her self
with
Sand
,
and
made
a
vail
of
her
long
hair
,
that
she
might
look
upon
her self
without
shame
;
she
charged
her
Servants
to
provide
for
themselves
,
as
well
as
they
could
;
and
for
her
part
she
did
nothing
but
mourn
and
weep
for
her
Children
,
who
were
by
her
,
whom
hunger
had
deprived
of
strength
.
Manuel
was
a
long
while
between
amasement
and
horror
for
this
adventure
,
and
came
to
himself
no
other
ways
,
then
if
he
had
recovered
from
a
precipice
,
or
had
been
thunder
strucken
.
After
he
had
recalled
his
sences
,
less
wandring
in
apparence
then
lost
,
and
that
he
had
seen
his
Wife
and
Children
in
so
lamentable
a
condition
,
he
strived
to
run
in
a
Forest
that
was
by
,
there
to
seek
some
Food
;
but
all
that
he
could
do
,
was
to
crawl
thither
,
but
his
strength
did
in
no
ways
answer
his
earnestness
;
he
was
no
sooner
returned
,
but
he
found
his
youngest
Child
dead
,
and
his
Wife
extream
weak
,
having
fasted
three
whole
days
;
he
buried
his
Child
himself
,
and
if
the
Reader
hath
one
,
he
may
judge
with
what
regret
a
Man
can
loose
a
Child
in
that
manner
.
The
next
day
he
went
in
the
Forest
again
,
but
when
he
returned
to
visit
his
wife
and
other
child
,
he
found
them
dead
at
the
feet
of
some
servant
Maids
,
who
tore
their
hair
from
their
heads
,
and
who
could
not
have
wept
more
,
though
they
could
have
restored
them
to
life
again
by
their
tears
.
He
paid
his
last
duties
to
them
both
,
and
hid
his
Wife
and
Child
in
the
Sand
,
and
returned
in
the
Forest
,
to
supply
his
extream
hunger
;
but
he
supplied
that
of
wild
beasts
,
and
had
no
other
grave
,
but
their
bellies
.
Nonomus
,
King
of
the
Parthians
,
being
expelled
out
of
his
Kingdome
by
his
Subjects
,
took
with
him
all
the
finest
and
richest
things
he
had
,
that
he
might
subsist
among
his
enemies
,
whom
his
misfortune
obliged
him
to
live
with
;
as
David
,
who
had
sheltred
himself
with
Agis
;
Alcibades
,
and
Themistocles
with
the
Persians
,
and
Coriolan
with
the
Volques
;
but
the
Emperor
Tiberius
,
took
from
him
his
Treasure
a
while
after
by
his
avarice
;
so
that
he
was
forced
to
beg
a
long
while
,
in
the
City
of
Antioche
,
and
to
receive
Alms
with
the
same
hand
,
that
he
bore
a
Scepter
.
Belizaire
,
Lieutenant
General
of
Justinians
Army
,
having
lost
,
with
his
Masters
favor
,
the
hope
of
ever
getting
it
again
,
found
no
better
friends
,
then
those
that
gave
him
Meat
to
eat
,
and
this
great
Commander
,
who
triumpht
twice
over
the
Persians
and
Vandals
,
after
the
Romans
old
custom
,
was
glad
to
receive
Charities
from
those
whose
support
and
refuge
he
had
been
.
Chrestierne
,
King
of
Denmarc
,
died
in
the
service
of
the
Emperor
Charles
the
Fifth
,
being
only
one
of
his
Gentlemen
,
as
Munster
relates
,
but
an
other
informs
us
,
that
he
fled
into
Zealand
with
his
Wife
,
fearing
to
be
punisht
for
his
Cruelties
,
and
there
ended
his
days
so
miserably
,
that
he
had
nothing
to
oppose
but
hunger
;
which
he
suffered
to
the
last
minute
of
his
life
.
Although
Epaminondas
,
not
regarding
the
Money
,
that
the
Philosopher
Theanor
brought
him
,
from
the
Pythagorians
his
companions
,
for
his
having
celebrated
Lysis
Funeral
with
much
ceremony
;
answered
him
,
That
there
were
Men
in
Thebes
,
that
knew
how
to
use
Poverty
,
as
well
as
his
companions
knew
how
to
use
their
Riches
,
and
that
he
made
a
Vertue
of
his
necessity
.
Yet
the
Historians
have
pitied
him
,
because
that
after
Mantineas's
Fight
,
the
Thebians
buried
him
at
the
peoples
charge
,
and
that
there
was
not
found
in
his
House
,
wherewith
to
bear
the
least
charge
of
his
burial
;
and
Menenius
Agrippa
was
buried
likewise
.
A
Bishop
of
Upsalle
in
Gothia
,
died
at
the
Hospital
,
in
the
time
of
Paul
the
Third
,
Pope
of
Rome
.
Phillip
of
Comines
,
saith
,
That
he
hath
seen
a
Duke
of
Lancaster
,
who
Married
Edwards
Sister
,
King
of
England
,
that
ran
bare
foot
after
the
Retinue
of
the
Duke
of
Bourgogne
,
though
there
had
been
seven
or
eight
gret
battels
,
between
his
House
,
and
that
of
York
,
in
which
were
killed
above
threescore
Princes
.
Many
great
Men
,
as
Aristede
,
Manius
Curius
,
and
Cajus
Fabricius
,
have
not
been
more
happy
,
or
to
say
better
,
have
not
been
richer
;
but
it
was
not
their
sloth
so
much
as
their
Vertue
;
and
theirs
was
not
a
forced
Poverty
,
but
voluntary
;
They
thought
it
better
to
live
in
it
,
then
to
fear
it
;
that
Wise
Men
had
no
need
of
Riches
,
no
more
then
a
healthful
Man
of
Medicines
;
and
that
there
was
no
difference
between
possessing
all
things
,
and
desiring
nothing
;
that
's
the
cause
,
that
Crates
threw
his
Money
in
the
Sea
,
by
the
Councel
of
Diogenes
,
that
Zenocratus
refused
the
thirty
Talents
of
Gold
,
which
Alexander
sent
him
,
and
that
Democritus
,
(
who
was
since
imitated
by
that
Roman
Philosopher
Sextus
)
was
almost
of
the
same
mind
,
because
they
esteemed
moderation
above
opulence
,
and
that
it
was
more
glorious
to
neglect
the
gifts
of
fortune
,
than
to
follow
after
them
.
CHAP.
II
.
Of
those
that
have
been
Fortunate
.
There
's
no
Glory
that
can
equalize
that
of
Alexander
,
if
he
was
great
in
his
enterprises
,
he
was
no
less
great
in
his
Conquests
;
and
if
he
drew
some
advantages
from
his
Fortune
,
he
drew
no
less
from
his
Birth
;
Phillip's
side
,
King
of
Macedonia
,
his
Father
;
he
descended
from
Hercules
by
Caranus
;
and
of
his
Mothers
side
,
he
sprung
from
the
Blood
of
the
Aeacides
,
by
Neoptolemus
:
several
presages
foretold
his
Victories
,
and
his
greatness
was
proclaimed
,
even
before
he
came
into
the
World
.
Olympias
,
had
not
lain
yet
with
Philip
of
Macedonia
,
when
she
dreamed
that
a
Thunder
bolt
was
fallen
into
her
Womb
,
and
that
with
the
blow
of
it
,
there
was
a
fire
kindled
,
which
dividing
it self
,
in
several
flames
,
was
scattered
all
over
the
World
;
and
since
,
Philip
dreamed
,
That
he
had
sealed
up
Olimpias's
Womb
with
a
Seal
,
whereupon
the
Figure
of
a
Lyon
was
ingraved
.
Those
that
took
upon
them
to
expound
Dreams
,
gave
him
notice
,
that
he
should
take
a
great
care
of
his
Wife
;
but
Aristander
,
grounded
upon
that
Maxime
,
which
doth
not
allow
an
empty
vessel
to
be
Sealed
,
told
him
,
That
Olympias
had
conceived
a
Son
,
who
should
have
the
heart
of
a
Lion
,
and
shewed
in
effect
,
That
of
all
the
opinions
,
wherewith
all
the
rest
would
have
possest
the
King
,
his
was
the
most
likely
.
The
very
day
that
he
was
born
,
Diana's
Temple
in
Ephesus
,
was
burnt
;
which
accident
perswaded
all
the
Priests
,
that
this
Conflagration
was
an
assured
sign
of
great
disorders
;
but
Hegesias
laught
at
their
opinion
a
little
while
after
,
and
told
them
,
that
it
was
no
such
wonder
,
for
Diana
said
,
she
was
too
much
concerned
at
the
birth
of
Alexander
,
as
Midwife
to
preserve
that
Edifice
.
Although
Alexander
was
councelled
to
take
the
Government
upon
himself
;
after
his
Fathers
decease
,
and
to
make
peace
with
his
Enemies
,
and
not
to
fight
them
;
he
chose
rather
to
reduce
them
to
obedience
by
force
,
then
by
fair
means
;
in
effect
,
having
vanquisht
the
King
of
the
Triballiens
,
Sirmus
,
and
knowing
that
the
Thebians
had
some
correspondence
with
the
Athenians
,
he
marcht
his
Army
to
the
straight
of
Thermopiles
,
to
let
Demosthenes
understand
,
said
he
,
who
termed
him
a
Child
in
his
Orations
,
when
he
was
in
the
Triballiens
Country
;
that
he
was
grown
to
his
maturity
,
passing
through
Thessalie
,
and
that
he
would
find
him
a
Man
before
Athens
.
He
took
Thebes
,
and
to
make
that
City
,
an
example
to
all
others
,
he
Razed
it
,
and
caused
all
them
that
had
escaped
in
its
ruine
,
to
be
sold
,
even
to
the
number
of
thirty
thousand
.
Being
afterwards
chosen
Captain
General
of
Greece
against
the
Persians
,
he
entred
Asia
,
fought
Darius
,
and
overcame
him
,
saw
his
Wife
and
Daughters
in
the
number
of
his
prisoners
,
and
got
to
Babylon
,
as
quick
as
lightning
He
was
not
satisfied
with
the
Victories
that
he
got
over
those
Kings
,
that
refused
to
submit
to
him
;
he
would
gain
one
also
over
the
King
of
Beasts
,
as
if
he
had
been
alone
worthy
of
so
glorious
a
Title
,
he
fought
with
a
Lyon
,
to
shew
to
all
his
Men
,
marks
of
his
courage
and
valor
.
He
overcame
the
Sithians
,
and
the
Amazones
,
carried
his
Arms
,
as
far
as
the
Indies
,
subdued
all
things
that
opposed
him
,
triumpht
in
every
place
where
he
was
obliged
to
fight
,
and
to
be
short
,
he
made
the
greatest
Princes
in
the
World
,
Tributaries
to
Macedonia
.
For
all
this
,
whilst
he
was
taking
the
pleasure
of
his
Conquests
,
at
rest
,
he
was
poisoned
with
Water
,
so
cold
,
that
it
froze
his
heart
,
which
fell
from
a
rock
,
near
the
Town
of
Monacris
,
and
as
it
is
thought
,
it
was
by
Aristotles
means
,
who
did
not
execute
in
person
that
attempt
;
but
gave
his
help
to
it
;
and
in
effect
,
was
the
cause
of
it
,
since
he
councelled
it
first
.
Demetrius
the
Phalerian
,
received
so
much
honor
from
the
Athenians
,
that
they
erected
him
three
hundred
Statues
,
which
they
venerated
as
much
,
as
those
of
their
gods
;
but
these
Men
,
that
made
no
other
judgment
of
Mens
merits
,
but
by
their
good
success
,
judged
him
at
last
unworthy
of
their
love
and
magnificence
,
overthrew
his
Statues
,
and
caused
him
to
dye
in
exile
at
Thebes
,
where
to
comfort
himself
of
their
injustice
,
and
of
their
rage
,
he
had
occasion
to
use
all
his
Vertue
.
Sylla
,
was
no
less
respected
at
Rome
then
Demetrius
had
been
in
Athens
;
although
one
of
his
Ancestors
,
called
Rufinus
,
had
been
in
great
disgrace
,
because
he
had
kept
above
ten
marks
of
Silver
in
his
house
,
which
was
against
a
publick
Ordonance
;
and
that
his
disgrace
had
reduced
his
Children
to
an
extream
lowness
;
this
same
Sylla
,
for
all
that
,
raised
himself
to
the
Consulship
,
and
married
Cecillia
,
Metellus's
Daughter
,
who
at
that
time
was
chief
Priest
.
After
that
he
became
so
potent
,
that
he
used
against
Marius
his
Enemy
,
the
Army
that
was
raised
against
Mithridates
;
and
having
made
himself
Master
of
Rome
,
he
marched
his
Troops
against
Aristion
,
the
Tyrant
of
Athens
,
stormed
the
Town
,
burned
all
the
richest
things
in
the
Port
of
Pyria
,
won
two
Battels
against
Mithridates
,
and
forced
him
to
pay
two
thousand
Talents
,
and
to
fit
him
a
Fleet
of
threescore
and
ten
Galleys
,
because
he
had
killed
in
a
day
,
one
hundred
and
fifty
thousand
Romans
,
that
were
found
in
Asia
.
After
he
had
corrupted
most
of
Scipios
Souldiers
,
he
prepared
to
defend
himself
from
young
Marius
;
slew
twenty
thousand
of
his
Men
,
took
eight
thousand
of
them
Prisoners
,
and
lost
but
twenty
three
of
his
in
this
Battle
;
forced
Carbon
,
the
most
potent
of
all
his
Enemies
,
to
flye
into
Affrica
;
and
by
Crassus
,
Metellus
,
Servillius
,
and
Pompeys
means
,
his
Lieutenants
,
he
perfected
most
part
of
his
enterprises
;
he
rode
in
Triumph
to
Rome
,
and
declared
himself
Dictator
;
he
put
to
death
all
those
that
he
suspected
,
or
that
were
not
pleasing
to
him
,
and
filled
that
City
with
so
many
Murthers
,
and
horror
,
that
no
Man
at
that
time
but
a
Paricide
and
a
Sacriligeous
person
was
secure
.
When
his
cruelty
was
tired
,
he
took
to
divertisement
,
with
those
that
were
in
most
credit
and
liberty
with
him
;
but
his
debauches
brought
upon
him
a
loathsome
disease
,
that
corrupted
all
his
body
,
and
gendred
so
many
Lice
,
that
he
could
not
be
rid
of
them
,
either
by
change
of
cloaths
,
or
by
Stues
;
at
last
,
seeking
in
vaiu
for
Remedies
,
being
in
a
great
fury
one
day
against
Granius
,
who
refused
to
pay
to
the
Commonwealth
,
those
Duties
he
owed
it
;
his
anger
made
an
Imposthume
that
he
had
in
his
body
,
to
break
,
after
he
had
been
the
Murtherer
of
those
,
who
he
commanded
to
call
him
Father
.
Amongst
the
finest
observations
upon
Augustus
life
,
we
find
,
that
he
left
the
Empire
of
the
World
,
the
same
day
that
he
took
it
;
That
he
died
where
his
Father
Octavius
had
breathed
his
last
;
That
he
was
thirteen
times
Consul
;
That
he
exercised
the
function
of
a
Tribune
,
thirty
seven
years
together
,
that
he
acquired
one
and
twenty
times
the
Title
and
Quality
of
Emperor
,
and
that
after
the
death
of
Lepidus
,
he
was
made
chief
Priest
.
But
for
all
he
hath
been
the
admiration
of
strangers
,
and
the
terror
of
all
Rebels
,
he
hath
often
made
wishes
to
Heaven
for
his
life
,
when
he
made
some
for
his
glory
,
and
hath
often
been
no
less
troubled
about
his
own
preservation
,
then
about
exalting
of
himself
.
When
Julius
Caesar
was
yet
alive
,
he
was
denied
the
command
of
the
Chavalry
,
that
Lepidus
carried
from
him
;
and
after
he
was
massacred
,
the
Senate
crossed
his
greatest
designs
;
his
friends
forsook
him
;
Anthonius
betrayed
his
Party
,
and
his
misfortune
was
so
great
,
that
he
was
forced
to
comply
with
other
Mens
Crimes
,
and
to
make
use
of
that
lowness
,
as
the
first
step
to
his
preferment
.
To
how
many
dangers
was
he
not
exposed
,
before
he
could
be
revenged
of
Cassius
and
Brutus
,
who
had
Murthered
his
Father
and
his
Uncle
;
and
with
what
astonishment
did
he
not
see
himself
surprised
,
for
the
intelligence
of
Fulvia
,
for
the
secret
Leagues
of
Lucius
Antonius
,
for
the
ruine
of
Perousa
,
where
he
was
like
to
be
killed
by
Gladiators
,
for
the
Shipwracks
,
and
for
the
losses
he
had
in
Sicilia
?
was
he
not
forced
to
hide
himself
in
a
Cave
,
to
avoid
the
rage
of
those
that
pursued
him
;
and
while
there
,
did
he
not
require
Proculius
to
kill
him
,
to
put
an
end
all
at
once
,
to
his
fears
,
to
his
despair
,
to
his
confusion
,
and
to
his
life
?
what
disgrace
hath
he
not
suffered
in
Epirus
;
and
at
the
Golfe
Actium
,
besides
the
perfidy
of
Cleopatra
?
with
what
fear
was
he
not
seised
,
when
he
fell
almost
under
the
ruines
of
a
Bridge
in
Pannonia
,
and
how
many
of
his
own
Legions
hath
he
not
seen
against
him
,
in
time
of
Peace
,
as
well
as
in
time
of
War
?
besides
his
usual
distempers
,
the
doubts
that
the
great
Wit
of
young
Marcellus
,
cast
in
his
spirit
,
the
banishment
of
Agrippa
,
the
death
of
his
Children
,
the
cause
of
which
,
he
could
not
find
,
without
discovering
the
infamy
of
his
Marriage
,
Cinnas
Conspiration
,
Julias
Adulteries
,
Tyberias's
shameful
retreat
,
his
Grand
daughters
impudicity
,
the
Rebellion
of
Illyrie
,
the
necessity
to
raise
Slaves
,
the
Plague
that
afflicted
Rome
,
the
Famine
that
grieved
all
Italy
,
the
loss
of
his
Legions
,
and
of
Varus
,
the
Regret
to
leave
his
Enemy
,
his
Empire
,
and
his
Wifes
Treason
,
doth
witness
enough
that
his
life
was
a
continual
misery
.
A
man
may
count
Lucius
Metullus
more
fortunate
,
because
he
was
Chief
Priest
,
and
twice
Consul
,
and
since
Dictator
;
he
was
the
first
that
made
use
of
Elephants
in
the
Wars
of
Sicilia
,
against
the
Carthaginians
;
and
that
took
Arms
for
the
defence
of
his
Countrey
,
with
more
obstinancy
,
then
the
former
had
taken
them
for
their
grandeur
.
He
lived
in
the
reputation
of
a
discreet
,
of
a
just
,
and
of
a
valiant
man
;
in
his
old
age
,
when
he
thought
himself
at
rest
from
his
tedious
labors
,
he
was
strucken
blind
,
for
offering
to
ravish
Pallas
Picture
that
was
in
the
Temple
of
the
goddess
Vesta
,
so
that
he
grieved
more
for
the
loss
of
his
sight
,
then
ever
he
had
had
cause
to
rejoyce
for
his
prosperity
and
victories
.
Policratus
Daughter
,
having
dreamed
one
night
,
that
Jupiter
bathed
her
Father
,
and
that
Apollo
anointed
him
with
balsome
;
saw
quickly
after
,
the
effects
of
her
dream
,
because
that
he
being
crucified
,
as
we
shall
see
in
another
place
;
the
Sun
by
the
heat
of
its
beams
,
made
the
sweat
run
down
his
body
,
which
was
afterwards
washed
by
the
rain
;
so
that
a
Man
who
had
always
lived
in
a
felicity
,
which
himself
could
not
comprehend
,
dyed
in
an
infamy
,
the
memory
of
which
,
will
endure
till
the
last
Man
.
Quintus
Metullus
,
Marius
Lucullus
,
Trajan
,
and
several
others
,
have
found
admirers
in
all
places
;
their
Fortune
hath
often
excited
envy
,
and
praises
too
in
their
favor
;
and
their
merits
have
so
sounded
abroad
,
that
it
seems
all
calumny
,
that
envy
or
malice
can
say
against
them
.
But
the
despairs
and
dangers
they
have
been
in
,
sheweth
us
that
at
last
,
their
greatest
felicities
,
have
not
equalled
their
troubles
;
and
as
Socrates
saith
in
Xenophon
,
that
the
fairest
Nymphs
,
did
beget
in
time
past
,
Fairies
,
and
Satyres
;
we
may
conclude
,
that
the
greatest
prosperities
,
beget
the
greatest
mischiefs
,
and
that
one
of
the
Ancients
,
spoke
very
pertinently
when
he
called
Joy
and
Voluptuousness
,
the
Mothers
of
Melancholly
and
Sadness
.
CHAP.
III
.
Of
many
Princes
who
have
been
Murthered
,
where
their
lives
seemed
most
safe
and
out
of
danger
.
AS
a
dwarf
is
little
still
,
though
he
stands
upon
a
Mountain
;
we
may
affirm
likewise
,
that
Man
is
inseparable
from
crosses
and
misfortunes
,
to
what
dignity
soever
fate
may
exalt
him
.
Though
he
may
change
his
condition
,
yet
he
cannot
change
his
nature
;
the
Purple
and
the
Crowns
,
which
make
him
command
so
many
Men
,
doth
not
impower
him
to
be
arbitrator
of
his
own
life
;
we
see
that
he
ought
never
more
to
fear
,
but
when
he
is
in
a
condition
to
cause
fear
in
others
;
if
fury
arms
it self
against
him
,
it
respects
neither
his
ornaments
,
nor
his
opulence
;
it
fears
neither
his
power
nor
his
retinue
;
it
seeks
him
both
amongst
his
friends
,
and
amongst
his
guards
,
as
well
as
amongst
his
Enemies
,
and
pursueth
him
in
Palaces
,
as
well
as
in
Desarts
.
A
Man
would
think
,
that
Agamemnon
,
after
he
had
taken
Troy
,
had
had
nothing
more
to
do
,
but
to
hear
and
receive
acknowledgments
of
all
Greece
:
his
revenge
ought
to
have
been
satisfied
by
the
consuming
of
that
famous
City
to
ashes
,
whose
power
made
all
Asta
tremble
before
;
and
his
patience
,
which
could
not
signalise
it self
better
,
then
by
a
Siege
of
ten
years
time
,
had
rendred
his
glory
as
dear
to
those
,
that
could
no
longer
suffer
it
,
as
to
them
who
only
desired
to
employ
it
.
After
so
many
perils
,
which
he
defended
himself
from
by
Sea
and
Land
,
he
returned
home
,
loaden
with
forreign
spoil
;
and
as
if
he
could
not
have
received
any
consolation
for
the
sacrifice
of
his
Daughter
Iphigenia
,
but
with
his
Wife
,
he
made
no
other
wishes
,
but
to
make
that
loss
supportable
to
her
by
his
presence
,
and
to
make
her
confess
,
that
her
greatest
care
was
to
let
the
publick
see
,
some
marks
of
joy
,
rather
then
of
sadness
.
Clitemnestra
received
him
with
an
incredible
satisfaction
;
all
her
actions
seemed
so
many
transports
of
love
,
one
would
have
thought
,
that
she
had
acquired
a
new
friendship
,
when
she
got
him
in
her
possession
,
and
that
she
proposed
no
other
period
to
her
designs
,
but
his
satisfaction
.
Agamemnon
,
on
the
other
side
esteemed
himself
more
glorious
by
her
Carresses
,
than
by
his
Victories
;
the
flames
wherewith
he
had
consumed
Troy
,
was
not
so
great
(
as
he
thought
)
as
those
he
had
kindled
in
his
Wifes
brest
;
and
grew
of
opinion
,
that
Virtue
and
Beauty
was
reconclled
together
in
his
favor
.
Clitemnestra
fearing
that
at
last
he
would
discover
how
Egistus
had
defiled
his
bed
in
his
absence
,
quickly
changed
her
doubts
into
a
resolution
,
and
to
avoid
the
reproach
,
or
the
punishment
of
her
impudicity
,
sollicited
this
secret
Lover
,
to
add
Murther
to
Adultery
,
to
deprive
him
of
his
life
,
whom
he
had
robb'd
of
honor
,
and
to
cover
one
crime
,
by
committing
another
.
Egist
,
blinded
with
passion
,
considered
not
the
horror
of
that
attempt
,
he
thought
better
to
lose
all
the
World
,
than
the
favors
of
Clitemnestra
;
that
he
ought
not
to
regard
his
reputation
so
much
as
his
happiness
,
nor
the
innocence
of
the
Husband
,
as
the
unchastity
of
his
Wife
.
Clitemnestra
having
this
assurances
from
him
,
Carressing
Agamemnon
,
as
he
was
rising
,
threw
a
Robe
on
him
,
that
was
closed
upwards
;
and
having
wrapped
it
about
him
,
as
she
had
proposed
to
herself
,
delivered
him
to
the
Traitor
Egistus
,
who
ran
him
through
,
and
left
him
not
,
till
he
had
cleared
himself
of
all
his
fears
,
by
as
many
wounds
.
Candolus
,
King
of
Lydia
,
was
murthered
for
the
same
Subject
,
by
his
favorite
Gyges
,
when
he
seemed
least
in
danger
.
Chilperick
,
the
ninth
,
King
of
France
,
by
the
malice
of
his
Wife
Fredegonda
,
was
killed
in
his
Palace
,
by
Landry's
hands
,
as
he
returned
from
hunting
;
and
that
great
Xerxes
,
who
according
to
some
Historians
,
led
three
millions
of
men
against
Greece
,
was
not
so
strong
,
but
Artaban
,
with
his
seven
Sons
,
assassinated
him
upon
the
Throne
it self
.
The
Israelites
,
being
not
able
,
or
not
willing
to
suffer
the
Tyranny
of
Eglon
,
King
of
the
Moabites
,
dealt
so
well
with
Ahud
Gera's
Son
,
that
de
resolved
to
venture
all
for
their
liberty
,
although
the
danger
seemed
great
enough
,
to
make
him
desist
from
his
resolution
;
and
that
his
courage
might
be
counted
,
at
that
time
a
folly
,
rather
than
a
virtue
;
nevertheless
,
because
all
things
appear
easy
to
the
undaunted
;
and
that
success
follows
boldness
ordinarily
;
Ahud
seeks
him
in
his
very
Chamber
,
and
seeming
to
present
him
with
something
from
his
Companions
,
drew
a
Sword
which
he
had
hid
under
his
Garment
,
and
ran
him
through
,
with
such
a
force
,
that
it
was
not
in
his
power
to
draw
it
back
.
He
gets
out
immediately
after
,
with
as
little
perturbation
of
mind
,
as
if
he
had
acquired
Eglon's
favor
.
He
went
home
,
and
related
the
adventure
,
sollicited
his
Men
to
undergo
the
last
extremity
for
their
liberty
,
and
perswaded
them
to
charge
the
Moabites
with
him
,
who
were
more
imployed
to
mourn
for
their
King
,
then
to
revenge
his
death
.
He
cutten
thousand
of
them
in
pieces
,
and
made
himself
absolute
Master
of
their
goods
,
of
their
wills
,
and
of
their
lives
.
Seleucus
tasted
at
ease
,
the
fruits
of
his
labors
,
after
he
had
conquered
Babilon
,
and
the
Country
of
Bactria
,
upon
Pennites
,
and
upon
Amintas
;
after
he
had
vanquisht
Demetrius
;
and
in
fine
,
destroyed
Lisymachus
in
a
Battle
,
who
was
the
last
of
Alexanders
Captains
:
At
a
time
when
Ptolomeus
,
envious
of
so
many
prosperities
,
was
contriving
with
himself
,
which
way
he
should
bring
his
ruine
about
.
He
was
afraid
to
attack
him
,
because
he
despaired
of
the
Victory
over
him
;
he
looked
upon
himself
to
be
too
weak
,
and
t'other
too
fortunate
;
he
considered
that
he
wanted
Forces
as
well
as
resolution
,
and
that
he
should
loose
his
Crown
,
if
he
lost
the
last
Battle
.
Between
fear
and
hope
,
which
suspended
his
courage
,
it
came
in
his
mind
,
that
Treason
would
prosper
better
with
him
then
a
Combat
,
and
in
that
Sentiment
he
wrought
so
well
for
the
destruction
of
his
Enemy
,
that
he
caused
him
to
be
killed
by
Men
,
that
deffidence
it self
would
not
have
suspected
.
The
Tribune
,
Gentius
,
according
to
Titus
Livius
,
was
found
full
of
wounds
in
his
bed
,
when
they
came
to
desire
him
to
assist
at
the
sentence
of
the
two
Consuls
,
whose
pride
he
he
had
brought
down
before
;
although
was
in
such
a
credit
at
Rome
,
that
a
Man
was
counted
a
Criminal
,
that
was
of
a
contrary
opinion
to
his
.
Lamedon
,
the
fourth
King
of
Troy
,
and
the
greatest
Prince
of
Asia
,
was
stab'd
in
his
Palace
,
before
he
could
be
assisted
by
his
domesticks
;
and
Leo
the
Fifth
,
Emperor
of
Constantinople
,
was
assassinated
in
a
Church
,
by
the
conspiration
of
Michael
the
Stutterer
,
whom
he
had
imprisoned
:
and
thus
this
Man
was
the
author
of
the
death
of
him
,
who
had
been
that
of
his
fortune
.
James
King
of
Scotland
,
the
first
of
the
Family
of
the
Stuards
,
was
killed
in
his
Royal
Palace
,
by
Men
in
Visards
:
Asella
his
Successor
,
was
shot
by
a
piece
of
Artillery
which
was
a
scouring
:
the
third
was
slain
by
his
Son
,
in
a
Battle
at
Larlin
;
and
this
paracide
by
the
English
;
and
the
fifth
was
poisoned
,
as
if
all
that
Race
had
been
Heirs
to
James's
misfortune
,
as
well
as
his
Crown
.
Pompey
,
having
taken
Sylla's
party
,
during
the
Civil
Wars
of
Rome
,
did
not
only
win
the
favor
of
his
General
,
but
he
acquired
besides
the
love
of
the
Souldiers
,
and
was
no
less
respected
by
strangers
,
then
by
the
Roman
Legions
;
he
retooke
Sicilia
;
he
restored
Massinissa
in
Numedia
,
which
had
been
usurped
from
him
by
Hyarbus
;
he
was
honored
three
times
with
the
pomp
of
a
Triumph
,
and
caused
Lepidus
to
retire
out
of
Italy
,
before
he
was
yet
considerable
by
his
power
,
or
by
his
offices
.
He
worsted
Domitius
in
Africa
,
vanquish't
Sertorius
in
Spain
,
conquered
all
Asia
in
forty
days
,
he
submitted
Tigranus
to
his
power
,
and
forced
Mithridates
to
kill
himself
,
because
he
would
not
submit
.
He
passed
on
the
north
through
the
Henochians
,
the
Iberians
,
the
Albanians
,
and
the
Colchians
Countries
,
and
on
the
east
,
against
the
Arabians
,
against
the
Jews
,
and
against
the
Parthians
.
He
was
the
first
of
the
Romans
that
carried
his
Arms
as
far
as
the
Coasts
of
the
Hircanian
,
Caspian
,
Red
and
Arabic
Seas
;
and
was
so
absolute
,
that
after
Crassus's
death
,
he
commanded
Caesar
himself
,
to
disband
his
Troops
:
but
having
been
some
time
after
vanquisht
by
him
,
in
the
plain
of
Pharsalia
,
he
was
constrained
to
retire
to
Ptolomeus
,
in
Egypt
,
and
there
to
assure
his
life
,
because
he
could
not
assure
his
liberty
,
no
where
else
.
As
he
proposed
to
see
Ptolomeus
,
who
was
then
in
the
City
of
Pelusium
,
where
he
warred
against
his
Sister
,
and
reading
the
Speech
which
he
had
composed
,
to
congratulate
that
young
Prince
;
some
Souldiers
saluting
him
,
fell
immediately
upon
him
,
and
stabbed
him
in
many
places
;
after
that
,
they
cut
off
his
Head
,
and
threw
his
Body
into
the
Sea
,
in
his
Son's
and
Wifes
presence
.
Tatius
,
having
been
too
slow
,
to
punish
some
of
his
Favorites
,
for
killing
some
Ambassadors
,
which
were
sent
from
Bizantium
to
Rome
,
was
murthered
in
the
fifth
year
of
his
Reign
,
as
he
was
offering
Sacrifices
in
Livinium
,
and
Romulus
,
who
had
alwaiss
shared
with
him
in
the
management
of
affairs
,
was
tore
in
pieces
by
the
Senators
in
the
Temple
of
Vulcan
,
because
he
rendred
the
Vejeans
their
hostages
,
without
acquainting
them
with
it
,
and
for
having
distributed
the
Countries
he
had
Conquered
to
his
Souldiers
.
That
great
Caesar
,
whose
Wisdom
was
no
less
then
his
courage
,
and
whose
Orations
were
as
much
admired
as
his
Combats
;
after
he
had
signalized
his
arms
,
and
his
name
in
France
,
in
Spain
,
in
England
,
in
Germany
,
in
Afriea
,
and
in
Asia
,
was
assassinated
by
his
friends
,
in
the
Senate
,
because
he
would
have
changed
the
Government
of
the
Republick
into
a
Monarchy
.
In
fine
,
we
see
that
a
sick
Man
,
though
he
is
laid
upon
a
straw
bed
,
or
upon
a
downe
bed
,
still
retains
his
maladie
;
That
Men
do
not
change
their
destiny
,
though
they
change
their
situation
;
That
death
meets
them
every
where
,
and
ventures
in
Palaces
,
and
in
Temples
,
as
well
as
in
Cottages
and
Battles
.
CHAP.
IV
.
Of
those
who
have
been
unjustly
and
ungratefully
dealt
with
,
by
those
Republicks
that
they
have
faithfully
served
.
THemistocles
had
reason
to
compare
the
Athenians
,
who
often
took
ill
the
services
of
their
greatest
Captains
,
to
Travellers
,
who
,
when
it
raineth
,
shelter
themselves
under
Trees
,
but
are
wont
to
pull
off
their
branches
in
fair
weather
.
If
we
consider
the
ancientest
Republicks
,
we
shall
find
that
those
who
laid
the
foundations
of
them
,
or
those
that
have
extended
their
limits
,
have
not
received
more
favor
from
them
than
Traytors
;
and
that
they
have
been
punisht
for
maintaining
the
Laws
,
as
if
they
had
endeavoured
the
violation
,
and
the
corruption
of
them
.
In
making
men
happy
,
we
create
Ingratitude
in
them
insensibly
;
there
's
scarcely
a
man
but
hath
cause
to
complain
against
his
Countrey
,
and
that
can
hardly
boast
to
have
found
the
esteem
in
it
that
he
deserved
.
We
find
ordinarily
abroad
with
strangers
,
that
which
we
are
deprived
of
at
home
;
and
men
cannot
change
their
Fortune
,
except
they
change
their
Climate
.
After
Lycurgus
had
disciplin'd
in
Arms
all
the
men
of
Lacedemonia
,
he
had
one
of
his
eyes
struck
out
with
a
blow
,
that
young
Alcandre
gave
him
with
a
Stick
,
in
a
Sedition
that
was
raised
against
him
;
and
was
so
unfortunate
,
that
he
was
forced
to
flee
from
Sparta
,
and
end
his
dayes
in
Elidia
;
or
,
according
to
some
other
Writers
,
in
Candia
.
As
the
Sparthians
had
got
great
advantages
by
the
precepts
of
this
famous
Lawgiver
,
they
acquired
also
great
glory
by
them
;
and
having
made
themselves
feared
of
all
their
Neighbors
,
they
blockt
up
the
Messinians
soon
after
:
but
by
reason
that
this
War
lasted
a
long
while
,
and
that
they
had
been
ten
years
without
seeing
their
Wives
,
they
sent
to
them
the
youngest
Soldiers
of
their
Troops
,
with
power
to
enjoy
them
,
fearing
that
their
Town
would
remain
unpeopled
.
The
Children
that
sprang
from
those
Adulterers
,
shewed
great
proof
of
their
strength
and
courage
on
several
occasions
,
and
made
it
appear
that
they
were
no
less
the
support
and
the
hopes
of
their
Parents
,
than
their
shame
and
confusion
:
But
because
they
were
not
legitimate
,
and
could
not
inherit
the
possessions
of
those
who
had
given
them
their
Beings
,
they
chose
a
Head
,
whose
name
was
Polencus
,
that
they
might
purchase
Heritages
by
their
Conquests
,
and
so
get
by
their
industry
,
that
which
they
could
not
pretend
to
by
their
birth
.
They
were
fortunate
enough
to
come
to
Pouilla
,
where
they
took
Tarente
,
whose
Inhabitants
they
drove
out
;
and
there
lived
in
so
much
satisfaction
,
by
the
means
of
their
Captain
,
that
their
happiness
would
have
been
equal
with
their
first
Ambition
,
had
they
not
turned
ungrateful
,
after
they
were
turned
free
.
As
they
perceived
that
Polencus
was
grieved
with
age
,
they
grieved
him
with
miseries
,
they
banisht
him
out
of
Tarente
,
as
an
unprofitable
Man
,
and
not
minding
the
services
he
had
in
time
past
done
them
,
they
considered
only
that
he
was
not
able
to
do
them
any
.
Solom
,
and
Aristidus
,
after
that
they
had
made
the
City
of
Athens
famous
,
by
their
Precepts
and
Victories
,
were
unjustly
banisht
thence
;
and
that
same
Themistocles
,
who
destroyed
so
many
Persians
at
Salamina
,
for
the
Athenians
cause
,
was
persecuted
by
them
with
so
much
cruelty
,
that
he
saw
himself
forced
to
forward
his
own
death
by
poison
at
Magnesia
,
although
Xerxes
proffered
him
Men
enough
,
to
make
his
vengeance
terrible
to
all
Greece
.
Alcibiades
,
who
from
his
Fathers
side
,
descended
from
the
blood
of
Ajax
,
and
who
was
one
of
the
most
eloquent
in
his
time
,
according
to
Demosthenes
,
and
Theophrastus
,
had
won
the
first
,
second
,
and
the
fourth
Olimpick
sports
,
and
had
drawn
no
less
love
to
himself
by
his
actions
,
then
by
his
good
features
,
for
all
that
he
was
banisht
by
his
Citizens
,
and
his
misfortune
was
so
great
,
that
having
sheltered
himself
with
Pharnabasus
,
in
Phrigia
,
that
Kings
Uncle
and
his
Brother
,
set
his
House
on
fire
,
and
he
was
no
sooner
come
out
to
avoid
the
flames
,
but
he
fell
amongst
the
Swords
,
and
amongst
the
darts
of
those
barbarous
men
.
During
the
War
,
the
Carthagineans
made
use
of
all
their
good
language
,
and
all
their
submissions
to
perswade
their
Captains
,
that
they
ought
to
prefer
the
interest
of
the
State
to
theirs
;
yet
in
time
of
peace
,
as
Diodorus
relates
,
they
forgot
their
services
,
least
they
should
have
been
obliged
to
recompence
them
,
and
holding
no
Man
guiltless
that
they
suspected
,
they
imagined
that
power
and
vice
were
ever
inseparable
.
That
was
the
reason
that
after
Hannibal
had
been
worsted
by
Scipio
,
he
hoisted
up
sail
for
Bithinia
:
but
of
Flaminius
,
who
was
the
Romans
Deputy
,
to
reconcile
Eumenes
,
King
of
Pergamus
,
with
King
Prussias
,
executed
his
Commissions
so
well
,
that
this
last
agreed
to
deliver
up
Hanibal
,
who
to
avoid
falling
in
his
Enemies
hands
,
caused
himself
to
be
hanged
,
by
one
of
his
servants
,
according
to
some
writers
.
Plantulus
,
a
Roman
Knight
,
died
in
banishment
,
after
he
had
born
Arms
a
long
while
for
the
liberty
of
Rome
,
against
the
youngest
of
the
Gracchus's
,
and
Servicius
was
punisht
with
the
same
confusion
,
because
he
kill'd
Spurius
Melius
,
who
aspired
to
Tyranny
.
After
Scipio
had
defeated
Hannibal
,
subdued
Spain
,
burnt
Syphaz
,
and
Asdrubals
Camp
,
and
vanquisht
the
Carthaginians
,
he
felt
,
as
others
,
the
ingratitude
of
his
Country
.
This
great
man
,
whom
the
Romans
had
reverenced
so
far
,
as
to
choose
him
Prince
of
the
Senate
,
was
constrained
by
it
,
to
absent
himself
,
and
renounce
to
the
publick
,
acknowledgments
that
were
due
to
him
for
the
Victories
he
had
won
for
them
.
The
little
Affrican
was
no
happier
then
him
,
though
he
made
an
end
of
the
ruine
of
Carthage
and
Numance
,
he
was
smothered
in
his
sleep
,
and
the
third
named
Nasica
,
who
was
Chief
Priest
,
dyed
in
banishment
,
near
Pergamus
,
because
he
had
dipt
his
hands
in
the
blood
of
Tiberius
Graccus
,
who
was
looked
upon
by
every
one
,
to
be
an
Enemy
of
the
Republick
.
The
Venetians
tore
in
pieces
their
Duke
,
Orse
d'Heracleus
;
they
pulled
out
Theodatus
Galla
,
his
Successor
,
and
Dominique
Mongarius's
their
eyes
,
with
their
Wifes
and
Children
,
and
forced
Memo
to
turn
Monk
.
They
had
no
more
respect
for
Otho
,
Peter
Verseols
Son
,
and
not
considering
that
he
had
ruined
in
their
cause
,
and
for
their
glory
the
City
of
Adria
,
and
had
submitted
to
them
all
the
Coasts
of
the
Adriatick
Seas
,
they
banisht
him
into
Greece
,
and
suffered
Dominicus
Flabonic
,
to
expel
his
Parents
and
Kindred
,
and
to
make
a
Law
to
deprive
them
of
the
dignity
of
Dukes
.
Francis
Foscoirus
,
who
inlarged
their
State
,
was
banisht
thence
without
any
apparent
reason
,
and
indeed
,
they
could
not
find
any
,
but
their
excuse
was
,
that
he
was
too
old
,
as
if
old
age
,
which
is
venerated
in
all
other
places
,
had
been
amongst
them
,
counted
a
crime
.
The
least
faults
of
the
Kings
of
Scotland
,
have
been
so
cruelly
punisht
by
their
Subjects
,
that
they
have
murthered
above
forty
,
without
consideration
of
their
power
,
or
their
character
;
and
if
we
should
examine
the
ancient
,
as
well
as
the
modern
Histories
,
we
should
see
,
by
an
infinite
number
of
examples
,
that
the
greatest
men
have
never
been
nearer
their
ruine
,
than
when
they
have
gone
to
preserve
their
States
and
Republicks
;
That
the
greatest
Debts
,
make
the
greatest
Enemies
,
and
that
clemency
hath
as
often
cast
men
into
dangers
,
as
cruelty
.
CHAP.
V.
Of
those
that
dyed
by
strange
Accidents
.
FOrtune
sleeps
with
us
in
our
beds
,
she
embarks
with
us
to
sea
,
she
accompanies
us
in
our
Voyages
,
she
followeth
us
wheresoever
our
affairs
and
our
curiosity
calls
us
,
and
that
invisible
Enemy
,
makes
Men
suffer
,
as
many
evils
as
they
fear
.
She
is
blind
towards
great
men
,
as
well
as
towards
the
Mechanicks
;
she
persecutes
those
that
are
upon
Thrones
,
as
well
as
those
that
are
upon
the
dunghill
;
and
favors
those
no
more
,
that
dedicate
Temples
to
her
,
than
those
that
asperse
her
with
exclamations
.
't
is
in
this
place
chiefly
,
that
by
her
various
effects
,
we
shall
observe
her
changes
,
and
caprices
,
and
that
we
shall
see
,
by
the
sequel
of
Histories
different
one
from
another
,
that
the
most
potent
have
been
most
unhappy
,
and
that
there
are
some
productions
of
hers
,
against
which
courage
and
prudence
do
but
strive
in
vain
.
Zoroastes
,
King
of
Bactria
,
Campanus
at
the
War
of
Thebes
;
Claudius
the
Pretor
at
Terracine
;
Asterus
King
of
the
Eleusiens
,
in
Ethionus
;
Tullus
Hostilius
,
King
of
the
Romans
;
Pompeius
Strabo
Proconful
,
Octavius
Augustus
,
Coesars
Father
;
Athanasius
,
and
Carus
,
Emperors
of
Rome
;
Philegias
,
King
of
the
Orchomeniens
;
and
Salmoneus
,
King
of
Eludus
,
were
killed
by
thunder
.
The
Emperor
Jovinian
,
was
smothered
with
smoak
,
and
that
scourge
of
God
Attilla
,
with
his
own
blood
that
fell
from
his
head
into
his
throat
.
Milo
,
Duke
of
Calabrus
,
was
devoured
by
wild
beasts
.
Basil
,
the
thirty
fifth
Emperor
of
Constantinople
,
was
killed
by
a
Stag
.
Fercard
King
of
Scotland
,
was
bit
by
a
Wolf
,
of
which
he
died
;
and
Artolph
,
King
of
the
Lombards
,
and
Facillia
Pelagus's
Son
,
King
of
Portugal
,
by
a
wild
Boar
,
of
which
they
died
likewise
.
As
Fulgo
King
of
Jerusalem
hunted
a
Hare
,
he
fell
so
heavily
from
his
horse
,
that
he
broke
his
neck
;
and
Philip
,
Son
to
Lewis
the
Burly
;
one
William
King
of
Scotland
,
and
Capius
King
of
Poland
,
dyed
of
the
same
death
.
In
the
time
of
Charles
the
sixth
,
King
of
France
,
Charles
King
of
Navarre
,
expired
in
dreadful
Torments
;
and
a
man
may
doubt
with
reason
,
whether
the
rage
of
Tyrants
,
ever
invented
any
thing
more
cruel
.
As
he
was
already
strucken
in
years
,
the
Doctors
ordered
him
to
be
wrap'd
in
a
sheet
dipt
in
strong
water
,
to
repair
in
some
manner
,
his
natural
heat
,
which
was
decayed
in
him
;
but
as
he
that
sowed
him
up
in
it
,
put
his
thred
to
the
flame
of
the
candle
,
for
this
was
done
in
the
night
,
a
spark
fell
upon
the
sheet
,
which
took
fire
immediately
,
whatsoever
remedy
men
could
find
,
could
do
no
good
,
and
he
could
never
receive
any
assistance
by
his
attendants
,
the
force
of
the
fire
was
greater
,
than
their
diligence
and
industry
;
and
this
Prince
after
incredible
groans
,
that
lasted
three
days
,
gave
up
the
Ghost
in
that
misery
.
Senacherus
King
of
the
Goths
,
was
struck
so
terribly
with
a
briddle
,
by
a
Groom
,
that
he
fell
down
dead
at
the
feet
of
that
Paricide
;
and
Charles
,
Son
to
Charles
the
Bald
,
trying
his
skill
of
Wrestling
with
Aubinus
,
who
knew
him
not
,
and
who
was
counted
the
strongest
man
of
his
age
,
was
thrown
dead
all
along
.
Romanus
Argypropilus
,
Emperor
of
Constantinople
,
was
drowned
in
a
Bath
,
by
the
malice
of
Zoea
his
Wife
,
and
of
Michael
Paphlagonia
,
her
lover
.
Cladomicus
,
King
of
Aquitain
,
caused
his
Sister
,
and
his
Nephew
to
expire
in
a
pit
.
Jugo
,
Duke
of
Normandy
,
dyed
under
the
Ice
;
and
Sforsus
Attendullus
drowned
himself
,
thinking
to
save
one
of
his
Favorites
lifes
.
Autheonor
,
King
of
the
French
,
fell
most
unfortunately
under
a
Bridge
,
loaden
with
the
spoil
of
the
Gaules
,
whom
he
had
triumpht
over
;
and
Asclepio
,
Pompeys
Brother
,
who
had
been
a
Pirate
above
twenty
years
,
drownded
himself
in
a
Well
.
A
King
of
Englands
Children
,
William
,
Henry
,
and
Sybill
,
were
swallowed
up
by
the
waves
,
as
well
as
Clodius
Marcellus
,
who
was
Consul
three
times
;
and
we
read
,
that
King
Ericta
drowned
himself
in
the
red
sea
;
Tirennus
King
of
Libia
,
in
the
Mediterranean
;
and
that
the
death
of
the
Emperor
Decius
,
of
the
Emperor
Frederick
,
of
Mexancia
,
of
Lewis
the
second
,
King
of
Hungaria
,
and
of
many
others
,
as
considerable
by
their
Fortune
,
as
by
their
Birth
,
was
neither
easier
nor
more
glorious
.
Constantine
Capronimus
,
Emperor
of
Constantinople
;
and
Baldwin
died
of
Leprosies
.
Herod
Arnul
,
the
Emperor
,
Charlemains
natural
Son
;
Acastus
,
Pelias's
Son
;
Calisthenes
,
the
Olinthian
;
Sylla
,
Clement
the
seventh
;
and
Philip
the
second
King
of
Spain
,
were
eaten
up
with
Lice
;
Hatton
,
Duke
of
Franconia
,
Wilcerof
,
alias
Wilderad
,
Bishop
of
Strasburg
,
and
Popiel
King
of
Poland
,
were
devoured
with
Rats
;
Manpritius
King
of
England
by
Wolves
,
according
to
Polidore
Virgil
,
and
the
Huntsman
Acteon
,
by
Dogs
,
if
it
be
not
a
Fable
mixt
with
History
.
Hercules
was
poisoned
with
a
shirt
;
Laodislaus
,
King
of
Bohemia
,
with
an
Apple
;
Guido
,
Duke
of
Urbin
,
with
a
gilly-flower
;
and
Otho
the
third
,
Emperor
,
with
a
pair
of
Gloves
,
that
his
Enemy
Creceancius's
Wife
gave
him
.
Spurius
Sanefius
,
was
choaked
with
an
Egg
,
which
he
went
to
eat
coming
out
of
a
Bath
;
Pope
Adrian
the
fourth
with
a
butterfly
,
which
was
in
the
Fountain
in
which
he
drank
,
in
Germany
;
the
Pretor
Fabius
with
an
hair
,
drinking
some
milk
;
the
young
Drusus
,
Claudius
Caesars
Son
,
with
an
Apple
that
he
had
thrown
up
to
catch
it
in
his
mouth
;
and
Andebout
,
King
of
England
,
with
his
gourmandising
.
Pausanias
,
the
Lacedemonians
General
;
Mitrius
of
Verona
;
Jugurtha
King
of
Numedia
,
and
Benet
the
sixth
,
were
starved
to
death
;
and
Promuchus
killed
himself
with
drinking
.
Drusus
,
in
Tiberius's
time
,
eat
the
very
hair
that
his
bed
was
stuffed
with
;
Casimir
the
second
King
of
Poland
died
at
a
Banquet
drinking
;
and
George
,
Edward
the
fourths
Brother
,
seeing
himself
in
a
necessity
to
receive
death
,
waited
for
it
in
a
butt
of
Malmsey
.
Eupolis
,
Niceas's
Son
,
the
Athenians
General
,
was
crusht
to
death
under
the
ruine
of
a
House
,
the
first
night
of
his
Marriage
;
Pope
John
the
one
and
twentieth
,
was
buried
in
those
of
a
Chamber
at
Viterbe
;
Bruno
,
Bishop
of
Wisbourg
,
and
Allemanus
,
died
by
the
fall
of
a
Ceiling
;
and
Pyrrhus
,
King
of
the
Epirotes
,
and
the
good
Drusus
,
were
knocked
on
the
head
with
a
tile
that
fell
by
chance
upon
their
heads
,
when
they
thought
least
of
it
;
the
one
before
Argines
,
and
the
other
at
Rome
,
as
he
rid
in
Triumph
.
Oza
King
of
Israel
,
was
crushed
to
death
with
a
Chariot
wheel
,
in
the
midst
of
a
great
ceremony
;
Abimelech
,
with
a
piece
of
a
millstone
,
that
an
old
woman
flung
upon
him
,
when
he
thought
to
storme
Thebes
;
and
Polexander
,
with
the
Statue
of
Nicon
,
who
won
so
many
Battles
,
that
he
got
to
the
number
of
one
hundred
and
fourteen
Crowns
.
A
Duke
of
Britanny
,
and
Constantin
Paleologue
were
smothered
in
a
crowd
of
people
,
the
one
at
Avignon
,
at
the
entry
of
Pope
Clement
the
sixth
,
and
the
other
going
out
of
Constantinople
,
;
John
the
seaventh
with
a
pillow
;
Najam
,
Cublay's
Nephew
,
Emperor
of
the
Tartars
,
in
a
piece
of
cloth
;
and
Tiberius
with
Blankets
.
But
let
us
see
now
,
if
the
most
innocent
of
our
passions
,
is
not
sometimes
the
most
cruel
;
if
our
good
fortune
should
not
make
us
tremble
,
and
if
death
doth
not
come
to
us
with
joy
.
CHAP.
VI
.
Of
those
that
died
with
joy
,
or
sudden
death
.
MArcus
Juventius
Talva
,
Consul
,
reading
in
the
Isle
of
Corsus
,
which
he
had
Conquered
,
the
Letters
which
the
Senate
writ
to
him
,
was
so
overjoyed
,
that
they
had
ordered
public
procession
to
solemnize
his
victories
,
that
he
fell
down
dead
,
when
he
was
going
to
thank
the
gods
for
his
happiness
,
and
good
success
.
After
the
loss
of
the
Romans
at
Trasimene
,
all
the
Ladies
went
to
the
gates
of
their
City
,
to
receive
all
them
that
had
escaped
that
defeat
,
and
to
rejoyce
,
or
to
mourn
for
their
deliverance
and
their
wounds
;
one
of
them
above
all
the
rest
,
appeared
with
despair
in
her
face
;
she
tore
her
hair
off
her
head
,
she
filled
the
air
with
her
complaints
,
and
shewed
by
all
her
actions
,
the
heaviness
of
her
heart
,
and
the
weakness
of
her
sex
;
she
was
misinformed
that
her
Son
had
done
in
this
expedition
,
all
that
a
man
could
do
for
his
glory
,
and
his
Country
;
but
that
his
misfortune
had
proved
inevitable
,
and
that
at
last
he
expired
upon
a
heap
of
enemies
,
whom
he
had
slain
with
his
own
hands
.
This
news
smothered
not
the
tenderness
she
had
for
him
,
her
wound
was
too
sensible
and
too
great
,
to
be
cured
by
words
,
and
her
grief
was
no
greater
,
than
in
the
remedies
that
they
applied
to
comfort
her
;
in
these
deplorable
torments
and
sighs
,
she
went
her
way
,
and
met
her
Son
not
long
after
,
she
run
to
salute
him
,
and
as
she
embraced
him
,
she
expired
insensibly
in
his
arms
,
and
found
death
in
her
joy
,
which
before
she
could
not
find
in
her
griefs
.
Tullia
,
knowing
that
his
Son
,
who
commanded
a
Legion
in
this
same
War
,
was
returning
with
those
that
escaped
,
fell
down
dead
,
thinking
to
receive
him
:
so
that
his
caresses
were
not
so
soon
ended
as
his
life
.
When
Diogenes
,
General
of
the
Eriteens
Forces
,
besieged
vigourously
the
City
of
Naxis
,
Policrites
charmed
him
so
by
her
fine
language
,
and
her
beauty
,
that
he
was
constrained
to
raise
the
Siege
,
and
to
grant
to
the
Prayers
of
that
admirable
Woman
,
that
which
he
was
resolved
to
refuse
to
pitty
and
justice
.
This
good
fortune
which
surprised
the
Inhabitants
of
Naxis
,
obliged
them
to
follow
her
soon
after
,
with
acclamations
and
praises
,
as
the
mother
of
the
people
;
and
this
Lady
was
so
overjoyed
of
that
honor
,
that
she
died
in
the
midst
of
that
glory
.
Sophocles
,
already
strucken
in
years
,
disputing
with
some
Poets
,
who
by
the
loss
of
his
reputation
would
raise
theirs
,
was
so
overjoyed
,
to
see
that
his
Judges
,
after
they
had
examined
the
Tragedy
he
had
composed
,
gave
him
the
prize
,
which
he
did
not
promise
himself
,
that
it
was
impossible
for
him
to
survive
that
felicity
;
and
Chilon
having
gotten
the
same
advantage
over
his
companions
,
fell
down
dead
at
the
feet
of
those
that
brought
him
tidings
of
it
.
Sprensippus
,
a
Platonick
Philosopher
,
Cornelius
Gallus
Pretor
;
Titus
Atherius
,
a
Roman
Knight
;
two
others
in
Plineys
time
;
and
Lowis
of
Gonzagus
,
dyed
with
pleasure
in
their
Mistresses
arms
.
That
Xeuxis
,
who
deceived
his
birds
so
artificially
,
by
Grapes
that
were
produced
by
his
pencel
,
and
who
caused
admiration
by
the
Pictures
of
Venus
and
Penelope
;
after
he
had
drawn
the
picture
of
an
old
woman
,
found
it
so
silly
,
that
he
fell
in
a
laughter
,
which
never
ceased
but
with
his
life
.
Philemon
the
Poet
,
seeing
an
Ass
that
drew
near
a
table
to
eat
figgs
,
dyed
in
the
same
manner
;
and
Philistion
having
taken
too
great
delight
in
the
Wit
of
a
Satire
,
which
he
had
made
against
one
of
his
enemies
,
dyed
of
the
spleen
.
Leo
the
tenth
,
fell
in
such
a
violent
Feaver
,
hearing
of
the
disorder
of
Francis
the
first
,
whom
he
hated
,
that
he
lived
but
three
days
after
the
news
of
it
;
and
Diogoras
of
Rhodes
,
Athletes
Crotomentes
,
Clio
,
Telon
,
and
Dennis
the
Tyrant
,
died
after
the
same
manner
;
Armonius
breathed
his
last
in
his
pipe
he
plaid
on
,
if
we
may
believe
Lucian
,
and
we
may
find
in
a
Chronicle
of
Streganus
,
that
one
Isabella
Queen
of
France
,
died
with
pleasure
.
Two
of
the
Caesars
died
suddenly
,
one
at
Rome
,
and
the
other
at
Pisus
;
and
Fabius
Maximns
,
Cajus
Vulcanus
Turgeus
Senator
;
Bebius
Pamphilius
,
Aemilius
Lepidus
,
and
Servilius
Pensa
,
fell
down
dead
without
any
apparent
distemper
.
The
same
misfortune
hapned
to
Terentius
Corax
,
when
he
was
writing
to
the
Senate
;
to
the
Poet
Pindareus
,
when
he
was
recreating
himself
by
the
sight
of
some
publick
Plays
;
and
to
a
Roman
King
,
who
in
Phineas
time
,
when
he
was
discoursing
privately
with
a
Consul
,
before
the
Ivory
Image
of
Apollo
.
Cajus
Julius
a
Phisitian
,
was
seen
to
expire
rubbing
one
of
his
eyes
;
Apius
Sanfeius
,
in
taking
of
an
egg
;
Lucius
Durius
V●lla
,
in
taking
Wine
mixt
with
honey
;
and
Manlius
Torquatus
,
as
he
was
striving
to
take
a
Cake
;
Publius
Quintus
Scapula
;
Ofilius
Hilarius
the
player
;
and
Decimus
Sanfeius
,
died
so
insencibly
,
in
feasting
with
their
friends
,
that
it
seemed
sleep
had
rather
closed
their
eyes
then
death
,
and
that
they
had
more
need
to
be
laid
upon
beds
,
then
in
graves
;
life
failed
almost
as
soon
to
the
young
Prince
of
Foix
,
as
his
heart
,
when
they
gave
him
to
wash
;
and
Phillipidus
,
who
was
the
first
man
that
incouraged
the
Athenians
,
who
trembled
for
the
success
of
the
Battle
of
Marathon
,
fell
on
the
ground
as
he
was
relating
to
them
the
news
of
their
Victory
.
This
is
enough
to
make
us
conclude
,
that
Seneca
hath
not
reproved
Virgil
so
judiciously
,
as
men
perswade
themselves
,
because
he
termed
pleasures
,
the
evil
joys
of
the
Soul
,
since
there
be
some
so
fatal
,
and
this
may
be
the
reason
the
Stoicks
would
not
have
a
wise
Man
subject
to
passions
,
that
so
avoiding
their
slavery
,
he
might
not
be
that
of
fortune
:
CHAP.
VII
.
Of
them
who
have
had
but
short
Reigns
.
THose
that
are
persuaded
that
obedience
is
in
all
places
shameful
,
say
openly
,
That
true
Felicity
seems
to
be
inclosed
in
Crowns
,
and
who
hath
nothing
at
his
command
,
hath
alwayes
cause
to
complain
.
But
if
it
be
true
,
That
whosoever
is
not
absolute
,
is
not
happy
;
and
if
independency
is
,
in
effect
,
the
greatest
of
all
goods
,
we
must
confess
that
it
is
often
but
of
a
short
continuance
,
and
that
it
is
almost
as
soon
snatcht
from
men
as
it
is
bestowed
.
In
their
opinion
Galba
had
but
seven
months
of
happiness
in
all
his
life
,
because
he
Reigned
no
longer
;
for
Fortune
revenged
her self
of
him
,
for
his
taking
away
from
about
the
neck
of
her
Statue
,
a
golden
Chain
,
from
which
she
drew
her
greatest
glory
.
Vitellius
was
unworthily
murthered
soon
after
he
had
attained
to
the
Empire
;
and
Pertinax
,
six
months
after
he
had
commanded
it
,
was
assassinated
by
his
Soldiers
;
and
,
according
to
some
Writers
,
by
his
own
Guards
.
The
Emperor
Tacitus
did
not
taste
his
Felicity
so
long
;
and
Constantine
,
Heraclius's
son
,
had
not
sate
upon
the
Throne
one
year
,
but
he
was
poysoned
by
Martina
his
Mother-in-law
.
This
ambitious
Woman
,
who
to
make
sure
the
Sovereignty
to
her
son
Heracleonas
,
neither
considered
her
reputation
,
nor
her
crime
,
was
a
great
deal
less
happy
,
because
she
had
not
governed
the
Empire
two
months
,
but
the
Senate
,
when
the
mothers
tongue
was
cut
out
,
and
the
childs
nose
off
,
pulled
them
both
down
shamefully
from
the
Throne
.
Otho
,
the
third
month
of
his
Reign
,
was
forced
to
take
Arms
against
himself
;
to
renounce
all
at
once
to
his
life
,
and
the
pleasure
of
commanding
;
and
to
prefer
to
his
ambition
the
good
of
all
his
Subjects
.
Emilian
,
who
slew
Gallus
,
and
Valentine
kept
the
Throne
no
longer
,
and
Decius
Julianus
,
and
Florin
,
lost
their
Lives
miserably
,
two
months
after
their
Coronation
.
Silvanus
bore
the
name
of
Emperor
but
a
month
;
Quintilius
Claudius's
brother
,
according
to
Bocace
,
Reigned
but
17
dayes
;
Marcius
who
was
chosen
Emperor
in
Gaules
,
after
Posthumius's
death
,
was
so
but
two
dayes
;
and
young
Edward
V.
King
of
England
,
by
the
malice
of
his
Uncle
Richard
,
had
not
so
much
time
as
to
consider
his
Crown
.
Amongst
the
Popes
,
John
V.
John
XVIII
.
Agapit
,
Constantine
II
.
Adrian
III
.
and
many
others
,
have
not
kept
the
seat
above
a
Twelvemonth
.
Benet
X.
expired
the
ninth
month
of
his
Pontificate
.
Leo
VI
.
dyed
the
seventh
of
his
.
Romain
,
the
third
.
Stephen
IX
.
the
sixth
of
his
.
Bennit
V.
Reigned
but
two
:
And
Silvester
III
.
did
not
Reign
so
long
as
this
last
.
Gregory
VIII
.
but
50
dayes
.
Valentine
II
:
and
Leo
V.
but
Forty
.
Damascus
II
.
but
twenty
three
.
Theodorus
II
.
dyed
the
20th
day
of
his
Election
.
And
Sosinus
,
and
Celestin
IV
.
the
18th
of
theirs
.
I
will
not
speak
of
young
Leo
,
of
Philippicus
Bardanus
,
of
Artemius
Anastasius
,
of
Leo
Porphyrogenitus
,
of
Alexander
Basil's
son
,
of
Michael
Calaphat
of
Loez
,
of
Theodorus
,
of
Eudoxe
,
nor
of
many
besides
,
whose
Reigns
the
Latin
and
Greek
Historians
have
treated
of
.
These
Examples
shall
suffice
to
give
notice
to
the
Reader
,
that
there
is
no
more
rest
upon
Thrones
,
than
elsewhere
;
and
that
in
all
cases
,
Men
are
no
securer
from
Death
nor
Destiny
upon
them
.
CHAP.
VIII
.
Of
the
Misfortune
of
Flatterers
or
Favourites
.
THe
question
being
asked
of
Bias
,
Which
of
all
Animals
was
the
worst
?
Of
the
wild
one
,
said
he
,
that
which
is
most
tyrannous
;
and
of
the
tame
ones
,
the
flatterer
:
In
effect
,
if
we
examine
narrowly
these
dissemblers
,
we
shall
find
that
they
are
Camelions
of
all
colours
,
Weather-cocks
,
Spirits
of
any
shape
,
and
Matters
of
all
Forms
.
They
are
like
the
Eccho
,
that
sings
when
men
sing
,
and
groans
when
we
figh
.
If
the
Prince
under
whom
these
unhappy
men
live
,
is
cruel
,
they
feed
him
with
humane
blood
,
as
Vedeus
Polians
,
Lampreis
.
If
he
loveth
revenge
,
they
will
still
make
him
more
bloody
than
the
Emperor
Commodus
,
who
commanded
the
Prevost
of
Rome
to
cut
the
Throats
of
a
whole
Assembly
of
Spectators
in
a
Theatre
,
that
were
no
less
in
number
than
60000
,
for
daring
to
laugh
at
him
,
when
he
play'd
a
Gladiators
part
;
and
if
he
be
superstitious
and
timerous
,
they
will
immediately
bring
before
him
the
example
of
the
Emperor
Clandius
,
who
put
to
death
two
Roman
Knights
that
were
brothers
,
because
of
a
dream
which
he
thought
had
an
ill
interpretation
.
With
them
the
dull
and
heavy
are
counted
wise
,
the
Usurper
a
Conqueror
,
the
Hypocrite
godly
,
the
Covetous
saving
,
the
Hasty
valiant
,
and
the
Wasteful
liberal
.
As
Superficies
and
Lines
cannot
of
their
own
accord
bend
and
move
,
nor
extend
themselves
,
yet
with
the
motion
of
those
bodies
of
which
they
are
extremes
,
they
easily
move
;
Flatterers
likewise
,
saith
Plutarch
,
do
not
act
by
their
own
motion
,
but
they
alwayes
follow
that
of
another
body
.
The
humour
of
the
Princes
,
to
which
their
interest
tyeth
them
,
becomes
their
inclination
;
if
they
have
no
passion
for
virtue
,
these
men
abhor
it
;
and
if
their
Masters
are
soft
and
voluptuous
,
they
are
alwayes
found
ready
to
crown
Vice
,
in
what
manner
soever
.
They
make
it
their
divertisement
,
and
their
glory
,
to
spit
Flies
with
Domitian
,
to
catch
Fish
with
Arsacidas
,
King
of
Bactria
,
and
Moles
with
Hartaban
,
King
of
Hircania
;
to
sowe
Frogs
together
with
Biantus
,
King
of
the
Lydians
;
and
to
make
Lamps
with
Aeropus
,
King
of
Macedonia
.
They
become
Coachmen
and
Harpers
with
Nero
;
they
curry
the
Horses
with
Areas
,
King
of
Tartaria
;
imitate
Pigs
with
Parmenio
;
and
the
screeking
of
Well-wheels
and
Pullies
with
Theodorus
.
If
they
follow
Agathon
,
they
come
forth
in
publick
,
cloathed
in
Fox
skins
;
and
cloath
themselves
with
those
of
Lyons
,
if
they
come
in
Dion
the
Prusians
presence
.
If
they
happen
to
be
with
Wenceslaus
,
King
of
Bohemia
,
they
will
be
gladder
to
go
bare-foot
through
Ice
and
Snow
,
than
amongst
Roses
.
And
they
will
catch
cold
purposely
to
sing
before
King
Archesilaus
,
who
fancied
that
hoarse
voices
composed
the
most
agreeable
harmony
.
They
will
make
themselves
wounds
to
appear
before
Mithridates
,
who
took
upon
him
to
be
a
Chyrurgion
;
and
will
become
Limners
under
Adrians
Empire
,
who
took
a
great
pride
in
drawing
of
Pompkins
.
They
will
rub
one
against
another
in
Denys's
Palace
,
to
make
him
believe
that
they
are
all
short-sighted
as
he
is
,
or
else
will
strow
Sand
in
his
Chambers
,
to
draw
,
as
he
did
,
Geometrical
Figures
;
and
if
this
day
there
were
any
Samsons
,
Achilles
and
Hercules
to
be
found
,
you
would
see
them
a
kissing
with
Dalilah
,
sowing
with
Briseis
,
and
spin
with
Dejamra
.
It
is
not
only
in
great
mens
houses
that
these
Rats
creep
,
they
find
a
passage
everywhere
,
they
have
found
Entries
in
Academies
as
well
as
in
Courts
;
for
as
Alexanders
Favourites
endeavoured
to
bend
their
necks
a
little
,
that
they
might
resemble
him
in
something
,
the
Disciples
of
Plato
did
also
endeavour
to
imitate
his
high
shoulders
,
those
of
Aristotle
his
stutterings
,
and
those
of
Pontius
Latro
,
to
look
pale
like
him
,
drank
Beverege
,
though
his
want
of
colour
,
as
well
as
that
of
Lenon
,
proceeded
not
so
much
from
his
indisposition
,
as
from
studying
.
If
Complacency
was
the
greatest
hurt
in
Flatterers
,
it
would
be
at
least
the
more
inexcusable
;
but
their
baseness
reacheth
much
farther
,
and
their
humor
is
much
more
dangerous
than
their
conversation
.
They
adore
Men
in
their
prosperity
,
because
they
benefit
by
it
,
and
forsake
them
in
adversity
,
like
vermine
that
leave
the
dead
,
because
they
find
no
more
blood
upon
which
they
use
to
feed
;
for
all
they
know
that
good
nature
is
alwayes
esteemed
even
in
dumb
creatures
,
yet
they
would
look
upon
themselves
to
be
greater
Brutes
than
them
,
if
they
should
go
about
to
relieve
their
necessity
,
whose
plenty
they
lived
upon
before
;
and
cannot
apprehend
that
there
's
any
more
merit
in
helping
the
unfortunate
,
than
in
avoiding
them
.
They
seem
to
be
descended
from
those
men
that
adore
the
Sun
at
its
rising
,
but
shoot
arrows
at
it
when
it
sets
.
And
indeed
they
are
but
like
Swallows
,
which
seek
the
Springs
and
Birds
of
prey
,
which
follow
after
their
food
,
and
not
like
men
.
But
now
we
must
look
upon
their
Misfortune
,
as
well
as
upon
their
Lives
,
and
examine
if
those
have
had
the
better
Fortunes
,
that
have
had
the
most
credit
.
Herodian
relates
,
that
Cleander
of
Phrygia
,
having
been
preferred
in
the
house
of
Commodus
,
by
Marcus
Aurelius
,
became
,
of
a
Slave
,
Captain
of
the
Emperors
Guards
,
and
after
that
Chamberlain
of
the
Emperors
Houshold
,
and
afterwards
Colonel
in
the
Army
,
and
some
time
after
that
the
greatest
and
most
potent
man
in
the
Empire
:
but
as
Ambition
is
most
commonly
like
Choler
,
which
hath
no
consideration
in
its
Enterprizes
,
and
hearkneth
neither
to
reason
that
counsels
it
,
nor
the
obstacles
that
can
withstand
it
;
Cleander
having
lost
that
slavish
humor
,
as
he
had
lost
the
condition
of
one
,
thought
upon
nothing
else
,
but
on
the
means
to
assure
himself
of
the
Crown
;
and
to
become
Master
of
him
,
whose
Creature
he
had
been
.
And
to
execute
his
design
most
conveniently
,
he
made
a
great
Park
for
publick
Exercises
and
Baths
,
where
every
man
had
liberty
to
come
and
wash
;
bestowed
great
gifts
upon
the
common
people
,
and
made
great
promises
to
the
Nobility
,
and
did
all
that
lay
in
his
power
,
to
make
himself
pass
in
the
fancy
of
men
,
the
most
courteous
,
and
most
liberal
of
any
living
,
and
that
he
had
all
the
good
qualities
requir'd
in
a
King
,
had
he
had
the
Title
.
But
the
Romans
had
no
sooner
discover'd
his
ambition
,
but
they
gather'd
in
great
crowds
to
the
Theatre
,
beset
him
in
his
Palace
,
and
caused
the
Emperor
to
cut
off
his
head
.
Commodus
put
to
death
before
that
time
Perennis
,
who
had
gotten
power
to
make
his
Sons
heads
of
the
Armies
which
were
in
Illiria
,
and
who
by
the
death
of
Paternus
,
had
so
advanc'd
his
Credit
and
Fortune
,
that
he
manag'd
all
Affairs
,
whil'st
that
unclean
Emperor
rested
in
the
arms
of
300
young
boys
,
and
as
many
women
,
the
hansomest
and
most
voluptuous
he
could
find
in
Rome
.
That
same
Prince
,
who
had
nothing
worthy
of
his
Title
,
but
the
honour
he
had
to
be
Marcus
Aurelius's
son
,
saw
with
regret
,
the
death
of
his
Favourite
Saoeterus
,
who
was
kill'd
in
his
Gardens
,
by
some
Colonels
of
the
Guard
,
when
they
pretended
to
accompany
him
with
respect
to
the
Sacrifices
:
Prexases
,
whom
Cambyses
loved
with
a
great
deal
of
reason
,
being
grown
bold
enough
,
as
to
take
the
liberty
to
tell
him
,
that
the
Wine
he
drank
in
profusion
,
dishonor'd
his
servants
;
and
that
his
private
Enemies
were
glad
to
find
that
occasion
to
ground
their
greatest
insolences
,
found
shortly
after
how
dangerous
it
is
to
reprove
Princes
of
their
imperfections
,
and
how
it
is
necessary
not
to
affect
virtue
too
much
with
Tyranny
.
That
thou
may'st
know
,
replied
Cambyses
,
that
the
excess
of
Wine
doth
not
trouble
me
,
and
that
the
Vice
that
thou
chargest
me
withall
,
never
deprived
me
of
my
senses
,
I
will
give
thee
a
certain
proof
,
and
make
thee
confess
,
that
th●se
that
look
upon
my
actions
,
had
better
admire
,
than
reprove
them
.
Cambyses
then
began
to
drink
with
excess
,
commanded
Prexases
son
to
go
stand
at
the
door
of
a
large
Room
,
and
to
hold
his
left
hand
upon
his
head
.
The
Child
obey'd
his
Princes
command
,
who
took
a
Bowe
,
and
shot
him
through
the
heart
,
with
the
first
Arrow
that
he
shot
at
him
;
he
caused
his
breast
to
be
opened
,
takes
himself
the
point
of
the
Arrow
,
and
shewing
Prexases
how
just
in
the
middle
of
his
Childs
heart
he
had
shot
,
See
,
said
he
,
whether
I
have
an
eaven
hand
,
if
I
see
clear
,
and
if
I
lose
my
reason
by
my
debauches
?
Did
not
Alexander
put
to
death
Philotas
and
Parmenion
,
whom
he
had
loved
so
tenderly
?
And
did
he
not
kill
with
his
own
hand
Clittus
,
that
had
so
generously
serv'd
him
in
all
his
Enterprizes
,
and
had
sav'd
his
life
it self
,
when
he
passed
over
Granicus
,
and
fought
with
Roesalus
and
Spithridatus
,
the
two
chief
Commanders
of
Persia
?
Tiberius
put
to
a
cruel
death
Quintilius
,
Varus
,
Pison
,
Germanicus
,
and
Drusus
,
who
were
all
of
them
his
Collegues
in
the
Consulate
;
and
Sejans
body
having
been
left
to
the
mercy
of
Executioners
,
was
dragged
three
days
together
through
the
streets
,
and
afterwards
thrown
into
Tyber
,
by
the
command
of
that
Emperor
who
had
before
exalted
him
so
high
,
that
the
most
considerable
persons
in
Rome
,
for
the
space
of
16
years
,
had
been
forc'd
to
court
his
slaves
that
kept
his
gates
.
Adrian
put
Nepos
to
death
,
and
Septicius
Clarus
,
Eudemon
,
Bollemus
,
Marcellus
,
Numidius
,
Quadratus
,
Catilius
,
Severus
,
and
Turbon
,
though
he
had
shewed
them
all
either
out
of
love
or
policy
,
that
they
were
all
very
considerable
to
him
:
And
Vespasian
had
no
sooner
honour'd
his
Courtiers
,
by
bestowing
great
Offices
upon
them
,
but
he
caused
them
to
be
poysoned
as
soon
as
they
had
advantaged
themselves
,
that
so
they
might
be
termed
the
Emperors
Spunges
,
that
were
no
sooner
full
,
but
he
squeez'd
them
.
Artaxerxes
,
led
by
the
ill
counsel
of
his
mother
,
caused
Mithridates's
face
to
be
daubed
over
with
Honey
dissolv'd
in
Milk
,
and
having
plac'd
him
just
opposite
to
the
Sun-beams
,
bestow'd
so
much
labour
to
order
him
,
that
he
caused
the
Flies
and
the
Worms
,
which
gendred
of
the
corruption
of
his
body
,
to
eat
him
up
,
though
this
famous
Courtier
was
guilty
of
nothing
,
but
that
his
services
nor
his
innocence
could
not
please
the
Queen
.
Caligula
,
who
loved
Ptolomey
passionately
,
put
him
to
death
notwithstanding
,
because
that
young
Prince
waiting
upon
him
once
at
the
Theatre
,
had
drawn
the
sight
of
the
Spectators
upon
him
,
by
the
glory
of
his
Robe
:
And
Nero
,
that
scourge
of
Rome
,
and
Monster
of
Nature
,
made
Corbulon
run
his
Sword
through
his
own
body
,
though
he
was
wont
to
call
him
Father
and
Benefactor
,
and
that
he
was
the
valiantest
and
most
moderate
person
of
his
age
.
Ibrahim
Bassa's
Fortune
was
so
great
,
that
it
surprized
the
very
Author
of
it
:
Solyman
was
afraid
of
his
own
courage
;
and
seeing
his
Favourite
so
much
respected
,
he
was
obliged
to
break
the
resolution
he
had
taken
never
to
put
him
to
death
;
and
to
cause
his
Throat
to
be
cut
by
an
Eunuch
,
whil'st
he
slept
,
to
make
sure
by
this
Perjury
the
continuance
of
his
Reign
,
and
the
quiet
of
his
mind
.
David
Rix
of
Savoy
,
was
stabbed
by
George
Duglas
in
Scotland
,
as
Bucanan
relates
,
though
he
was
there
very
considerable
,
and
that
of
Singing-master
he
was
become
a
Queens
Favourite
;
and
that
by
the
goodness
of
his
voice
he
had
the
government
of
that
Princess
.
I
could
speak
of
many
more
,
if
I
thought
that
the
Reader
was
not
persuaded
,
That
the
Grandeurs
of
the
World
are
perishable
;
that
their
lustre
is
dangerous
and
fatal
;
and
that
those
that
trust
in
Princes
Favors
,
often
build
their
felicity
upon
a
meer
Chimera
.
CHAP.
IX
.
Of
the
mischiefs
that
have
hapned
to
the
adventurers
in
Tournois
.
THe
Greeks
had
in
time
past
their
Gimnick
sports
,
to
keep
their
young
mens
hands
in
actions
,
and
those
that
had
signalised
themselves
in
them
,
were
so
much
the
more
considered
,
by
applauses
and
recompences
.
The
course
of
Chariots
and
Horses
,
was
in
use
with
the
Romans
,
to
exercise
their
youths
,
and
make
them
the
more
active
,
in
those
combats
which
required
all
their
force
and
agility
,
for
the
preservation
of
their
Republick
;
the
first
had
besides
Pirrick
plays
,
in
which
young
men
danced
in
arms
,
and
fought
severally
,
to
honor
persons
of
qualities
Nuptials
,
and
the
others
had
Angaries
,
or
military
schools
,
as
Vegessus
writes
,
wherein
their
Children
were
tutored
betimes
,
in
all
those
things
that
might
advance
their
glory
.
They
had
Classes
or
Basilicks
,
that
is
to
say
,
great
Auditories
and
Halls
,
where
they
learnt
to
fight
on
foot
and
on
horseback
,
to
swim
,
to
make
use
of
their
shields
,
to
dart
a
lance
,
to
bend
a
bowe
,
to
cast
stones
,
and
to
make
trenches
and
Palisadoes
;
they
were
no
sooner
remarkable
by
their
actions
,
but
that
they
were
listed
in
the
Legions
Roals
,
that
they
took
the
oath
of
Allegiance
,
and
that
they
were
markt
upon
the
right
arm
,
with
these
Characters
,
M.
R.
which
signified
Militia
Romana
,
which
ceremony
they
called
,
The
Military
Sacrament
.
But
as
all
Nations
altered
in
time
their
manner
of
fighting
,
they
invented
new
sports
and
fitted
them
to
their
way
of
combats
.
Tourneys
were
invented
then
,
and
Wolfius
would
perswade
us
,
that
the
Emperor
Henry
the
first
,
had
first
that
advantage
,
and
that
he
brought
them
in
credit
,
in
the
year
930.
by
the
Councel
of
Phillip
his
Secretary
,
and
of
fifteen
Lords
and
Knights
,
who
laid
the
patterns
of
them
,
and
who
were
minded
to
banish
from
them
,
by
publick
Laws
,
all
Gentlemen
that
married
in
ignoble
Families
,
and
to
forbid
the
entrance
of
them
,
to
Blasphemers
,
Drunkards
,
Cowards
,
Adulterers
,
and
Robbers
,
for
all
that
we
know
,
that
the
use
of
them
is
ancienter
with
us
;
for
in
the
year
870
Charles
and
Lewis
,
Lewis
the
Meeks
Son
,
made
a
glorius
Tourney
,
,
after
they
were
agreed
about
their
possessions
,
as
Nithard
remarked
in
his
relation
of
these
two
Princes
reconciliation
;
and
that
English
,
Germans
,
Saxons
,
Lombaads
,
and
French
Knights
,
made
that
spectacle
magnificent
,
by
their
garbs
,
by
their
emulation
,
and
by
their
activeness
.
If
we
may
beleive
the
Emperor
Cantacusene
,
in
his
first
Book
of
Andronicu's
life
,
we
shall
find
that
the
Savoyans
,
and
those
of
Daulphinee
,
taught
the
use
of
them
to
the
Greeks
,
when
they
accomponied
to
Constantinople
the
Empress
Anne
,
great
Amedus's
Daughter
;
and
these
Torneys
were
the
greatest
past-time
at
Nuptials
,
at
Coronations
,
and
Christnings
in
England
,
France
,
Spain
,
and
all
other
places
of
Europe
,
when
Princes
and
Kings
kept
open
house
,
there
they
fought
with
blunted
launces
and
swords
;
he
was
counted
the
valliantest
and
strongest
,
that
remained
last
in
the
Tourney
,
and
all
of
them
had
no
other
end
,
but
his
particular
glory
,
the
Ladies
recreation
,
or
their
Soveraigns
divertisement
.
King
Philip
of
Valois
made
many
ordonnances
for
those
sports
,
and
forbad
expresly
the
entry
of
them
to
any
Man
of
what
dignity
soever
,
that
had
spoken
ill
in
any
ways
of
the
Catholick
Faith
;
and
to
all
them
that
could
not
prove
their
pedigree
,
from
four
Generations
at
least
.
He
admitted
neither
those
who
had
falsisied
their
Oath
,
nor
those
who
had
said
any
thing
that
could
reach
their
Princes
honor
,
nor
him
that
had
betrayed
his
Master
,
or
had
forsook
him
in
a
combat
,
that
had
turned
his
back
cowardly
,
that
had
caused
some
trouble
and
disorder
in
the
Army
,
or
that
had
struck
his
fellow
souldier
,
by
malice
or
hatred
;
he
kept
those
out
that
had
affronted
any
Lady
,
that
had
falsified
their
Arms
,
or
those
of
another
,
that
had
used
any
tyranny
over
poor
Men
,
over
the
Fatherless
and
over
the
Widdows
,
that
had
revenged
themselves
by
some
unhandsome
action
,
that
had
raised
their
rents
,
without
the
allowance
of
the
Lord
of
their
Mannor
,
that
were
convinced
of
Adultery
,
of
Sodomy
and
Drunkeness
,
and
would
not
permit
so
much
as
a
Gentleman
that
lived
by
Marchandise
and
Traffick
,
or
had
married
any
Woman
of
low
degree
,
to
come
there
,
nor
those
that
did
not
appear
in
those
assemblies
when
they
were
summoned
.
If
any
man
was
found
there
,
that
was
convinced
of
any
one
of
those
crimes
,
he
was
punisht
according
to
the
Laws
;
and
shame
was
not
his
only
punishment
;
his
punishment
was
measured
by
his
fault
,
and
according
as
he
was
guilty
,
his
brest
and
back
plate
,
and
head
piece
were
taken
from
him
,
and
sometimes
broken
;
he
was
beaten
with
swords
and
rods
;
his
horses
girts
were
cut
;
and
sometimes
they
made
him
ride
a
top
the
gate
of
the
field
,
and
crave
aloud
the
mercy
of
the
Ladies
.
Perjured
persons
,
perfidious
men
,
assassinates
,
and
cowards
,
were
shamefully
degraded
of
their
Gentility
and
Knighthood
;
their
horses
tails
were
cut
off
upon
a
dunghil
;
their
coat
of
arms
and
their
head
piece
,
were
beaten
in
pieces
with
a
hammer
;
and
their
coats
of
mail
were
toren
off
their
backs
;
their
sword
and
launce
were
broken
with
the
point
downward
;
they
pulled
off
their
belts
and
their
spurs
;
and
to
perceive
how
they
were
disgraced
,
read
but
the
Theater
of
Honor
,
written
by
Colombiere
,
which
may
satisfie
all
those
persons
,
that
have
any
desire
to
know
those
ancient
customs
.
These
divertisements
were
doubtless
very
agreeable
,
they
were
full
of
glory
and
majesty
;
there
were
in
them
both
gallantry
and
activeness
,
and
these
fine
spectacles
were
never
defiled
with
blood
.
But
when
men
came
to
fight
at
sharps
,
they
became
horrible
sacrifices
,
death
mixt
it self
in
both
parties
,
and
nothing
were
seen
in
them
but
Funerals
;
Pope
Innocent
and
Eugenes
,
were
forced
to
forbid
the
use
of
them
;
and
the
Council
of
Lateran
,
under
the
Pontificat
of
Alexander
the
third
,
in
the
year
1180.
to
pronounce
Anathema
against
all
those
desperate
Men
;
Innocent
the
third
condemned
them
,
and
in
the
year
1313.
Pope
Clement
excommunicated
all
those
obstinate
murtherers
;
but
Laws
,
Excommunications
,
and
Bulls
,
were
without
effect
;
the
prohibition
of
them
,
made
Men
use
them
the
more
,
and
there
was
seen
nothing
else
,
in
most
part
of
Europe
,
but
Declarations
and
Ordonnances
,
to
summon
men
to
kill
one
another
openly
.
But
we
must
see
some
examples
of
it
;
and
since
I
have
not
hitherto
thought
it
a
material
point
,
to
follow
the
order
of
times
and
persons
,
it
is
not
amiss
to
begin
with
Count
Geoffry
,
surnamed
Plantaginet
,
the
Princes
Mahaulds
Husband
,
who
was
the
King
of
Englands
Daughter
,
Duke
of
Normandy
,
and
the
first
of
that
name
,
eldest
Son
to
Foulque
,
Earl
of
Anjou
,
of
Touraine
,
and
of
Maine
,
who
was
since
King
of
Jerusalem
,
because
he
had
married
King
Baldwin
the
seconds
Daughter
.
A
while
after
that
,
Foulque
was
gone
for
Jerusalem
,
this
Geoffry
made
a
Tournay
upon
the
top
of
St.
Michels
Mount
in
Normandy
,
between
the
English
and
the
Normands
,
where
the
Earl
of
Flanders
,
Thybaut
Earl
of
Blois
,
and
Stephen
,
Earl
of
Mortaign
came
,
who
were
all
the
King
of
Englands
,
Henry
the
first's
Nephews
,
who
sides
with
the
Normans
;
but
when
Geoffry
saw
that
the
number
of
the
English
was
the
smallest
,
he
took
the
weakest
party
,
and
those
of
his
retinue
.
The
first
shock
was
terrible
,
their
ashen
lances
flew
in
pieces
presently
,
and
so
they
all
took
to
their
Swords
,
which
they
broke
too
,
or
turned
their
edges
upon
the
arms
of
their
Enemies
;
and
their
Horses
frighted
with
shouts
,
with
the
sound
of
Trumpets
,
and
the
clashing
of
arms
,
ran
away
with
them
,
after
they
had
tore
their
reins
;
Geoffry
made
use
of
all
his
force
and
courage
against
the
Normans
,
he
ran
at
some
with
tilts
,
killed
some
,
and
unhorsed
others
,
he
cleared
afterwards
the
ranks
with
his
Sword
,
and
perceiving
that
his
party
was
not
the
most
fortunate
,
he
incouraged
them
by
his
actions
and
his
words
,
and
laid
on
never
a
blow
but
it
proved
a
murther
;
the
Normans
seeing
that
horrible
spectacle
,
fled
,
and
forsook
the
carreer
,
least
it
should
have
proveed
their
burying
place
;
and
trusting
upon
the
strength
and
terrible
bigness
of
a
Giant
,
who
was
come
from
beyond
sea
,
at
the
report
of
these
Tourneys
,
they
defied
them
again
,
and
obliged
him
to
ingage
him
in
a
single
combat
;
the
sight
of
that
monstrous
Man
,
daunted
all
the
English
,
who
imagined
that
nature
had
gathered
together
the
strength
of
several
men
in
one
,
and
that
there
was
no
speedier
nor
surer
way
to
dye
,
then
to
fight
him
.
Geoffry
knowing
that
valor
was
not
measured
by
the
bigness
of
a
Man
,
takes
horse
again
,
takes
his
launce
,
and
sustains
the
violence
of
the
Giant
,
who
,
with
the
first
blow
he
laid
on
,
split
his
cuirass
asunder
,
and
struck
him
so
home
,
that
his
blood
followed
the
blow
;
the
Earl
for
all
that
,
kept
his
horse
,
very
resolutely
,
and
in
a
just
resentment
,
dismounted
his
Enemy
at
the
first
attack
,
leap'd
off
his
horse
,
and
flew
upon
him
with
so
much
impetuosity
,
that
he
cut
his
Head
off
,
after
he
had
pulled
off
his
head
piece
,
before
the
Giant
had
time
to
recover
the
mazement
,
he
was
in
by
the
fall
.
William
of
Nangis
,
a
Frier
of
St.
Denys
in
France
,
relates
,
That
King
Philip
,
Son
and
Successor
to
St.
Lewis
,
King
of
France
,
did
express
,
by
a
Tourney
,
the
joy
he
had
for
the
return
of
Charles
Duke
of
Anjou
,
Prince
of
Salerna
,
in
the
year
1279.
and
that
there
came
to
it
,
one
of
the
first
Princes
of
the
blood
,
whose
arms
were
so
heavy
,
and
who
received
so
many
wounds
,
that
it
was
a
wonder
he
did
come
off
alive
.
Mathew
Paris
,
saith
,
that
there
was
a
cruel
Tourney
between
the
English
and
the
French
,
in
the
year
1270.
when
King
Richard
and
Philip
,
King
of
France
,
were
in
Sicilia
,
taking
their
rest
with
their
Armies
,
and
that
it
was
the
cause
of
the
division
,
that
their
interest
was
divided
,
and
that
they
disputed
the
power
between
them
,
of
making
a
King
of
Jerusalem
,
because
Philip
favored
the
Marquis
of
Monferrat
,
and
Richard
,
Guy
of
Lusignan
,
to
whom
he
had
sold
the
Isle
of
Cyprus
;
the
same
Author
speaks
of
another
Tourney
that
was
at
London
,
betwixt
the
English
and
the
French
,
sometime
before
Lewis
of
France
,
Philips
Son
,
was
crowned
King
of
England
,
in
the
year
1216.
and
saith
,
that
many
English
Knights
died
in
it
,
and
that
Count
Geoffry
of
Mandeville
,
expired
sometime
after
,
with
a
wound
he
received
in
the
justs
at
Hertford
,
in
the
year
1241.
the
Earl
Marshal
Gilbert
,
dyed
under
his
horse
that
fell
upon
him
in
a
Tourney
,
and
many
Knights
were
killed
and
wounded
there
,
with
Clubs
and
Swords
.
A
Duke
of
Albania
was
killed
in
France
,
by
such
an
other
ceremony
,
as
Octavian
of
Saint
Gelais
relates
in
his
Garden
of
Honor
;
and
under
Charles
the
sixth
Reign
,
there
was
a
Tournay
in
the
City
of
Arras
,
in
the
Duke
of
Bourgognes
presence
,
betwixt
five
French
Knights
,
and
five
of
that
Countrey
,
only
for
the
glory
of
their
Nations
,
and
their
Arms
;
Theodorus
of
Falperge
,
Pothon
of
Saintrailles
,
Philibert
of
Abrecy
,
William
of
Bez
and
the
Standard
of
Nully
,
were
for
France
,
and
Simon
Allain
,
Peter
Beaufrimont
,
John
Vaudray
,
Nicholas
and
Philibert
of
Menthon
,
were
for
the
Bourgonians
;
the
Lances
were
served
to
the
French
,
by
Alardin
Knight
,
and
to
the
other
,
by
Sir
John
of
Luxenburg
;
and
the
combat
was
fought
with
sharp
Swords
in
a
Park
,
covered
with
sand
,
that
reached
to
the
great
market
place
,
in
the
middle
of
which
,
there
were
double
Lists
,
to
keep
the
horses
to
run
one
against
an
other
,
as
they
ran
up
and
down
;
the
Jousts
lasted
five
days
,
and
fate
ordered
it
so
,
that
there
was
but
Philibert
of
Abrecy
,
and
the
Standard
Nully
wounded
in
the
face
.
We
read
in
Spanish
History
,
that
Don
John
of
Pimentel
,
Count
of
Majorga
,
was
in
several
Tournays
,
out
of
which
he
came
always
Victor
;
and
afterwards
thinking
to
come
into
France
,
he
learnt
that
exercise
,
with
an
incredible
care
,
and
especially
the
use
of
the
Faulchion
,
or
great
Cimetar
,
to
try
himself
against
Forreign
Nations
,
and
first
he
had
a
mind
to
try
his
activeness
with
his
Gentleman
of
the
horse
,
whom
he
caused
to
equip
himself
,
and
received
such
a
blow
in
the
face
by
him
,
that
he
died
a
while
after
;
and
so
the
Gentleman
saved
his
Master
the
labor
of
coming
into
France
.
In
the
year
1500
,
there
was
a
Tourney
at
sharps
,
between
seven
of
Queen
Anns
Gentlemen
,
and
seven
of
Lewis
the
twelfth's
King
of
France
her
Husband
,
the
twelfth
of
May
,
when
the
Queen
was
returned
out
of
Burgundy
,
where
she
had
been
Godmother
to
the
Prince
of
Oranges
Son
;
My
Lord
Infant
of
Navarre
,
the
Count
of
Foix's
Brother
,
and
the
Lords
of
Avenna
,
Bonnevall
,
Rochepot
,
Barres
,
Verdusant
,
and
Ravell
,
were
on
the
Kings
side
;
and
the
Lords
of
de
la
Roche
,
of
Brittagnia
,
of
Chastillon
,
of
Frementus
of
St.
Amadour
,
Francis
Cours
,
Maugeron
,
and
the
young
Camicant
,
were
for
the
Queen
.
The
King
was
upon
a
Scaffold
,
attended
by
the
Earl
of
Foix
,
the
Prince
of
Orange
,
the
Earl
of
Dunoy
,
the
Duke
of
Albania
,
the
Marshals
of
Rieux
,
Gia
,
and
other
remarkable
persons
;
and
the
Queen
was
upon
an
other
,
accompanied
by
the
Princess
of
Tarent
,
the
Countess
of
Gayace
,
Madamoiselle
Candalle
,
and
by
other
Ladies
,
who
contributed
much
to
the
beauty
of
that
great
spectacle
;
the
Infant
of
Navarre
was
hurt
in
the
face
,
;
my
Lord
of
Chastillon
ran
with
such
a
force
,
that
he
left
the
point
of
his
Launce
in
Ravells
right
Arm
,
and
it
was
a
miracle
,
that
in
this
Combat
,
there
were
no
mortal
wounds
.
In
the
year
1549.
Henry
the
second
King
of
France
,
made
a
famous
Tourney
at
Paris
,
to
grace
his
entry
into
it
,
with
Catherina
of
Medicis
,
his
Consort
;
and
this
sight
was
so
much
the
pleasanter
,
because
there
was
no
mischief
done
;
the
King
himself
,
and
the
Prince
of
Vandosme
,
had
the
greatest
glory
in
it
.
But
another
that
he
made
after
,
for
the
celebrating
the
Nuptials
of
the
Princess
Elizabeth
,
his
daughter
,
which
he
married
to
the
King
of
Spain
,
and
those
of
my
Lady
Margaret
of
France
,
her
Sister
,
who
was
married
to
the
Duke
of
Savoy
,
was
much
more
terrible
,
and
more
fatal
;
he
was
the
chief
venturer
,
with
Francis
of
Lorrain
,
Duke
of
Guise
,
and
the
Prince
of
Ferrarat
,
and
resolved
to
try
his
skill
with
him
for
three
days
together
,
with
Launce
,
Half-pike
,
and
Sword
;
the
King
was
Victor
the
first
day
,
but
the
second
,
he
put
all
France
in
Mourning
,
whatsoever
intreaties
the
Queen
made
him
,
by
the
Duke
of
Savoys
words
,
and
those
of
my
Lord
Montmorency
,
his
resolution
had
more
power
in
him
,
than
all
the
Counsel
that
was
given
him
,
and
when
he
saw
their
instance
,
he
sent
word
to
the
Queen
by
them
,
that
he
would
run
no
more
,
when
he
had
broke
one
Launce
more
;
to
be
as
good
as
his
word
,
and
to
shew
that
he
prophecyed
by
chance
,
he
constrained
the
Earl
of
Montgomery
to
run
,
whatsoever
excuse
he
could
alledge
,
either
out
of
fear
,
or
by
respect
;
and
as
Montgomery
ran
at
him
full
tilt
,
his
Launce
flew
in
pieces
;
and
a
splinter
flew
in
the
Kings
eye
,
who
died
of
it
eleven
days
after
,
the
tenth
of
July
,
1559.
after
he
had
lived
two
and
forty
years
,
and
Reigned
thirteen
.
These
Tourneys
ended
most
of
them
by
the
death
of
Henry
the
second
,
King
of
France
.
But
other
sports
followed
them
,
which
if
they
had
not
all
ceased
,
the
World
would
not
have
been
able
to
find
Men
for
other
slaughters
,
although
all
Men
did
not
dye
in
them
,
and
that
they
were
Victories
that
were
reapt
,
as
one
reaps
fruit
,
without
mischief
.
But
those
that
follow
in
the
next
Chapter
,
were
not
complaisant
enough
,
to
yield
to
Philosophers
,
which
have
made
clemency
a
great
Vertue
;
they
rather
were
of
opinion
,
that
it
was
a
Vice
to
pardon
,
weakness
to
bear
much
,
and
that
there
was
no
difference
between
a
mild
Man
and
a
Coward
;
they
made
Virtue
for
effeminate
hearts
,
and
Vices
for
great
Souls
;
they
have
counted
Murther
for
the
highest
Virtue
,
and
have
mistook
Butchers
for
Heroes
.
Now
we
shall
see
that
Fortune
hath
sided
with
some
in
their
Quarrels
,
and
in
their
Combats
;
and
that
she
hath
been
much
more
ingenious
and
valiant
,
than
strength
and
justice
.
CHAP.
X.
Of
the
Misfortune
of
Duellists
.
THere
are
few
Combats
like
that
of
Radislas
,
against
S.
Venceslas
King
of
Bohemia
;
and
like
that
of
Ruy
Paez
of
Viedna
,
against
Rodrigus
of
Avilla
,
who
fought
three
days
together
without
any
advantage
:
Nature
is
not
alwayes
capable
to
produce
such
great
men
,
or
rather
the
Heavens
do
not
alwayes
work
their
Miracles
.
Of
all
the
Customs
of
People
,
there
was
never
one
so
unjust
in
my
opinion
,
nor
so
cruel
;
I
marvel
it
hath
past
for
a
Law
in
times
past
,
and
even
in
our
Fathers
times
.
Crantz
,
in
his
second
Book
of
his
History
of
Saxony
,
saith
,
That
the
first
use
of
Duels
is
come
from
the
Danes
,
in
whose
Countrey
all
the
differences
,
both
Civil
and
Criminal
,
were
decided
by
;
which
Custom
was
afterwards
introduc'd
into
Saxony
,
and
passed
from
the
Saxons
to
the
Lombards
,
and
thence
into
Gaules
.
The
King
of
Burgundy
called
Gondebaut
,
maintained
strongly
that
Custom
,
grew
so
obstinate
in
countenancing
of
it
,
(
according
to
Agobert
,
Bishop
of
Lyons
,
in
his
Treatise
of
Duels
)
that
the
Ecclesiastick
threatnings
were
not
capable
to
divert
him
from
it
.
There
was
not
so
much
as
Churchmen
that
refrained
the
use
of
it
,
saith
an
Author
.
And
this
Custom
was
generally
received
in
our
latter
Ages
,
if
we
believe
Matthew
Paris
,
in
his
Book
of
King
Henry
the
third's
life
.
Godfrey
a
Bishop
took
it
so
ill
,
that
Peter
Bishop
of
Xantus
,
had
permitted
Duels
to
Churchmen
,
that
he
blam'd
him
in
publick
Libels
:
And
we
find
that
the
Emperor
Frederick
,
was
Excommunicated
at
the
Council
of
Lyons
,
by
Innocent
IV
.
because
he
constrained
some
Churchmen
to
use
those
deplorable
extremities
.
Abbots
and
Fryers
practised
these
horrible
Cruelties
,
when
their
Titles
about
any
thing
that
was
due
to
them
were
not
strong
enough
and
authentick
;
and
when
they
had
to
do
with
Persons
of
Quality
,
who
refus'd
to
fight
with
them
,
for
their
lives
,
they
had
select
men
for
that
purpose
,
that
they
called
Abbots
,
or
Clergy-Knights
,
who
fought
in
their
vindication
.
The
Emperor
Orbon
,
ordered
Church-differences
to
be
decided
by
Duels
,
And
Turcket
remarkt
in
his
History
of
Spain
,
that
at
the
Council
of
Basile
,
the
Bishops
being
assembled
,
lookt
upon
a
combat
between
John
of
Merle
,
born
in
Castile
,
of
Portuguese
Parents
,
and
Henry
Ramestan
,
a
Burgundian
,
who
was
kill'd
;
that
John
of
Merle
was
the
same
that
had
fought
with
the
like
success
against
the
Lord
of
Cheruy
,
in
the
Town
of
Arras
,
in
Duke
Philip's
presence
.
Roderick
of
Toledo
,
in
his
Relation
of
Spain
,
speaks
of
a
Combat
which
was
no
less
strange
.
He
saith
that
Alphonsus
King
of
France
,
would
have
the
French
Liturgy
used
in
Spain
,
by
the
counsel
of
Constance
his
Wife
,
and
of
Richard
Abbot
of
St.
Victor
at
Marseilles
,
which
Pope
Gregory
VII
.
sent
there
to
reform
the
Churches
.
The
Clergy
of
Toledo
,
with
the
people
,
opposed
it
openly
;
and
the
King
and
Clergy
agreed
that
this
difference
should
be
decided
by
a
Combat
.
The
Knight
of
the
Kings
side
was
worsted
by
that
whom
the
Clergy
had
chosen
;
but
Alphonsus's
authority
was
such
,
that
he
obtained
what
he
desir'd
for
all
that
;
and
then
it
was
objected
,
that
the
power
of
Kings
made
the
force
of
all
the
Laws
fruitless
,
since
they
did
what
they
pleased
.
If
we
do
but
look
back
upon
former
Ages
,
we
shall
read
of
Duels
of
very
old
date
;
and
we
shall
read
but
few
Authors
which
do
not
confirm
the
use
of
them
by
some
Examples
.
Before
Avarice
had
sought
for
Mines
in
the
Earth
,
and
had
found
the
art
to
sharpen
Steel
for
the
ruine
of
Nature
,
men
made
use
of
those
Arms
that
they
brought
into
the
world
,
and
fought
at
Fifty-cuffs
,
and
tyed
great
knots
in
Ropes
,
and
knockt
one
another
on
the
head
with
them
.
This
kind
of
Arms
was
call'd
the
Ceste
of
the
Ancients
;
and
thus
was
Jocus
kill'd
by
Cleomedus
,
and
Amicus
,
the
King
of
the
Bebricians
by
Polux
,
because
he
would
give
him
no
passage
,
till
he
had
tryed
himself
with
this
Ceste
against
some
Argonauts
.
Entellus
and
Dares
fight
this
way
in
Virgil
,
and
the
last
of
them
causeth
pity
,
to
hear
how
he
comes
off
.
Some
of
the
ancient
Romans
used
to
cast
Ropes
or
Nets
upon
their
Enemies
heads
,
arms
,
or
legs
,
and
about
their
necks
,
to
choke
them
withall
,
or
to
entangle
them
;
and
thus
Pittachus
a
wise
man
of
Greece
,
catcht
Phinon
,
and
overcame
him
with
a
Net
,
with
which
he
catcht
his
Head
,
and
so
the
wise
man
said
that
he
had
cast
his
Net
to
catch
a
Fish
;
for
Phinon
had
upon
his
Coat
of
Arms
a
Fish
,
which
he
wore
upon
his
Cap.
We
see
David
in
the
Holy
Scriptures
meet
Goliah
,
and
Hobach
,
Neptune
,
two
of
the
greatest
Philistines
;
and
Jonathan
,
Semmas's
son
,
meet
a
great
Gyant
;
and
Theoclus
,
and
Pollinis
,
kill'd
one
another
;
and
the
antipathy
of
these
two
Brothers
lasted
even
after
death
:
for
when
they
went
to
burn
them
according
to
the
Ancients
custom
,
the
flame
(
as
I
have
remarkt
in
a
Moral
Philosopher
)
divided
it self
to
consume
them
apart
,
as
if
it
had
been
unpossible
for
them
to
agree
either
dead
or
alive
,
and
their
ashes
to
have
been
kept
in
the
same
Viol
.
Oxillius
and
Dedius's
difference
about
the
Scepter
of
the
Elians
,
was
decided
by
two
men
chosen
for
that
purpose
.
Arius
was
killed
by
Pergamus
;
and
Hillus
the
Dorian
,
by
Echemus
King
of
Arcadia
.
Mellantus
,
King
of
the
Messinians
,
vanquisht
in
a
Duel
Tantus
of
Thebes
,
who
had
challeng'd
Thuiratus
,
King
of
Athens
;
and
though
he
used
more
policy
in
his
Victory
over
him
,
than
courage
,
the
Athenians
crowned
him
for
all
that
,
and
rejected
Thimates
,
who
was
base
enough
to
refuse
the
Combat
,
and
beg
his
life
of
his
Enemy
.
Alexander
kill'd
in
a
single
Combat
Spitrobatus
,
Emperor
of
Jonia
,
and
Darius's
Son-in-law
,
at
Gramicus
;
and
under
Artaxerxes
Reign
,
Darius
overcame
a
certain
Caducian
,
with
so
much
glory
and
good
Fortune
,
that
this
Victory
was
the
Empire
of
Persia
in
his
way
.
Sitibarzanus
,
chief
of
the
Rebels
of
the
Arrians
,
was
killed
by
Erygius
,
because
he
had
so
much
presumption
to
challenge
the
valiantest
man
of
Macedonia
.
Saxo
Germanicus
speaks
of
a
Duel
in
the
fifth
Book
of
his
History
,
and
saith
that
Hithinus
and
Hogius
fought
a
Duel
,
and
that
the
first
gave
Hogius
his
life
;
but
they
kill'd
one
another
seven
years
after
that
.
A
Scythian
and
two
Persians
were
kill'd
by
Scanderberg
,
in
King
Amurath's
presence
;
and
Pyrrhus
,
King
of
the
Epirotes
,
was
challeng'd
by
a
Knight
of
Mammestin
,
who
was
the
valiantest
man
of
all
the
Sicilian
Army
,
and
cut
him
in
the
middle
,
according
to
Plutarch
.
William
Count
of
Angoulesme
,
did
the
same
execution
with
his
Sword
upon
a
Norman
Knight
,
armed
all
over
with
a
good
Cuirass
,
and
therefore
he
was
sirnamed
Cutiron
.
Acron
was
worsted
by
Romulus
,
and
stript
of
his
Arms
at
the
head
of
both
their
Armies
.
The
Curiaces
were
beaten
by
the
Horaces
;
Viridomarus
,
and
Briomarus
,
by
Marcellus
;
the
General
of
the
Fidenates's
Cavalry
,
by
Cornelius
Cassus
;
a
Gaule
,
by
Valerius
Corvinus
,
helpt
by
a
Crow
,
who
,
by
a
strange
Prodigy
,
fought
with
Amenus
,
and
pecked
him
in
the
face
;
another
Gaule
was
vanquisht
by
Manlius
Torquatus
;
and
Quintus
Cotus
destroyed
two
Spaniards
one
after
another
.
Aradion
was
kill'd
in
a
Duel
by
Probus
an
Emperor
.
Alarick
,
King
of
the
Goths
,
by
Childerbert
,
King
of
France
.
And
Clotarius
II
.
kill'd
Bersierus
.
King
of
the
Saxons
,
or
the
Senes
.
There
came
a
thing
to
pass
in
Charlemains
and
Aygolants
time
King
of
the
Sarazens
,
that
's
remarkable
enough
.
This
King
and
Emperor
agreed
that
some
Knights
of
both
their
Armies
should
decide
their
differences
,
and
that
the
victorious
side
should
impose
Laws
upon
the
vanquisht
,
in
all
manner
of
wayes
concerning
their
interest
,
without
excepting
Religion
it self
,
and
all
that
which
is
held
most
sacred
amongst
men
.
Christians
were
the
Conquerors
,
so
that
Aygolant
and
the
Sarazens
embraced
immediately
the
Christian
Religion
.
But
one
day
this
King
seeing
twelve
Beggars
dine
by
Charlemains
Table
,
and
inquiring
what
men
those
were
that
looked
ill
,
and
were
so
ill
cloathed
?
The
Almoner
,
after
a
long
and
ridiculous
meditation
,
answer'd
him
that
they
were
Gods
messengers
;
he
returned
over
the
Pirenean
hills
,
took
to
his
first
worship
,
and
would
not
be
any
longer
of
a
Religion
,
whose
God
he
concluded
was
very
mean
,
since
his
messengers
were
so
poor
.
Stephen
Barcellas
,
in
his
History
of
the
Earls
of
Barcelonia
,
speaks
of
a
Combat
in
a
close
Camp
,
with
the
ancient
Ceremonies
,
betwixt
Zinophrus
of
Arria
,
a
Christian
Knight
,
son
to
Don
Bernardo
Barcin
,
Count
of
Barcelonia
,
and
a
black
Knight
,
whose
name
was
Balzaro
,
who
was
kill'd
by
Zinophrus
,
after
he
had
challeng'd
all
the
Christian
Knights
,
being
of
opinion
,
That
all
Christendom
was
not
able
to
find
a
man
who
could
resist
him
.
Paul
,
the
Deacon
,
hath
not
passed
by
in
his
History
the
challenge
of
King
Cunebert
,
to
decide
in
a
single
Combat
the
difference
he
had
with
Alachis
,
who
had
expelled
him
out
of
his
Dominions
,
and
filled
them
with
his
Cruelties
and
Murthers
.
William
Duke
of
Normandy
,
call'd
the
Conqueror
,
who
began
a
new
Race
of
the
Kings
of
England
,
did
no
less
against
Herauld
;
and
in
Emperor
Otho's
time
,
a
Duel
decided
the
question
,
which
Right
could
not
do
before
;
to
wit
,
if
the
great
Grandchildren
should
succeed
with
their
Uncles
,
after
their
Fathers
and
Grandfathers
were
deceased
;
Fortune
favoured
the
Childrens
side
:
And
Titus
Livius
,
and
Valerius
Maximus
,
speak
of
such
another
succession
,
which
was
decided
this
way
,
even
before
Scipio's
time
,
betwixt
two
brothers
,
Corumbis
and
Osna
.
Gaustier
,
Governor
of
Caesarea
in
the
Holy
Land
,
after
he
had
accused
Hugh
,
Prince
of
Taffus
,
of
High
Treason
,
offered
to
prove
his
Accusation
by
a
Combat
:
And
William
,
Archbishop
of
Tyr
,
of
whom
we
learn
this
particularity
,
acquaints
besides
in
the
same
Chapter
of
his
History
,
that
Godfroy
of
Bouillon
,
fought
with
a
Kinsman
of
his
,
for
the
sale
of
an
Estate
they
were
not
agreed
upon
,
and
against
others
,
at
several
times
,
and
shewed
in
all
his
Combats
proofs
of
an
extraordinary
valor
.
Albert
Crantz
relates
in
his
History
,
that
Julia
was
joined
to
the
Crown
of
Denmark
,
by
a
Duel
,
in
which
Roe
King
of
that
Countrey
triumpht
over
Hunding
,
Prince
of
the
Saxons
:
He
saith
in
the
same
place
,
that
Uffen
,
son
to
Hermond
,
King
of
Denmark
,
had
the
same
success
against
the
Duke
of
Saxony's
son
,
and
a
Knight
,
whom
he
fought
both
together
,
and
that
he
drew
by
this
happy
Combat
the
admiration
of
all
the
World
.
Andrew
du
Chesne
,
a
French
Author
,
informs
us
in
his
History
of
England
,
that
Gumhilde
,
King
Canut
the
second's
sister
,
was
married
to
Henry
,
Conrad
the
Salick's
son
,
Emperor
,
and
that
she
was
accused
of
Adultery
.
But
she
resolved
to
vindicate
her self
by
a
single
Combat
,
to
prove
her
own
innocence
,
in
a
close
Camp
;
but
when
she
saw
that
her
Accuser
was
of
the
bigness
of
a
Gyant
,
and
that
his
stature
made
every
one
to
tremble
that
were
of
her
side
,
she
engaged
in
her
quarrel
a
little
Boy
that
she
had
carried
with
her
out
of
England
.
This
youth
,
who
could
reach
but
little
higher
than
his
Enemies
legs
,
ham-string'd
him
very
ingeniously
,
and
proved
manifestly
by
that
fortunate
blow
,
that
strength
is
useless
often
,
where
policy
and
cunning
is
used
,
and
that
it
was
not
alwayes
Thunders
and
Tempests
that
cast
down
Mountains
,
and
great
Trees
;
the
Empress
overjoy'd
that
her
Virtue
should
be
discovered
,
by
a
way
that
in
all
likelihood
should
have
caused
her
to
cease
from
being
guilty
,
in
making
her
cease
to
live
,
left
the
Emperor
at
that
very
time
,
and
never
admitted
him
since
to
her
Bed
,
whatsoever
entreaties
or
threatnings
they
could
use
;
she
took
a
Nunnery
for
her
Palace
,
and
would
not
accept
of
any
other
:
shewing
thereby
,
that
she
was
of
the
same
mind
of
that
Roman
Lady
,
that
affirmed
that
it
was
not
enough
for
Caezar's
wife
to
be
chaste
,
but
that
she
must
not
so
much
as
cause
a
suspition
.
There
was
a
Duel
between
Geoffroy
Baynard
Accuser
,
and
William
Earl
of
Eu
accused
of
High-Treason
,
in
the
year
1096.
when
young
William
King
of
England
,
held
a
very
considerable
Assembly
at
Salisbury
;
Baynard
had
the
better
of
it
,
and
he
pull'd
out
his
Enemies
eys
,
and
cut
off
those
parts
which
Modesty
doth
not
permit
me
to
name
,
after
his
victory
over
him
,
and
his
Gentleman
was
hanged
,
after
he
had
been
whipt
very
cruelly
.
Soon
after
that
the
Pope
was
retired
from
the
Council
of
Constance
,
there
hapned
a
Duel
betwixt
Frederick
,
Duke
of
Austria
,
and
the
Earl
Harman
of
Cylin
,
more
for
the
glory
of
Arms
,
than
for
any
private
hatred
,
the
Duke
of
Austria
got
the
better
of
it
,
in
the
presence
of
all
the
Prelates
,
in
the
year
1418
,
March
22.
and
Count
Cylin
received
there
a
very
dangerous
wound
.
When
Lewis
XII
.
King
of
France
,
made
War
in
Italy
against
the
Pope
,
there
hapned
two
remarkable
Duels
,
the
one
was
between
Don
Perralto
a
Spaniard
,
who
was
of
the
Popes
Army
,
against
Don
Aldoramus
,
of
the
same
Countrey
,
that
was
of
the
Frenches
side
;
and
both
of
them
were
wounded
dangerously
,
and
had
both
lost
their
lives
upon
the
place
,
if
they
had
not
been
fetcht
out
of
their
Camp
,
which
was
closed
in
by
Snow
.
The
second
Duel
was
between
two
Albanians
,
one
of
which
was
of
the
Kings
Army
,
and
the
other
of
the
Popes
;
they
were
very
well
armed
,
after
their
Countrey
fashion
,
with
a
Stradiot
at
their
Armwrist
,
and
their
Hats
in
their
hands
:
And
to
give
you
an
account
of
their
actions
,
saith
the
Marshal
Marck
in
his
History
,
the
Albanian
of
the
Popes
side
ran
upon
the
other
,
and
hurt
his
shoulder
;
the
Albanian
of
the
Kings
side
,
when
he
saw
himself
in
that
condition
,
took
his
Stradiot
like
a
Lance
,
and
darted
it
at
him
,
which
hit
him
in
the
throat
,
and
followed
it
close
,
so
that
at
last
with
a
great
many
blows
,
he
made
an
end
of
him
;
and
it
was
pity
,
said
he
,
for
they
were
counted
both
pretty
Fellows
amongst
the
Albanians
.
Never
was
a
stranger
blow
seen
,
than
that
which
de
Villars
relates
concerning
Montshall
of
Vivarets
,
who
with
his
Lance
run
through
the
Knight
Carraf's
Saddle
his
Gantlet
,
and
his
Cuirass
.
In
Francis
the
first's
time
King
of
France
,
the
Knight
Bayard
,
after
he
had
fought
against
the
Lord
Hiacintus
Simonetta
,
in
Milan
,
fought
on
foot
in
Naples
,
and
kill'd
Don
Alonzo
de
Santo
Majores
,
of
the
Family
of
Cordova
.
Long
before
that
time
there
was
a
Duel
between
Geoffery
Grisgonel
,
against
Bartholus
,
the
Duke
of
Saxony's
brother
,
under
the
Reign
of
Robert
,
that
the
Inquisitive
may
find
in
Belle
Forest
,
in
the
third
Book
of
his
History
.
Audigier
in
his
Treatise
of
Duels
,
saith
that
Gathranus
,
King
of
Burgundy
,
found
the
blood
of
a
Bufeloe
as
he
went
a
hunting
,
that
had
been
killed
in
the
Forest
of
Vogus
.
The
King
was
very
angry
,
commanded
that
the
chief
Forester
should
be
catcht
,
and
that
he
should
be
put
to
the
wrack
,
to
force
by
torments
a
confession
from
his
mouth
,
that
no
man
could
do
neither
by
promises
nor
threatnings
.
At
last
he
accus'd
Chadon
the
Kings
Chamberlain
,
who
was
put
in
Prison
at
Thalons
:
he
was
condemned
to
suffer
the
wrack
,
but
he
underwent
it
without
confessing
any
thing
,
and
requireth
a
Combat
;
the
King
granted
him
what
he
desired
,
but
he
being
sick
,
he
proposeth
his
Nephew
,
who
is
accepted
by
the
Forester
,
and
who
wounded
him
with
his
Lance
,
he
presently
flew
upon
him
to
cut
his
Throat
with
a
Dagger
that
he
had
at
his
girdle
,
but
he
ran
it
in
his
own
body
,
in
strugling
and
tormenting
of
himself
with
the
other
.
Chadon
being
fled
after
this
Adventure
,
he
King
commanded
to
follow
and
catch
him
;
he
was
taken
as
he
was
going
to
save
himself
in
St.
Marcels
Church
;
he
was
tyed
to
a
Post
by
the
Kings
order
,
and
stoned
to
death
by
the
people
,
and
thus
three
men
dyed
for
Buffloe
.
Alphonsus
in
his
Book
de
vero
honore
militari
,
saith
a
Gentleman
of
Germany
,
Master
of
the
Emperor
Henry
the
Fifths
Wardrobe
,
fell
in
love
with
the
Empress
Matilla
,
alias
Metilla
,
his
Masters
Wife
,
and
the
King
of
Englands
daughter
,
he
took
his
opportunity
to
discover
his
passion
to
her
:
but
she
rejected
and
threatned
him
,
and
advised
him
to
put
off
that
love
that
would
cost
him
his
life
.
But
his
kindness
turned
into
fury
,
he
accused
Metilla
of
Adultery
,
offers
to
prove
his
Accusation
by
a
Combat
;
and
that
which
is
no
less
strange
and
surprizing
,
there
was
never
a
Knight
that
proffered
himself
to
maintain
the
Empresses
honour
,
although
it
was
known
all
over
Germany
,
Italy
and
England
,
Remond
Berranger
,
Count
of
Barcelona
,
being
toucht
with
the
Empresses
Misfortune
,
went
some
time
after
incognito
to
the
Emperors
Court
,
put
on
a
Fryers
habit
to
go
see
Metilla
,
who
was
close
Prisoner
in
a
Tower
,
examin'd
her
,
neither
discovering
himself
by
his
name
,
nor
by
his
intention
and
design
:
but
that
very
day
he
fought
the
German
,
and
forced
him
to
declare
the
Empress
innocent
,
and
to
confess
his
own
crime
.
After
that
glorious
action
,
he
returned
his
way
home
,
without
making
himself
known
;
and
for
all
that
the
Emperor
and
Emperess
sought
him
everywhere
,
to
recompence
his
virtue
,
he
contented
himself
with
a
private
satisfaction
,
that
he
had
done
what
he
ought
to
do
,
and
desired
no
other
acknowledgments
and
applauses
.
Some
other
Historians
are
of
a
contrary
opinion
,
and
maintain
that
the
Emperor
gave
him
the
County
of
Provence
,
which
ever
since
hath
been
inherited
by
his
Descendants
.
Some
Ages
before
Archambot
Vicecount
Turenne
fought
many
Duels
,
he
fought
one
amongst
the
rest
,
for
the
vindication
of
Mary
of
Arragon
,
Emperor
Otho
the
third's
Wife
,
who
was
accused
of
Adultery
.
He
was
extraordinary
happy
in
his
Combats
;
and
the
Empresses
virtue
was
very
much
obliged
to
that
of
this
Knight
,
who
protected
her
against
all
them
that
would
make
her
pass
for
a
Criminal
.
It
was
she
her self
for
all
this
,
that
accused
the
Duke
of
Modena
,
to
have
exprest
some
love
to
her
,
and
that
caused
him
to
dye
,
having
invented
that
Crime
against
him
,
That
Dukes
Lady
being
troubled
in
mind
for
that
imposture
,
and
for
the
accident
that
followed
it
,
demanded
justice
of
the
Emperor
some
time
after
,
in
that
general
Assembly
of
all
Italy
upon
the
River
Pau
,
near
Plaisance
;
she
profered
to
prove
her
deceased
Husbands
innocency
by
Fire
,
as
the
ancient
custom
was
:
and
the
truth
was
no
sooner
found
,
but
Mary
of
Arragon
was
burnt
in
the
Nine
hundred
and
eighty
sixth
year
,
and
that
this
worthy
Widow
was
recompensed
with
four
Castles
,
and
esteemed
of
all
those
that
thought
to
pity
her
.
Criticks
would
,
may
be
,
suspend
their
belief
,
if
the
truth
of
it
was
not
confirmed
by
Viterbus
in
his
universal
Chronicle
;
by
Sigoignus
in
his
History
of
the
Kingdom
of
Italy
;
and
by
Strada
in
the
life
of
the
Emperor
Otho
the
third
.
Gondeberg
,
a
French
Princess
,
Erioldus's
Royal
Consort
,
King
of
Lombardy
,
had
in
her
Retinue
,
a
Gentleman
of
that
Countrey
,
whom
she
esteemed
much
,
and
who
grew
so
insolent
of
her
favor
,
that
he
was
impertinent
enough
to
entertain
the
Queen
of
Love
.
Gondeberg
surprized
at
his
discourse
,
did
spit
in
his
face
,
and
threatned
that
bold
Fellow
;
who
,
to
prevent
her
,
told
the
King
that
the
Queen
designed
to
attempt
upon
his
life
;
and
that
he
should
take
heed
of
her
private
intelligences
,
for
she
had
a
mind
to
poyson
him
,
that
she
might
be
joined
to
Taso
,
Governor
of
Tuscany
.
The
King
caused
Gondeberg
to
be
laid
fast
in
a
Castle
,
at
the
first
report
that
was
made
to
him
by
Adulphus
.
King
Clotanius
,
the
last
of
that
name
,
sent
Ambassadors
to
Ernoldus
,
to
tell
him
that
he
ought
not
to
imprison
that
Queen
who
was
his
Kinswoman
,
because
she
was
descended
from
the
Kings
of
Austrasia
,
of
the
Family
of
France
,
and
that
she
could
not
be
punisht
for
a
Crime
of
which
she
was
not
convinced
.
Lancelotus
,
one
of
the
Ambassadors
,
obtained
of
the
King
that
one
on
the
behalf
of
that
fair
and
virtuous
Queen
,
should
challenge
the
Accuser
to
fight
a
Duel
,
and
at
that
time
Arribert
the
Queens
Cousin
threw
down
his
Glove
for
a
pledge
;
Adalulphus
took
it
up
,
but
he
was
vanquisht
by
Arribert
,
and
afterwards
hanged
;
and
the
Queen
,
after
three
years
imprisonment
,
was
delivered
from
her
fears
and
troubles
.
Under
the
Reign
of
Lewis
the
Stutterer
,
King
of
France
,
a
Countess
of
Gastinois
,
Jndgelger's
Wife
,
and
Godmother
to
Jndgelger
Duke
of
Anjou
,
was
accused
to
have
had
a
hand
in
her
Husbands
death
,
murthered
in
his
Bed
,
and
found
dead
by
her
.
Goutran
,
nearest
of
kin
to
the
deceased
,
was
the
Accuser
;
and
though
the
Countess
offered
to
justifie
her self
by
her
Oath
,
the
King
found
this
accident
so
strange
,
that
he
ordered
her
to
find
out
a
man
for
her
defence
.
When
all
hopes
were
lost
for
the
Countess
,
and
that
there
was
no
man
that
presented
himself
to
fight
for
her
,
at
last
Jndgelger
,
Earl
of
Anjou
,
her
Godson
,
who
was
but
16
years
of
age
,
proffer'd
himself
to
engage
against
Gontran
,
one
of
the
most
valiant
and
esteem'd
of
his
age
,
attacks
him
in
the
Kings
,
and
all
the
Courts
presence
,
casteth
him
down
at
his
feet
,
cuts
off
his
head
,
delivered
the
Countess
out
of
Prison
,
and
saved
at
the
same
time
both
her
honour
and
life
.
I
will
not
speak
here
of
all
the
Duels
that
have
been
fought
for
the
Honour
of
Ladies
;
do
but
read
Herodotus
,
that
,
amongst
others
,
relates
that
Calisthenes
,
the
Tyrant
of
Siciona
,
publisht
at
the
Olympic
Sports
,
that
he
would
give
his
daughter
Againsta
in
marriage
to
him
that
should
be
Victor
.
This
publick
Declaration
made
13
Princes
to
come
and
try
their
Valor
for
her
,
and
as
Calisthenes
had
promised
,
she
was
given
to
the
valiantest
.
Idas
and
Lynceus
,
fought
against
Castor
and
Polux
,
for
Lemippus's
two
daughters
;
Hercules
fought
Achelaus
,
for
Dejamra
;
and
Theseas
against
Minotaurus
,
for
Ariadna
.
There
was
a
Combat
between
Menelaus
and
Paris
,
for
fair
Helena
;
Agamemnon
and
Achilles
fought
a
Duel
for
Briseis
;
and
Virgil
doth
not
omit
that
of
Aeneas
and
Turnus
,
for
Lavinia
.
A
great
Volume
would
scarce
be
sufficient
,
if
I
should
speak
in
particular
of
the
Duels
that
have
been
fought
by
persons
of
all
degrees
and
qualities
,
and
of
all
Ages
,
whose
Lives
Death
receives
every
day
still
by
the
hands
of
Fortune
:
But
we
have
insisted
too
long
upon
this
bruitish
Valor
,
and
enraged
Virtue
;
we
must
pass
from
Arms
,
to
Learning
;
and
from
the
Camp
,
to
Academies
.
CHAP.
XI
.
Of
the
Misfortunes
that
have
befallen
the
Learned
.
I
Cannot
apprehend
why
the
greatest
Men
have
regarded
Arts
so
little
,
when
they
were
become
Masters
of
them
,
nor
by
what
principles
they
have
cast
an
horror
in
our
minds
,
of
that
which
they
made
their
greatest
glory
.
We
read
in
Phillostratus
,
that
Euphratus
did
advise
above
all
things
Vespasian
,
to
reject
all
other
Philosophy
,
but
that
which
treated
of
the
secrets
of
nature
;
and
Varron
did
affirm
,
that
there
was
no
dreams
,
nor
nothing
so
foolish
,
which
had
not
been
left
by
some
sect
of
Philosophers
;
Tertullian
terms
them
,
the
Patriarchs
of
Heresie
;
Agripina
perswaded
Octavian
,
to
avoid
them
;
and
the
Emperor
Valantinian
,
Heraclidus
,
Ditius
,
and
Philonidas
called
them
Publick
Plagues
.
Sylla
and
Nero
did
repent
,
for
the
time
they
had
lost
in
Learning
;
Michael
the
stutterer
,
King
of
France
;
forbad
the
use
of
it
;
and
all
Men
know
,
that
another
King
of
that
Country
,
would
not
permit
his
Son
to
learn
above
three
Latin
words
,
which
have
this
sence
,
That
who
can't
Dissemble
,
can't
Reign
:
True
it
is
,
that
we
have
in
our
sinest
Libraries
,
many
ridiculous
things
of
the
Ancients
;
that
some
Men
have
not
much
benefited
themselves
,
nor
us
neither
,
that
have
taken
a
great
deal
of
labor
to
write
whole
Volumes
,
about
the
last
Letter
of
the
Alphabet
Z.
to
make
it
plain
whether
H.
is
to
be
pronounced
with
an
aspiration
if
Penelopus
was
unchaste
,
and
that
Didimus
,
who
hath
composed
four
thousand
Books
,
might
have
employed
his
time
better
,
than
in
endeavoring
to
shew
us
in
some
of
them
,
what
Country
Homer
was
born
in
,
who
was
Aeneas's
Mother
,
if
Sapho
was
a
common
Whore
?
and
if
Anachreon
,
whose
Leachery
and
Drunkenness
he
compared
,
loved
the
Bed
better
then
the
Table
;
others
have
written
as
silly
things
as
him
,
but
we
must
confess
also
,
that
we
have
fine
things
left
us
by
Antiquity
,
that
their
Wits
have
formed
ours
,
and
that
we
should
know
less
remarkable
things
if
they
had
written
less
.
Nevertheless
,
they
have
all
been
used
ill
,
either
by
Envy
,
or
Fortune
;
Envy
hath
spied
great
Vices
in
them
,
and
great
faults
in
their
Books
,
and
their
ill
reputation
hath
made
but
the
least
of
their
disgraces
.
Pithagoras
,
went
as
far
as
Persia
,
to
learn
Magick
;
and
as
Cneus
Terrentius
had
found
in
his
field
,
the
Body
and
the
Books
of
Numa
Papirus
,
which
he
took
notice
of
by
some
Characters
,
upon
the
bark
of
a
tree
,
five
hundred
and
thirty
five
years
after
his
death
;
and
seeing
that
these
Books
contained
no
other
thing
,
but
the
opinion
of
this
Philosopher
,
Pettilius
the
Prettor
,
burnt
them
by
his
Ordonnance
.
Socrates
,
who
by
the
Oracle
of
Apollo
,
was
found
the
only
wise
Man
in
the
World
,
was
for
all
that
,
foolish
enough
to
marry
out
of
pity
Aristides
Daughter
,
whose
name
was
Mirtho
,
because
she
found
no
other
Man
to
Marry
her
,
and
at
the
same
time
Married
another
;
and
was
counted
an
Userer
by
Cicero
,
inconstant
by
Plato
,
and
obscure
by
Xenophon
,
and
by
Atheues
,
for
an
ignorant
Man
,
by
Arristophanis
for
a
malicious
Man
,
and
by
the
Magician
Tertamus
,
for
a
Robber
,
for
a
barbarous
Man
,
and
for
an
Adulterer
.
Plato
,
whom
Clement
Alexander
of
Alexandria
,
terms
the
Moses
of
Athens
,
and
called
by
Arnobus
,
the
Christian
Philosopher
,
is
not
looked
upon
as
a
wise
Man
by
St.
Jerome
,
and
some
others
after
him
,
as
Scaliger
have
thought
,
that
there
was
no
more
brains
in
his
head
,
then
method
in
his
Dialogues
;
Zenophon
saith
,
that
he
was
guilty
of
the
abominations
of
Egypt
;
Atheneus
accuseth
him
of
envy
;
Aristophanus
of
Impiety
;
Theopompus
of
Falshood
;
Suidas
of
Covetousness
;
Aulusgelleus
of
Theft
,
and
Porphirius
of
Incontinency
.
Aristotle
,
who
according
to
some
Historians
,
hath
written
four
hundred
Volumes
,
and
who
for
the
Book
of
Animals
,
which
he
composed
,
received
of
Alexander
,
eight
hundred
Talents
,
which
amount
in
Sterling
Money
,
to
one
hundred
and
twenty
thousand
pound
,
was
had
afterwards
in
no
greater
veneration
than
the
former
;
and
Laertius
,
Tertullian
in
his
Treaty
of
the
Soul
;
Albert
the
great
,
in
his
mirror
of
Astronomy
;
Averroeu
in
his
Poetry
;
Lanctantius
in
his
Book
of
Justice
;
Cicero
and
Plutarch
have
done
what
they
could
,
to
make
his
ambition
his
ignorance
,
and
his
vanity
publickly
known
.
Some
men
have
disputed
the
Illads
of
Homer
;
and
said
,
that
he
was
not
the
author
of
them
,
but
a
certain
Poet
named
Lecheus
,
or
Elorrinus
of
Samos
;
and
Thevet
is
of
opinion
,
that
he
borrowed
all
his
Works
,
from
Hesiodus
;
grounded
doubtless
upon
this
reason
,
that
this
last
hath
first
written
of
the
Nature
and
Birth
of
the
gods
;
and
that
Aristophanus
speaking
of
the
ancientest
Poets
,
began
his
Decalogue
with
Orpheus
,
Hesiodus
,
by
Museus
,
and
then
Homer
.
The
Emperor
Claudius
,
could
not
suffer
his
Verses
,
and
as
Plato
had
expelled
him
from
his
Republick
,
Adrian
did
what
lay
in
his
power
,
to
suppress
his
works
,
and
to
annul
his
memory
,
though
Cleomenes
spoke
in
better
terms
of
him
,
when
he
said
,
That
Homer
was
the
Lacedemonians
Poet
,
because
he
taught
the
use
of
Arms
;
and
Hesiodus
the
Ilotes
,
that
were
poor
Slaves
,
because
he
treated
of
manuring
the
ground
.
Sophocles
was
summoned
before
the
Magistrats
by
his
Children
,
to
force
him
to
admit
of
a
Guardian
,
like
a
Child
;
a
Lady
whose
name
was
Corinna
,
that
Eurigidus
had
challenged
publickly
,
to
make
Verses
with
her
at
Thebes
,
won
the
prize
of
him
six
times
,
for
the
glory
of
the
Greek
Poets
,
of
whose
party
she
was
.
To
be
brief
,
the
most
part
blame
Hesiod's
Stories
;
the
partiality
of
Sophocles
,
Pindarus
vanity
,
and
the
overmuch
talking
of
Euripides
;
Ennius
was
counted
a
Drunkard
;
Horace
mocks
Plan●us
;
Virgil
had
no
judgment
nor
skill
in
Sciences
,
if
we
may
believe
Carbilius
,
Pliney
,
Seneca
,
and
St.
Jerom
.
Horace
is
so
obscure
,
and
so
fabulous
,
that
St.
Ambrose
,
had
his
Books
burnt
,
and
Quintillian
,
Martial
,
and
Servius
,
maintained
that
Lucan
,
might
rather
be
counted
an
Orator
,
then
a
Poet
Most
men
read
Pliney
as
a
Romance
,
and
this
man
cannot
endure
Diodorus
;
Vopiscus
in
the
beginning
of
his
Aurelian
,
not
excepting
so
much
as
Salustus
,
Titus
Livius
,
nor
Tacitus
saith
,
that
they
have
all
committed
some
falshood
,
in
regard
of
history
.
Herodotus
and
Plutarch
are
suspected
of
flattery
;
and
Josephus
saith
,
that
an
Historian
,
to
write
the
truth
,
should
be
of
no
Country
,
nor
City
,
and
have
no
King
.
Cicero
who
was
slow
to
be
moved
,
and
rarely
in
a
passion
,
hath
made
several
faults
in
his
writings
,
he
was
cold
in
his
reproofs
,
slow
in
his
expressions
,
and
long
in
his
digressions
,
and
did
not
practice
all
the
rules
of
art
,
as
Seneca
,
Lipsius
,
Muret
,
and
Bembus
affirm
of
him
.
Grachus
could
do
nothing
without
his
slave
.
Quintillian
sold
all
his
Secrets
and
Skill
;
Vatronus
was
counted
a
Swine
,
by
Rhemius
Palemon
:
Apuleus
an
ignorant
man
,
by
Severus
the
Emperor
;
and
if
we
should
examine
all
other
Orators
,
we
should
find
that
this
was
but
imperfect
productions
.
It
is
much
that
to
defame
Philosophers
,
every
one
casteth
their
verdict
upon
them
;
some
say
,
that
Plato
is
doubtful
,
some
that
Aristotle
dives
too
deep
,
some
that
Zenon
is
too
severe
,
and
some
that
Epicurus
is
too
lascivious
;
it
is
much
more
to
say
,
that
Poets
are
Cheats
,
Orators
self-ended
,
and
Historians
partial
;
but
it
is
far
worse
,
that
most
part
of
those
great
men
are
dead
shamefully
,
and
in
great
Torments
;
that
they
have
found
Tyrants
and
Executioners
,
where
they
might
expect
,
by
their
merits
,
friends
and
protectors
,
and
that
those
miracles
of
nature
,
should
have
been
Fortunes
pastime
.
Nero
,
by
the
perswasions
of
his
Favorite
,
put
Plautus
Brusius
Grandchild
to
death
,
because
he
turned
a
Stoick
;
and
the
Tyrant
Phalaris
,
commanded
that
Zenons
should
loose
his
life
,
for
all
he
was
the
author
of
their
Religion
.
Anaxagoras
,
Phostion
,
and
Socrates
,
were
poysoned
by
the
ingratitude
of
their
Country
;
and
Pantalleon
the
Poet
was
put
in
an
Iron
cage
,
and
carried
up
and
down
till
he
dyed
like
a
Savage
,
because
he
took
upon
him
to
speak
of
Arsiur's
life
,
in
way
of
reproofe
;
who
was
Licimachus
Wife
.
Anaxarchus
was
pounded
in
a
Morter
,
by
the
cruelty
and
command
of
Nicocreontes
;
Archimedes
was
killed
by
Marcellus's
Souldiers
;
Pithagoras
was
assassinated
amongst
threescore
of
his
Disciples
,
and
Plato
was
sold
like
a
slave
,
by
Denys
of
Siracuse
.
Aristotle
drowned
himself
for
despair
in
Eurippe
;
Baldus
dyed
in
mad
fits
.
Senechus
opened
his
Veins
to
obey
Nero
,
who
commanded
his
death
absolutely
.
And
Cicero
had
his
Tongue
,
his
Hands
,
and
his
Head
cut
off
,
by
the
command
of
Mark
Anthony
:
Ainius
was
tore
Limb
from
Limb
,
in
Tiberius's
time
.
Papinian
a
Counsellor
,
lost
his
life
miserably
,
by
the
command
of
an
Emperor
;
and
great
Hermolaus
Barbarus
,
was
banisht
from
Venice
,
because
he
accepted
too
privately
the
Patriarchship
of
Aquillea
.
Peter
Leon
of
Spoletta
leapt
into
a
Well
,
Sir
Tho
.
More
was
Beheaded
in
England
:
Erasmus
died
in
banishment
:
Hesiodus
,
was
knockt
on
the
Head
,
at
a
Woods
end
;
and
Savonarola
was
burnt
at
Florence
,
by
Pope
Alexander's
order
.
Euripides
was
devoured
by
Dogs
,
after
he
came
from
supper
with
the
King
Archelaus
:
the
Poet
Alcman
,
Pherricides
the
Divine
,
and
Mutius
Counsellor
,
were
eaten
up
with
Vermin
;
and
Averroes
was
crusht
to
death
,
with
a
Cart
wheel
that
ran
over
him
.
Domistus
Caldery
dyed
with
the
Plague
;
Anacreon
was
choaked
with
a
Grape
;
Anachassus
of
an
Apoplexy
;
and
old
Aeschillus
had
his
head
bruised
in
pieces
,
by
a
a
Tortaise
,
that
an
Eagle
dropt
upon
him
in
the
fields
.
Thalus
died
for
thirst
:
John
Tissier
,
who
made
himself
recommendable
,
and
had
got
a
great
reputation
by
his
works
,
dyed
in
an
Hospital
:
and
the
two
greatest
men
of
our
age
,
Lilius
Gregorius
Geraldus
,
in
Italy
;
and
Sebastianus
Castalio
in
Germany
,
might
have
lived
longer
,
had
they
had
food
.
Ovid
ended
his
days
miserably
;
Archilaus
having
been
whipt
publickly
in
Lacedemonia
,
was
banisht
thence
,
for
maintaining
that
it
was
more
glorious
to
yield
,
and
to
lay
down
ones
Arms
,
then
to
dye
in
a
Combat
.
Empedocles
burnt
himself
upon
Mount
Gibell
:
and
Aesop
was
thrown
down
a
Precipice
,
like
a
Thief
,
by
the
Inhabitants
of
Delphios
.
Amphicratus
having
been
banisht
from
Athenes
,
from
Seleucia
,
and
Armenia
,
was
starved
for
want
of
Food
:
Democrites
pull'd
his
own
eyes
out
;
Asclepiadus
broke
his
own
Neck
:
Leoninus
and
Catullus
,
drowned
themselves
in
a
Well
:
and
Politian
to
put
an
end
to
his
miseries
,
dasht
his
Brains
out
against
a
wall
.
Poet
Cassius
was
murthered
in
his
Chamber
by
Quintillius
Varrus
,
by
Augustus's
Command
:
Homer
and
Diodorus
died
for
madness
,
the
first
,
because
he
could
not
find
out
the
meaning
of
a
Riddle
of
some
Fisher
men
,
and
the
other
,
because
he
could
not
answer
Stilbon's
question
.
Adrian
had
that
great
Architect
of
Apollodorus
executed
;
and
Denys
King
of
Siracuse
,
put
the
Poet
Philoxenus
to
a
cruel
death
,
for
his
finding
fault
with
a
Book
that
he
made
,
with
more
Judgment
then
Modesty
.
Heraclidus
,
who
during
his
Gouts
and
other
Infirmities
,
had
caused
himself
to
be
sowed
up
in
an
Oxes
skin
,
was
devoured
by
Dogs
,
who
took
him
for
some
beast
;
Bartholemew
Cloclus
,
had
his
Throat
cut
by
Hermes's
order
,
whilst
he
was
telling
him
his
Fortune
;
and
Calisthenes
the
Philosopher
expired
in
Torments
,
for
refusing
to
adore
Alexander
his
Master
,
as
others
did
;
in
brief
,
if
we
mind
all
the
famous
men
of
former
ages
,
we
shall
find
,
that
their
Deaths
will
excite
our
astonishment
and
our
tears
;
that
the
greatest
Sciences
,
have
been
the
less
respected
,
and
that
those
who
have
taught
the
finest
things
,
have
suffered
the
most
cruel
and
the
most
unjust
.
CHAP.
XII
.
Of
Misfortunes
hapned
to
Ladies
,
considerable
by
their
Virtue
,
Dignities
,
or
Birth
.
IT
is
a
most
strange
thing
,
that
the
beautifullest
Sex
of
Nature
,
hath
not
been
the
most
respected
by
Fortune
.
That
this
sweet
scourge
of
men
,
hath
been
their
horror
,
as
well
as
their
love
;
and
that
we
read
in
Histories
,
that
so
many
Illustrious
and
Noble
Ladies
,
have
been
the
Victims
of
Tyranny
and
Vengeance
.
Tiberius
,
who
made
Adulteries
and
Revels
his
divertisement
and
pastime
,
being
taken
with
the
beauty
of
Mallonia
a
Roman
Lady
,
sent
some
of
his
Guards
to
corrupt
her
,
or
to
bring
her
away
by
force
;
and
as
those
Villains
,
after
many
outrages
,
had
brought
her
into
his
Palace
,
he
did
what
lay
in
his
power
to
gain
her
love
,
by
his
promises
,
and
his
threats
.
That
fair
and
chaste
Lady
,
who
did
not
so
much
regard
the
Emperor
,
as
her
own
reputation
,
denied
him
all
his
desires
,
puts
off
his
addresses
and
entreaties
,
and
shewed
him
,
that
she
ought
not
to
obey
him
,
so
far
as
to
betray
her
virtue
and
happiness
.
Tiberius
taking
her
reasons
for
so
many
offences
,
caused
his
Domesticks
to
ravish
her
;
and
as
he
had
sought
without
effect
all
the
wayes
to
satisfie
his
Brutality
,
he
found
this
to
satisfie
his
Cruelty
.
Mallonia
went
home
,
cast
down
with
despair
;
and
the
excess
of
her
sorrow
not
permitting
her
to
express
her
resentment
,
she
killed
herself
,
to
inform
all
men
of
it
that
had
a
desire
to
know
it
,
and
so
triumpht
in
the
loss
of
herself
,
of
the
insolence
and
rage
of
that
barbarous
man
.
Justinia
,
who
was
counted
the
miracle
of
Rome
,
was
as
unhappy
,
and
was
no
guiltier
than
she
;
her
Parents
began
her
disgraces
,
and
her
own
Husband
was
at
last
,
her
Executioner
:
Not
to
appear
disobedient
,
she
was
forced
to
marry
a
man
that
could
not
imagine
that
she
should
be
so
long
handsom
,
and
continue
virtuous
;
nor
that
she
could
exercise
so
much
love
,
and
not
receive
some
also
:
and
that
by
a
particular
priviledge
,
she
should
appear
so
happily
with
gallantry
and
chastity
together
:
One
day
examining
her
,
he
apprehended
her
Caresses
to
be
but
feigned
,
her
Modesty
for
a
private
conspiration
,
and
her
Coldness
for
apparent
hatred
.
If
she
embraced
him
,
he
thought
her
unchaste
;
and
if
she
did
not
,
he
thought
her
his
enemy
.
She
seems
to
him
to
be
too
melancholy
at
home
,
too
gay
and
too
free
in
company
,
too
inquisitive
in
Temples
,
too
courteous
in
the
Streets
;
and
wheresoever
she
is
without
him
,
too
credulous
and
confident
.
His
jealousie
went
further
yet
;
being
not
able
to
put
it
out
of
his
mind
,
he
put
Justinia
out
of
the
World
,
ran
her
through
with
his
Sword
,
and
threw
her
down
dead
upon
the
ground
.
Trebia
dyed
for
the
same
Subject
,
but
not
in
the
same
manner
,
saith
Poliphilus
:
Being
married
to
a
Nobleman
,
whose
actions
were
below
his
birth
,
she
found
so
much
satisfaction
in
her
marriage
,
that
she
grew
jealous
of
his
Caresses
,
and
thought
he
did
divide
his
love
.
She
charged
her
Husband
with
inconstancy
and
perfidy
,
without
having
any
evidence
of
it
,
and
stabbed
her self
in
his
presence
with
a
Bayonete
,
uttering
these
words
,
which
were
her
last
:
Thou
wouldst
not
have
been
suspected
by
me
,
if
my
Genius
had
not
discover'd
to
me
thy
scorns
;
Farewell
,
I
wish
thee
no
other
punishment
,
but
that
thou
may'st
be
as
happy
,
as
I
have
been
faithful
to
thee
.
Venuna
,
a
Lady
of
Cyprus
,
who
for
her
beauty
had
been
promised
to
the
Grand
Signior
Selvin
,
by
his
Lieutenant
General
Mahomet
,
when
he
had
taken
Nicossia
by
storm
,
and
that
Lady
in
it
,
she
burnt
her self
,
to
avoid
falling
into
that
barbarous
mans
hands
.
Adrochia
,
and
Alcidda
,
daughters
to
Antipenus
Prince
of
Thebes
,
killed
themselves
generously
,
to
prevent
by
that
means
,
the
utmost
ruine
of
their
Countrey
,
and
desolation
of
their
City
.
Eusebia
dipt
her
hands
in
her
own
blood
,
because
she
would
not
yield
to
the
Emperor
Maxentius's
passion
.
Rubellia
,
Sextus
Marius's
daughter
,
chose
rather
to
die
,
than
to
suffer
Tiberius's
Caresses
:
And
chaste
Osona
of
Smirna
,
was
kill'd
by
a
Soldier
,
upon
her
Husbands
Tomb
,
as
she
was
bedewing
it
with
tears
.
When
Cinna
Paetus
was
condemned
to
dye
,
and
that
he
had
no
other
favor
shewed
him
,
but
only
to
choose
his
death
;
Aria
his
Wife
seeing
he
had
nothing
more
to
hope
for
,
nor
to
fear
,
counselled
him
to
yield
generously
to
Tyranny
,
and
to
follow
Destiny
without
constraint
,
since
it
was
not
in
his
power
to
strive
against
it
without
disgrace
.
After
she
had
shewn
him
by
reason
,
that
Death
was
not
so
terrible
as
he
might
imagine
;
she
shewed
him
by
example
too
:
and
so
pulling
out
a
Dagger
that
she
had
provided
for
that
purpose
,
pierced
her
Breast
with
it
,
and
pulling
of
it
out
full
of
blood
,
presented
it
to
him
,
with
a
setled
countenance
,
uttering
these
words
:
This
hath
done
me
no
hurt
,
my
dear
Husband
;
but
what
thou
art
going
to
do
,
killeth
me
.
Sejania
,
daughter
to
that
unfortunate
Favorite
of
Tiberius
,
who
was
promised
in
marriage
to
Clodius
,
had
a
stranger
disgrace
;
the
Emperor
,
who
thought
of
nothing
but
the
loss
of
that
ambitious
persons
memory
,
by
that
of
his
Family
,
of
his
Relations
,
and
of
his
Friends
,
considered
neither
her
youth
,
nor
her
Sex
,
nor
whether
it
was
more
just
to
pity
her
,
than
to
punish
her
:
it
was
enough
that
she
was
Sejan's
daughter
,
to
be
guilty
,
and
to
deserve
death
,
because
she
had
a
regret
for
her
Fathers
life
:
The
Emperor
put
her
to
death
,
how
innocent
soever
she
was
;
and
as
if
that
injustice
had
not
been
great
enough
to
testifie
his
resentment
,
he
caused
her
to
be
ravisht
by
the
Hangman
before
her
death
publickly
at
the
place
where
she
was
executed
.
The
History
of
Suplicia
is
less
horrible
than
that
of
Sejania
,
but
yet
is
fit
it
should
follow
:
That
passionate
Roman
disguised
her self
in
mans
Apparel
,
and
against
her
mother
and
friends
counsel
,
got
away
to
see
her
Husband
Lentulus
Constelion
,
who
by
the
persecution
of
the
Triumvirat
,
had
been
unhappily
transported
into
Sicilia
:
She
was
no
sooner
come
there
,
and
known
,
but
she
was
taken
,
and
condemned
to
death
with
her
Husband
;
but
when
she
saw
that
he
had
received
the
first
blow
,
she
slew
upon
his
body
by
an
incredible
excess
of
love
;
and
having
opened
her
Breast
with
a
Poyniard
,
to
die
with
him
,
and
to
prevent
the
Executioners
cruelty
,
Stay
for
me
,
said
she
,
my
dear
Sejan
,
dost
thou
not
know
me
,
I
am
thy
companion
?
Jane
,
Queen
of
Spain
,
and
mother
to
the
Emperor
Charles
V.
and
Ferdinando
,
died
in
Prison
,
because
she
had
shaved
King
Philips
her
Husband
Miss
.
Harmonia
,
Gelon
King
of
Syracuse's
daughter
,
was
massacred
by
her
own
people
:
And
Lais
,
that
miracle
of
Sicily
,
who
made
all
the
Philosophers
of
Athens
her
Gallants
,
was
knockt
on
the
head
by
Women
,
who
hated
her
,
because
she
was
extreme
handsom
.
Lucretia
kill'd
herself
,
not
to
survive
her
disgrace
and
dishonour
:
And
Portia
,
not
to
survive
her
Husband
,
swallow'd
some
burning
Coals
,
and
made
her self
a
Beverage
of
flames
,
because
she
could
get
no
poyson
to
drink
.
When
Acolin
,
Tyrant
of
Padoua
,
had
taken
Basiana
,
a
Town
of
Italy
,
he
found
there
fair
Rubea
,
who
,
to
revenge
the
death
of
her
dear
Husband
,
who
had
been
killed
in
the
breach
,
did
defend
still
with
her
Sword
in
her
hand
,
and
her
Cask
upon
her
head
,
that
liberty
that
she
had
left
.
This
modern
Amazon
,
had
often
before
done
the
office
of
a
Commander
and
Soldier
;
she
had
fought
her
own
and
her
Countries
liberty
,
and
had
left
nothing
undone
,
that
could
witness
that
Valor
affected
no
Sex
particularly
,
and
that
a
Pike
was
not
disgraced
by
the
spinning
Staff
:
After
Acolin
had
admired
afar
off
her
courage
,
when
he
came
nearer
,
he
admired
her
beauty
much
more
;
of
an
Usurper
,
he
became
her
Slave
;
and
though
he
could
command
her
by
the
right
of
Arms
,
he
sought
for
all
that
the
means
to
win
her
Love
:
he
caressed
,
pressed
,
and
threatned
her
,
but
all
his
transports
were
in
vain
:
this
generous
Woman
possesseth
in
her
,
as
three
inseparable
graces
,
Virtue
,
Valor
and
Beauty
,
and
makes
no
other
use
of
her
courage
,
but
to
oppose
the
violence
of
that
Servant
,
who
would
make
use
of
her
with
the
authority
of
a
Master
.
But
at
last
perceiving
by
some
circumstances
,
that
she
was
undone
,
if
she
did
undo
herself
;
and
that
Acolin
was
resolved
to
deny
nothing
to
his
Passion
,
and
to
his
Tyranny
,
she
precipitated
herself
out
of
an
high
Window
in
a
Garden
,
that
she
might
be
rid
of
his
hands
,
in
being
bereft
of
her
life
;
and
to
shew
him
,
that
she
loved
death
better
than
him
:
nevertheless
she
did
not
die
at
that
time
,
her
fall
being
a
disadvantage
to
her
,
in
that
it
was
not
mortal
.
Acolin
took
her
again
,
bound
her
fast
,
and
got
of
her
by
force
,
that
which
he
could
not
obtain
by
entreaties
,
and
by
that
means
satisfied
his
Love
and
Vengeance
.
Rubea
concealing
her
resentment
,
beg'd
of
Friends
awhile
after
to
let
her
go
see
her
Husbands
Tomb
;
where
she
no
sooner
came
,
but
she
took
up
the
top
stone
,
fell
upon
his
Corps
half
eaten
by
Worms
,
and
taking
away
that
which
supported
the
stone
she
had
taken
up
,
she
let
the
stone
fall
upon
her
head
,
and
so
it
dashed
out
her
brains
:
and
thus
she
herself
made
her
own
Grave
and
Tomb
.
Wise
Agrippina
was
constrained
by
the
cruelty
of
Tiberius
,
to
be
injurious
to
herself
,
so
far
as
to
be
her
own
Executioner
.
Olympias
,
Alexander's
mother
,
Besana
and
Roxana
were
murthered
by
Cassander's
ambition
;
Thessalonicia
,
this
mans
mother
,
by
the
order
of
her
own
child
;
Octavia
and
Popea
,
by
their
Husbands
command
;
and
Lucia
,
that
good
Drusus's
sister
,
who
was
victorious
over
the
Parthians
,
died
by
an
unheard
of
accident
;
as
she
held
her
Child
in
her
Arms
,
he
struck
her
innocently
with
his
double
Fist
upon
the
Breast
,
and
caus'd
a
Needle
she
had
stuck
there
to
run
so
deep
,
that
he
kill'd
her
,
thinking
only
to
play
with
her
.
One
of
Reney's
daughters
,
Duke
of
Lorrain
,
who
was
married
to
a
King
of
England
,
after
she
had
been
banisht
from
the
Kingdom
,
beg'd
all
her
life-time
.
A
Chancellor
of
Britain's
Wife
,
lived
by
Charity
all
her
dayes
too
.
And
unfortunate
Hecuba
,
Priam's
mother
,
after
the
Greeks
Victory
,
was
forced
,
according
to
Seneca
,
to
end
her
dayes
in
servitude
.
Francillia
,
Servius
Tullus's
Wife
,
and
Empolis
,
Nicias
the
Athenians
sons
Wife
,
were
both
slain
by
their
Chamber
Roofs
that
fell
upon
them
the
first
night
of
their
Wedding
.
Bajazet's
Wife
became
the
divertisement
of
Tamerlain's
Army
.
Anne
of
Boloigne
,
Queen
of
England
,
had
her
head
cut
off
by
an
Hangman
.
And
Mary
Stuart
,
Queen
of
Scotland
,
lost
hers
upon
a
Scaffold
,
for
being
suspected
of
private
intelligence
with
Spain
.
We
could
add
a
number
of
examples
of
this
nature
,
as
so
many
proofs
of
the
inconstancy
of
all
things
;
but
we
have
sufficiently
spoke
of
them
to
awaken
the
most
stupified
,
and
to
confound
the
most
incredulous
.
And
since
we
have
seen
by
the
decay
of
so
many
Empires
,
the
Ruines
of
the
greatest
Cities
,
and
the
Misfortune
of
so
many
gallant
Persons
,
that
Valor
,
Riches
,
Honours
,
Learning
and
Beauty
,
are
perishable
Goods
,
or
burthensom
;
we
may
be
sure
that
there
's
nothing
upon
earth
that
's
shot-proof
against
the
Adventures
of
Fortune
;
that
our
happiness
is
often
turned
to
our
hurt
;
and
that
we
have
some
times
no
more
reason
to
wish
for
her
,
than
to
fear
her
.
Ego
Deus
&
non
mutor
,
Malach
.
3.